Article(id=1315743790430794027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3788/gzxb20265501.0112001, pmid=null, cstr=32255.14.gzxb20265501.0112001, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750262400000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1753372800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-07-25, onlineDate=1791627364976, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1769270400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791627364976, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791627364976, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791627364976, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315743733992243595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, year='2026', volume='55', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769270400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791627351520, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791627555456, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315744589420540350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315744589420540351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=94, endPage=104, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315743792003658028, articleId=1315743790430794027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=EN, title=Surface Parameter Estimation Method for Ultra-smooth Components Based on Generalized Beckmann-Kirchhoff Theory, columnId=1315741666489774715, journalTitle=Acta Photonica Sinica, columnName=Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
In space-based gravitational wave detection systems, ultra-long laser interferometry arms are established between three communication satellites to detect the gravitational wave, requiring the space telescopes to perform both laser transmission and reception functions. However, the extreme weakness of gravitational wave signals imposes stringent requirements on optical path stability and backward stray light suppression in these telescopes, that is, the backward stray light must be less than 10-10 of the output laser. The primary source of backward stray light from space telescopes arises from surface scattering. Even in ultra-smooth optical elements (roughness less than 1 nm), the surface scattering inevitably occurs during laser transmission, generating backward-scattered light that affects the gravitational wave detection. Therefore, precise characterization of ultra-smooth optical surfaces is critical for analyzing and suppressing telescope backward stray light levels. However, conventional non-contact measurement methods face significant challenges, including complex instrument structure, high experimental cost, and insufficient accuracy, making it difficult to achieve rapid and high-precision measurement of ultra-smooth optical surface. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop a surface quality assessment method for ultra-smooth optical elements to meet the extraordinary precision requirements of gravitational wave space telescopes.
For high-precision scattering measurement of ultra-smooth optical elements, Li B C's team proposed a method based on multi-channel cavity ring down technique. This method obtains the surface scattering rate by analyzing multi-channel ring-down signals, offering advantages including absolute measurement, immunity to laser source intensity fluctuation, and exceptional measurement accuracy. This work further combines the cavity ring-down-based scattering measurement technique with the Generalized Beckmann-Kirchhoff (GBK) scalar scattering model, to establish a method for estimating the surface parameters of ultra-smooth optical elements. In this method, the GBK scattering model is used to establish the scattering rate database of the optical elements, and the scattering rate of the ultra-smooth optical elements at different solid angles is measured based on the cavity ring down technique. Then, the scattering rate distribution measured by cavity ring down method is numerically fitted with the scattering rate database to obtain the surface parameters of the ultra-smooth optical elements, which provides a reference for the scattering characteristics analysis and stray light suppression of the ultra-smooth optical elements of space telescopes.
The scattering rate distribution of ultra-smooth optical element measured by the cavity ring down technique was simulated and calculated, with the measured data numerically fitted through our proposed surface parameter estimation approach. As shown in Figure 3, the fitting achieves remarkable precision with an error of 0.16% and a goodness of fit of 0.999 8. Further evaluation of the method's performance across different parameters demonstrates that within the applicable range of GBK theory, the method can achieve an error of below 4% (typically<0.5%), while the goodness of fit is greater than 0.96 (often>0.999). In addition, to address measurement errors induced by scattering overlap during bidirectional beam propagation in standing-wave cavity ring-down experiments, we analyzed key influencing factors. By integrating these findings with our predictive model, we quantified scattering overlap effects at various measurement angles and derived an optimized angular selection scheme to minimize interference.
This work proposes a novel method for estimating surface parameters of ultra-smooth optical elements by combining GBK scalar scattering theory with cavity ring-down scattering measurement techniques. The simulation analysis shows that, within the scope of application of GBK scalar theory, the relative error of this method is less than 4%, and the fitting degree is greater than 0.96, confirming its high accuracy for rapid and precise measurement of surface quality parameters. In addition, aiming at the error caused by the scattering overlap of the back and forth propagation of the beam in the scattering measurement experiment of the standing wave cavity ring down method, we propose a measurement angle selection scheme considering both the signal-to-noise ratio and the measurement accuracy, so as to reduce the influence of the scattering overlap of the forward and backward propagation on the scattering measurement and subsequent surface quality estimation.
, authors=Bao LIU, Zheqiang ZHONG, Bin ZHANG, authorsList=Bao LIU, Zheqiang ZHONG, Bin ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bin ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315743793731711291, articleId=1315743790430794027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=CN, title=基于GBK理论的超光滑元件表面参数预估方法, columnId=1315741666716267133, journalTitle=光子学报, columnName=仪器,测量,度量学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
提出了基于经验修正的贝克曼—基尔霍夫标量散射模型的超光滑光学元件表面参数预估方法,利用经验修正的贝克曼—基尔霍夫散射模型建立元件的散射率数据库,结合基于光腔衰荡法测量光学元件在不同立体角下的散射率,进而利用数值求解方法拟合得到超光滑光学元件表面参数。结果表明,所提出的预估方法能够实现超光滑光学元件表面质量参数快速高精度测量,可为空间引力波探测系统的超光滑光学元件散射测量以及杂散光抑制提供参考。同时,结合文中提出的方法,针对驻波腔光腔衰荡法散射测量实验中光束往返传播造成的正、反向散射重叠问题进行了讨论分析,提出了最佳测量角度选择方案,为实验测量提供参考。
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1College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315743794037895486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743790430794027, companyId=1315743794016923964, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1四川大学 电子信息学院,成都 610065)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1315743797552722264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743790430794027, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Schematic diagram of multi-channel cavity ring down scattering measurement experiment, figureFileSmall=jCF/3PIKbDNPSVj8pUAZZw==, figureFileBig=+Ri8Tvch8TEogkRBLLgQNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743797661774169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743790430794027, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
多通道光腔衰荡散射测量实验原理图, figureFileSmall=jCF/3PIKbDNPSVj8pUAZZw==, figureFileBig=+Ri8Tvch8TEogkRBLLgQNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743797867295066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743790430794027, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Flow chart for estimating surface quality of ultra smooth optical components, figureFileSmall=lc1cnGvnKhek8fRHSxzbWg==, figureFileBig=oM1qwrwpe8IwuRNupFWv0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743797963764059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743790430794027, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
超光滑光学元件表面质量预估流程, figureFileSmall=lc1cnGvnKhek8fRHSxzbWg==, figureFileBig=oM1qwrwpe8IwuRNupFWv0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743798035067228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743790430794027, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Simulation and fitting results. (a)Simulate three channel decay signals; (b)Logarithmically normalized three channel signals; (c) Fitting results, figureFileSmall=Mda4oeOphqFr9tt/Qf7Klw==, figureFileBig=DNBNAs7Y53GZAXZ8Jo7Znw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743798106370397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743790430794027, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
仿真及拟合结果。(a)仿真三通道衰荡信号; (b)对数归一化三通道衰荡信号; (c)拟合结果, figureFileSmall=Mda4oeOphqFr9tt/Qf7Klw==, figureFileBig=DNBNAs7Y53GZAXZ8Jo7Znw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743798190256478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743790430794027, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Error and goodness of fit distribution under different parameter conditions. (a) Relative error distribution, where the relative error of the red curve is 0.5%; (b) Goodness of fit distribution, where the goodness of fit of the red curve is 0.999, figureFileSmall=W0d1XqSI/UMAm0xngyPFYw==, figureFileBig=TdMHamoZ0OMRDILSJi9tSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743798265753951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743790430794027, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
不同参数情形下的误差及拟合度分布。(a)相对误差分布,其中红色曲线相对误差为0.5%; (b)拟合度分布,其中红色曲线拟合度为0.999, figureFileSmall=W0d1XqSI/UMAm0xngyPFYw==, figureFileBig=TdMHamoZ0OMRDILSJi9tSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743798349640032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743790430794027, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Overlapping of forward and backward propagation scattering with different autocorrelation lengths. (a) ARS distribution of components with autocorrelation length of 1 μm; (b) Scattering rate distribution of components with autocorrelation length of 1 μm; (c) ARS distribution of components with autocorrelation length of 5 μm; (d) Scattering rate distribution of components with autocorrelation length of 5 μm, figureFileSmall=89qPvUkSryem2ydbqCCV2g==, figureFileBig=W2PE6XRrJgVyDzFqzBIYLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743798429331809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743790430794027, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
不同自相关长度正反向传播散射重叠情况。(a)自相关长度为1 μm时元件ARS分布; (b)自相关长度为1 μm时元件散射率分布; (c)自相关长度为5 μm时元件ARS分布; (b)自相关长度为5 μm时元件散射率分布, figureFileSmall=89qPvUkSryem2ydbqCCV2g==, figureFileBig=W2PE6XRrJgVyDzFqzBIYLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743798509023586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743790430794027, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Scattering overlap at different incident angles and measurement angles. (a) ARS distribution of components with incident angle of 5°; (b) Scattering rate distribution of components with incident angle of 5° and scattering angle of 5°; (c) Scattering rate distribution of components with incident angle of 5° and scattering angle of 45°; (d) ARS distribution of components with incident angle of 30°; (e) Scattering rate distribution of components with incident angle of 30° and scattering angle of 5°;(f) Scattering rate distribution of components with incident angle of 30° and scattering angle of 45°, figureFileSmall=328B+Xf6xDv3uIv+CM2JNQ==, figureFileBig=bzGMuLoTGQiGqQsaC34xBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743798597103971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743790430794027, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
不同入射角和测量角度散射重叠情况。(a)入射角5°时元件ARS分布; (b)入射角5°,散射角5°时元件散射率分布; (c)入射角5°,散射角45°时元件散射率分布; (d)入射角30°时元件ARS分布; (e)入射角30°,散射角5°时元件散射率分布; (f)入射角30°,散射角45°时元件散射率分布, figureFileSmall=328B+Xf6xDv3uIv+CM2JNQ==, figureFileBig=bzGMuLoTGQiGqQsaC34xBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743798706155876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743790430794027, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Parameters change with measurement angle. (a)The proportion of forward propagation scattering in the measured scattering rate varies with the measurement angle; (b) Prediction error varies with measurement angle; (c) Goodness of fit varies with measurement angle, figureFileSmall=i9u0Kwxw6vSlBKdSMtdvPA==, figureFileBig=lE3UstqGU0npTISFs3Bqvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743798794236261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743790430794027, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
各参量随测量角度变化。(a)正向传播散射占比随测量角度变化; (b)预测误差随测量角度变化; (c)拟合度随测量角度变化, figureFileSmall=i9u0Kwxw6vSlBKdSMtdvPA==, figureFileBig=lE3UstqGU0npTISFs3Bqvg==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1315120956596912254, delFlag=0, nameCn=光子学报, nameEn=Acta Photonica Sinica, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=1004-4213, eissn=null, cn=61-1235/O4, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=V4CYNtLUy6tkm8zxiX3hkw==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Acta Photonica Sinica, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1791478869821, updatedTime=1791802324400, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, 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