Article(id=1315743785322136336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3788/gzxb20265501.0106004, pmid=null, cstr=32255.14.gzxb20265501.0106004, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753372800000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1757952000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-16, onlineDate=1791627363758, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1769270400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791627363758, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791627363758, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791627363758, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315743733992243595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, year='2026', volume='55', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769270400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791627351520, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791627555456, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315744589420540350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315744589420540351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=38, endPage=55, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315743785506685713, articleId=1315743785322136336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=EN, title=Research on Multi-objective Cluster Optimization Algorithm for Formation UAVs for UV Covert Communication, columnId=1315741724413113295, journalTitle=Acta Photonica Sinica, columnName=Fiber Optics and Optical Communications, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the modern electronic countermeasure environment with strong electromagnetic interference, traditional wireless communication methods such as radio frequency, Wi-Fi, and millimeter waves face challenges like unstable connections and vulnerability to interference or detection. These issues hinder their ability to satisfy the high requirements for stealth and strong anti-interference needed by rear combat formation Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Ultraviolet Communication (UVC), with its non-line-of-sight transmission capability, low detectability, and high anti-interference performance in the “solar-blind”band, has become an important means of new-generation covert communication.

In this paper, a joint optimized clustering method (MOPSO-DE) integrating Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) and Differential Evolution (DE) is proposed to solve the problems of uneven node energy consumption and limited data transmission of traditional clustering algorithms in order to meet the demands for efficient and cooperative communication of formation UAVs in combat missions under UV covert communication.In this paper, we first develop models for UAV inter-copter Ultraviolet (UV) non-line-of-sight communication links and UAV energy consumption. We then propose four key metrics for selecting cluster heads: the node's remaining energy, stability of the UV link's Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), the node's normalized distance to the leader UAV, and consistency in speed. For the above multi-objective optimization problem, this paper introduces the multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm into the cluster head election process, constructs the Pareto optimal solution set by the non-dominated sorting mechanism, and filters out the global optimal cluster head set by combining with the congestion distance strategy, and at the same time introduces the differential evolution mechanism to prevent the algorithm from falling into the local optimum. In the data transmission phase, a communication framework based on the three-layer structure of ‘leader-cluster leader-member’ is designed, and an intra-cluster fast reconfiguration mechanism is proposed to cope with the failure of the cluster leader nodes due to energy depletion, deterioration of the link, or positional deviation. By constructing a single-objective weight function to achieve rapid cluster head replacement without global reclustering, the dynamic adaptive capability and control overhead of the network are effectively improved.

In the simulation validation this paper deploys 100 UAV nodes in a 1 000 m×1 000 m area based on Matlab platform, and comprehensively compares the network performance of MOPSO-DE with five algorithms: LEACH, WCA, LEACH-X, DSWCA, and CNNUC, under different simulation rounds. The results show that MOPSO-DE has significant advantages in terms of node energy consumption, network survival time and data transmission volume. Compared with the LEACH algorithm, WCA algorithm, LEACH-X algorithm, DSWCA algorithm and CNNUC algorithm, the MOPSO-DE algorithm respectively reduced the average energy consumption by 25.8%, 23.6%, 17.1%, 15.3% and 11.1%, and increased the data transmission volume by 91.6%, 54.42%, 29.3%, 12.8% and 9.6%. The article further simulates and analyses the effects of different node numbers, different packet lengths and different node movement speeds on the performance of the algorithm, and the results show that the increase of node density increases the overall communication load of the system; the increase of packet length improves the amount of data transmission per unit of time, but it also significantly accelerates the energy consumption of the nodes; and the effects of different movement speeds on the performance of the network show a ‘pre-favorable, post-favorable’ effect. The impact of different mobile speeds on the network performance shows the stage characteristics of ‘favorable in the early stage and unfavorable in the later stage’.

In summary, the MOPSO-DE multi-objective clustering algorithm proposed in this paper effectively integrates multi-factor optimization strategies and intelligent optimization methods, and achieves significant results in improving clustering efficiency, extending network life cycle, reducing energy consumption and enhancing link robustness, which provides theoretical support and algorithmic basis for the efficient deployment of UAV swarm self-organized communication networks in the future under the complex battlefield environment.

, authors=Taifei ZHAO, Yuqi CHEN, Ziyao GAO, Le LIU, Borui ZHENG, authorsList=Taifei ZHAO, Yuqi CHEN, Ziyao GAO, Le LIU, Borui ZHENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Taifei ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315743789344473901, articleId=1315743785322136336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=CN, title=面向紫外隐秘通信的编队无人机多目标分簇优化算法研究, columnId=1315741724673160145, journalTitle=光子学报, columnName=光纤光学与光通信, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在电子对抗环境中紫外光通信是编队无人机隐秘作战的有效通信手段,分簇能够降低编队保持中的通信开销并延长执行任务的生命周期,提出一种面向紫外隐秘通信的多目标粒子群优化与差分进化联合分簇算法。该算法以节点剩余能量、紫外链路接收信号强度稳定性、节点与长机的归一化距离及速度一致性为核心决策因子构建多目标簇首选举模型,结合拥挤度距离准则从帕累托解集中筛选最优解实现高效簇首决策,设计分层分簇结构与簇内自适应重构机制实现簇内快速重连与簇首切换。仿真结果表明,该算法显著降低了能耗并提升了网络生命周期,较传统低功耗自适应聚类分层分簇算法、传统加权分簇算法、添加剩余能量的低功耗自适应聚类分层分簇算法、动态尺度加权分簇算法和基于竞争神经网络的分簇算法平均能耗分别降低25.8%、23.6%、17.1%、15.3%和11.1%,在传输数据量方面分别提升91.6%、54.42%、29.3%、12.8%和9.6%,节点死亡90%时生存周期分别提升35.4%、31.1%、24.5%、11.6%和8.9%。

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Chengdu: University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2014., articleTitle=Low power design and implementation of wireless sensor networks based on cross-layer power control, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1315743806192993170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743785322136336, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=24, rfOrder=30, authorNames=何波, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=何波.基于跨层功率控制的无线传感器网络低功耗设计及其实现[D].成都:电子科技大学,2014., articleTitle=基于跨层功率控制的无线传感器网络低功耗设计及其实现, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1315743789650658094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743785322136336, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315743789751321391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743785322136336, companyId=1315743789650658094, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Institute of Automation and Information Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315743789768098608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743785322136336, companyId=1315743789650658094, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1西安理工大学 自动化与信息工程学院,西安 710048)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1315743794851595093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743785322136336, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Wireless UV non-directional single scattering link model, figureFileSmall=EZoB8Ylw8KUDVyci74Y/IQ==, figureFileBig=FLdjiecxFbGLhF5TCj+f1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743796483179350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743785322136336, language=CN, label=图1, caption=无线紫外光非直视单次散射链路模型, figureFileSmall=EZoB8Ylw8KUDVyci74Y/IQ==, figureFileBig=FLdjiecxFbGLhF5TCj+f1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743796680311639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743785322136336, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of different communication distances on the path loss, figureFileSmall=AmJ0RT3mn0dG0Cd0kjwJog==, figureFileBig=1xyJi63waCLh/Fxc5Nz1Jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743796894221144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743785322136336, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同通信距离对路径损耗的影响, figureFileSmall=AmJ0RT3mn0dG0Cd0kjwJog==, figureFileBig=1xyJi63waCLh/Fxc5Nz1Jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743796994884441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743785322136336, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=UAV clustering model, figureFileSmall=1adG5WrOhgrdraU5iNY5KQ==, figureFileBig=JrMIl5MAC0LnjyaRspc/Qw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743797070381914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743785322136336, language=CN, label=图3, caption=无人机分簇模型, figureFileSmall=1adG5WrOhgrdraU5iNY5KQ==, figureFileBig=JrMIl5MAC0LnjyaRspc/Qw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743797309457243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743785322136336, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Block diagram of MOPSO-DE clustering algorithm flow, figureFileSmall=uUwMagBMKXo/sYi0q+LUWQ==, figureFileBig=gbXRFzCnYoGxyBPWsjyKQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743797384954716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743785322136336, language=CN, label=图4, caption=MOPSO-DE分簇算法流程框图, figureFileSmall=uUwMagBMKXo/sYi0q+LUWQ==, figureFileBig=gbXRFzCnYoGxyBPWsjyKQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743797464646493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743785322136336, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=UAV clustering image. 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Simulation parameters

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ParametersValueParametersValue
Number of nodes100Number of particles Np50
Initial energy of nodes E0300 JMaximum number of iterations T1 000
Energy required to send data ET80 μJInitial inertia weight ωmax0.9
Energy required to receive data ER80 μJFinal inertia weight ωmin0.4
Energy required to merge data EDA80 μJCognitive learning factor c12.0
Maximum communication radius Rc200 mSocial learning factor c22.0
Divergence angle θT15°Maximum particle velocity vmax0.2
Emission elevation angle βT60°Maximum archive size Asize50
Receiving elevation angle βR60°Initialization threshold parameter θ0.5
Receive field of view θR15°Path loss index α1.526 4
Path loss factor ξ1.72×108Number of object functions m4
), ArticleFig(id=1315743800954307443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743785322136336, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

仿真参数

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ParametersValueParametersValue
Number of nodes100Number of particles Np50
Initial energy of nodes E0300 JMaximum number of iterations T1 000
Energy required to send data ET80 μJInitial inertia weight ωmax0.9
Energy required to receive data ER80 μJFinal inertia weight ωmin0.4
Energy required to merge data EDA80 μJCognitive learning factor c12.0
Maximum communication radius Rc200 mSocial learning factor c22.0
Divergence angle θT15°Maximum particle velocity vmax0.2
Emission elevation angle βT60°Maximum archive size Asize50
Receiving elevation angle βR60°Initialization threshold parameter θ0.5
Receive field of view θR15°Path loss index α1.526 4
Path loss factor ξ1.72×108Number of object functions m4
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面向紫外隐秘通信的编队无人机多目标分簇优化算法研究
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赵太飞 , 陈郁琪 , 高子瑶 , 刘乐 , 郑博睿
光子学报 | 光纤光学与光通信 2026,55(1): 38-55
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光子学报 |光纤光学与光通信 2026 , 55 (1) : 38 -55
面向紫外隐秘通信的编队无人机多目标分簇优化算法研究
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赵太飞 , 陈郁琪, 高子瑶, 刘乐, 郑博睿
作者信息
  • 1西安理工大学 自动化与信息工程学院,西安 710048
通讯作者:
赵太飞,
作者简介:

赵太飞,

Research on Multi-objective Cluster Optimization Algorithm for Formation UAVs for UV Covert Communication
Taifei ZHAO , Yuqi CHEN, Ziyao GAO, Le LIU, Borui ZHENG
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Automation and Information Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
出版时间: 2026-01-25 doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0106004
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在电子对抗环境中紫外光通信是编队无人机隐秘作战的有效通信手段,分簇能够降低编队保持中的通信开销并延长执行任务的生命周期,提出一种面向紫外隐秘通信的多目标粒子群优化与差分进化联合分簇算法。该算法以节点剩余能量、紫外链路接收信号强度稳定性、节点与长机的归一化距离及速度一致性为核心决策因子构建多目标簇首选举模型,结合拥挤度距离准则从帕累托解集中筛选最优解实现高效簇首决策,设计分层分簇结构与簇内自适应重构机制实现簇内快速重连与簇首切换。仿真结果表明,该算法显著降低了能耗并提升了网络生命周期,较传统低功耗自适应聚类分层分簇算法、传统加权分簇算法、添加剩余能量的低功耗自适应聚类分层分簇算法、动态尺度加权分簇算法和基于竞争神经网络的分簇算法平均能耗分别降低25.8%、23.6%、17.1%、15.3%和11.1%,在传输数据量方面分别提升91.6%、54.42%、29.3%、12.8%和9.6%,节点死亡90%时生存周期分别提升35.4%、31.1%、24.5%、11.6%和8.9%。

编队无人机  /  紫外光通信  /  分簇算法  /  多目标粒子群  /  差分优化

In the modern electronic countermeasure environment with strong electromagnetic interference, traditional wireless communication methods such as radio frequency, Wi-Fi, and millimeter waves face challenges like unstable connections and vulnerability to interference or detection. These issues hinder their ability to satisfy the high requirements for stealth and strong anti-interference needed by rear combat formation Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Ultraviolet Communication (UVC), with its non-line-of-sight transmission capability, low detectability, and high anti-interference performance in the “solar-blind”band, has become an important means of new-generation covert communication.

In this paper, a joint optimized clustering method (MOPSO-DE) integrating Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) and Differential Evolution (DE) is proposed to solve the problems of uneven node energy consumption and limited data transmission of traditional clustering algorithms in order to meet the demands for efficient and cooperative communication of formation UAVs in combat missions under UV covert communication.In this paper, we first develop models for UAV inter-copter Ultraviolet (UV) non-line-of-sight communication links and UAV energy consumption. We then propose four key metrics for selecting cluster heads: the node's remaining energy, stability of the UV link's Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), the node's normalized distance to the leader UAV, and consistency in speed. For the above multi-objective optimization problem, this paper introduces the multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm into the cluster head election process, constructs the Pareto optimal solution set by the non-dominated sorting mechanism, and filters out the global optimal cluster head set by combining with the congestion distance strategy, and at the same time introduces the differential evolution mechanism to prevent the algorithm from falling into the local optimum. In the data transmission phase, a communication framework based on the three-layer structure of ‘leader-cluster leader-member’ is designed, and an intra-cluster fast reconfiguration mechanism is proposed to cope with the failure of the cluster leader nodes due to energy depletion, deterioration of the link, or positional deviation. By constructing a single-objective weight function to achieve rapid cluster head replacement without global reclustering, the dynamic adaptive capability and control overhead of the network are effectively improved.

In the simulation validation this paper deploys 100 UAV nodes in a 1 000 m×1 000 m area based on Matlab platform, and comprehensively compares the network performance of MOPSO-DE with five algorithms: LEACH, WCA, LEACH-X, DSWCA, and CNNUC, under different simulation rounds. The results show that MOPSO-DE has significant advantages in terms of node energy consumption, network survival time and data transmission volume. Compared with the LEACH algorithm, WCA algorithm, LEACH-X algorithm, DSWCA algorithm and CNNUC algorithm, the MOPSO-DE algorithm respectively reduced the average energy consumption by 25.8%, 23.6%, 17.1%, 15.3% and 11.1%, and increased the data transmission volume by 91.6%, 54.42%, 29.3%, 12.8% and 9.6%. The article further simulates and analyses the effects of different node numbers, different packet lengths and different node movement speeds on the performance of the algorithm, and the results show that the increase of node density increases the overall communication load of the system; the increase of packet length improves the amount of data transmission per unit of time, but it also significantly accelerates the energy consumption of the nodes; and the effects of different movement speeds on the performance of the network show a ‘pre-favorable, post-favorable’ effect. The impact of different mobile speeds on the network performance shows the stage characteristics of ‘favorable in the early stage and unfavorable in the later stage’.

In summary, the MOPSO-DE multi-objective clustering algorithm proposed in this paper effectively integrates multi-factor optimization strategies and intelligent optimization methods, and achieves significant results in improving clustering efficiency, extending network life cycle, reducing energy consumption and enhancing link robustness, which provides theoretical support and algorithmic basis for the efficient deployment of UAV swarm self-organized communication networks in the future under the complex battlefield environment.

Formation UAVs  /  Ultraviolet optical communication  /  Clustering algorithm  /  Multi-objective particle swarm  /  Differential optimization
赵太飞, 陈郁琪, 高子瑶, 刘乐, 郑博睿. 面向紫外隐秘通信的编队无人机多目标分簇优化算法研究. 光子学报, 2026 , 55 (1) : 38 -55 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0106004
Taifei ZHAO, Yuqi CHEN, Ziyao GAO, Le LIU, Borui ZHENG. Research on Multi-objective Cluster Optimization Algorithm for Formation UAVs for UV Covert Communication[J]. Acta Photonica Sinica, 2026 , 55 (1) : 38 -55 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0106004
在电子对抗日益激烈的军事作战场景中,作战态势的高度动态、强对抗和强干扰特点使得单个无人机在打击范围与侦察能力方面存在局限,任务完成效率和生存能力难以保障[1],而编队无人机具备良好的自组织特性、较强的抗打击能力以及灵活的任务重构能力,能够显著提升整体作战效能。编队无人机在实际飞行过程中会受到强电磁干扰,环境因素影响从而影响机间信息传输[2],因此保证机间通信的可靠性是非常必要的。目前射频、Wi-Fi以及毫米波等传统无线通信方式[3]逐渐发展成熟,但在面对强电磁干扰时常出现信号干扰严重、链路不稳定等问题[4]。无线紫外光通信(Ultraviolet Communication, UVC)是以紫外光波作为载体,在大气信道中传输时通过大气分子或微粒的散射使信号到达接收端的通信方式,通常采用200~280 nm波段的“日盲”紫外光[5],因其独特的瑞利散射和米氏散射特性在非视距条件下仍能维持稳定通信[6-7],并在抗干扰能力、低功耗传输及信息安全性等方面展现出显著优势[8],为解决编队无人机机间高效通信提供了新的技术路径。
编队无人机可深入敌方区域开展侦察与监视任务[9],然而无人机受限于有限的能源供给,如何设计高效的分簇编队算法成为提升无人机生存率和作战效能的关键[10]。低能耗自适应分簇层次协议(Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy,LEACH)[11]是一种基于轮换簇首的分层路由协议,采用随机轮换机制选簇首,但是未考虑节点能量、位置等状态易使网络过早崩溃。谢佳等提出了一种基于能量均衡高效的LEACH-X协议[12],考虑节点的剩余能量、周期内当选过簇首的次数进行簇首选举从而减少节点能耗,但该算法依赖单个节点的信息进行簇首选择容易导致簇头分布不均与簇结构重构频繁,从而影响网络能效与生命周期。LIU Huiyun等为了改善LEACH算法随机选择簇首的缺点提出了一种CDE-LEACH分簇方法[13],建立数据表存储理想簇首在基站的最优覆盖位置坐标并以保证网络能耗最小为目标选择最优簇首,缓解了LEACH算法中因簇首随机选取带来的能量损耗问题,但该方案未考虑链路质量波动对网络生存周期的影响。传统加权分簇算法(Weighted Clustering Algorithm,WCA)是一种基于节点综合属性的分簇算法[14],仅以加权值最小作为选簇首标准,可能忽略某些因素如链路质量而陷入局部最优,在高动态网络中难以保持全局最优性能。WANG X等提出了一种动态尺度DSWCA分簇算法[15],通过设定簇规模的最优、最大和最小值实现簇结构的动态调整,但其簇头选择机制对节点能量状态的动态变化响应不够灵敏可能导致能量分配不均。NIE Jugen等提出了融合遗传算法的加权分簇方法[16],先用遗传算法全局优化簇首位置再用WCA按最小权值挑选簇首,从而兼顾负载均衡与部署开销;但该算法仅以静态距离-负载双目标加权,未考虑链路稳定性与节点移动性等多维因素,难以适应动态拓扑。吴子敬等于2020年提出了一种基于竞争神经网络的非均匀分簇算法(CNNUC)[17],该方法通过建立竞争神经网络模型,将节点的剩余能量、到基站的距离和节点密度作为输入因子,利用竞争学习机制选择合适的簇首,并采用非均匀分簇策略降低能量消耗,但是该方法优化因子较为单一,仅考虑了能量、密度和距离,缺乏对与无人机速度一致性等特征的建模,难以适应动态机动场景。
综上所述,为了减少编队无人机的通信能耗,延长执行任务的生命周期并提升数据传输量,本文提出一种面向紫外隐秘通信的多目标粒子群优化与差分进化联合分簇算法(Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization and Differential Evolution-based clustering algorithm,MOPSO-DE),构建以能量、链路接收信号强度(Received Signal Strength Indicator, RSSI)稳定性、与长机距离和速度一致性为核心指标的簇首选举模型,通过差分进化算子增强粒子多样性与局部搜索能力,引入拥挤度距离准则进行帕累托(Pareto)解筛选从而实现簇首集的最优决策。在此基础上设计层级分簇结构与簇内快速重构机制,通过周期性状态广播与局部信息交互实现簇成员的快速重连与簇首备选切换,提高编队通信稳定性。
无线紫外光单次散射链路模型[18]如图1所示,发射端Tx位于水平轴线的一端,在初始时刻发射能量为ETx的紫外光光束。该光束经过发散角的影响,并与接收视场重叠区域内的公共散射体V发生散射,从而将光信号传输至位于另一端的接收端Rx,最终实现紫外光非直视(NLOS,None-Line-of-Sight)通信。
在图1中,βT和βR分别表示紫外光收发装置的仰角,θT代表发送装置的光束发散半角,而θR表示接收装置的接收视场半角。此外,d表示收发装置之间的水平距离,r1和r2分别为收发装置至公共散射体的欧式距离,Δh为发射端与接收端高度差,而θs代表光束的发散角。根据散射信道模型相关理论[19],δV可视为公共散射体内的体积元,作为二级辐射源,经过δV的光子被散射后到达接收端,从而可得单位面积上接收的能量。
根据收发仰角的不同,紫外光非直视(NLOS)通信可分为三种类型:NLOS(a)、NLOS(b)和NLOS(c)。在强电磁干扰环境下,编队无人机执行隐秘编队任务时,可选择NLOS(c)作为主要通信方式。相较于其他两种方式,NLOS(c)具备更远的通信距离,且其收发仰角均小于90°[20]。
设每个光子携带的能量为hc/λ,其中h为普朗克常量,c为光速,则单位比特信息中可被探测的光子数可表示为PRηfηrλ/Rbhc,其中Rb为发射端的比特速率,表示每秒传输的比特数量,ηf和ηr分别表示滤光片的透过率与光电检测器的光电转换效率,且发射光功率PT与接收光功率PR之间满足关系L=PT/PR[21]。在近距离通信时通常采用路径损耗计算公式,即
L=ξrα
式中,ξ和α分别表示路径损耗因子和路径损耗指数,主要受收发仰角影响,而与发散角及接收视场角关系较小。
在编队飞行中无人机相对高度差有限,仰角过小信号易被地面遮挡,仰角过大光束难以覆盖散射体,本文设置收发仰角均为60°,兼顾了光学窗口的物理对准限制与设备安装倾角的实际可行性,也是紫外NLOS通信中获得较优链路性能的经验参数,当收发仰角βT和βR均为60°时,路径损耗因子和路径损耗指数取值分别为ξ=1.71×108和α=1.526 4[22]。
利用式(1)对不同通信距离对路径损耗的影响进行仿真,如图2所示,随着通信距离的增加路径损耗也显著增加,这意味着需要更多的资源来维持相同的通信质量可能会导致成本大幅增加,为了兼顾较远通信距离与通信可靠性选择200 m作为通信距离。
在编队无人机分簇过程中无人机节点的能量消耗主要来自数据发送、接收以及数据融合处理三个方面。
发送端发送能量为ET的脉冲至相距r的接收端所需的能量[23]计算遵循公式(2)。
ETx=lET+ELoss
式中,ELoss为发送端发送能量为ET的脉冲至相距r的接收端,l为发送的比特数,接收端接收到的能量为ER时空间中的能量损耗,公式定义为
ELoss=ET1-1L
在接收端,接收无人机每发数据的能量消耗公式为
ERx=lER
在簇形成过程后,簇首承担关键的数据整合任务,需对簇内成员上传的信息实施融合处理,消除数据冗余所产生的能耗由式(5)量化。这种分层式能量管理架构有效平衡了节点能耗与通信质量之间的关系。
ETotal=m+1EDA
式中,m表示簇内的成员个数,EDA表示融合比特数据消耗的能量。
为构建具有一定普适性与可实现性的多目标分簇优化模型,本文在系统建模中假设:
1)无人机节点在同一高度层面上飞行,相对高度差可忽略,仰角固定为60°;
2)所有通信基于日盲波段的非视距(NLOS)单次散射紫外链路模型,不考虑突发遮挡等情况,信道稳定性由RSSI变化模拟;
3)节点初始能量均为等值,能量消耗来自发射、接收、融合三部分,不考虑其他飞行消耗;
4)所有无人机节点均部署紫外光通信设备,具备收发能力;
5)网络为闭合系统,不考虑新增节点与外部能量补充。
本文提出的MOPSO-DE算法,是将多目标粒子群优化(MOPSO)与差分进化(DE)相融合进行簇首选举机制,针对编队无人机在电子对抗环境下的隐秘通信、链路稳定性和能量效率等多目标性能进行全面优化。
在每一轮分簇过程中都需要从所有候选节点中选择若干个簇首节点。本文将簇首选举与节点自身状态相结合,定义如下四个目标函数。
目标1:最大化簇首节点的剩余能量
簇首节点不仅要承担向长机发送数据消耗的能量,还要承担对成员节点数据融合所消耗的能量,因此当某一节点被频繁选举成为簇首时更容易死亡,本文考虑添加剩余能量因子[24],定义为
maxE(i)=Ecurrent(i)Eaverage(r-1),           r>1 Ecurrent(i)E ,                                r=1
式中,Ecurrent(i)为节点i的当前剩余能量,Eaverage(r-1)为第r-1轮节点的平均能量,E为初始平均能量,引入剩余能量因子后均衡了能量对网络的影响,提高了剩余能量高的节点成为簇首的概率。
目标2:最大化紫外链路RSSI稳定性
考虑到链路不稳定会导致紫外接收信号强度(RSSI)存在较大的不稳定性,从而引发簇内节点频繁掉线、通信重建及数据丢失等问题,因此在簇首选举过程中引入基于误差补偿机制的链路RSSI稳定性作为辅助决策因子。
实际紫外光通信模块会受到硬件非理想特性的影响,如紫外光源发射功率随温度漂移而波动、光电探测器噪声电流随温度上升而增大、器件老化导致光电转换效率下降等。这些因素会引入RSSI的偏差,使链路质量评价与理想模型存在差异。为缩小仿真与实际的差距,在传统路径损耗与RSSI模型的基础上叠加了硬件扰动因子,即
RSSI'(t)=RSSI(t)+ΔT(t)+ΔN(t)
式中,ΔT(t)表示由温度漂移引起的RSSI偏差,近似为线性漂移模型,即
ΔT(t)=α⋅(T(t)-T0)
其中α为温度敏感系数,T(t)为工作温度,T0为基准温度。ΔN(t)表示光电探测器噪声、电路抖动等引起的随机扰动,建模为零均值高斯白噪声过程ΔN(t)~𝒩(0,σ2)。
定义紫外链路RSSI稳定性指标,采用滑动窗口均值进行误差矫正,即
RS^SI(t)=RSSI'(t)-1W∑k=t-W+1tRSSI(t)-μRSSI(t)
式中,RS^SI(t)为矫正后的RSSI值,W为窗口长度,μRSSI(t)为窗口内RSSI均值,k表示窗口内的时间索引即相对当前时刻t的历史采样点。
综合考虑链路RSSI强度与稳定性的链路质量指标为
maxSlink=α⋅RS^SI(t)RSSImax+β⋅1-σRSS^Iσmax,    α+β=1
式中,σRSS^I为矫正后RSSI在一定时间窗口内的标准差,RSSImax与σmax分别表示网络中节点测得的最大均值和最大标准差,参数α与β为权重系数,满足α+β=1,以调节链路强度与稳定性对综合得分的影响权重。Slink取值范围在[0,1],数值越大表示链路越可靠。
目标3:最小化节点与长机的相对距离
节点与长机的相对距离直接影响通信质量。当距离过远时,簇首向长机传输数据信息时消耗的能量会变大,加速簇首能量的消耗,容易导致簇首节点死亡,本文考虑节点与长机的相对距离,提出归一化距离因子公式为
mind(i)=dmax-d(i)dmax-dmin
式中,d(i)为当前时刻节点i距离长机的距离,dmax为节点i距离长机的最大距离,dmin节点i距离长机的最小距离。
目标4:最大化簇内速度一致性
节点的速度可以影响其在网络中的移动性,尤其是在无人机飞行的动态网络中,速度相似的节点可以更好地协调和协作,避免频繁的簇首更换,选择速度一致性较高的节点作为簇首可以提高簇的稳定性。
节点i与在通信范围内的所有邻居节点j在x轴和y轴上的速度差为
vij=vix-vjx2+viy-vjy2
式中,vix、viy为节点i的速度分量,vjx、vjy为节点j的速度分量。
对于每个节点i,计算它与其所有邻居节点的速度一致性因子取平均值可得到节点i的整体速度一致性因子为
maxSi=1Ni∑j∈Φj11+vij
在MOPSO-DE分簇算法中粒子的初始化阶段是影响算法收敛速度与解空间探索能力的关键步骤。本文采用实数编码方式对粒子进行建模,每个粒子表示一组当前轮的簇首候选节点集合,其维度等于参与分簇的无人机总数N。
粒子编码方式:设无人机网络中共有N个无人机节点,用集合U={u1,u2,…,uN}表示。每个粒子为一个实数向量X={x1,x2,…,xN},其中
xi=1,if the ith node is the cluster leader0,if the ith node is an ordinary member node
为增强粒子在搜索空间中的可操作性与多样性,实际编码采用实值初始化,即
xi∈[0,1],  ∀i∈[1,N]
初始化完成后通过阈值函数转换为0-1编码,用于指示簇首选择结果,即
CHi=1,if  xi>θ0,otherwise
式中,θ∈(0,1)是簇首选择中轮次自适应调整的阈值参数。
速度向量初始化:每个粒子还具有对应的速度向量V=[v1,v2,⋯,vN],用于控制搜索方向与步长。初始化采用均匀分布,即
vi~U(-vmax,vmax),∀i∈[1,N]
式中,vmax是速度的最大限制,控制粒子搜索幅度,通常设置为0.1~0.5之间。
种群初始化:1)粒子数设置:设总粒子数为P,即每轮并行生成P个簇首候选方案。2)随机初始化每个粒子的位置Xp∈[0,1]N与速度Vp∈[-vmax,vmax]N。3)归一化处理:对所有位置向量执行软门控函数,防止粒子过早收敛。
MOPSO-DE联合优化机制在每一轮簇首选举中引导节点向多目标最优方向演化,确保簇首具有良好的能量均衡性、通信质量与编队稳定性,该机制包含四个关键步骤。
1)非支配排序与精英外部档案构建(Pareto前沿提取):设粒子a,b为两个可行解,目标函数向量分别为f(a)=[f1(a),f2(a),⋯,fm(a)],若满足∀i∈{1,⋯,m},fi(a)≤fi(b),且∃j,fj(a)<fj(b),则称解a支配解b,记作a≺b。
通过NSGA-II的快速非支配排序机制,将当前种群中的粒子划分为多个非支配等级F1,F2,…,其中第一等级F1为当前Pareto前沿(Pareto front),定义为
PF={X(k)|X(j)  s.t.X(j)≺X(k)}
将Pareto前沿解集PF加入精英外部档案A作为当前粒子群的全局引导库。若档案数量超出上限Asize则依据拥挤度距离(Crowding Distance)进行选择性保留,维持边界解并保持解的多样性。
2)MOPSO粒子速度与位置更新:每个粒子i的速度vi(t)与位置xi(t)更新公式为
vi(t+1)=ω(t)⋅vi(t)+c1⋅r1⋅(Pibest-xi(t))+c2⋅r2⋅(gbest-xi(t))xi(t+1)=xi(t)+vi(t+1)
式中,c1、c2分别为个体学习因子与群体学习因子,r1、r2是属于(0,1)的独立随机数,pibest是粒子i的历史最优非支配解;gbest是从精英档案A中选择获取的全局引导解,ω为随轮次递减的惯性权重,公式为
ω(t)=ωmax-ωmax-ωminT⋅t
式中,ωmax为初始惯性权重,ωmin为最终惯性权重,T为最大迭代次数,t为当前迭代次数。
3)引入差分进化机制:为防止MOPSO陷入局部最优,进一步引入DE算子的变异与交叉操作。
a.差分变异:随机选取三个互异粒子Xr1,Xr2,Xr3执行差分变异生成新向量
Vi'=Xr1+F⋅(Xr2-Xr3)
式中,F∈(0,1)是差分放大系数,控制变异幅度。
b.二项交叉:以交叉概率CR∈(0,1)生成候选子粒子
Ui(d)=Vi'(d),if  rand()<CR    or  d=jrandXi(d),otherwise
式中,d∈{1,2,…,D}表示维度索引;jrand保证至少一个维度被替换;Ui为最终候选解。
c.替换与非支配判断:若Ui非支配于Xi,则用Ui替换Xi,否则保留原粒子,该过程确保优秀个体保留,同时增强局部扰动能力。
d.自适应调整机制:为提高MOPSO-DE算法在动态环境下的稳定性,对差分变异因子与交叉概率引入自适应调整机制。
对于差分变异因子采用指数递减的自适应公式为
F(t)=Fmin+(Fmax-Fmin)⋅e-τtT
式中,t为当前迭代次数,T为最大迭代次数,τ为衰减系数用于控制递减速度,该公式保证算法在前期具备足够的种群多样性,后期收敛稳定。
对于交叉概率采用式(24)进行自适应调整。
CR(t)=CRmin+(CRmax-CRmin)⋅tT
交叉概率随迭代线性增加,前期保留优秀个体,后期增强全局搜索覆盖率。
4)联合种群选择
在完成粒子的速度更新、位置调整以及差分变异与交叉操作后,需要对当前主种群与外部精英集进行统一筛选与更新,以维持种群的进化质量和非支配解的多样性。
首先将当前迭代后的粒子种群Pt与精英外部档案集At 进行合并,得到联合种群Ut,即
Ut=Pt⋃At
式中,Pt为第t次迭代后更新后的粒子集合,At为当前所保存的非支配精英解集合。联合种群Ut作为当前迭代中全部候选解的集合,为下一步非支配筛选做准备。
再对联合种群Ut中的所有个体执行快速非支配排序,得到多个Pareto等级集合F1,F2,…,Fn,其中F1为当前的非支配最优解集,即Pareto前沿,F2,…,Fn依次表示次优解集至劣解集。
在完成多目标粒子群与差分进化联合优化(MOPSO-DE)算法后,将得到一组处于Pareto最优前沿的非支配解集(Pareto Front),每一个解对应一组可能的簇首集合。这些解在各目标维度(即剩余能量最大,RSSI 稳定性最大,与长机相对距离最小,速度一致性最大)上已无法被其他解同时占优,代表当前最优的权衡选择。然而由于算法输出的是一组解而非解集合,仍需进一步从中筛选出用于每轮通信的最终簇首集合。
为此采用基于拥挤度距离(Crowding Distance)的多目标决策策略,从Pareto前沿中选择空间分布最优、目标均衡性最好的单一解,作为最终簇首选举方案。
拥挤度距离是一种衡量非支配解在目标空间中局部密度的方法,其本质是估计某解与邻近解在目标函数上的间隔程度,对于Pareto前沿F1中每一个解,其在第m个目标函数fm上的拥挤度距离计算为
CDi(m)=fm(i+1)-fm(i-1)fmmax-fmmin
式中,fm(i+1)与fm(i-1)分别为当前解在第m个目标上相邻的解的函数值,fmmax与fmmin分别表示所有解在第m个目标上的最大值与最小值。边界解的拥挤度距离设为无穷大,以确保边界多样性不被压制,综合拥挤度距离为
CDi=∑m=1MCDi(m)
式中,m为目标函数数量,此处为4。
所有非支配解的拥挤度距离计算后,选取拥挤度距离值最大的解作为最终簇首解。该策略优先保留目标空间中分布稀疏、解间差异性大的方案,从而在确保最优解的基础上进一步提升解的代表性与多样性。该最终解即为当前一轮通信中用于实际簇首部署的节点组合。
MOPSO-DE算法的计算复杂度主要由三部分构成。
1)适应度评估:涉及能量因子、紫外链路RSSI稳定性、相对距离和速度一致性等的计算,复杂度为O(P⋅N),其中N为节点数,P为粒子数。
2)非支配排序与拥挤度距离实现复杂度为O(P2)。
3)精英档案维护:在限定档案规模上限Asize的情况下,复杂度为O(AsizelogAsize)。
因此MOPSO-DE的整体复杂度为O(T⋅(P⋅N+P2+AsizelogAsize)),其中T为最大迭代数,随着粒子数与节点数增大,计算复杂度线性增长,该结果表明算法在扩展到更大规模网络时仍具备较好的可扩展性。
在完成簇首选举后进入簇形成阶段。每个成员节点根据簇首节点的广播信息选择加入某一簇。具体流程如下。
1)簇首广播:每个当选的簇首节点通过紫外光通信链路向周围节点广播自身状态信息,包括节点编号、当前剩余能量、与长机的相对位置信息、链路RSSI强度与速度向量方向等。
2)成员节点簇首选择:首先节点优先选择链路质量较好、稳定性高的簇首,其次在链路质量相当的情况下选择距离较近的簇首。如果距离差异较小,成员节点则会选择与自身运动方向差异小的簇首以确保拓扑稳定性。若以上指标相差不大,节点倾向选择剩余能量较高的簇首以延长簇的生命周期。
3)簇加入请求:成员节点向目标簇首发送“加入请求”消息;簇首根据当前已加入节点数量及最大簇容量上限判断是否接受该节点加入。
4)簇结构确立:完成簇内成员分配后每个簇首维护一张簇内成员列表,采用时分多址(Time Division Multiple Access, TDMA)下发时隙调度信息用于数据传输阶段。
构建了一种面向编队无人机的分层分簇通信模型如图3所示,该模型由长机、簇首和成员节点三层分级架构构成。
长机节点负责全局任务调度与簇间协调,通过稳定的紫外光主干链路与各簇首进行通信。定义链路连接关系为
LBS(k)=(UB,CHk)    ,         k=1,2,…,NCH
式中,UB表示长机,CHk表示第k个簇首节点,NCH为簇首总数。长机定期向各簇首下发控制指令,并接收其上传的感知数据与本地融合结果,实现全局态势感知和资源重调。
簇首与其成员节点之间通过短距离紫外光链路进行信息交互,定义为
Lintra(k)=Mi(k),CHk|i=1,2,…,Nk
式中,Mi(k)表示第k个簇内的第i个成员节点,Nk为该簇内成员数。成员节点采用TDMA分时传输机制,在各自时间槽内向簇首发送感知数据。紫外链路建立时引入信道状态估计机制,若当前链路质量Qlink低于阈值Qth则触发链路重建或延迟机制。
为保障簇内通信有效,限制成员节点与簇首间距离d(Mi(k),CHk)小于簇首的最大通信半径为Rc,满足
d(Mi(k),CHk)≤Rc
簇首节点在完成簇内数据收集与融合后,通过紫外光链路向长机上传汇总数据,链路可直接或经中继簇首转发完成,定义为
Linter(k)=CHk,UB,if dCHk,UB≤RmaxCHk,CHj,…,UB,multiple relay paths
路径选择综合考虑信号强度(RSSI)、链路稳定性、簇首剩余能量及相对运动方向一致性等因素,确保多跳路径在质量与能耗之间取得平衡。
为提升高动态环境下通信拓扑的稳定性,在MOPSO-DE算法框架基础上,引入基于卡尔曼滤波(Kalman Filter, KF)的节点轨迹预测模型,并设计链路状态预判与簇结构预重构机制,实现对潜在通信中断的提前预警与平滑切换,显著降低因节点移动性导致的通信抖动与重构延迟。
设第i个无人机节点在二维平面内的运动状态向量为
xk(i)=xk(i),yk(i),vx,k(i),vy,k(i)T
式中,xk、yk为位置,vx,k、vy,k为x、y方向上的速度分量,k为离散时间步。
采用恒定速度运动模型作为状态转移方程,即
xk+1(i)=Fxk(i)+wk(i)
其中状态转移矩阵F为
F=10Δt0010Δt00100001,    wk~𝒩(0,Q)
观测向量为位置测量值为
zk(i)=xk(i),yk(i)T=Hxk(i)+vk(i),    H=10000100          
预测步为
x^k|k-1=Fx^k-1|k-1,    Pk|k-1=FPk-1|k-1FT+Q
更新步为
Kk=Pk|k-1HT(HPk|k-1HT+R)-1x^k|k=x^k|k-1+Kk(zk-Hx^k|k-1)Pk|k=(I-KkH)Pk|k-1
通过上述滤波过程可预测未来Tp=1~3步的位置与速度,用于判断是否即将超出通信范围。
为应对编队无人机在高动态飞行过程中因能量耗尽、链路劣化或拓扑剧变导致的通信中断问题,设计了一种基于状态预测与平滑切换的轻量化动态重构机制。该机制分为簇首重构与长机替代两个子机制,其中簇首重构进一步细分为风险预判阶段与快速切换阶段,通过引入卡尔曼滤波预测模型实现对潜在通信中断的提前预警,显著降低传统重构带来的延迟与开销。当出现以下任一情况时系统将触发簇首重选机制:1)当前簇首节点的剩余能量低于预设阈值;2)簇首与簇成员之间的链路质量持续劣化;3)空间拓扑失配预警:基于卡尔曼滤波的轨迹预测显示,下一周期簇首与关键成员的距离可能超出通信范围。
此过程不再重新划分整个簇结构,而是将多目标转化为单目标基于加权决策函数在从簇内剩余节点中选出W(i)最大的节点为替代簇首,最大程度减少网络开销与重构延迟,即
W(i)=ω1E(i)+ω2Slink+ω31d(i)+ω4Si
式中,ω1、ω2、ω3、ω4为四个动态权重因子,满足ω1+ω2+ω3+ω4=1。
为提升网络在极端环境下的鲁棒性,在三层架构的基础上设计了长机替代选举机制。具体步骤为:
1)长机失效检测:当长机在设定周期内未能成功与簇首群体保持通信,或其能量低于阈值、链路质量急剧下降时,系统判定长机失效。
2)候选集生成:当前长机通信范围内所有簇首节点自动进入候选集,并广播自身状态信息。
3)利用式(38)计算每个簇首的W(i),选择最大的簇首作为替代长机,接管全局调度与簇间协调。
MOPSO-DE算法流程如图4所示,首先初始化节点能量、位置、速度和紫外链路参数,周期性广播节点状态信息并通过实数编码完成粒子种群初始化。随后对粒子进行包括最大化剩余能量、RSSI稳定性、速度一致性、最小化与长机的距离在内的多目标函数评估。通过非支配排序构建精英档案并结合差分更新粒子位置与速度,提升全局搜索能力。联合种群筛选出簇首候选解后,依据拥挤度距离选择最优簇首集进行广播。普通节点发送入簇请求,簇首按容量接纳后组织数据传输,直至完成整轮通信。
为了分析改进后算法的有效性,使用Matlab进行仿真,仿真环境为1 000 m×1 000 m,在该区域随机放置100个无人机节点,其中LEACH为传统分簇算法,LEACH-X为文献[12]改进LEACH算法,WCA为传统加权分簇算法,DSWCA为文献[15]改进的加权分簇算法,CNNUC为文献[17]基于竞争神经网络的分簇算法,MOPSO-DE算法为本文提出的分簇算法,具体参数设置如表1所示。
表中各参数的设置参考了现有文献中的经典设定并结合紫外通信链路特性与MOPSO-DE算法的收敛稳定性需求。选取100个节点模拟编队分簇场景,节点初始能量设置为300 J,数据发送,接收融合能量结合短距紫外通信功耗模型统一设为80 μJ便于能量对比分析;最大通信半径为稳定链路半径,设置为200 m;为了兼顾收发耦合与抗干扰性,发散角与接收视场角设置为15°,发射仰角与接收仰角设置为60°;路径损耗参数依据文献[21]中紫外单次散射通信模型结果设定;为了保证收敛精度与计算效率将粒子数设置为50;粒子更新惯性权重采用线性递减策略,设置最大值为0.9,最小值为0.4,以提高早期搜索能力;精英档案上限设为50,用于控制Pareto解数量避免存储膨胀;轮次自适应阈值参数设为0.5,辅助簇首选择精度。
无人机初始分布,第1轮,第1 600轮分簇图像如图5所示,图中蓝色圆圈为普通节点,绿色五角星为长机节点,黑色五角星代表簇首节点,红色圆圈为死亡节点。
在第1轮时还没有簇首产生,只有长机与普通节点,经过1 600轮运行后,系统开始分簇并选举出簇首节点,此外还有一些节点因能量耗尽而死亡。
分析了6种算法的存活节点与剩余能量随着轮数增加的变化,如图6所示。
图6(a)为不同算法的存活节点变化,在0到1 000轮中,六种算法的存活节点均保持在100个,说明初期能量消耗较少。后期由于簇首节点因长期承担数据融合与转发任务导致能量耗尽,节点数量逐渐下降。MOPSO-DE算法在整个仿真过程中节点存活时间最长,这是因为MOPSO-DE通过多目标粒子群优化全局搜索并利用联合差分进化跳出局部最优;CNNUC算法次之,因为它利用竞争神经网络模型选择簇首使簇首分布更合理,因此比WCA、LEACH系列算法更能延缓节点死亡;DSWCA算法优于LEACH-X算法,因为DSWCA算法引入了簇首替换阈值避免簇首过早死亡,LEACH-X仅静态添加能量因子没有考虑簇首过早死亡;传统WCA与LEACH性能最差但相差不大,在1 000~1 400轮内迅速下降,1 700轮之后节点彻底死亡。图6(b)为不同算法剩余能量变化,随着轮数增加,六种算法的剩余能量都在减小,MOPSO-DE算法比其余五种算法剩余能量均有所提高,在500轮之后MOPSO-DE的能耗下降趋势明显缓慢,这是因为本文基于全局簇首最优选举与簇内成员快速重构机制结合从而降低了能量消耗,MOPSO-DE算法较LEACH算法、WCA算法、LEACH-X算法、DSWCA算法和CNNUC算法平均能耗分别降低25.8%、23.6%、17.1%、15.3%和11.1%。
除了存活节点数目与剩余能量,传输数据量与网络生存周期也会随算法的不同而呈现不同的变化,图7为六种算法的传输数据量与网络生存周期的变化。
从图7(a)的数据传输量对比来看,六种算法在750轮之前上升速度基本一致;在750轮至1 250轮中,改进型算法与MOPSO-DE算法有明显上升,而传统LEACH算法与传统WCA上升缓慢;1 400轮之后,LEACH算法、WCA算法与LEACH-X算法开始趋于稳定,DSWCA算法、CUUNC算法和MOPSO-DE算法传输量还在上升但MOPSO-DE上升速度更快,显著提升了网络性能与稳定性;相较于LEACH算法、WCA算法、LEACH-X算法、DSWCA算法与CNNUC算法,MOPSO-DE算法在传输数据量方面分别提升91.6%、54.42%、29.3%,12.8%和9.6%。图7(b)显示了不同节点死亡比例下的网络生存周期。LEACH算法、WCA算法、LEACH-X算法、DSWCA算法、CNNUC算法和MOPSO-DE算法首个节点死亡轮数分别为1 029、1 038、1 164、1 342、1 350,1 495。节点死亡90%时,MOPSO-DE算法较LEACH算法、WCA算法、LEACH-X算法、DSWCA算法和CNNUC算法分别提升35.4%、31.1%、24.5%、11.6%和8.9%。节点死亡50%时,MOPSO-DE算法生存周期较其余五种算法提升幅度增至38.8%、34.9%、25.9%、12.5%和10.3%。说明MOPSO-DE算法在各阶段均延长了网络生命周期,且存活节点越多提升越明显。
采用MOPSO-DE算法对不同节点数量的网络性能进行仿真,对比了节点数量为10个、50个、100个和200个时的存活节点、剩余能量、数据传输量与生存周期。
图8(a)所示为节点数量不同时存活节点数的对比,当节点数量较少时,由于数量太少而区域不变,导致节点密度下降,无需成簇只需向长机发送信息即可因此减少成簇的能耗。此外较少的节点数量可能导致网络中节点死亡的轮数较晚,从而延迟了第一个节点出现死亡的时间且节点能耗更加均衡。图8(b)所示为节点数量不同时剩余能量的对比,由于节点数量不同所以四条曲线的起点不同,但是观察曲线斜率可以看出随着节点数量增加能量消耗也在加快,这是由于随着网络中节点数量的增加,系统总通信量上升,簇首数量和负载同步增长导致整体能量消耗加快。此外节点密集度提高可能引发通信冲突与簇规模不均,从而加剧局部能量耗尽,降低网络稳定性与生命周期。
图9(a)展示了在不同轮数下,四种不同节点数量的数据传输量。随着轮数的增加所有节点数量的数据传输量都在增加,但增加的速度和最终的传输量有所不同。节点数量越多数据传输量越大从而增长速度也越快,这是因为更多的节点可以提供更大的网络覆盖范围和更好的数据传输效率。图9(b)所示为不同节点数量的网络生存周期,较少的节点数量因为孤立不成簇的原因减少了能耗,从而延长了节点出现死亡的时间,在1%节点死亡时,10个节点要比50、100和200个节点生存轮数多18.7%、29.9%、28.4%,在90%节点死亡时,10个节点仅比50、100和200个节点生存轮数多3.6%、13.7%、21.8%,下降的主要原因是大规模节点在网络后期节点数量太少无需分簇可以向长机直接发送信息从而减小了能耗。
仿真对比了数据包长度为1 000 bit、2 000 bit、3 000 bit时的存活节点、剩余能量、数据传输量与生存周期。
采用MOPSO-DE算法对不同数据包长度网络性能进行仿真,图10(a)为1 000 bit,1 500 bit和2 000 bit的数据包长度的存活节点数对比,随着数据包长度的增加,节点死亡个数在加快,这是因为数据包长度越大,通信过程中的比特传输与融合能耗同步上升,尤其簇首节点承担聚合与上行转发任务、负载加重,易提前耗尽能量。尽管MOPSO-DE算法可动态选取能量充足节点作为簇首,但大数据包依然加快整体能量消耗,缩短网络生命周期。图10(b)为不同数据包长度下剩余能量的对比,可以看到剩余能量随着数据包的增加而减少,当算法迭代至相同轮数时,数据包长度为1 000 bit时网络剩余能量最多。
图11(a)反映了不同数据包长度下传输数据量对比,初期三条曲线均呈上升趋势,说明网络初始能量充足,数据传输稳定增长,随着算法的迭代,1 000 bit数据包的传输量增长加快,而2 000 bit和3 000 bit的数据传输速率逐渐变缓,这是因为较大数据包会加速簇首节点的能量消耗从而影响数据传输能力。在1 000 bit数据包的传输量达到最高值并趋于稳定时,而2 000 bit和3 000 bit的数据传输量较早进入饱和值,尤其是3 000 bit数据包因簇首能耗过快导致传输能力下降更早。图11(b)为不同数据包长度的网络生存周期,与1 000 bit数据包长度相比,在数据包长度为2 000 bit时,1%、50%、90%节点生存轮数分别缩短了52%、48.9%和48.5%;在数据包长度为3 000 bit时,1%、50%、90%节点生存轮数分别缩短了65.9%、65.3%和64.5%。
对5 m/s、15 m/s、25 m/s不同节点移动速度下的算法性能进行仿真,对存活节点与生存周期进行对比分析。
图12(a)为不同节点移动速度下存活节点曲线,随着速度的提升,第一个死亡节点的出现时间推迟,但当死亡开始后曲线下降更为陡峭,高速场景下节点死亡加快。尤其在25 m/s 时,虽然早期节点全部保持存活,但在约1 700轮之后节点数迅速下降,全部死亡时间比低速更早。这是因为在低速场景下节点拓扑较为稳定且能量消耗集中,因而较早出现第一个死亡节点;而在高速场景中簇首与成员角色切换频繁使负载得以分散避免了个别节点过早耗尽,使得第一个死亡节点出现推迟。但同时高速运动导致簇重构和链路维护频繁带来额外能耗致使后期节点数量迅速下降,整体存活时间反而缩短。图12(b)为不同节点移动速度下生存周期的对比,从图中可以看出当1%节点死亡时,存活轮数表现为5 m/s<15 m/s<25 m/s,当50%节点死亡时三者差异缩小,但仍表现出5 m/s最短,25 m/s最长的趋势,当90%节点死亡时情况反转,表现为5 m/s>15 m/s>25 m/s,即低速场景下的整体网络寿命更长。不同移动速度对网络性能的影响呈现“早期有利、后期不利”的阶段性特征:高速运动有助于延迟第一个节点死亡,但同时因频繁的簇重构和链路切换导致网络整体寿命缩短。
图13(a)展示了在低信噪比(1 dB)、中信噪比(10 dB)和高信噪比(20 dB)三种情况下,网络中丢包率随仿真轮数增加的变化情况。通过对比三条曲线,可以清晰地观察到信噪比对网络传输性能的影响。在高信噪比(20 dB)情况下,网络的丢包率在整个分簇期间相较于其余两种信噪比丢包缓慢,这表明高质量的通信链路能够有效地减少数据丢失。随着信噪比降低至中等水平(10 dB)丢包率开始缓慢上升,尤其在1 500轮后丢包率达到4.43%,表明信号质量下降对传输可靠性产生了明显影响。而在低信噪比(1 dB)环境下丢包率显著增加并在后续迅速攀升至5%以上,这是由于低信噪比导致接收端难以准确解码发送信息,增加了误码率和重传需求从而导致更高的丢包率。图13(b)为不同硬件扰动条件下的节点存活曲线,无温度漂移为理想条件,将温度漂移系数为-0.05 dB/°C定义为中等扰动,温度漂移为-0.1 dB/°C定义为强扰动,可以看出在理想条件下网络在1 500轮之前保持全部节点存活,至2 000轮左右节点才逐渐死亡并最终耗尽;而在中等扰动下约1 000轮便开始出现节点死亡,1 250轮前后即全部失效;在强扰动下节点寿命进一步缩短约750轮开始便迅速下降。其原因在于温度漂移导致RSSI波动增大、链路质量下降,从而加速了节点能量消耗,最终使网络生命周期显著缩短。
本文针对电子对抗环境下无人机编队的紫外隐秘通信需求,提出了一种基于多目标粒子群优化与差分进化联合优化分簇算法(MOPSO-DE)。通过构建以能量、链路RSSI稳定性、与长机距离及速度一致性为核心指标的簇首选举模型,结合差分进化算子提升局部搜索能力,并设计层级式分簇结构与簇内快速重构机制,显著提升了通信鲁棒性与能耗均衡性。仿真结果表明,与传统LEACH、LEACH-X、WCA、DSWCA和CNNUC算法相比,MOPSO-DE在节点存活数、剩余能量、数据传输量及网络生命周期等关键指标上均表现出明显优势。此外该算法在不同节点规模、数据包长度与不同节点移动速度条件下展现出良好的适应性与稳定性,验证了其在复杂战场环境下的实用性与扩展性。未来工作将聚焦于算法轻量化、任务驱动的动态簇首选举及链路质量预测,进一步结合实际无人机平台开展硬件实验,提升算法在动态任务环境中的实战部署能力。

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doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0106004
  • 接收时间:2025-07-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-10
  • 出版时间:2026-01-25
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    1西安理工大学 自动化与信息工程学院,西安 710048

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