Article(id=1315743779575943595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3788/gzxb20265501.0106001, pmid=null, cstr=32255.14.gzxb20265501.0106001, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749657600000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1753200000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-07-23, onlineDate=1791627362388, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1769270400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791627362388, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791627362388, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791627362388, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315743733992243595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, year='2026', volume='55', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769270400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791627351520, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791627555456, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315744589420540350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315744589420540351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1, endPage=19, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315743779966013868, articleId=1315743779575943595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=EN, title=Fiber Bragg Grating Based Finger Exoskeleton Rehabilitation Device and Sensing Performance, columnId=1315741724413113295, journalTitle=Acta Photonica Sinica, columnName=Fiber Optics and Optical Communications, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Monitoring the finger rehabilitation process is critical for preventing accidental injuries and achieving superior personalized therapeutic outcomes. However, current research focusing specifically on monitoring this process remains limited. To address this gap, this study aims to accurately detect finger joint movement angles and assess contact forces during rehabilitation training. The primary objective is to develop a solution that enables comprehensive monitoring of both non-grip and grip rehabilitation exercises.
This work proposes a novel optical Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) finger exoskeleton rehabilitation device. The core of the device consists of two specialized FBG fingerstalls: a monitoring fingerstall for tracking movement and a tactile fingerstall for measuring force, both integrated with advanced FBG sensor units. To validate the design, a mathematical model of the rehabilitation device was established, and its rationality was rigorously analyzed. The experimental methodology included extensive calibration and testing: the FBG sensor units underwent sensitivity, connectivity, fit, and creep resistance tests; the monitoring fingerstall was calibrated for motion angle and its angular velocity sensing performance was compared against an IMU sensor using Bland-Altman analysis on two volunteers; and the tactile fingerstall was calibrated for force, with its sensory capabilities further analyzed using arc-length, linear, and BP neural network methods. Finally, volunteers conducted grip rehabilitation training experiments to assess contact force by measuring six different objects.
The experimental results comprehensively demonstrated the high performance of the proposed system. The FBG sensor units exhibited excellent connectivity, with an average sensitivity exceeding 0.911 98 nm/N, an average fit greater than 0.995 5, and outstanding creep resistance (maximum wavelength shift of 0.9 pm). The monitoring fingerstall achieved an average angular sensitivity greater than 9.5 pm/(°). Critically, its performance in sensing finger angular velocity was nearly identical to that of a commercial IMU sensor, and it successfully recognized six different hand gestures. For the tactile fingerstall, sensitivity measurements at symmetric points were nearly identical, with average sensitivity at points 1/2, 3/4, and 5/6 being higher than 19.5 pm/N, 13.45 pm/N, and 9.1 pm/N, respectively. The arc-length and linear analysis methods yielded low errors (8.45% and 8.38%), confirming model reliability, while BP neural network analysis resulted in an extremely low mean squared error of 0.000 003 309 6. The grip experiments revealed that object volume had a more significant impact on the tactile fingerstall's readings than object mass.
This study successfully developed and validated a sophisticated FBG-based finger exoskeleton rehabilitation device. The system demonstrated high accuracy, reliability, and multi-functionality in monitoring finger joint angles, assessing contact forces, and recognizing complex hand gestures. The findings confirm that the proposed device and its underlying mathematical model are effective for comprehensive finger rehabilitation monitoring. Consequently, this work provides substantial theoretical and technical support for the practical implementation of FBG intelligent sensing technology in clinical finger rehabilitation applications, paving the way for more data-driven and personalized therapeutic interventions.
, authors=Xiyan YAN
1, 2, Yan FENG
1, 2, Zelong AN
1, 2, Hua ZHANG
1, 2, authorsList=Xiyan YAN, Yan FENG, Zelong AN, Hua ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yan FENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315743784583942603, articleId=1315743779575943595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=CN, title=光纤光栅手指外骨骼康复装置及感知性能研究, columnId=1315741724673160145, journalTitle=光子学报, columnName=光纤光学与光通信, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
为有效监测手指康复过程中的手指关节运动角度和评估抓握训练中的接触力,研究了一种光纤光栅手指外骨骼康复装置,可以进行无抓握康复和有抓握康复两种训练。该装置包含光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)监测指套和FBG触觉指套,这些指套中嵌入了FBG传感单元。对该康复装置建立了数学模型,并分析了其合理性。FBG传感单元的平均拟合度超过0.995 5。蠕变测试中的最大波长偏移为0.9 pm。其运动角度标定的平均灵敏度大于9.5 pm/(°)。对FBG触觉指套进行力标定后得到,对称点位置的力灵敏度几乎相同。使用弧长法和直线分析法对志愿者Ⅰ的手指灵敏度进行比较,误差分别为8.45%和8.38%,表明该模型可以在可接受的范围内提供可靠的结果。通过对比监测传感单元与IMU传感器的角速度监测性能、手势监测实验与抓握力触实验验证了康复装置的可行性。
, authors=闫希研
1, 2, 冯艳
1, 2, 安泽泷
1, 2, 张华
1, 2, authorsList=闫希研, 冯艳, 安泽泷, 张华, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=冯艳, authorNote=
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1Robotics Institute, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
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1上海工程技术大学 机械与汽车工程学院 机器人研究所,上海 201620
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1Robotics Institute, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
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1上海工程技术大学 机械与汽车工程学院 机器人研究所,上海 201620
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1, 2, address=
1Robotics Institute, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
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1上海工程技术大学 机械与汽车工程学院 机器人研究所,上海 201620
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Working principle diagram of fiber grating sensor, figureFileSmall=0eyYTCMlnmj/d2JsO9CMsQ==, figureFileBig=ZAZnKx9cPNJg6I6jX5Gejg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743789235425781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
光纤光栅传感器的工作原理图, figureFileSmall=0eyYTCMlnmj/d2JsO9CMsQ==, figureFileBig=ZAZnKx9cPNJg6I6jX5Gejg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743789474501110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=
Rehabilitation device. (a) Legend; (b) Design process and functional analysis; (c) Rehabilitation device driving principle; (d) Workflow; (e) Overall assembly diagram; (f) Elevation view; (g) Schematic diagram of the layout of the monitoring sensor unit; (h) The size of the fingerstalls that installs the IMU sensor and encapsulates the FBG sensor; (i) Dimensions of ordinary fingerstalls; (j) Finger rehabilitation device, figureFileSmall=DcMyQyK19rbi4g+j7tsvyg==, figureFileBig=6xy4V7u6WaE6EfV1IOlQKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743789541609975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
康复装置。(a)说明;(b)设计流程及功能分析;(c)康复装置驱动原理;(d)工作流程;(e)整体装配图;(f)俯视图;(g)监测传感器单元布局的示意图;(h)安装了惯性测量单元传感器并封装了光纤布拉格光栅传感器的指套尺寸;(i)普通指套的尺寸;(j)手指康复装置, figureFileSmall=DcMyQyK19rbi4g+j7tsvyg==, figureFileBig=6xy4V7u6WaE6EfV1IOlQKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743789629690360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=
Kinematic analysis of the rehabilitation device. (a) Three contact points; (b) Two contact points, figureFileSmall=HZlsmSYsm6dHIf/SgbGNgw==, figureFileBig=/E2AMIC63bW2Lloh8phlfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743789902320121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
康复设备的运动学分析。(a)三个接触点;(b)两个接触点, figureFileSmall=HZlsmSYsm6dHIf/SgbGNgw==, figureFileBig=/E2AMIC63bW2Lloh8phlfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743790023954938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Stress analysis of the sensing device, figureFileSmall=/oWvjZS157j0NeV+VeDomQ==, figureFileBig=MViTS5cjxc3vItVmnLqwMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743790141395451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
传感装置的应力分析, figureFileSmall=/oWvjZS157j0NeV+VeDomQ==, figureFileBig=MViTS5cjxc3vItVmnLqwMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743790212698620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Force analysis of FBG haptic finger cots, figureFileSmall=8nRapR4AKxdnghBKHdZZqQ==, figureFileBig=othGP98TSukaJNkKWxMOBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743791856865789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
FBG触觉指套的受力分析, figureFileSmall=8nRapR4AKxdnghBKHdZZqQ==, figureFileBig=othGP98TSukaJNkKWxMOBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743791928168958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=
Theoretical analysis. (a) Triple contact radian; (b) Triple contact straight line;(c) Double contact radian; (d) Double contact straight line, figureFileSmall=eAOErI64sPClH2KI2cqjcQ==, figureFileBig=w3f90Eivnb0woZw+67GhKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743792007860735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
理论分析。(a)三接触弧度 ;(b)三接触直线; (c)双接触弧度; (d)双接触直线, figureFileSmall=eAOErI64sPClH2KI2cqjcQ==, figureFileBig=w3f90Eivnb0woZw+67GhKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743792108524032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Connection performance experiment. (a) Experimental data; (b) Experimental facility, figureFileSmall=tP2Rl1G5Jah/C22hJwC1nw==, figureFileBig=n0RHv1XESKIEazDF0l/2Zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743792184021505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
连接性能实验。(a)实验数据;(b)实验装置, figureFileSmall=tP2Rl1G5Jah/C22hJwC1nw==, figureFileBig=n0RHv1XESKIEazDF0l/2Zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743792255324674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=
Creep experiments. (a) Data; (b) Experimental facility, figureFileSmall=nQEdsEaMX7lbFPQFcbv4Wg==, figureFileBig=GSW2QBgCqFqHpkH306smcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743792322433539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
蠕变实验。(a)数据;(b)实验装置, figureFileSmall=nQEdsEaMX7lbFPQFcbv4Wg==, figureFileBig=GSW2QBgCqFqHpkH306smcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743792423096836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=
Angle calibration. (a) Volunteer Ⅰ; (b) Volunteer Ⅱ, figureFileSmall=KJShT5hYzJ1n3yDPvxdsGw==, figureFileBig=Q112KLf+a1gUybRzIdHX1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743792494400005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
角度标定。(a)志愿者Ⅰ;(b)志愿者Ⅱ, figureFileSmall=KJShT5hYzJ1n3yDPvxdsGw==, figureFileBig=Q112KLf+a1gUybRzIdHX1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743792578286086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=
Force calibration. (a) Data; (b) Calibration points; (c) Experiments, figureFileSmall=43lq6vXXC3vE1hnIg8vwqA==, figureFileBig=lVyDcliPU7nhtyhj49Zngw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743792645394951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
力标定力校准。 (a) 数据; (b) 校准点; (c) 实验, figureFileSmall=43lq6vXXC3vE1hnIg8vwqA==, figureFileBig=lVyDcliPU7nhtyhj49Zngw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743792846721544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=
Gesture monitoring. (a) Volunteer Ⅰ; (b) Volunteer Ⅱ, figureFileSmall=agCWqNLYmiunvCEpggFxvA==, figureFileBig=97jxHUZs7l68egXzcvlcng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743792922219017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=图11, caption=
手势监测。(a)志愿者Ⅰ;(b)志愿者Ⅱ, figureFileSmall=agCWqNLYmiunvCEpggFxvA==, figureFileBig=97jxHUZs7l68egXzcvlcng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743793006105098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=
Random forest analysis. (a) Volunteer Ⅰ; (b) Volunteer Ⅱ, figureFileSmall=Bp1bsyNtYx1h1uhwyjFIQw==, figureFileBig=qP1Io+bgJGuQ6eu21zxw0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743793064825355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=图12, caption=
随机森林分析。 (a)志愿者Ⅰ;(b)志愿者Ⅱ, figureFileSmall=Bp1bsyNtYx1h1uhwyjFIQw==, figureFileBig=qP1Io+bgJGuQ6eu21zxw0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743793140322828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=
BP neural network predictive analysis, figureFileSmall=1rGKAopPS5dinkGVRaYpMg==, figureFileBig=uVxuVGR0d34/rfJqvzBWPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743793253569037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=图13, caption=
BP神经网络预测分析, figureFileSmall=1rGKAopPS5dinkGVRaYpMg==, figureFileBig=uVxuVGR0d34/rfJqvzBWPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743793312289294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=
Six sets of grasping experiments. (a) Data; (b) Experiments, figureFileSmall=CJl3TAsI33grA4GDZkCp2A==, figureFileBig=Br9CeRyUIYhLGdaqPUfYjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743793375203855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=图14, caption=
六组抓取实验。(a)数据;(b)实验, figureFileSmall=CJl3TAsI33grA4GDZkCp2A==, figureFileBig=Br9CeRyUIYhLGdaqPUfYjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743793446507024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=
Comparative experiment. (a) Comparison model; (b) Device; (c) Oblique view, figureFileSmall=1O6b6VuOTkFpHzAPeb7ujg==, figureFileBig=0PJUwlBquUwlQ8okHLHZbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743793538781713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=图15, caption=
比较实验。(a)比较模型; (b)设备 ;(c)侧视图, figureFileSmall=1O6b6VuOTkFpHzAPeb7ujg==, figureFileBig=0PJUwlBquUwlQ8okHLHZbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743793635250706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Fitting data of connection performance
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Upload | Unload |
|---|
| Fit line | R2 | Fit line | R2 |
|---|
| Thumb | The first time | λ=0.918 4F+1 549.599 4 | 0.996 6 | λ=0.926 9F+1 549.588 8 | 0.996 8 |
| The second time | λ=0.904 7F+1 549.614 1 | 0.996 4 | λ=0.901 5F+1 549.619 5 | 0.993 8 |
| The third time | λ=0.913 5F+1 549.609 0 | 0.996 1 | λ=0.906 9F+1 549.616 9 | 0.993 5 |
| Ring finger | The first time | λ=0.969 4F+1 549.558 5 | 0.997 5 | λ=0.977 3F+1 549.551 7 | 0.997 5 |
| The second time | λ=0.969 8F+1 549.562 3 | 0.998 8 | λ=0.975 9F+1 549.554 2 | 0.998 7 |
| The third time | λ=0.975 2F+1 549.561 8 | 0.998 7 | λ=0.985 9F+1 549.552 4 | 0.998 6 |
| Index finger | The first time | λ=0.947 3F+1 549.290 4 | 0.998 7 | λ=0.949 6F+1 549.285 7 | 0.998 8 |
| The second time | λ=0.942 2F+1 549.294 7 | 0.999 5 | λ=0.947 8F+1 549.285 8 | 0.999 6 |
| The third time | λ=0.937 3F+1 549.294 0 | 0.999 7 | λ=0.943 9F+1 549.287 5 | 0.998 3 |
| Little finger | The first time | λ=0.939 9F+1 549.612 8 | 0.999 0 | λ=0.945 6F+1 549.608 2 | 0.998 8 |
| The second time | λ=0.926 9F+1 549.622 1 | 0.997 9 | λ=0.937 7F+1 549.610 7 | 0.998 3 |
| The third time | λ=0.925 4F+1 549.624 0 | 0.997 3 | λ=0.933 3F+1 549.612 3 | 0.997 8 |
| Middle finger | The first time | λ=0.939 6F+1 548.601 9 | 0.998 3 | λ=0.936 1F+1 548.609 6 | 0.996 6 |
| The second time | λ=0.933 7F+1 548.608 5 | 0.999 7 | λ=0.939 8F+1 548.597 1 | 0.998 8 |
| The third time | λ=0.942 5F+1 548.608 1 | 0.998 3 | λ=0.935 2F+1 548.617 6 | 0.998 2 |
), ArticleFig(id=1315743793744302611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
连接性能拟合数据
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Upload | Unload |
|---|
| Fit line | R2 | Fit line | R2 |
|---|
| Thumb | The first time | λ=0.918 4F+1 549.599 4 | 0.996 6 | λ=0.926 9F+1 549.588 8 | 0.996 8 |
| The second time | λ=0.904 7F+1 549.614 1 | 0.996 4 | λ=0.901 5F+1 549.619 5 | 0.993 8 |
| The third time | λ=0.913 5F+1 549.609 0 | 0.996 1 | λ=0.906 9F+1 549.616 9 | 0.993 5 |
| Ring finger | The first time | λ=0.969 4F+1 549.558 5 | 0.997 5 | λ=0.977 3F+1 549.551 7 | 0.997 5 |
| The second time | λ=0.969 8F+1 549.562 3 | 0.998 8 | λ=0.975 9F+1 549.554 2 | 0.998 7 |
| The third time | λ=0.975 2F+1 549.561 8 | 0.998 7 | λ=0.985 9F+1 549.552 4 | 0.998 6 |
| Index finger | The first time | λ=0.947 3F+1 549.290 4 | 0.998 7 | λ=0.949 6F+1 549.285 7 | 0.998 8 |
| The second time | λ=0.942 2F+1 549.294 7 | 0.999 5 | λ=0.947 8F+1 549.285 8 | 0.999 6 |
| The third time | λ=0.937 3F+1 549.294 0 | 0.999 7 | λ=0.943 9F+1 549.287 5 | 0.998 3 |
| Little finger | The first time | λ=0.939 9F+1 549.612 8 | 0.999 0 | λ=0.945 6F+1 549.608 2 | 0.998 8 |
| The second time | λ=0.926 9F+1 549.622 1 | 0.997 9 | λ=0.937 7F+1 549.610 7 | 0.998 3 |
| The third time | λ=0.925 4F+1 549.624 0 | 0.997 3 | λ=0.933 3F+1 549.612 3 | 0.997 8 |
| Middle finger | The first time | λ=0.939 6F+1 548.601 9 | 0.998 3 | λ=0.936 1F+1 548.609 6 | 0.996 6 |
| The second time | λ=0.933 7F+1 548.608 5 | 0.999 7 | λ=0.939 8F+1 548.597 1 | 0.998 8 |
| The third time | λ=0.942 5F+1 548.608 1 | 0.998 3 | λ=0.935 2F+1 548.617 6 | 0.998 2 |
), ArticleFig(id=1315743793840771604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Connection performance data
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Thumb | Index finger | Middle finger | Ring finger | Little finger |
|---|
| Average sensitivity nm/N | 0.911 98 | 0.944 68 | 0.936 15 | 0.975 58 | 0.934 8 |
| Average goodness of fit | 0.995 5 | 0.999 1 | 0.998 3 | 0.998 3 | 0.998 2 |
), ArticleFig(id=1315743793899491862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
连接性能数据平均值
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Thumb | Index finger | Middle finger | Ring finger | Little finger |
|---|
| Average sensitivity nm/N | 0.911 98 | 0.944 68 | 0.936 15 | 0.975 58 | 0.934 8 |
| Average goodness of fit | 0.995 5 | 0.999 1 | 0.998 3 | 0.998 3 | 0.998 2 |
), ArticleFig(id=1315743793966600727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Creep data
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Thumb | Index finger | Middle finger | Ring finger | Little finger |
|---|
| 40 mm(pm) | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.9 |
| 50 mm(pm) | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 |
| 60 mm(pm) | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 |
), ArticleFig(id=1315743794037903896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
蠕变数据
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Thumb | Index finger | Middle finger | Ring finger | Little finger |
|---|
| 40 mm(pm) | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.9 |
| 50 mm(pm) | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 |
| 60 mm(pm) | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 |
), ArticleFig(id=1315743794121789977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
The finger sensitivity of Volunteer Ⅰ and Volunteer Ⅱ
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Thumb pm/(°) | Index finger pm/(°) | Middle finger pm/(°) | Ring finger pm/(°) | Little finger pm/(°) |
|---|
| Volunteer I | 9.75 | 10.15 | 10.35 | 9.7 | 10.75 |
| Volunteer II | 10.15 | 9.45 | 10.00 | 10.10 | 9.45 |
), ArticleFig(id=1315743794184704538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
志愿者Ⅰ、Ⅱ的手指灵敏度
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Thumb pm/(°) | Index finger pm/(°) | Middle finger pm/(°) | Ring finger pm/(°) | Little finger pm/(°) |
|---|
| Volunteer I | 9.75 | 10.15 | 10.35 | 9.7 | 10.75 |
| Volunteer II | 10.15 | 9.45 | 10.00 | 10.10 | 9.45 |
), ArticleFig(id=1315743794256007707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=
Fitting data of tactile sensing units
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Upload | Unload |
|---|
| Fit line | R2 | Fit line | R2 |
|---|
| Point 1 | Thumb | λ=-0.019 7F+1 547.803 0 | 0.992 8 | λ=-0.019 9F+1 547.804 0 | 0.993 2 |
| Middle finger | λ=-0.019 4F+1 547.732 7 | 0.990 8 | λ=-0.020 0F+1 547.733 5 | 0.994 9 |
| Index finger | λ=-0.020 5F+1 547.695 3 | 0.996 4 | λ=-0.020 2F+1 547.695 2 | 0.994 8 |
| Ring finger | λ=-0.019 7F+1 547.902 9 | 0.996 2 | λ=-0.020 5F+1 547.903 4 | 0.999 2 |
| Little finger | λ=-0.019 7F+1 547.673 9 | 0.990 9 | λ=-0.019 9F+1 547.674 1 | 0.990 2 |
| Point 2 | Thumb | λ=-0.019 3F+1 547.802 8 | 0.995 5 | λ=-0.019 7F+1 547.804 0 | 0.997 1 |
| Middle finger | λ=-0.020 1F+1 547.735 6 | 0.999 1 | λ=-0.019 3F+1 547.732 9 | 0.999 3 |
| Index finger | λ=-0.019 3F+1 547.691 3 | 0.996 6 | λ=-0.020 2F+1 547.695 7 | 0.999 3 |
| Ring finger | λ=-0.019 8F+1 547.902 0 | 0.996 5 | λ=-0.019 9F+1 547.904 7 | 0.999 3 |
| Little finger | λ=-0.020 1F+1 547.674 7 | 0.996 4 | λ=-0.019 6F+1 547.673 6 | 0.996 6 |
| Point 3 | Thumb | λ=-0.014 0F+1 547.803 0 | 0.996 9 | λ=-0.014 2F+1 547.803 5 | 0.996 7 |
| Middle finger | λ=-0.014 8F+1 547.734 4 | 0.997 0 | λ=-0.015 0F+1 547.734 9 | 0.996 8 |
| Index finger | λ=-0.013 6F+1 547.694 6 | 0.999 6 | λ=-0.013 5F+1 547.694 5 | 0.999 3 |
| Ring finger | λ=-0.014 4F+1 547.904 3 | 0.999 5 | λ=-0.014 5F+1 547.904 7 | 0.998 5 |
| Little finger | λ=-0.013 8F+1 547.679 6 | 0.999 7 | λ=-0.013 9F+1 547.679 8 | 0.999 3 |
| Point 4 | Thumb | λ=-0.014 1F+1 547.803 4 | 0.997 7 | λ=-0.014 1F+1 547.803 2 | 0.997 0 |
| Middle finger | λ=-0.014 9F+1 547.734 6 | 0.996 4 | λ=-0.014 8F+1 547.734 4 | 0.995 4 |
| Index finger | λ=-0.013 5F+1 547.694 6 | 0.999 4 | λ=-0.013 4F+1 547.694 6 | 0.999 5 |
| Ring finger | λ=-0.014 5F+1 547.904 8 | 0.999 5 | λ=-0.014 5F+1 547.904 6 | 0.998 7 |
| Little finger | λ=-0.013 9F+1 547.679 9 | 0.999 5 | λ=-0.013 9F+1 547.680 1 | 0.999 4 |
| Point 5 | Thumb | λ=-0.009 2F+1 547.804 1 | 0.998 2 | λ=-0.009 0F+1 547.803 7 | 0.996 9 |
| Middle finger | λ=-0.009 1F+1 547.734 4 | 0.999 5 | λ=-0.009 2F+1 547.734 8 | 0.998 9 |
| Index finger | λ=-0.009 4F+1 547.694 4 | 0.997 2 | λ=-0.009 5F+1 547.694 6 | 0.997 6 |
| Ring finger | λ=-0.009 3F+1 547.904 1 | 0.999 3 | λ=-0.009 2F+1 547.903 9 | 0.998 2 |
| Little finger | λ=-0.009 4F+1 547.679 4 | 0.999 3 | λ=-0.009 3F+1 547.679 2 | 0.999 2 |
| Point 6 | Thumb | λ=-0.009 2F+1 547.804 0 | 0.998 3 | λ=-0.009 1F+1 547.804 2 | 0.998 0 |
| Middle finger | λ=-0.009 1F+1 547.734 9 | 0.999 6 | λ=-0.009 2F+1 547.734 6 | 0.998 2 |
| Index finger | λ=-0.009 4F+1 547.694 6 | 0.995 6 | λ=-0.009 3F+1 547.694 3 | 0.997 7 |
| Ring finger | λ=-0.009 2F+1 547.904 1 | 0.997 6 | λ=-0.009 1F+1 547.903 1 | 0.998 2 |
| Little finger | λ=-0.009 5F+1 547.679 5 | 0.997 4 | λ=-0.009 1F+1 547.678 6 | 0.997 9 |
), ArticleFig(id=1315743794331505180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
触觉传感单元的拟合数据
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Upload | Unload |
|---|
| Fit line | R2 | Fit line | R2 |
|---|
| Point 1 | Thumb | λ=-0.019 7F+1 547.803 0 | 0.992 8 | λ=-0.019 9F+1 547.804 0 | 0.993 2 |
| Middle finger | λ=-0.019 4F+1 547.732 7 | 0.990 8 | λ=-0.020 0F+1 547.733 5 | 0.994 9 |
| Index finger | λ=-0.020 5F+1 547.695 3 | 0.996 4 | λ=-0.020 2F+1 547.695 2 | 0.994 8 |
| Ring finger | λ=-0.019 7F+1 547.902 9 | 0.996 2 | λ=-0.020 5F+1 547.903 4 | 0.999 2 |
| Little finger | λ=-0.019 7F+1 547.673 9 | 0.990 9 | λ=-0.019 9F+1 547.674 1 | 0.990 2 |
| Point 2 | Thumb | λ=-0.019 3F+1 547.802 8 | 0.995 5 | λ=-0.019 7F+1 547.804 0 | 0.997 1 |
| Middle finger | λ=-0.020 1F+1 547.735 6 | 0.999 1 | λ=-0.019 3F+1 547.732 9 | 0.999 3 |
| Index finger | λ=-0.019 3F+1 547.691 3 | 0.996 6 | λ=-0.020 2F+1 547.695 7 | 0.999 3 |
| Ring finger | λ=-0.019 8F+1 547.902 0 | 0.996 5 | λ=-0.019 9F+1 547.904 7 | 0.999 3 |
| Little finger | λ=-0.020 1F+1 547.674 7 | 0.996 4 | λ=-0.019 6F+1 547.673 6 | 0.996 6 |
| Point 3 | Thumb | λ=-0.014 0F+1 547.803 0 | 0.996 9 | λ=-0.014 2F+1 547.803 5 | 0.996 7 |
| Middle finger | λ=-0.014 8F+1 547.734 4 | 0.997 0 | λ=-0.015 0F+1 547.734 9 | 0.996 8 |
| Index finger | λ=-0.013 6F+1 547.694 6 | 0.999 6 | λ=-0.013 5F+1 547.694 5 | 0.999 3 |
| Ring finger | λ=-0.014 4F+1 547.904 3 | 0.999 5 | λ=-0.014 5F+1 547.904 7 | 0.998 5 |
| Little finger | λ=-0.013 8F+1 547.679 6 | 0.999 7 | λ=-0.013 9F+1 547.679 8 | 0.999 3 |
| Point 4 | Thumb | λ=-0.014 1F+1 547.803 4 | 0.997 7 | λ=-0.014 1F+1 547.803 2 | 0.997 0 |
| Middle finger | λ=-0.014 9F+1 547.734 6 | 0.996 4 | λ=-0.014 8F+1 547.734 4 | 0.995 4 |
| Index finger | λ=-0.013 5F+1 547.694 6 | 0.999 4 | λ=-0.013 4F+1 547.694 6 | 0.999 5 |
| Ring finger | λ=-0.014 5F+1 547.904 8 | 0.999 5 | λ=-0.014 5F+1 547.904 6 | 0.998 7 |
| Little finger | λ=-0.013 9F+1 547.679 9 | 0.999 5 | λ=-0.013 9F+1 547.680 1 | 0.999 4 |
| Point 5 | Thumb | λ=-0.009 2F+1 547.804 1 | 0.998 2 | λ=-0.009 0F+1 547.803 7 | 0.996 9 |
| Middle finger | λ=-0.009 1F+1 547.734 4 | 0.999 5 | λ=-0.009 2F+1 547.734 8 | 0.998 9 |
| Index finger | λ=-0.009 4F+1 547.694 4 | 0.997 2 | λ=-0.009 5F+1 547.694 6 | 0.997 6 |
| Ring finger | λ=-0.009 3F+1 547.904 1 | 0.999 3 | λ=-0.009 2F+1 547.903 9 | 0.998 2 |
| Little finger | λ=-0.009 4F+1 547.679 4 | 0.999 3 | λ=-0.009 3F+1 547.679 2 | 0.999 2 |
| Point 6 | Thumb | λ=-0.009 2F+1 547.804 0 | 0.998 3 | λ=-0.009 1F+1 547.804 2 | 0.998 0 |
| Middle finger | λ=-0.009 1F+1 547.734 9 | 0.999 6 | λ=-0.009 2F+1 547.734 6 | 0.998 2 |
| Index finger | λ=-0.009 4F+1 547.694 6 | 0.995 6 | λ=-0.009 3F+1 547.694 3 | 0.997 7 |
| Ring finger | λ=-0.009 2F+1 547.904 1 | 0.997 6 | λ=-0.009 1F+1 547.903 1 | 0.998 2 |
| Little finger | λ=-0.009 5F+1 547.679 5 | 0.997 4 | λ=-0.009 1F+1 547.678 6 | 0.997 9 |
), ArticleFig(id=1315743794398614045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=
Arc length-straight line-actual sensitivity error analysis
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Arc length sensitivity pm/(°) | Linear sensitivity pm/(°) | Actual sensitivity pm/(°) | Arc length error /% | Linear error /% |
|---|
| Ring finger | 10.3 | 9.1 | 9.70 | 5.83 | 6.19 |
| Index finger | 10.68 | 9.46 | 10.15 | 4.96 | 6.80 |
| Middle finger | 10.91 | 9.55 | 10.35 | 5.13 | 8.38 |
| Thumb | 10.32 | 9.01 | 9.75 | 5.52 | 7.10 |
| Little finger | 11.65 | 10.03 | 10.75 | 8.45 | 7.18 |
), ArticleFig(id=1315743794524443166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=表6, caption=
弧长-直线-实际灵敏度误差分析
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Arc length sensitivity pm/(°) | Linear sensitivity pm/(°) | Actual sensitivity pm/(°) | Arc length error /% | Linear error /% |
|---|
| Ring finger | 10.3 | 9.1 | 9.70 | 5.83 | 6.19 |
| Index finger | 10.68 | 9.46 | 10.15 | 4.96 | 6.80 |
| Middle finger | 10.91 | 9.55 | 10.35 | 5.13 | 8.38 |
| Thumb | 10.32 | 9.01 | 9.75 | 5.52 | 7.10 |
| Little finger | 11.65 | 10.03 | 10.75 | 8.45 | 7.18 |
), ArticleFig(id=1315743794587357727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=
Random forest data analysis
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| | MAE | MBE | RMSE |
|---|
| Volunteer 1 | Training set | 0.063 381 | -0.005 117 4 | 0.091 4 |
| Test set | 0.059 734 | 0.005 136 5 | 0.088 8 |
| Volunteer 2 | Training set | 0.071 688 | 0.003 296 6 | 0.100 4 |
| Test set | 0.058 442 | -0.005 696 9 | 0.091 6 |
), ArticleFig(id=1315743794667049505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=表7, caption=
随机森林数据分析
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| | MAE | MBE | RMSE |
|---|
| Volunteer 1 | Training set | 0.063 381 | -0.005 117 4 | 0.091 4 |
| Test set | 0.059 734 | 0.005 136 5 | 0.088 8 |
| Volunteer 2 | Training set | 0.071 688 | 0.003 296 6 | 0.100 4 |
| Test set | 0.058 442 | -0.005 696 9 | 0.091 6 |
), ArticleFig(id=1315743796319605283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=
Standard deviation analysis
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| | Thumb | Ring finger | Index finger | Little finger | Middle finger |
|---|
| Different volume | 60 | 0.010 5 | 0.010 5 | 0.006 5 | 0.008 5 | 0.017 3 |
| 70 | 0.044 0 | 0.008 3 | 0.003 6 | 0.006 8 | 0.006 6 |
| 80 | 0.004 0 | 0.008 3 | 0.007 1 | 0.009 2 | 0.005 6 |
| Different quality | 20 | 0.006 7 | 0.004 9 | 0.003 4 | 0.017 4 | 0.004 3 |
| 50 | 0.001 3 | 0.002 2 | 0.006 1 | 0.001 0 | 0.008 8 |
| 100 | 0.010 0 | 0.000 9 | 0.007 4 | 0.000 9 | 0.001 3 |
), ArticleFig(id=1315743796411879972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=表8, caption=
标准偏差分析
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| | Thumb | Ring finger | Index finger | Little finger | Middle finger |
|---|
| Different volume | 60 | 0.010 5 | 0.010 5 | 0.006 5 | 0.008 5 | 0.017 3 |
| 70 | 0.044 0 | 0.008 3 | 0.003 6 | 0.006 8 | 0.006 6 |
| 80 | 0.004 0 | 0.008 3 | 0.007 1 | 0.009 2 | 0.005 6 |
| Different quality | 20 | 0.006 7 | 0.004 9 | 0.003 4 | 0.017 4 | 0.004 3 |
| 50 | 0.001 3 | 0.002 2 | 0.006 1 | 0.001 0 | 0.008 8 |
| 100 | 0.010 0 | 0.000 9 | 0.007 4 | 0.000 9 | 0.001 3 |
), ArticleFig(id=1315743796483183141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=
Test data for the Bland-Altman analysis method
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Angular velocity rad/s | | Thumb | Ring finger | Index finger | Little finger | Middle finger |
|---|
| 0.05 | Mean difference | 0.000 058 365 | 0.000 039 871 | 0.000 104 49 | 0.000 104 49 | 0.000 007 431 9 |
| Standard deviation | 0.000 379 76 | 0.000 274 68 | 0.000 453 71 | 0.000 453 71 | 0.000 258 63 |
| 0.03 | Mean difference | 0.000 039 397 | 0.000 023 096 | 0.000 269 34 | 0.000 225 86 | 0.000 198 55 |
| Standard deviation | 0.000 333 53 | 0.000 344 17 | 0.000 367 83 | 0.000 438 45 | 0.000 354 17 |
| 0.015 | Mean difference | 0.000 049 703 | 0.000 026 263 | 0.000 040 409 | 0.000 378 56 | 0.000 008 869 2 |
| Standard deviation | 0.000 630 26 | 0.000 373 7 | 0.000 390 04 | 0.000 381 09 | 0.000 388 64 |
), ArticleFig(id=1315743796562874918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=表9, caption=
Bland-Altman分析法的测试数据
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Angular velocity rad/s | | Thumb | Ring finger | Index finger | Little finger | Middle finger |
|---|
| 0.05 | Mean difference | 0.000 058 365 | 0.000 039 871 | 0.000 104 49 | 0.000 104 49 | 0.000 007 431 9 |
| Standard deviation | 0.000 379 76 | 0.000 274 68 | 0.000 453 71 | 0.000 453 71 | 0.000 258 63 |
| 0.03 | Mean difference | 0.000 039 397 | 0.000 023 096 | 0.000 269 34 | 0.000 225 86 | 0.000 198 55 |
| Standard deviation | 0.000 333 53 | 0.000 344 17 | 0.000 367 83 | 0.000 438 45 | 0.000 354 17 |
| 0.015 | Mean difference | 0.000 049 703 | 0.000 026 263 | 0.000 040 409 | 0.000 378 56 | 0.000 008 869 2 |
| Standard deviation | 0.000 630 26 | 0.000 373 7 | 0.000 390 04 | 0.000 381 09 | 0.000 388 64 |
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