Article(id=1315743779575943595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3788/gzxb20265501.0106001, pmid=null, cstr=32255.14.gzxb20265501.0106001, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749657600000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1753200000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-07-23, onlineDate=1791627362388, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1769270400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791627362388, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791627362388, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791627362388, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315743733992243595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, year='2026', volume='55', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769270400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791627351520, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791627555456, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315744589420540350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315744589420540351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1, endPage=19, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315743779966013868, articleId=1315743779575943595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=EN, title=Fiber Bragg Grating Based Finger Exoskeleton Rehabilitation Device and Sensing Performance, columnId=1315741724413113295, journalTitle=Acta Photonica Sinica, columnName=Fiber Optics and Optical Communications, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Monitoring the finger rehabilitation process is critical for preventing accidental injuries and achieving superior personalized therapeutic outcomes. However, current research focusing specifically on monitoring this process remains limited. To address this gap, this study aims to accurately detect finger joint movement angles and assess contact forces during rehabilitation training. The primary objective is to develop a solution that enables comprehensive monitoring of both non-grip and grip rehabilitation exercises.

This work proposes a novel optical Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) finger exoskeleton rehabilitation device. The core of the device consists of two specialized FBG fingerstalls: a monitoring fingerstall for tracking movement and a tactile fingerstall for measuring force, both integrated with advanced FBG sensor units. To validate the design, a mathematical model of the rehabilitation device was established, and its rationality was rigorously analyzed. The experimental methodology included extensive calibration and testing: the FBG sensor units underwent sensitivity, connectivity, fit, and creep resistance tests; the monitoring fingerstall was calibrated for motion angle and its angular velocity sensing performance was compared against an IMU sensor using Bland-Altman analysis on two volunteers; and the tactile fingerstall was calibrated for force, with its sensory capabilities further analyzed using arc-length, linear, and BP neural network methods. Finally, volunteers conducted grip rehabilitation training experiments to assess contact force by measuring six different objects.

The experimental results comprehensively demonstrated the high performance of the proposed system. The FBG sensor units exhibited excellent connectivity, with an average sensitivity exceeding 0.911 98 nm/N, an average fit greater than 0.995 5, and outstanding creep resistance (maximum wavelength shift of 0.9 pm). The monitoring fingerstall achieved an average angular sensitivity greater than 9.5 pm/(°). Critically, its performance in sensing finger angular velocity was nearly identical to that of a commercial IMU sensor, and it successfully recognized six different hand gestures. For the tactile fingerstall, sensitivity measurements at symmetric points were nearly identical, with average sensitivity at points 1/2, 3/4, and 5/6 being higher than 19.5 pm/N, 13.45 pm/N, and 9.1 pm/N, respectively. The arc-length and linear analysis methods yielded low errors (8.45% and 8.38%), confirming model reliability, while BP neural network analysis resulted in an extremely low mean squared error of 0.000 003 309 6. The grip experiments revealed that object volume had a more significant impact on the tactile fingerstall's readings than object mass.

This study successfully developed and validated a sophisticated FBG-based finger exoskeleton rehabilitation device. The system demonstrated high accuracy, reliability, and multi-functionality in monitoring finger joint angles, assessing contact forces, and recognizing complex hand gestures. The findings confirm that the proposed device and its underlying mathematical model are effective for comprehensive finger rehabilitation monitoring. Consequently, this work provides substantial theoretical and technical support for the practical implementation of FBG intelligent sensing technology in clinical finger rehabilitation applications, paving the way for more data-driven and personalized therapeutic interventions.

, authors=Xiyan YAN1, 2, Yan FENG1, 2, Zelong AN1, 2, Hua ZHANG1, 2, authorsList=Xiyan YAN, Yan FENG, Zelong AN, Hua ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yan FENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315743784583942603, articleId=1315743779575943595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=CN, title=光纤光栅手指外骨骼康复装置及感知性能研究, columnId=1315741724673160145, journalTitle=光子学报, columnName=光纤光学与光通信, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为有效监测手指康复过程中的手指关节运动角度和评估抓握训练中的接触力,研究了一种光纤光栅手指外骨骼康复装置,可以进行无抓握康复和有抓握康复两种训练。该装置包含光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)监测指套和FBG触觉指套,这些指套中嵌入了FBG传感单元。对该康复装置建立了数学模型,并分析了其合理性。FBG传感单元的平均拟合度超过0.995 5。蠕变测试中的最大波长偏移为0.9 pm。其运动角度标定的平均灵敏度大于9.5 pm/(°)。对FBG触觉指套进行力标定后得到,对称点位置的力灵敏度几乎相同。使用弧长法和直线分析法对志愿者Ⅰ的手指灵敏度进行比较,误差分别为8.45%和8.38%,表明该模型可以在可接受的范围内提供可靠的结果。通过对比监测传感单元与IMU传感器的角速度监测性能、手势监测实验与抓握力触实验验证了康复装置的可行性。

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Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 2023, 357: 114368., articleTitle=Fiber Bragg grating-based fingertip tactile sensors for normal/shear forces and temperature detection, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1315743798387397179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=87, issue=null, pageStart=103874, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=21, rfOrder=20, authorNames=SUN Z, journalName=Optical Fiber Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SUN Z. Wearable glove gesture recognition based on fiber Bragg grating sensing using genetic algorithm-back propagation neural network[J]. 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Journal of Lightwave Technology, 1997, 15(8): 1442-1463., articleTitle=Fiber grating sensors, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1315743785154367948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315743785179533773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, companyId=1315743785154367948, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Robotics Institute, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315743785196310990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, companyId=1315743785154367948, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1上海工程技术大学 机械与汽车工程学院 机器人研究所,上海 201620)]), AuthorCompany(id=1315743785305362895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315743785322140112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, companyId=1315743785305362895, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Shanghai Large-scale Component Intelligent Manufacturing Robot Technology Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai 201620, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315743785343111633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, companyId=1315743785305362895, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2上海大型构件智能制造机器人技术协同创新中心,上海 201620)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1315743789168316916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Working principle diagram of fiber grating sensor, figureFileSmall=0eyYTCMlnmj/d2JsO9CMsQ==, figureFileBig=ZAZnKx9cPNJg6I6jX5Gejg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743789235425781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=图1, caption=光纤光栅传感器的工作原理图, figureFileSmall=0eyYTCMlnmj/d2JsO9CMsQ==, figureFileBig=ZAZnKx9cPNJg6I6jX5Gejg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743789474501110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Rehabilitation device. (a) Legend; (b) Design process and functional analysis; (c) Rehabilitation device driving principle; (d) Workflow; (e) Overall assembly diagram; (f) Elevation view; (g) Schematic diagram of the layout of the monitoring sensor unit; (h) The size of the fingerstalls that installs the IMU sensor and encapsulates the FBG sensor; (i) Dimensions of ordinary fingerstalls; (j) Finger rehabilitation device, figureFileSmall=DcMyQyK19rbi4g+j7tsvyg==, figureFileBig=6xy4V7u6WaE6EfV1IOlQKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743789541609975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=图2, caption=康复装置。(a)说明;(b)设计流程及功能分析;(c)康复装置驱动原理;(d)工作流程;(e)整体装配图;(f)俯视图;(g)监测传感器单元布局的示意图;(h)安装了惯性测量单元传感器并封装了光纤布拉格光栅传感器的指套尺寸;(i)普通指套的尺寸;(j)手指康复装置, figureFileSmall=DcMyQyK19rbi4g+j7tsvyg==, figureFileBig=6xy4V7u6WaE6EfV1IOlQKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743789629690360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Kinematic analysis of the rehabilitation device. (a) Three contact points; (b) Two contact points, figureFileSmall=HZlsmSYsm6dHIf/SgbGNgw==, figureFileBig=/E2AMIC63bW2Lloh8phlfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743789902320121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=图3, caption=康复设备的运动学分析。(a)三个接触点;(b)两个接触点, figureFileSmall=HZlsmSYsm6dHIf/SgbGNgw==, figureFileBig=/E2AMIC63bW2Lloh8phlfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743790023954938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Stress analysis of the sensing device, figureFileSmall=/oWvjZS157j0NeV+VeDomQ==, figureFileBig=MViTS5cjxc3vItVmnLqwMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743790141395451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=图4, caption=传感装置的应力分析, figureFileSmall=/oWvjZS157j0NeV+VeDomQ==, figureFileBig=MViTS5cjxc3vItVmnLqwMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743790212698620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Force analysis of FBG haptic finger cots, figureFileSmall=8nRapR4AKxdnghBKHdZZqQ==, figureFileBig=othGP98TSukaJNkKWxMOBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743791856865789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=图5, caption=FBG触觉指套的受力分析, figureFileSmall=8nRapR4AKxdnghBKHdZZqQ==, figureFileBig=othGP98TSukaJNkKWxMOBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743791928168958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Theoretical analysis. (a) Triple contact radian; (b) Triple contact straight line;(c) Double contact radian; (d) Double contact straight line, figureFileSmall=eAOErI64sPClH2KI2cqjcQ==, figureFileBig=w3f90Eivnb0woZw+67GhKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743792007860735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=图6, caption=理论分析。(a)三接触弧度 ;(b)三接触直线; (c)双接触弧度; (d)双接触直线, figureFileSmall=eAOErI64sPClH2KI2cqjcQ==, figureFileBig=w3f90Eivnb0woZw+67GhKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743792108524032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Connection performance experiment. (a) Experimental data; (b) Experimental facility, figureFileSmall=tP2Rl1G5Jah/C22hJwC1nw==, figureFileBig=n0RHv1XESKIEazDF0l/2Zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743792184021505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=图7, caption=连接性能实验。(a)实验数据;(b)实验装置, figureFileSmall=tP2Rl1G5Jah/C22hJwC1nw==, figureFileBig=n0RHv1XESKIEazDF0l/2Zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743792255324674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Creep experiments. (a) Data; (b) Experimental facility, figureFileSmall=nQEdsEaMX7lbFPQFcbv4Wg==, figureFileBig=GSW2QBgCqFqHpkH306smcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743792322433539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=图8, caption=蠕变实验。(a)数据;(b)实验装置, figureFileSmall=nQEdsEaMX7lbFPQFcbv4Wg==, figureFileBig=GSW2QBgCqFqHpkH306smcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743792423096836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Angle calibration. (a) Volunteer Ⅰ; (b) Volunteer Ⅱ, figureFileSmall=KJShT5hYzJ1n3yDPvxdsGw==, figureFileBig=Q112KLf+a1gUybRzIdHX1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743792494400005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=图9, caption=角度标定。(a)志愿者Ⅰ;(b)志愿者Ⅱ, figureFileSmall=KJShT5hYzJ1n3yDPvxdsGw==, figureFileBig=Q112KLf+a1gUybRzIdHX1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743792578286086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Force calibration. (a) Data; (b) Calibration points; (c) Experiments, figureFileSmall=43lq6vXXC3vE1hnIg8vwqA==, figureFileBig=lVyDcliPU7nhtyhj49Zngw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743792645394951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=图10, caption=力标定力校准。 (a) 数据; (b) 校准点; (c) 实验, figureFileSmall=43lq6vXXC3vE1hnIg8vwqA==, figureFileBig=lVyDcliPU7nhtyhj49Zngw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743792846721544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Gesture monitoring. (a) Volunteer Ⅰ; (b) Volunteer Ⅱ, figureFileSmall=agCWqNLYmiunvCEpggFxvA==, figureFileBig=97jxHUZs7l68egXzcvlcng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743792922219017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=图11, caption=手势监测。(a)志愿者Ⅰ;(b)志愿者Ⅱ, figureFileSmall=agCWqNLYmiunvCEpggFxvA==, figureFileBig=97jxHUZs7l68egXzcvlcng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743793006105098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Random forest analysis. (a) Volunteer Ⅰ; (b) Volunteer Ⅱ, figureFileSmall=Bp1bsyNtYx1h1uhwyjFIQw==, figureFileBig=qP1Io+bgJGuQ6eu21zxw0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743793064825355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=图12, caption=随机森林分析。 (a)志愿者Ⅰ;(b)志愿者Ⅱ, figureFileSmall=Bp1bsyNtYx1h1uhwyjFIQw==, figureFileBig=qP1Io+bgJGuQ6eu21zxw0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743793140322828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=BP neural network predictive analysis, figureFileSmall=1rGKAopPS5dinkGVRaYpMg==, figureFileBig=uVxuVGR0d34/rfJqvzBWPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743793253569037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=图13, caption=BP神经网络预测分析, figureFileSmall=1rGKAopPS5dinkGVRaYpMg==, figureFileBig=uVxuVGR0d34/rfJqvzBWPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743793312289294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Six sets of grasping experiments. (a) Data; (b) Experiments, figureFileSmall=CJl3TAsI33grA4GDZkCp2A==, figureFileBig=Br9CeRyUIYhLGdaqPUfYjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743793375203855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=图14, caption=六组抓取实验。(a)数据;(b)实验, figureFileSmall=CJl3TAsI33grA4GDZkCp2A==, figureFileBig=Br9CeRyUIYhLGdaqPUfYjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743793446507024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Comparative experiment. (a) Comparison model; (b) Device; (c) Oblique view, figureFileSmall=1O6b6VuOTkFpHzAPeb7ujg==, figureFileBig=0PJUwlBquUwlQ8okHLHZbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743793538781713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=图15, caption=比较实验。(a)比较模型; (b)设备 ;(c)侧视图, figureFileSmall=1O6b6VuOTkFpHzAPeb7ujg==, figureFileBig=0PJUwlBquUwlQ8okHLHZbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743793635250706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Fitting data of connection performance

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
UploadUnload
Fit lineR2Fit lineR2
ThumbThe first timeλ=0.918 4F+1 549.599 40.996 6λ=0.926 9F+1 549.588 80.996 8
The second timeλ=0.904 7F+1 549.614 10.996 4λ=0.901 5F+1 549.619 50.993 8
The third timeλ=0.913 5F+1 549.609 00.996 1λ=0.906 9F+1 549.616 90.993 5
Ring fingerThe first timeλ=0.969 4F+1 549.558 50.997 5λ=0.977 3F+1 549.551 70.997 5
The second timeλ=0.969 8F+1 549.562 30.998 8λ=0.975 9F+1 549.554 20.998 7
The third timeλ=0.975 2F+1 549.561 80.998 7λ=0.985 9F+1 549.552 40.998 6
Index fingerThe first timeλ=0.947 3F+1 549.290 40.998 7λ=0.949 6F+1 549.285 70.998 8
The second timeλ=0.942 2F+1 549.294 70.999 5λ=0.947 8F+1 549.285 80.999 6
The third timeλ=0.937 3F+1 549.294 00.999 7λ=0.943 9F+1 549.287 50.998 3
Little fingerThe first timeλ=0.939 9F+1 549.612 80.999 0λ=0.945 6F+1 549.608 20.998 8
The second timeλ=0.926 9F+1 549.622 10.997 9λ=0.937 7F+1 549.610 70.998 3
The third timeλ=0.925 4F+1 549.624 00.997 3λ=0.933 3F+1 549.612 30.997 8
Middle fingerThe first timeλ=0.939 6F+1 548.601 90.998 3λ=0.936 1F+1 548.609 60.996 6
The second timeλ=0.933 7F+1 548.608 50.999 7λ=0.939 8F+1 548.597 10.998 8
The third timeλ=0.942 5F+1 548.608 10.998 3λ=0.935 2F+1 548.617 60.998 2
), ArticleFig(id=1315743793744302611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

连接性能拟合数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
UploadUnload
Fit lineR2Fit lineR2
ThumbThe first timeλ=0.918 4F+1 549.599 40.996 6λ=0.926 9F+1 549.588 80.996 8
The second timeλ=0.904 7F+1 549.614 10.996 4λ=0.901 5F+1 549.619 50.993 8
The third timeλ=0.913 5F+1 549.609 00.996 1λ=0.906 9F+1 549.616 90.993 5
Ring fingerThe first timeλ=0.969 4F+1 549.558 50.997 5λ=0.977 3F+1 549.551 70.997 5
The second timeλ=0.969 8F+1 549.562 30.998 8λ=0.975 9F+1 549.554 20.998 7
The third timeλ=0.975 2F+1 549.561 80.998 7λ=0.985 9F+1 549.552 40.998 6
Index fingerThe first timeλ=0.947 3F+1 549.290 40.998 7λ=0.949 6F+1 549.285 70.998 8
The second timeλ=0.942 2F+1 549.294 70.999 5λ=0.947 8F+1 549.285 80.999 6
The third timeλ=0.937 3F+1 549.294 00.999 7λ=0.943 9F+1 549.287 50.998 3
Little fingerThe first timeλ=0.939 9F+1 549.612 80.999 0λ=0.945 6F+1 549.608 20.998 8
The second timeλ=0.926 9F+1 549.622 10.997 9λ=0.937 7F+1 549.610 70.998 3
The third timeλ=0.925 4F+1 549.624 00.997 3λ=0.933 3F+1 549.612 30.997 8
Middle fingerThe first timeλ=0.939 6F+1 548.601 90.998 3λ=0.936 1F+1 548.609 60.996 6
The second timeλ=0.933 7F+1 548.608 50.999 7λ=0.939 8F+1 548.597 10.998 8
The third timeλ=0.942 5F+1 548.608 10.998 3λ=0.935 2F+1 548.617 60.998 2
), ArticleFig(id=1315743793840771604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Connection performance data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ThumbIndex fingerMiddle fingerRing fingerLittle finger
Average sensitivity nm/N0.911 980.944 680.936 150.975 580.934 8
Average goodness of fit0.995 50.999 10.998 30.998 30.998 2
), ArticleFig(id=1315743793899491862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

连接性能数据平均值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ThumbIndex fingerMiddle fingerRing fingerLittle finger
Average sensitivity nm/N0.911 980.944 680.936 150.975 580.934 8
Average goodness of fit0.995 50.999 10.998 30.998 30.998 2
), ArticleFig(id=1315743793966600727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Creep data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ThumbIndex fingerMiddle fingerRing fingerLittle finger
40 mm(pm)0.90.80.80.60.9
50 mm(pm)0.50.60.50.60.6
60 mm(pm)0.40.30.30.20.3
), ArticleFig(id=1315743794037903896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

蠕变数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ThumbIndex fingerMiddle fingerRing fingerLittle finger
40 mm(pm)0.90.80.80.60.9
50 mm(pm)0.50.60.50.60.6
60 mm(pm)0.40.30.30.20.3
), ArticleFig(id=1315743794121789977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The finger sensitivity of Volunteer Ⅰ and Volunteer Ⅱ

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Thumb pm/(°)Index finger pm/(°)Middle finger pm/(°)Ring finger pm/(°)Little finger pm/(°)
Volunteer I9.7510.1510.359.710.75
Volunteer II10.159.4510.0010.109.45
), ArticleFig(id=1315743794184704538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

志愿者Ⅰ、Ⅱ的手指灵敏度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Thumb pm/(°)Index finger pm/(°)Middle finger pm/(°)Ring finger pm/(°)Little finger pm/(°)
Volunteer I9.7510.1510.359.710.75
Volunteer II10.159.4510.0010.109.45
), ArticleFig(id=1315743794256007707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Fitting data of tactile sensing units

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
UploadUnload
Fit lineR2Fit lineR2
Point 1Thumbλ=-0.019 7F+1 547.803 00.992 8λ=-0.019 9F+1 547.804 00.993 2
Middle fingerλ=-0.019 4F+1 547.732 70.990 8λ=-0.020 0F+1 547.733 50.994 9
Index fingerλ=-0.020 5F+1 547.695 30.996 4λ=-0.020 2F+1 547.695 20.994 8
Ring fingerλ=-0.019 7F+1 547.902 90.996 2λ=-0.020 5F+1 547.903 40.999 2
Little fingerλ=-0.019 7F+1 547.673 90.990 9λ=-0.019 9F+1 547.674 10.990 2
Point 2Thumbλ=-0.019 3F+1 547.802 80.995 5λ=-0.019 7F+1 547.804 00.997 1
Middle fingerλ=-0.020 1F+1 547.735 60.999 1λ=-0.019 3F+1 547.732 90.999 3
Index fingerλ=-0.019 3F+1 547.691 30.996 6λ=-0.020 2F+1 547.695 70.999 3
Ring fingerλ=-0.019 8F+1 547.902 00.996 5λ=-0.019 9F+1 547.904 70.999 3
Little fingerλ=-0.020 1F+1 547.674 70.996 4λ=-0.019 6F+1 547.673 60.996 6
Point 3Thumbλ=-0.014 0F+1 547.803 00.996 9λ=-0.014 2F+1 547.803 50.996 7
Middle fingerλ=-0.014 8F+1 547.734 40.997 0λ=-0.015 0F+1 547.734 90.996 8
Index fingerλ=-0.013 6F+1 547.694 60.999 6λ=-0.013 5F+1 547.694 50.999 3
Ring fingerλ=-0.014 4F+1 547.904 30.999 5λ=-0.014 5F+1 547.904 70.998 5
Little fingerλ=-0.013 8F+1 547.679 60.999 7λ=-0.013 9F+1 547.679 80.999 3
Point 4Thumbλ=-0.014 1F+1 547.803 40.997 7λ=-0.014 1F+1 547.803 20.997 0
Middle fingerλ=-0.014 9F+1 547.734 60.996 4λ=-0.014 8F+1 547.734 40.995 4
Index fingerλ=-0.013 5F+1 547.694 60.999 4λ=-0.013 4F+1 547.694 60.999 5
Ring fingerλ=-0.014 5F+1 547.904 80.999 5λ=-0.014 5F+1 547.904 60.998 7
Little fingerλ=-0.013 9F+1 547.679 90.999 5λ=-0.013 9F+1 547.680 10.999 4
Point 5Thumbλ=-0.009 2F+1 547.804 10.998 2λ=-0.009 0F+1 547.803 70.996 9
Middle fingerλ=-0.009 1F+1 547.734 40.999 5λ=-0.009 2F+1 547.734 80.998 9
Index fingerλ=-0.009 4F+1 547.694 40.997 2λ=-0.009 5F+1 547.694 60.997 6
Ring fingerλ=-0.009 3F+1 547.904 10.999 3λ=-0.009 2F+1 547.903 90.998 2
Little fingerλ=-0.009 4F+1 547.679 40.999 3λ=-0.009 3F+1 547.679 20.999 2
Point 6Thumbλ=-0.009 2F+1 547.804 00.998 3λ=-0.009 1F+1 547.804 20.998 0
Middle fingerλ=-0.009 1F+1 547.734 90.999 6λ=-0.009 2F+1 547.734 60.998 2
Index fingerλ=-0.009 4F+1 547.694 60.995 6λ=-0.009 3F+1 547.694 30.997 7
Ring fingerλ=-0.009 2F+1 547.904 10.997 6λ=-0.009 1F+1 547.903 10.998 2
Little fingerλ=-0.009 5F+1 547.679 50.997 4λ=-0.009 1F+1 547.678 60.997 9
), ArticleFig(id=1315743794331505180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

触觉传感单元的拟合数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
UploadUnload
Fit lineR2Fit lineR2
Point 1Thumbλ=-0.019 7F+1 547.803 00.992 8λ=-0.019 9F+1 547.804 00.993 2
Middle fingerλ=-0.019 4F+1 547.732 70.990 8λ=-0.020 0F+1 547.733 50.994 9
Index fingerλ=-0.020 5F+1 547.695 30.996 4λ=-0.020 2F+1 547.695 20.994 8
Ring fingerλ=-0.019 7F+1 547.902 90.996 2λ=-0.020 5F+1 547.903 40.999 2
Little fingerλ=-0.019 7F+1 547.673 90.990 9λ=-0.019 9F+1 547.674 10.990 2
Point 2Thumbλ=-0.019 3F+1 547.802 80.995 5λ=-0.019 7F+1 547.804 00.997 1
Middle fingerλ=-0.020 1F+1 547.735 60.999 1λ=-0.019 3F+1 547.732 90.999 3
Index fingerλ=-0.019 3F+1 547.691 30.996 6λ=-0.020 2F+1 547.695 70.999 3
Ring fingerλ=-0.019 8F+1 547.902 00.996 5λ=-0.019 9F+1 547.904 70.999 3
Little fingerλ=-0.020 1F+1 547.674 70.996 4λ=-0.019 6F+1 547.673 60.996 6
Point 3Thumbλ=-0.014 0F+1 547.803 00.996 9λ=-0.014 2F+1 547.803 50.996 7
Middle fingerλ=-0.014 8F+1 547.734 40.997 0λ=-0.015 0F+1 547.734 90.996 8
Index fingerλ=-0.013 6F+1 547.694 60.999 6λ=-0.013 5F+1 547.694 50.999 3
Ring fingerλ=-0.014 4F+1 547.904 30.999 5λ=-0.014 5F+1 547.904 70.998 5
Little fingerλ=-0.013 8F+1 547.679 60.999 7λ=-0.013 9F+1 547.679 80.999 3
Point 4Thumbλ=-0.014 1F+1 547.803 40.997 7λ=-0.014 1F+1 547.803 20.997 0
Middle fingerλ=-0.014 9F+1 547.734 60.996 4λ=-0.014 8F+1 547.734 40.995 4
Index fingerλ=-0.013 5F+1 547.694 60.999 4λ=-0.013 4F+1 547.694 60.999 5
Ring fingerλ=-0.014 5F+1 547.904 80.999 5λ=-0.014 5F+1 547.904 60.998 7
Little fingerλ=-0.013 9F+1 547.679 90.999 5λ=-0.013 9F+1 547.680 10.999 4
Point 5Thumbλ=-0.009 2F+1 547.804 10.998 2λ=-0.009 0F+1 547.803 70.996 9
Middle fingerλ=-0.009 1F+1 547.734 40.999 5λ=-0.009 2F+1 547.734 80.998 9
Index fingerλ=-0.009 4F+1 547.694 40.997 2λ=-0.009 5F+1 547.694 60.997 6
Ring fingerλ=-0.009 3F+1 547.904 10.999 3λ=-0.009 2F+1 547.903 90.998 2
Little fingerλ=-0.009 4F+1 547.679 40.999 3λ=-0.009 3F+1 547.679 20.999 2
Point 6Thumbλ=-0.009 2F+1 547.804 00.998 3λ=-0.009 1F+1 547.804 20.998 0
Middle fingerλ=-0.009 1F+1 547.734 90.999 6λ=-0.009 2F+1 547.734 60.998 2
Index fingerλ=-0.009 4F+1 547.694 60.995 6λ=-0.009 3F+1 547.694 30.997 7
Ring fingerλ=-0.009 2F+1 547.904 10.997 6λ=-0.009 1F+1 547.903 10.998 2
Little fingerλ=-0.009 5F+1 547.679 50.997 4λ=-0.009 1F+1 547.678 60.997 9
), ArticleFig(id=1315743794398614045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Arc length-straight line-actual sensitivity error analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Arc length sensitivity pm/(°)Linear sensitivity pm/(°)Actual sensitivity pm/(°)Arc length error /%Linear error /%
Ring finger10.39.19.705.836.19
Index finger10.689.4610.154.966.80
Middle finger10.919.5510.355.138.38
Thumb10.329.019.755.527.10
Little finger11.6510.0310.758.457.18
), ArticleFig(id=1315743794524443166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

弧长-直线-实际灵敏度误差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Arc length sensitivity pm/(°)Linear sensitivity pm/(°)Actual sensitivity pm/(°)Arc length error /%Linear error /%
Ring finger10.39.19.705.836.19
Index finger10.689.4610.154.966.80
Middle finger10.919.5510.355.138.38
Thumb10.329.019.755.527.10
Little finger11.6510.0310.758.457.18
), ArticleFig(id=1315743794587357727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Random forest data analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MAEMBERMSE
Volunteer 1Training set0.063 381-0.005 117 40.091 4
Test set0.059 7340.005 136 50.088 8
Volunteer 2Training set0.071 6880.003 296 60.100 4
Test set0.058 442-0.005 696 90.091 6
), ArticleFig(id=1315743794667049505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

随机森林数据分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MAEMBERMSE
Volunteer 1Training set0.063 381-0.005 117 40.091 4
Test set0.059 7340.005 136 50.088 8
Volunteer 2Training set0.071 6880.003 296 60.100 4
Test set0.058 442-0.005 696 90.091 6
), ArticleFig(id=1315743796319605283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Standard deviation analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ThumbRing fingerIndex fingerLittle fingerMiddle finger
Different volume600.010 50.010 50.006 50.008 50.017 3
700.044 00.008 30.003 60.006 80.006 6
800.004 00.008 30.007 10.009 20.005 6
Different quality200.006 70.004 90.003 40.017 40.004 3
500.001 30.002 20.006 10.001 00.008 8
1000.010 00.000 90.007 40.000 90.001 3
), ArticleFig(id=1315743796411879972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

标准偏差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ThumbRing fingerIndex fingerLittle fingerMiddle finger
Different volume600.010 50.010 50.006 50.008 50.017 3
700.044 00.008 30.003 60.006 80.006 6
800.004 00.008 30.007 10.009 20.005 6
Different quality200.006 70.004 90.003 40.017 40.004 3
500.001 30.002 20.006 10.001 00.008 8
1000.010 00.000 90.007 40.000 90.001 3
), ArticleFig(id=1315743796483183141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Test data for the Bland-Altman analysis method

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Angular velocity rad/sThumbRing fingerIndex fingerLittle fingerMiddle finger
0.05Mean difference0.000 058 3650.000 039 8710.000 104 490.000 104 490.000 007 431 9
Standard deviation0.000 379 760.000 274 680.000 453 710.000 453 710.000 258 63
0.03Mean difference0.000 039 3970.000 023 0960.000 269 340.000 225 860.000 198 55
Standard deviation0.000 333 530.000 344 170.000 367 830.000 438 450.000 354 17
0.015Mean difference0.000 049 7030.000 026 2630.000 040 4090.000 378 560.000 008 869 2
Standard deviation0.000 630 260.000 373 70.000 390 040.000 381 090.000 388 64
), ArticleFig(id=1315743796562874918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743779575943595, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

Bland-Altman分析法的测试数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Angular velocity rad/sThumbRing fingerIndex fingerLittle fingerMiddle finger
0.05Mean difference0.000 058 3650.000 039 8710.000 104 490.000 104 490.000 007 431 9
Standard deviation0.000 379 760.000 274 680.000 453 710.000 453 710.000 258 63
0.03Mean difference0.000 039 3970.000 023 0960.000 269 340.000 225 860.000 198 55
Standard deviation0.000 333 530.000 344 170.000 367 830.000 438 450.000 354 17
0.015Mean difference0.000 049 7030.000 026 2630.000 040 4090.000 378 560.000 008 869 2
Standard deviation0.000 630 260.000 373 70.000 390 040.000 381 090.000 388 64
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光纤光栅手指外骨骼康复装置及感知性能研究
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闫希研 1, 2 , 冯艳 1, 2 , 安泽泷 1, 2 , 张华 1, 2
光子学报 | 光纤光学与光通信 2026,55(1): 1-19
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光子学报 |光纤光学与光通信 2026 , 55 (1) : 1 -19
光纤光栅手指外骨骼康复装置及感知性能研究
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闫希研1, 2 , 冯艳1, 2 , 安泽泷1, 2, 张华1, 2
作者信息
  • 1上海工程技术大学 机械与汽车工程学院 机器人研究所,上海 201620
  • 2上海大型构件智能制造机器人技术协同创新中心,上海 201620
通讯作者:
作者简介:
Fiber Bragg Grating Based Finger Exoskeleton Rehabilitation Device and Sensing Performance
Xiyan YAN1, 2 , Yan FENG1, 2 , Zelong AN1, 2, Hua ZHANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Robotics Institute, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
  • 2Shanghai Large-scale Component Intelligent Manufacturing Robot Technology Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai 201620, China
出版时间: 2026-01-25 doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0106001
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为有效监测手指康复过程中的手指关节运动角度和评估抓握训练中的接触力,研究了一种光纤光栅手指外骨骼康复装置,可以进行无抓握康复和有抓握康复两种训练。该装置包含光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)监测指套和FBG触觉指套,这些指套中嵌入了FBG传感单元。对该康复装置建立了数学模型,并分析了其合理性。FBG传感单元的平均拟合度超过0.995 5。蠕变测试中的最大波长偏移为0.9 pm。其运动角度标定的平均灵敏度大于9.5 pm/(°)。对FBG触觉指套进行力标定后得到,对称点位置的力灵敏度几乎相同。使用弧长法和直线分析法对志愿者Ⅰ的手指灵敏度进行比较,误差分别为8.45%和8.38%,表明该模型可以在可接受的范围内提供可靠的结果。通过对比监测传感单元与IMU传感器的角速度监测性能、手势监测实验与抓握力触实验验证了康复装置的可行性。

光纤布拉格光栅  /  康复装置  /  监测传感指套  /  触觉传感指套  /  手势监测

Monitoring the finger rehabilitation process is critical for preventing accidental injuries and achieving superior personalized therapeutic outcomes. However, current research focusing specifically on monitoring this process remains limited. To address this gap, this study aims to accurately detect finger joint movement angles and assess contact forces during rehabilitation training. The primary objective is to develop a solution that enables comprehensive monitoring of both non-grip and grip rehabilitation exercises.

This work proposes a novel optical Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) finger exoskeleton rehabilitation device. The core of the device consists of two specialized FBG fingerstalls: a monitoring fingerstall for tracking movement and a tactile fingerstall for measuring force, both integrated with advanced FBG sensor units. To validate the design, a mathematical model of the rehabilitation device was established, and its rationality was rigorously analyzed. The experimental methodology included extensive calibration and testing: the FBG sensor units underwent sensitivity, connectivity, fit, and creep resistance tests; the monitoring fingerstall was calibrated for motion angle and its angular velocity sensing performance was compared against an IMU sensor using Bland-Altman analysis on two volunteers; and the tactile fingerstall was calibrated for force, with its sensory capabilities further analyzed using arc-length, linear, and BP neural network methods. Finally, volunteers conducted grip rehabilitation training experiments to assess contact force by measuring six different objects.

The experimental results comprehensively demonstrated the high performance of the proposed system. The FBG sensor units exhibited excellent connectivity, with an average sensitivity exceeding 0.911 98 nm/N, an average fit greater than 0.995 5, and outstanding creep resistance (maximum wavelength shift of 0.9 pm). The monitoring fingerstall achieved an average angular sensitivity greater than 9.5 pm/(°). Critically, its performance in sensing finger angular velocity was nearly identical to that of a commercial IMU sensor, and it successfully recognized six different hand gestures. For the tactile fingerstall, sensitivity measurements at symmetric points were nearly identical, with average sensitivity at points 1/2, 3/4, and 5/6 being higher than 19.5 pm/N, 13.45 pm/N, and 9.1 pm/N, respectively. The arc-length and linear analysis methods yielded low errors (8.45% and 8.38%), confirming model reliability, while BP neural network analysis resulted in an extremely low mean squared error of 0.000 003 309 6. The grip experiments revealed that object volume had a more significant impact on the tactile fingerstall's readings than object mass.

This study successfully developed and validated a sophisticated FBG-based finger exoskeleton rehabilitation device. The system demonstrated high accuracy, reliability, and multi-functionality in monitoring finger joint angles, assessing contact forces, and recognizing complex hand gestures. The findings confirm that the proposed device and its underlying mathematical model are effective for comprehensive finger rehabilitation monitoring. Consequently, this work provides substantial theoretical and technical support for the practical implementation of FBG intelligent sensing technology in clinical finger rehabilitation applications, paving the way for more data-driven and personalized therapeutic interventions.

Fiber Bragg grating  /  Rehabilitation device  /  Monitoring sensing fingerstall  /  Tactile sensing fingerstall  /  Gesture monitoring
闫希研, 冯艳, 安泽泷, 张华. 光纤光栅手指外骨骼康复装置及感知性能研究. 光子学报, 2026 , 55 (1) : 1 -19 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0106001
Xiyan YAN, Yan FENG, Zelong AN, Hua ZHANG. Fiber Bragg Grating Based Finger Exoskeleton Rehabilitation Device and Sensing Performance[J]. Acta Photonica Sinica, 2026 , 55 (1) : 1 -19 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0106001
随着手指损伤人数的不断增加,手指康复研究也日益受到关注。手指康复过程中常见的问题主要有康复效果不理想、患者依从性低、个体差异因素、二次损伤风险等,这些问题可能会延缓恢复速度,还可能造成不可逆的功能损害,并且也对患者的心理、经济产生了一定的负面影响,降低了康复效果。因此设计出一种康复效果良好的手指康复装置具有重要的意义。手指康复装置主要分为机电组合康复装置、气动驱动软康复装置和虚拟康复平台[1-2]。
机电组合康复装置的硬件主要基于机械结构、电信号传感器和电机驱动。康复装置的外骨骼[3]、康复过程的驱动[4-5]以及康复过程中的传感和监测[6]是机电组合康复的重点。意大利研究团队提出了一种具有混合结构手指机构的原创外骨骼[7]。田纳西大学提出了一种肌腱驱动的连续手指康复机器人的设计和PID控制,作为一种为需要强化手指康复的患者量身定制的可穿戴设备[8]。机械结构对手指稳定性高低的控制主要是由接触点的多少决定的,一个手指三个控制点能保证康复的稳定性,但其活动时不灵活,少于三个控制点稳定性降低,但灵活性增加。
气体驱动的柔性康复装置硬件主要基于柔性结构、电信号传感器。气动康复设备主要基于柔性材料制成的手套[9-10],用于气动控制[11]。日本的一个研究小组提出了纤维增强模块化软致动器和个性化软康复手套的开发和评估[12]。加拿大的一个研究小组提出了软气动触觉可穿戴设备[13],以创造人类触觉的错觉。用于气动控制的材料更柔软、更舒适。但其材料制备较为复杂,控制难度大,且气动产生的力较大,具有一定的危险性。
虚拟康复平台主要利用交互技术。利用虚拟技术在网络平台上进行自主康复训练[14-16]。虚拟康复技术刚刚起步,无法帮助严重受伤手指的康复。美国波士顿大学首次提出了一种磁控软机器人康复手套[17]。这是首次提出利用磁性进行人手康复。利用磁性进行康复可以更精确地控制人的手指。
康复过程的监测大多以电信号为主,电信号监测的缺点主要有:电磁干扰、信号衰减等。光纤信号具有抗电磁干扰等特点,因此常被人们用来监测手指运动。葡萄牙的一个研究小组提出了一种三维打印膜嵌入式光纤布拉格光栅,用于监测手指的屈伸运动[18]。江苏大学提出了一种嵌入PDMS薄膜的光纤光栅传感器,用于手指关节角度测量[19]。西北大学提出了一种基于光纤布拉格光栅的指尖触觉传感器法向/剪切温度检测方法[20]。SUN Z等[21]利用遗传算法-反向传播神经网络提出了一种基于光纤光栅传感的可穿戴手套手势识别技术。光纤布拉格光栅监测具有抗电磁干扰能力强、灵敏度和线性度高的特点。光纤光栅传感器对人体手指进行运动监测已逐渐向多点、高精度方向发展。
光纤光栅手指外骨骼康复装置相较于机电组合康复装置、气动驱动软康复装置、虚拟康复平台的优势如下:成本更低;可以分别监测不同手指、不同关节,具有个性化灵敏度,因而精度高;具备抗电磁干扰的特点,不会受外界电磁影响;穿戴方式更简单,容易穿脱,且其转角处基本都是圆角不会损害手指,具有较好的舒适性。因此将FBG传感器融入手指外骨骼康复装置具有较高的应用价值。
本文研究了一种光纤光栅手指外骨骼康复装置,包含光纤布拉格光栅手指监测传感指套和触觉传感指套,这些指套中嵌入了布拉格光栅传感单元,该康复结构具有精度高、成本低、舒适性高、抗电磁干扰、普适性(不同的人手指尺寸不同,可以根据不同尺寸设计两个指套康复或者三个指套康复)等特点。根据机构学建立了监测和触觉传感单元的理论模型,并分析了康复结构。通过实验研究分析了传感装置,包括角度标定、连接性能和蠕变测试以及力标定。利用监测传感单元监测六种不同的手势,跟踪手指运动过程,并将监测性能与IMU传感器进行比较。此外,还利用触觉传感指套评估了手指康复的抓握训练过程,展示了其有效的监测能力。这些研究成果揭示了基于FBG的力触觉传感及其手指康复应用的潜在效用。
FBG传感器中心波长的变化量会随着外界待测物理量而改变。由耦合波长理论可知,当一束宽带光射入到光栅时,因为折射率不同会导致产生反射和透射现象,只有满足Bragg反射条件的光才会反射,其余波长的光会透射出去[22],如图1所示。
λB=2neffΛ
式中,Λ是相位掩模光栅的周期,neff是光纤纤芯针对自由空间中心波长的折射率。当光纤布拉格光栅受到外界应力和温度的作用时,受弹光效应和热光效应的影响,光纤光栅的有效折射率和光栅周期都会发生变化,所以反射的布拉格波长λB的变化公式为
ΔλBλB=kεΔε+kTΔT
式中,ΔλB为中心波长偏移量;kε=1-Pe为应力作用下波长应变灵敏度系数,其中Pe为有效弹光系数;kT=α+ξ为光纤光栅温度传感的灵敏度系数,α为热膨胀系数,ξ为热光系数;Δε为轴向应变变化量;ΔT为温度变化量。
监测传感单元每个手指各一支,布置在指套通孔处;触觉感知单元布置在封装触觉结构的指套下面。监测传感单元布置在指套的通孔处,使用螺栓将监测传感单元固定在远离手掌的指套外侧通孔处。为增加手指运动的稳定性,使用了指套固定手指,电机驱动推杆运动,推杆带动指套,指套带动手指。指套和推杆的连接使用的是两侧双连接,增加了驱动和连接稳定性,每个指套之间同样采用了两侧双连接的方式,保证了每个指套的运动是相关的,并且保证了不会突然出现倾覆的问题,在最大程度上保证了指套之间的运动具有关联性,不会影响手指。使用指套的原因还与五根手指的尺寸不同有关,考虑到五根手指尺寸的差异性,我们设计了三种指套,假设患者的环指长度较小,可以使用其中两个指套即可,如果其环指长度较长,可以使用其中三个指套进行康复,其余手指可以按照该方式进行分析处理。该方法在最大程度上保证了康复装置的普适性,也降低了成本。手指康复装置的功能、组成部分、工作流程以及整体装配图、实物图等如图2所示。
康复装置可实现无抓握康复和有抓握康复。无抓握康复可实现一定范围内的往复运动,有三种速度。带抓握的康复装置具有触觉传感单元,患者可以独立完成抓握一定重量和体积的物体,提高了患者的独立性。该康复装置设计了FBG监测单元,可实现对康复过程的监测,防止过度康复。
考虑到每个手指的尺寸不同,设计了两种类型的指套组合。第一种有三个接触点(食指、环指和中指);第二种有两个接触点(大拇指和小拇指)。手指运动可通过FBG传感单元进行监测,其由一个FBG传感器和一条弹性绳组成,两者均用K-705硅胶、UV胶固定和保护。其理论分析如图3所示。
电机旋转带动杆,杆又带动传动结构,最终使指套移动。
N=Ke(V-IR)
Vrod=KnN
式中,N为电机转速(转/分),V为电机输入电压(V),I为电机电流(A),R为电机电阻(Ω),Ke为电机系数,Kn为齿轮系转速比系数,Vrod为连杆转速。电机电阻是固定的,通过控制电压和电流来控制电机速度。当电机沿前进方向推动杆前进时,驱动杆受力向后移动,指套向下移动,角度θ减小,α增大。用于第一种(食指、环指和中指)监测的光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)传感单元的角速度为
Wi=VrodLi=θi∆t=αi∆t    (i=1,2,3,5)
式(5)是传动杆的角速度关系式,四边形的内角和为360°,四个角在变化,其余三个角的变化矢量值与第四个角的变化量相等。
α4=α3+α2+α1
α7=α5+α6
用于第二种(大拇指和小拇指)监测的光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)传感单元的角速度为
Wi=αi∆t    (i=4,7)
FBG传感器的中心波长受指套的运动而变化。人不会碰到监测单元,因此FBG传感器不会受到人体温度影响,ΔT≠0。弹性绳的计算公式为F=KX。具体分析如图4所示。
Δε=FsE1a1b1-1a2b2
ΔλB=λBkεFsE1a1b1-1a2b2
弹性绳受力后,横截面的长度和宽度发生变化,从而带动FBG的波长发生变化。FBG波长随角度变化:波长在∆t内变化∆λ,角度变化∆θ。
w=∆θ∆t=θλ2-θλ1tλ2-tλ1
在康复装置每个指尖下方设计了一个可拆卸的触觉结构,该结构可以简化为悬臂梁结构,其上面布置的FBG传感器在进行手指抓握康复训练时,将产生负应变,如图5所示。
在理想条件下,悬臂梁受到外力作用后,其表面FBG位置处的应变可表示为
ε=FLh2EIz
Iz=bh312
式中,F是作用在悬臂梁上的接触力大小,L是接触力作用点到FBG传感器栅区中点的距离,h是悬臂梁的厚度,b是悬臂梁的宽度,E是悬臂梁材料的弹性模量,Iz是悬臂梁截面的惯性矩,其值是一个与截面形状和尺寸有关的几何量。由于触觉传感装置不与人手接触,因此不受人体温度(ΔT≠0)的影响,可知
ΔλBλB=kεFLh2EIz
根据式(14)可知,在外力作用下,中心波长发生变化,力增大,波长减小。由式(12)可知,受力点越靠近悬臂梁支架,悬臂梁变形越小;接触力作用点到FBG传感器中点的距离L越小,悬臂梁变形越小。由此可以得出,受力点越靠近外侧,FBG传感器中心波长的变化越大。F为常数,FBG中心波长变化与L成正比,即,触觉指套可以感知抓握康复时的接触位置,如式(15)所示。其中,kL为位置灵敏系数,如式(16)所示。
ΔλBλB=LkL
kL=kεFh2EIz
当指套移动时,弹性绳会增长,FBG传感器产生轴向拉应变,从而使得中心波长增加。监测传感单元的拉伸并不是按照理想状态下的弧长增长或者直线增长,可能是介于这两者之间的。为验证该理论分析是否具有合理性,未来能否继续完善监测传感单元的性能和分析,需要对其进行对比分析。具体如图6所示。
H1是第一个接触点与原点之间的距离-虚拟圆的半径(常数),H2是第二个接触点与原点之间的距离-虚拟圆的半径(常数),H3是第三个接触点与原点之间的距离-虚拟圆的半径(常数),H4是第四个接触点与原点之间的距离-虚拟圆的半径(常数),H5是第五个接触点与原点之间的距离-虚拟圆的半径(常数)。
弧长类型的分析有三个接触点和两个接触点。式(17)~(21)由角速度积分结合FBG传感器的中心波长方程求得
S1-S=∆S=∫0twidt
ΔλB1λB1=kε∆SS=kε∫0twidtS
S3-S2=∆S=∫0twidt
ΔλB2λB2=kε∆SS2=kε∫0twidtS2
wi=ΔθΔt
式中,S是传感单元的原始弧长,S1是实验时传感单元的弧长,∆S是弧长变化。线性分析有三个接触点和两个接触点。由三角函数结合FBG传感器的中心波长公式,可得
X=H12+H32-2H1H2cos β
X1=H12+H32-2H1H2cos β1
∆X=X1-X
ΔλB1λB1=kε∆XX=kεH12+H32-2H1H2cos β-H12+H32-2H1H2cos β1H12+H32-2H1H2cos β
X2=H42+H52-2H4H5cos β2
X3=H42+H52-2H4H5cos β3
∆X=X3-X2
ΔλB2λB2=kε∆XX2=kεH42+H52-2H4H5cos β3-H42+H52-2H4H5cos β2H42+H52-2H4H5cos β2
式中,X为传感单元的原始长度,X1为实验时传感单元的长度,∆X为长度变化。β是三个接触点的原始角度,β1是三个接触点实验时的角度,β2是两个接触点的原始角度,β3是两个接触点实验时的原始角度。
综合这些分析,波长变化与角速度(角度)和灵敏度系数有关。
在本次实验中,环境中的温度为室温(15 ℃),当天的室内相对湿度为10%,实验时环境没有其他非实验人员的走动,因此温度不会突变,也不会有剧烈的空气流动产生风动。因此该实验的环境较为稳定。第三节的实验条件与第二节实验条件一致。监测传感单元的中心波长为1 550 nm,触觉传感单元的中心波长为1 548 nm,反射率大于90%,光纤光栅区长度为10 mm。
为验证UV胶是否影响整体弹性绳与光纤机械强度和应力传递效率,UV胶固化是否会带来FBG传感器性能退化,设计了连接性能和蠕变实验。通过连接性能实验验证UV胶是否影响整体弹性绳与光纤机械强度和应力传递效率,如果测试得到的拟合优度高于0.9则说明基本不影响,反之则会产生影响。通过蠕变实验验证UV胶固化是否会带来FBG传感器性能退化,如果在一定时间间隔下传感器的波长漂移量较低,则说明UV胶固化不会带来FBG传感器性能退化,反之则会。
为验证FBG与弹性绳的连接性能,使用电子拉伸机(C65.102)进行了拉伸试验,拉伸实验的测力范围为0~1.68 N,以0.34 N为间隔记录FBG的波长,实验数据如图7和表1、2所示。
由表2可知,最小灵敏度为0.911 98 nm/N,平均拟合优度大于0.995 5。
考虑到人手指康复时,会不断的弯曲和伸直,因此监测传感单元会产生一定的蠕变,因此设计了蠕变实验来验证FBG传感单元的蠕变性能。设计了三种尺寸的蠕变实验,在40 mm、50 mm和60 mm三种不同直径的半圆体上对每个传感单元进行了16小时的监测(监测从7∶00开始,到23∶00结束。每4小时监测5分钟:例如,7∶00开始监测,7∶05结束监测),具体如图8、表3所示。
从蠕变实验可以得到,在对直径为40 mm、50 mm、60 mm的半圆柱体进行监测时,相邻时刻监测的传感单元蠕变在40 mm半圆柱体上的波长变化量最大,每个监测传感单元的最大波长变化量均小于0.9 pm。这证明各传感单元蠕变变化量较小,不影响实验监测。
在[0°,45°]范围内进行“正行程”和“反行程”的角度标定,每5°记录一次波长。使用IMU传感器监测角度。如图9所示。标定得到“正行程”和“反行程”的平均角度灵敏度如表4所示。
角度标定实验表明,志愿者Ⅰ五根手指传感单元的平均灵敏度大于9.7 pm/(°),志愿者Ⅱ五根手指传感单元的平均灵敏度大于9.5 pm/(°)。这证明监测传感单元具有较好的监测功能。
使用电子拉伸机对触觉传感单元的六个阵列点进行“正行程”和“反行程”的力标定,标定范围为[0 N,5 N],每0.5 N记录一次波长,如图10、表5所示。
根据图10(a)、表5可知,对称点的力灵敏度基本相同,五个传感单元的1、2点的平均灵敏度高于19.5 pm/N;3、4点的平均灵敏度高于13.45 pm/N;5、6点的平均灵敏度高于9.1 pm/N。
利用模型的理论分析,对志愿者Ⅰ的五个手指(中指、食指和环指为三个接触点,大拇指和小拇指为两个接触点)进行分析,并对比实验得到的志愿者Ⅰ的五根手指的灵敏度,具体如表6所示。
使用弧长分析方法和直线分析方法进行比较,得到志愿者Ⅰ手指的实际灵敏度与弧长分析方法得到的灵敏度误差小于8.45%,与直线分析方法得到的灵敏度误差小于8.38%,均在合理范围内。这证明理论分析是正确的。
为了验证监测传感单元是否具有监测手指不同手势的功能,使用监测传感单元对志愿者Ⅰ和Ⅱ的六种不同手势(2、3、4、5、6、8)进行了监测。如图11、表7所示。
随机森林通过构建多棵决策树并综合其结果来提高模型的预测精度和稳定性。本文采用随机森林处理志愿者Ⅰ、Ⅱ的六种不同手势,对不同手势进行预测分析,每种手势代表数字的十分之一作为其特征值。在本文使用的随机森林模型中,决策树的数量为150棵,最小叶片数为30片,使用的方法为回归法。随机森林模型的训练集函数为Tree Bagger,预测集函数为predicted。随机森林的训练集是数据集的前70%,测试集是数据集的后30%。三个评价指标的公式分别为
MAE=∑i=1nyi-y^in
MBE=∑i=1ny^i-yin
RMSE=∑i=1n(yi-y^i)2n
式中,n为样本数,yi为真实值,y^i为预测值。
利用随机森林对两名志愿者的六种不同手势进行预测分析,见图12,通过对比分析训练集和测试集的三项评价指标,得出志愿者Ⅰ和Ⅱ的预测分析结果较为稳定。证明随机森林的手势预测分析方法是合理有效的。
然而随机森林在手势识别中依旧存在局限性,如:复杂手势的识别精度不足(时序依赖性处理能力弱、高维空间特征交互限制);泛化能力受限(跨用户/环境适应性差、数据分布敏感);计算效率与实时性瓶颈。根据对局限性的分析,我们设计出了相应的解决方案:融合时序建模方法-结合LSTM(Long Short-Term Memory)或Transformer模块处理时序信息,例如用CNN(Convolutional Neural Network)提取空间特征后输入LSTM,或通过注意力机制强化关键帧作用;提升泛化能力的技术-利用大量未标注手势视频进行对比学习(如SimCLR(A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representations)),使得学习更加具有通用性的表征;模型轻量化与优化-通过正则化和特征重要性筛选提升效率。通过上述分析和解决方案,优化之后的随机森林模型对手势的预测会更加精准。
BP神经网络常用于回归问题,其通过反向传播算法更新网络中的权值,逐步提高网络的预测能力。
使用电子拉伸机对每个触觉单元的不同点施加5 N的压力,停留十秒钟,然后将相同点的数据放在一起,使用BP神经网络进行分析和处理,以验证触觉单元不同点对应的波长数据是否正确。BP神经网络的训练集是数据集的前70%,测试集是数据集的后30%。数据的隐藏神经元为10个。隐层的激活函数为tansig(x),输出层的激活函数为purelin(x)。
b=∑i=0nλi10000
MSE=1n∑i=1n(ytruei-ypredi)2
式中,ytruei为真值,ypredi为预测值,n为样本个数。
BP神经网络对第23轮的预测最为准确,均方误差为0.000 003 309 6,见图13。
为验证触觉指套在手指康复抓取训练过程中的感知性能高低,设计了两种类型共六组实验:不同体积-60 mm、70 mm、80 mm;不同质量-20 g、50 g、100 g,如图14和表8所示。标准偏差公式如式(35)和式(36)所示。
μ=1N∑i=1Nxi
σ=1N∑i=1N(xi-μ)2
式中,σ是总体标准差,N是总体数据点数,xi是第i个数据点。
从表8中可以看出,数据比较集中,波动较小,从数据的波动情况来看,抓取物体时,物体的体积对触觉感知单元的影响大于质量的影响。
为验证监测传感单元是否能够准确监测康复过程中的角速度,使用安装在传感装置下方的IMU传感器与监测传感单元同时监测手指的运动-进行了对比验证实验。设定的三个理论转速分别为0.05弧度/秒、0.03弧度/秒和0.015弧度/秒。最大运动距离设定为30毫米,并使用Bland-Altman分析法(Bland-Altman分析法是一种用于评估两种测量方法一致性的统计方法,通过可视化与定量分析结合,揭示系统误差(偏倚)和随机误差(一致性界限)的差异。一致性界限:均值差±1.96×标准差(覆盖95%差异范围)。标准差:反映差值的离散程度,SD越大,一致性越差。均值差:所有测量点差值(如FBG - IMU)的平均值;若均值差≈0,说明两种方法无显著系统偏差;若显著≠0,表明一种方法持续高估或低估另一种方法(需校准)。)比较了IMU传感器和FBG传感单元获得的角速度。如图15、表9所示。
从实验数据分析可以看出,IMU传感器和FBG传感单元在三种不同速度下监测得到的平均差最大为0.000 225 86,标准偏差最大为0.000 438 45,均在合理范围内。
经过上述的实验的验证,证明了该康复装置具有良好的性能。对进行康复实验的两个志愿者进行了采访询问,他们认为该装置去除了直角具有一定的舒适性、穿戴方便,并且设计的功能便于理解操作具有一定的操作便利性、康复过程中并没有出现过度康复,超出设计参数的康复具有良好的康复效果。之后让三名不同的志愿者进行穿戴和使用,他们都认为该装置具有轻便性、舒适性、便于操作等优势。
根据机构学设计出了一套光纤光栅手指康复外骨骼装置。对监测传感单元进连接性能实验,得到其最小灵敏度为0.911 98 nm/N,平均拟合优度大于0.995 5,这表明FBG传感单元可以很好地工作。对传感单元进行蠕变实验,从蠕变实验可以得到,在对直径为40 mm、50 mm、60 mm的半圆柱体进行监测时,相邻时刻监测的传感单元蠕变在40 mm半圆柱体上的波长变化量最大,每个手指传感单元的最大波长变化量均小于0.9 pm。这证明各传感单元蠕变变化量较小,不影响实验监测。志愿者Ⅰ五根手指的平均灵敏度大于9.7 pm/(°),志愿者Ⅱ五根手指的灵敏度大于9.5 pm/°,这证明该装置对不同个体都具有良好的监测功能。对触觉感知单元的不同点位进行力标定,得到对称点的力灵敏度基本相同,五个传感单元的1、2点的平均灵敏度高于19.5 pm/N;3、4点的平均灵敏度高于13.45 pm/N;5、6点的平均灵敏度高于9.1 pm/N。上述实验证明该康复装置具有良好的性能。
使用弧长分析方法和直线分析方法进行比较,得到志愿者Ⅰ的手指实际灵敏度与弧长分析方法得到的灵敏度误差小于8.45%,与直线分析方法得到的灵敏度误差小于8.38%,均在合理范围内。这证明理论分析是正确的。上述对比分析证明了设计的监测传感单元误差较低,符合要求。
使用FBG监测传感单元监测了志愿者Ⅰ和Ⅱ的六个不同手势,结果表明监测传感单元可以监测不同人的不同手势。为验证触觉感知单元在手指康复抓取训练过程中的感知性能高低,设计了两种类型共六组实验,从实验数据中可以看出,数据比较集中,波动较小,从数据的波动情况来看,抓取物体时,物体的体积对触觉感知单元的影响大于质量的影响。在IMU传感器与FBG监测传感单元的手指运动监测对比实验中,三种速度下的平均差最大为0.000 225 86,标准偏差最大为0.000 438 45,均在合理范围内,证明FBG监测传感单元具有良好的监测能力。上述实验证明康复装置具有较好的应用性能,其可以在实际康复应用中精准的实现监测。
FBG手指康复装置具有良好的监测性能和感知性能,所建立的数学模型和预测算法可以有效地支持装置的优化和性能改进。

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2026年第55卷第1期
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doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0106001
  • 接收时间:2025-06-12
  • 首发时间:2026-10-10
  • 出版时间:2026-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-12
  • 录用日期:2025-07-23
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    1上海工程技术大学 机械与汽车工程学院 机器人研究所,上海 201620
    2上海大型构件智能制造机器人技术协同创新中心,上海 201620

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