Article(id=1315743761632710967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743622176288781, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3788/gzxb20265502.0214001, pmid=null, cstr=32255.14.gzxb20265502.0214001, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762790400000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1765382400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-12-11, onlineDate=1791627358110, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791627358110, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791627358110, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791627358110, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315743622176288781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, year='2026', volume='55', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791627324861, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791627390701, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315743898396381488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743622176288781, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315743898396381489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743622176288781, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=315, endPage=326, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315743761838231864, articleId=1315743761632710967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=EN, title=Femtosecond Laser Filament Longitudinal Wandering Property in the Turbulent Air by Numerical Simulation Method, columnId=1315741605458465076, journalTitle=Acta Photonica Sinica, columnName=Lasers and Laser Optics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Femtosecond laser filamentation has drawn much attention from researchers recently, which contains fruitful physical processes, such as the self-focusing induced by the optical Kerr effect, plasma defocusing, self-phase modulation and so on. It has shown great potential for many applications in the atmospheric field, such as remote sensing, lightning control, rain making. When propagating in the atmosphere, the influence of the turbulence on the filament spatial distribution has to be taken into consideration. Many studies have been dedicated to the filamentation distance, filament survival rate, transverse wandering, multiple filaments formation induced by turbulence.

Interestingly, it has been demonstrated that the air turbulence can have opposite effects of either increasing or decreasing the filamentation probability and either decreasing or increasing the filament onset distance depending on the initial experiment conditions. However, few studies have been dedicated to explore the mechanism of this phenomenon based on numerical simulation method, which would be significant for understanding the mechanism of the interaction between turbulence and laser filamentation.In this paper, the propagation of a single laser filament was simulated based on the laser filament nonlinear propagation model and the turbulent phase screen model.

The filamentation probability as a function of initial laser beam power was investigated in the turbulent air with turbulence structure constant Cn2 of 10-13 cm-2/3, 10-12 cm-2/3 and 10-11 cm-2/3. The corresponding minimum initial laser powers for the formation of the laser filament with the filamentation probability larger than 0 under the above three turbulent conditions are 0.96 Pcr,0.68 Pcr and 0.14 Pcr, respectively. Moreover, the filamentation probability increases with the turbulence intensity Cn2 when the initial laser beam power is less than Pcr. Thus, the air turbulence can trigger the laser filamentation for an initial laser power below the filamentation threshold. In the next step, the effect of a lens as a focusing optics on the filamentation probability in the turbulent air with Cn2 of 10-12 cm-2/3 has been studied. By using a lens with focal length of 5 m as the focusing optics, the laser filamentation probability is always larger than that without any focusing optics in the turbulent air when the initial laser power is less than the filamenting threshold. However, for a lens with focal length of 2 m, the laser filamentation probability is less than that without any focusing optics in the turbulent air. Thus, using a lens with a relative large focal length could promotes the filamentation probability effectively in the turbulent air. Further, the filament onset distances in the turbulent air with different turbulent intensities have been investigated. The initial laser power is chosen to be 1.4 Pcr. The filament onset distance is 354 cm in the calm air. When Cn2 is 10-14 cm-2/3, the filament onset distance varies between 349 cm and 358 cm. The average filament onset distance is 353.3 cm. When Cn2 is 10-11 cm-2/3, the filament onset distance varies between 107 cm and 290 cm. The average filament onset distance is 149.1 cm. The relationship between the average deviation of the filament onset position Δr and Cn2 has been obtained. For 4×10-13 cm-2/3≤Cn2≤4×10-12 cm-2/3, the relationship between Δr and Cn2 can be fitted linearly well.

The interaction mechanism between the air turbulence and the laser beam can be determined by the parameter Q, which is defined by the ratio of the coherent area in the beam and the power it contains over the critical laser power for self-focusing. When Cn2 is larger than 2.25×10-12 cm-2/3, Q is larger than 1. Under this condition, the air turbulence is relative strong, leading to the modulation instability of the beam phase, which can promote the filament formation finally. Thus the filament onset distance is always shorter than that without any turbulence. When Cn2 is less than 2.25×10-12 cm-2/3, Q is much larger than 1. Under this condition, the air turbulence is relative weak, which will act as a noise and suppress the whole beam self-focusing effect. The filamentation probability will decrease and the filament onset distance will be lengthened. This study will pave the way to understand the mechanism of the influence of air turbulence on the filamentation probability and filament onset distance and would be valuable for many applications of the laser filament in the atmosphere.

, authors=Tao ZENG1, Hongxin NI1, Huayong TAN2, authorsList=Tao ZENG, Hongxin NI, Huayong TAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Tao ZENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315743765369835851, articleId=1315743761632710967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=CN, title=飞秒激光成丝在空气湍流中的纵向漂移特性数值模拟, columnId=1315741605726900535, journalTitle=光子学报, columnName=激光与激光光学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于飞秒激光成丝非线性传输模型和随机湍流相位屏模型,运用数值模拟的方法研究了空气湍流对飞秒激光成丝几率和成丝起点距离的影响规律。当初始激光功率低于成丝阈值功率时,湍流可以促进成丝现象的产生,充当触发成丝的开关。同时成丝几率随湍流强度的增大而提高。引入长焦距的透镜作为聚焦条件,可以有效提高湍流环境下的成丝几率。另外,初始激光功率选取为1.4倍成丝阈值功率时,不同湍流条件下成丝起点距离的平均值均得到缩短。湍流强度相对较弱时,成丝起点距离有几率得到延长;湍流相对较强时,成丝起点距离始终小于无湍流时的情形。基于横向相干长度r0和Q值参数,分析了不同初始激光和湍流条件下,湍流对全光束自聚焦效应和相位调制不稳定性的不同影响规律,阐述了湍流影响成丝几率和成丝起点距离的作用机制。研究结果将为湍流环境下飞秒激光成丝控制提供参考,推进成丝在大气领域的实际应用。

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Cn2=10-13 cm-2/3,Δz0=1 m, figureFileSmall=WXO5iPUeWdtes1YAHzna4w==, figureFileBig=nXNVyFR36PvceuXd4p5+ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743767571845484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743761632710967, language=CN, label=图1, caption=随机湍流相位屏代表。Cn2=10-13 cm-2/3,Δz0=1 m, figureFileSmall=WXO5iPUeWdtes1YAHzna4w==, figureFileBig=nXNVyFR36PvceuXd4p5+ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743767806726509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743761632710967, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematic of the simulation process. (a) The free propagation of a laser filament in turbulent air; (b) The propagation of a laser filament in turbulent air focused by a lens. The observation screen is at the position of z=10 m, figureFileSmall=9pdoflJpYJPsg5abUQJdWg==, figureFileBig=V1I2cX2BRB39c1hcWGUpFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743767878029678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743761632710967, language=CN, label=图2, caption=模拟示意图。(a) 激光成丝在空气湍流中的传输,(b) 透镜聚焦条件下的激光成丝在空气湍流中的传输;观测屏处于z=10 m位置, figureFileSmall=9pdoflJpYJPsg5abUQJdWg==, figureFileBig=V1I2cX2BRB39c1hcWGUpFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743769555751280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743761632710967, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Representative laser beam patterns at z=10 m. (a)~(h), (j) Laser beam patterns without filamentation; (i) The filament laser beam pattern. Cn2=10-12 cm-2/3, P=0.73 Pcr, figureFileSmall=WYQNE0NvQonWMkCY0+8oHg==, figureFileBig=n+D7KNVznZzxWOlqshrstQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743769757077874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743761632710967, language=CN, label=图3, caption=z=10 m位置激光光斑图像代表性结果。(a)~(h), (j)未成丝光斑图像;(i) 成丝光斑图像;Cn2=10-12 cm-2/3,P=0.73 Pcr, figureFileSmall=WYQNE0NvQonWMkCY0+8oHg==, figureFileBig=n+D7KNVznZzxWOlqshrstQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743769937432947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743761632710967, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Representative laser beam patterns at z=10 m. (a), (d), (f)~(h) Laser beam patterns without filamentation; (b), (c), (e), (i), (j) The filament laser beam patterns. Cn2=10-12 cm-2/3, P=0.83 Pcr, figureFileSmall=naSLRES0Mo8ZmevZDI9oBw==, figureFileBig=wg1lWAQosg8ag5iXaik1bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743770075844980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743761632710967, language=CN, label=图4, caption=z=10 m位置激光光斑图像代表性结果。(a), (d), (f)~(h) 未成丝光斑图像;(b), (c), (e), (i), (j) 成丝光斑图像。 Cn2=10-12 cm-2/3,P=0.83 Pcr, figureFileSmall=naSLRES0Mo8ZmevZDI9oBw==, figureFileBig=wg1lWAQosg8ag5iXaik1bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743770247811445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743761632710967, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Representative laser beam patterns at z=10 m. (a)~(e), (g)~(j) The filament laser beam patterns; (f) Laser beam patterns without filamentation. Cn2=10-12 cm-2/3, P=0.92 Pcr, figureFileSmall=0bjE2D0jMz1jD6p/bfC/Mg==, figureFileBig=wWmJddgtS1xmXVt0gFOmYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743770335891830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743761632710967, language=CN, label=图5, caption=z=10 m位置处激光光斑图像的代表性结果。(a)~(e), (g)~(j)成丝光斑图像;(f) 未成丝光斑图像。Cn2=10-12 cm-2/3, P=0.92 Pcr, figureFileSmall=0bjE2D0jMz1jD6p/bfC/Mg==, figureFileBig=wWmJddgtS1xmXVt0gFOmYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743770419777911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743761632710967, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=The laser peak intensity as a function of propagation distance with the initial laser power of (a) 0.73 Pcr, (b) 0.83 Pcr, and (c) 0.92 Pcr. Cn2=10-12 cm-2/3, figureFileSmall=/Ita2urgZmbDcyKeqECq3g==, figureFileBig=RWHyg8GQf1APTuMvJ2Tf2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743770650464633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743761632710967, language=CN, label=图6, caption=初始激光功率分别为(a) 0.73 Pcr,(b) 0.83 Pcr和 (c) 0.92 Pcr时,峰值光强随传输距离变化的10次代表性结果。Cn2=10-12 cm-2/3, figureFileSmall=/Ita2urgZmbDcyKeqECq3g==, figureFileBig=RWHyg8GQf1APTuMvJ2Tf2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743770725962107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743761632710967, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=The filamentation rate varying with the initial laser beam power. (a) The filamentation rate as a function of the initial laser beam power withCn2of 10-13 cm-2/3, 10-12 cm-2/3和10-11 cm-2/3; (b) The filamentation rate as a function of the initial laser beam power for the laser beam focused by the lens with focal length of 2 m and 5 m and no optics, figureFileSmall=Lz3XmB7i+V3bF9PX6c+DLA==, figureFileBig=iH6EK/BaFfYbkD3zeAZDsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743771023757692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743761632710967, language=CN, label=图7, caption=成丝几率随功率的变化关系。 (a)Cn2为10-13 cm-2/3,10-12 cm-2/3和10-11 cm-2/3三种湍流强度条件下,成丝几率随初始激光功率的变化关系;(b) 湍流强度Cn2=10-12 cm-2/3,焦距为2 m和5 m的两种透镜聚焦以及自由传输条件下,成丝几率随初始激光功率的变化关系, figureFileSmall=Lz3XmB7i+V3bF9PX6c+DLA==, figureFileBig=iH6EK/BaFfYbkD3zeAZDsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743771107643773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743761632710967, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=The laser peak power as a function of propagation distance for the initial laser beam focused by the lens with focal length of (a) 5 m and (b) 2 m, where Cn2=10-12 cm-2/3, the initial laser power is 0.83 Pcr; (c) The laser peak power as a function of propagation distance for the initial laser power of 1.4 Pcr whereCn2=10-12 cm-2/3, figureFileSmall=Efg0IvBgnMkvOyydE896Gg==, figureFileBig=wmI0xYJydOhs2W+yauiNtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743771195724158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743761632710967, language=CN, label=图8, caption=激光峰值光强随传输距离变化。(a) 5 m和(b) 2 m焦距透镜聚焦,Cn2=10-12 cm-2/3,初始激光功率P为0.83 Pcr,激光峰值光强随传输距离变化的10次代表性结果;(c) Cn2=10-12 cm-2/3。初始激光功率P为1.4 Pcr,激光峰值光强随传输距离变化的10次代表性结果, figureFileSmall=Efg0IvBgnMkvOyydE896Gg==, figureFileBig=wmI0xYJydOhs2W+yauiNtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743771438993791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743761632710967, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=The filamentation probability and the average deviation of the filament onset position under different turbulence conditions. 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飞秒激光成丝在空气湍流中的纵向漂移特性数值模拟
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曾涛 1 , 倪洪鑫 1 , 谭华勇 2
光子学报 | 激光与激光光学 2026,55(2): 315-326
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光子学报 |激光与激光光学 2026 , 55 (2) : 315 -326
飞秒激光成丝在空气湍流中的纵向漂移特性数值模拟
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曾涛1 , 倪洪鑫1, 谭华勇2
作者信息
  • 1西南大学 物理科学与技术学院 微纳结构光电子学重庆市重点实验室,重庆 400715
  • 2中国电子科技集团公司第二十四研究所 重庆 400060
通讯作者:
作者简介:
Femtosecond Laser Filament Longitudinal Wandering Property in the Turbulent Air by Numerical Simulation Method
Tao ZENG1 , Hongxin NI1, Huayong TAN2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Physical Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Structure Optoelectronics, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
  • 2The 24th Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Corporation, Chongqing 400060, China
出版时间: 2026-02-25 doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265502.0214001
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基于飞秒激光成丝非线性传输模型和随机湍流相位屏模型,运用数值模拟的方法研究了空气湍流对飞秒激光成丝几率和成丝起点距离的影响规律。当初始激光功率低于成丝阈值功率时,湍流可以促进成丝现象的产生,充当触发成丝的开关。同时成丝几率随湍流强度的增大而提高。引入长焦距的透镜作为聚焦条件,可以有效提高湍流环境下的成丝几率。另外,初始激光功率选取为1.4倍成丝阈值功率时,不同湍流条件下成丝起点距离的平均值均得到缩短。湍流强度相对较弱时,成丝起点距离有几率得到延长;湍流相对较强时,成丝起点距离始终小于无湍流时的情形。基于横向相干长度r0和Q值参数,分析了不同初始激光和湍流条件下,湍流对全光束自聚焦效应和相位调制不稳定性的不同影响规律,阐述了湍流影响成丝几率和成丝起点距离的作用机制。研究结果将为湍流环境下飞秒激光成丝控制提供参考,推进成丝在大气领域的实际应用。

飞秒激光成丝  /  空气湍流  /  纵向漂移特性  /  成丝几率  /  调制不稳定

Femtosecond laser filamentation has drawn much attention from researchers recently, which contains fruitful physical processes, such as the self-focusing induced by the optical Kerr effect, plasma defocusing, self-phase modulation and so on. It has shown great potential for many applications in the atmospheric field, such as remote sensing, lightning control, rain making. When propagating in the atmosphere, the influence of the turbulence on the filament spatial distribution has to be taken into consideration. Many studies have been dedicated to the filamentation distance, filament survival rate, transverse wandering, multiple filaments formation induced by turbulence.

Interestingly, it has been demonstrated that the air turbulence can have opposite effects of either increasing or decreasing the filamentation probability and either decreasing or increasing the filament onset distance depending on the initial experiment conditions. However, few studies have been dedicated to explore the mechanism of this phenomenon based on numerical simulation method, which would be significant for understanding the mechanism of the interaction between turbulence and laser filamentation.In this paper, the propagation of a single laser filament was simulated based on the laser filament nonlinear propagation model and the turbulent phase screen model.

The filamentation probability as a function of initial laser beam power was investigated in the turbulent air with turbulence structure constant Cn2 of 10-13 cm-2/3, 10-12 cm-2/3 and 10-11 cm-2/3. The corresponding minimum initial laser powers for the formation of the laser filament with the filamentation probability larger than 0 under the above three turbulent conditions are 0.96 Pcr,0.68 Pcr and 0.14 Pcr, respectively. Moreover, the filamentation probability increases with the turbulence intensity Cn2 when the initial laser beam power is less than Pcr. Thus, the air turbulence can trigger the laser filamentation for an initial laser power below the filamentation threshold. In the next step, the effect of a lens as a focusing optics on the filamentation probability in the turbulent air with Cn2 of 10-12 cm-2/3 has been studied. By using a lens with focal length of 5 m as the focusing optics, the laser filamentation probability is always larger than that without any focusing optics in the turbulent air when the initial laser power is less than the filamenting threshold. However, for a lens with focal length of 2 m, the laser filamentation probability is less than that without any focusing optics in the turbulent air. Thus, using a lens with a relative large focal length could promotes the filamentation probability effectively in the turbulent air. Further, the filament onset distances in the turbulent air with different turbulent intensities have been investigated. The initial laser power is chosen to be 1.4 Pcr. The filament onset distance is 354 cm in the calm air. When Cn2 is 10-14 cm-2/3, the filament onset distance varies between 349 cm and 358 cm. The average filament onset distance is 353.3 cm. When Cn2 is 10-11 cm-2/3, the filament onset distance varies between 107 cm and 290 cm. The average filament onset distance is 149.1 cm. The relationship between the average deviation of the filament onset position Δr and Cn2 has been obtained. For 4×10-13 cm-2/3≤Cn2≤4×10-12 cm-2/3, the relationship between Δr and Cn2 can be fitted linearly well.

The interaction mechanism between the air turbulence and the laser beam can be determined by the parameter Q, which is defined by the ratio of the coherent area in the beam and the power it contains over the critical laser power for self-focusing. When Cn2 is larger than 2.25×10-12 cm-2/3, Q is larger than 1. Under this condition, the air turbulence is relative strong, leading to the modulation instability of the beam phase, which can promote the filament formation finally. Thus the filament onset distance is always shorter than that without any turbulence. When Cn2 is less than 2.25×10-12 cm-2/3, Q is much larger than 1. Under this condition, the air turbulence is relative weak, which will act as a noise and suppress the whole beam self-focusing effect. The filamentation probability will decrease and the filament onset distance will be lengthened. This study will pave the way to understand the mechanism of the influence of air turbulence on the filamentation probability and filament onset distance and would be valuable for many applications of the laser filament in the atmosphere.

Femtosecond laser filament  /  Air turbulence  /  Longitudinal wandering property  /  Filamentation probability  /  Modulation instability
曾涛, 倪洪鑫, 谭华勇. 飞秒激光成丝在空气湍流中的纵向漂移特性数值模拟. 光子学报, 2026 , 55 (2) : 315 -326 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265502.0214001
Tao ZENG, Hongxin NI, Huayong TAN. Femtosecond Laser Filament Longitudinal Wandering Property in the Turbulent Air by Numerical Simulation Method[J]. Acta Photonica Sinica, 2026 , 55 (2) : 315 -326 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265502.0214001
随着啁啾脉冲放大技术的提出[1],超快激光技术得到迅速发展。20世纪末激光脉宽达到飞秒量级,峰值光强可高达几百TW/cm2,空气中的飞秒激光成丝现象得以发现[2]。飞秒激光成丝可以理解为由光克尔自聚焦效应和等离子体散焦效应相互作用所产生的一条等离子体光通道,光丝直径大约为几百微米。飞秒激光成丝内部的光强可以在很长距离内保持在1013 W/cm2以上[3],在真实大气环境中展现出重要的应用潜力。例如,在遥感探测方面,成丝产生的超连续光谱可用于大气成分检测,如污染物、温室气体等[4-5],而其在湍流中的传输稳定性直接关系到探测精度与可靠性。在天气控制领域,飞秒激光成丝已被探索用于人工引雷[6]和降雨触发,其成丝几率和起点位置的稳定性受湍流影响显著,直接影响控制效果。此外,成丝还可用于脉冲压缩[7-8]和太赫兹波产生[9-10],这些技术在大气通信、成像和安全检测中具有应用价值。
飞秒激光成丝真正走出实验室,走向大气领域实际应用,还需要面临真实大气环境较为复杂的困难。研究表明,大气湍流会引起空气折射率的变化,导致激光传输波前的调制不稳定。从而引起成丝传输空间分布的扰动,最终导致光丝空间漂移[11-19]、多丝分裂[20-22]、以及光丝辐射光谱特性的改变[23]。其中光丝漂移可分为横截面上的横向漂移[11-12]和沿传输方向上成丝起点位置的纵向漂移[12-19]。
在湍流引起光丝纵向漂移方面,HOUARD A等实验研究了初始飞秒激光功率选取为几倍的自聚焦阈值功率时,成丝之前光路上的湍流对光丝产生的影响,得出湍流使得成丝起点距离增加[12]。同时随着湍流强度增加,成丝几率降低。而EELTINK D等实验研究表明湍流不仅可以减小成丝起点距离,同时可以使低于自聚焦阈值功率的飞秒激光出现成丝现象[13]。因此,研究人员在不同实验条件下得出了湍流促进和抑制成丝现象的不同结论,分别表现为湍流提高[13]或降低[14-15]成丝的几率,以及引起光丝起点距离的减小[16-17]或增加[18-19]。空气湍流促进或抑制成丝现象的规律及其物理机制吸引了很多研究人员的兴趣,然而相关的数值模拟研究还相对较少。基于数值模拟的方法研究激光成丝在空气湍流中纵向漂移规律,将对理解湍流影响成丝过程的作用机制以及推进成丝在大气领域的实际应用具有重要意义。
本文基于飞秒激光成丝非线性传输模型和随机湍流相位屏模型,数值模拟研究飞秒激光成丝在空气湍流中的纵向漂移特性。首先研究了不同湍流强度和初始激光功率条件下的成丝几率,并引入不同焦距的透镜作为聚焦条件探索其在湍流环境下控制成丝几率的作用。进一步选取较低初始激光功率,研究了不同湍流强度条件下成丝起点位置的漂移规律。最后基于横向相干长度r0和Q值参数,分析了不同初始激光和湍流强度条件下,湍流影响成丝的作用机制。
当仅考虑飞秒激光成丝光强空间分布时,在波形缓变近似条件下,成丝过程可基于以下非线性传输方程进行数值模拟[24]
2ik0∂A∂z+∂2∂x2+∂2∂y2A+2k02ΔnA=0
式中,A(x, y ,z)为激光光场振幅,k0为激光波数,中心波长选取为800 nm。Δn包括由空气中光克尔效应引起的非线性折射率项(Δnker=n2I)和等离子体散焦效应引起的等效高阶非线性折射率项(Δnplasma=-σIm)。空气非线性系数n2为2×10-19 cm2/W,m选取为8[25]。σ为经验参数,取值为2.56×10-115 (cm2/W)8,对应于光丝钳制光强为5×1013 W/cm2[26]。当主要考虑光强空间分布时,飞秒激光非线性传输的时间项可以忽略掉,选取连续激光来代替飞秒激光,这一模型简化方法的有效性已得到相关研究工作的证实[26-27]。因此,成丝过程中的自陡峭、群速度色散等时域效应没有予以考虑。
实际上,飞秒激光脉冲的光场包络、载波等时域信息将会影响到成丝的时域动态过程,然而对光丝的光强空间分布演变的影响较小。飞秒激光光丝半径a通常为50 μm左右,所对应的传输方向上的空间演变衍射长度2πa2/λ约为2 cm。空气中的二阶群速度色散系数k''约为0.2 fs2/m,飞秒激光脉宽为50 fs时,所对应的光丝时域变化的特征色散长度τ2/k''约为125 m,远远大于空间演变的衍射长度。空间效应的演变远快于时间效应的演变,从而主导了光丝的光强空间分布[28]。因此,仅考虑光强空间分布演变时,飞秒激光成丝过程中的时间项可以被忽略。
当飞秒激光成丝在空气湍流中传输时,由湍流引起的空气折射率扰动将会带来光束传输横截面上的相位分布扰动,从而影响成丝光强空间分布。飞秒激光成丝在空气湍流中的传输可以基于以下传输方程进行数值模拟[11,26]
2ik0∂A∂z+∂2∂x2+∂2∂y2A+2k02ΔnA+2k02n˜(x,y,z)A=0
式中,n˜(x,y,z)表示由湍流引起的空气折射率扰动空间分布。为了得到空气折射率的空间扰动,采用经典的von Karman谱模型来描述空气湍流[22]
Fnκx,κy,κz=0.033Cn2κ2+κ02-11/6exp-κ/κm2
式中,κ=κx2+κy2+κz2,表示空间波数,κx, κy, κz分别为κ在x, y, z轴上的三个分量。Cn2表示空气湍流的折射率结构常数,是决定湍流强度的关键参数。通常在距离地面1.5米高度附近,Cn2的值在10-14 cm-2/3和10-12 cm-2/3之间变化。κ0=2п/L0,κm=5.92/l0。其中L0和l0分别为湍流的外尺度和内尺度。湍流的级串理论模型提出,湍流中存在不同尺度湍涡之间的能量逐级传递,能量从大尺度的湍涡输送到小尺度湍涡。最大一级湍涡的能量来自于外界环境,其尺寸即为外尺度L0。大湍涡失稳后产生次一级小湍涡,小湍涡失稳后将产生更次一级小湍涡。最小一级湍涡的尺寸即为内尺度l0[29]。在近地面,湍流的内尺度大约为0.1~1 cm,湍流的外尺度可以达到几十米[30]。
在模拟中湍流相位屏模型基于静态、均匀以及各项同性的湍流场设定,忽略了湍流随时间的变化。空气湍流的动态变化时间尺度大概在毫秒的量级[22],远远大于飞秒激光脉冲时间尺度。因此湍流模型在时域上的简化是合理的。
基于以上von Karman谱建立起湍流相位屏模型,来表示空气折射率在三维空间上的起伏变化。将光束传输距离划分成若干个长度为Δz0的部分,每一部分在横截面上的相位起伏谱密度可以表示为[31]
Fϕκx,κy=2πk02Δz0Fnκx,κy,0
在本文模拟中,湍流的外尺度和内尺度分别选择为1 m和1 mm,Δz0为1 m。基于式(4)空间相位谱密度得到相应傅里叶谐波并进行叠加,可以进一步得到由湍流引起的激光光场相位的空间起伏变化。在二维计算网格节点n, m处,湍流引起的相位起伏量Φnm可以表示为[31]
ϕnm=1NM∑p=-N2N2-1∑q=-M2M2-1apq(εpq+iηpq)expi2πN(pn+qm)
式中,N和M为计算网格节点的总数。εpq、ηpq为平均分布在-3,3区间内的独立随机数。apq取决于相位起伏谱密度,表示为
apq2=Fϕ(pΔkx,qΔky)ΔkxΔky
Δkx,Δky取决于湍流相位屏的横向尺度Lx和Ly:
Δkx=2πLx,Δky=2πLy
进一步基于相位谱的低频信息来修正湍流相位屏模型[32-33],由相位谱低频成分所得到的相位屏部分表示为
ϕnmLF=∑k=1Nk3-k1NM∑p=-32∑q=-32apq(εpq+iηpq)×expi2πN3-k(p+0.5)n+(q+0.5)m
式中,apq2=Fϕ3-k(p+0.5)Δkx,3-k(q+0.5)ΔkyΔkxΔky,k=1,…,Nk。其中Nk=4。由式(5)和(8)两部分叠加即可得到完整的随机湍流相位屏,代表光束传输Δz0距离内在横截面上相位累积变化的二维分布。N和M值均为1 000。湍流相位屏的空间尺寸为1.25 cm×1.25 cm,最小单元格尺寸为12.5 µm。
图1为4个典型的随机湍流相位屏,折射率结构常数Cn2=10-13 cm-2/3,每个湍流相位屏所对应的传输距离Δz0=1 m。随机湍流相位屏准确性已通过相位结构函数的理论值进行了验证,相位结构函数的理论表达式为[34]
D(r)=φ(r')-φ(r'+r)2=6.88(r/r0)5/3
式中,r表示为湍流相位屏中任意两点之间的距离,r0为横向相干长度,也称之为Fried参数[35]。<>为湍流相位屏上的统计平均算符。基于表达式D(r)=φ(r')-φ(r'+r)2数值计算这些相位屏的相位结构函数D(r)。φ(r')-φ(r'+r)2即为不同距离r上相位差的均方值。将数值结果与理论公式D(r)=6.88(r/r0)5/3进行对比,两种方法得到的D(r)随r变化曲线可以较好的相拟合。这一验证方法,确保了所生成的相位屏能够真实反映空气湍流对激光相位的扰动特性。最终基于湍流相位屏进一步得出湍流引起的空气折射率起伏变化在空间上的分布,表示为
n˜(x,y,z)=ϕ(x,y)k0Δz0
高斯形激光光束初始束腰半径选取为1 mm,无湍流条件下,调节初始入射激光功率,在传输10 m位置处观测激光光斑图像,得到产生成丝的初始激光阈值功率Pcr为10.46 GW。这里将激光中心光强达到成丝钳制光强的1/5时定义为成丝开始产生,即为1013 W/cm2。当入射激光功率大于成丝阈值功率Pcr时,光克尔自聚焦效应将克服衍射效应,中心光强逐渐增强并电离空气产生等离子体,在观测屏上可得到中心光强大于1013 W/cm2的光丝光斑。在无湍流条件下,全光束自聚焦效应是产生飞秒激光成丝的主要机制。
如图2(a)所示,在激光传输路径上引入空气湍流,高斯形激光光束在空气湍流中传输10 m后获取横截面激光光斑强度分布图像。湍流折射率结构常数Cn2选取为10-12 cm-2/3,对应于近地面能够观测到的相对较强的湍流条件。改变初始激光功率,在每个初始激光功率条件下,选取20组不同的随机湍流相位屏进行传输模拟,在观测屏上记录得到20幅光斑图像。当入射激光功率为0.73 Pcr时,在观测屏上记录下20次模拟结果,图3为其中10幅代表性光斑图像。20次模拟结果中2次观测到成丝现象,从而得到成丝几率约为10%。图3(i)峰值光强约为3×1013 W/cm2,光斑尺寸约为几十微米,即为产生了光丝。其余光斑图像峰值光强均小于1013 W/cm2,且光斑尺寸在毫米量级,未形成光丝。另外在湍流作用下,所有光斑中心均偏离中心光轴,光束在横截面上产生漂移现象。当入射激光功率增大到0.83 Pcr时,对应成丝几率约为50%。图4为观测屏上得到的10幅代表性光斑图像,其中5幅峰值光强大于1013 W/cm2,产生了光丝。当入射激光功率进一步提高到0.92 Pcr时,得到成丝几率约为85%。图5为观测屏上得到的10幅代表性光斑图像,除图5(f)外均观测到了光丝的产生。
图6(a)、(b)和(c)分别对应图3、图4和图5中激光峰值光强随传输距离的变化。由此可得,当入射激光功率小于成丝阈值功率Pcr时,在空气湍流的作用下同样可以产生成丝现象,成丝几率随着初始激光功率的增大而提高。因此,湍流可以作为触发飞秒激光成丝现象产生的开关。湍流引起的空气折射率扰动会导致激光波前相位的调制不稳定。当光斑尺寸和湍流内尺度相比拟时,相位的调制不稳定进一步导致激光光束透镜聚焦的作用。此时,单个或少数湍涡能覆盖整个光束截面或其主要部分。湍涡引起的折射率起伏使得光束产生一个整体且显著的相位曲率,数学上等效于一个透镜的相位变换因子。因此,相位调制不稳定性是诱导产生飞秒激光成丝的另一机制。当初始激光功率小于成丝阈值功率时,在全光束自聚焦和湍流引起的相位调制不稳定性的共同作用下,同样有几率产生成丝。同时,随着湍流强度的增大,相位调制不稳定性随之加剧,成丝几率将得到提高。
进一步定量研究了不同湍流强度条件下,成丝几率随初始激光功率的变化关系,结果如图7(a)所示。这里所统计的成丝几率严格指的是在固定位置z=10 m处观测到成丝的概率。当湍流折射率结构常数Cn2分别为10-13 cm-2/3,10-12 cm-2/3和10-11 cm-2/3时,有几率产生成丝现象的最小初始激光功率分别为0.96 Pcr,0.68 Pcr以及0.14 Pcr。因此,随着空气湍流强度的增大,有几率产生成丝现象的初始激光阈值功率随之降低。同时在能够产生成丝的前提下,随着湍流强度的增强,成丝的几率也随之增大。另外有趣地是,对于相对较强的空气湍流Cn2=10-11 cm-2/3,成丝几率达到100%的最低初始激光功率约为0.92 Pcr。而对于相对较弱的空气湍流Cn2=10-13 cm-2/3,成丝几率为100%所需要的最低初始激光功率约为1.01 Pcr,略高于没有湍流条件下的成丝阈值功率。此时,当初始激光功率为Pcr时,成丝几率约为95%。因此,在相对较弱的空气湍流条件下,当初始激光功率小于Pcr时,湍流有几率促进成丝的产生,充当成丝现象的开关;当初始激光功率在成丝阈值功率Pcr附近时,湍流同样有几率会抑制成丝的产生。这是由于空气湍流相对较弱时,将会带来波前相位的噪声干扰,从而抑制全光束自聚焦作用。
飞秒激光在大气湍流中传输时,光束的不同部分经过不同的湍涡,从而影响光束的横向相干长度r0,光束将分割为几个不同的相干部分。横向相干长度r0为光束横截面上相位起伏小于1 rad所对应的临界尺寸,定义为[35]
r0=0.423k02Cn2Δz-3/5
式中,Δz为激光经过空气湍流区域的长度,k0为波数。
飞秒激光成丝在空气湍流中传输时,对于不同的初始激光和湍流参数条件,会得出湍流提高或降低成丝几率,以及减短或增长成丝起点距离两种截然相反的结果。对此PEÑANO J等提出了湍流与激光光束相互作用的三种不同机制,取决于Q(z)参数[36]
Q2z=6Pr02(z)Pcrw02
式中,r0为横向相干长度,w0为光束半径。当Q≫1时,为第一种作用机制情形。此时,湍流强度相对较弱,湍流作用类似于噪声干扰,抑制全光束自聚焦效应,从而降低成丝几率或延长成丝起点距离。当Q≥1时,为第二种作用机制情形。此时,湍流相对较强,导致激光光束横截面相位的调制不稳定性,从而促进成丝的产生。当Q<1时,为第三种作用机制情形。湍流足够强以致于光束横截面上包含成丝阈值功率Pcr的区域内不再相干,从而抑制相位调制不稳定性以及全光束自聚焦效应,最终抑制成丝的产生。因此,湍流既可能促进也可能抑制成丝,取决于其强度与激光参数的匹配关系,本文引入Q值和横向相干长度r0来解释这一双重机制。
如图7(a)所示结果中,当Cn2=10-13 cm-2/3,横向相干长度r0为2.24 cm,初始激光功率P=Pcr时,可得到Q=54.8,湍流和激光光束相互作用机制介于第一种和第二种之间。因此初始激光功率处于Pcr附近时,湍流有几率引起光束传输的噪声干扰,从而抑制成丝的产生。当减小初始激光功率P时,Q值随之减小,湍流和光束相互作用向第二种情形过渡,从而促进成丝的产生。当Cn2=10-12 cm-2/3,横向相干长度r0为0.56 cm。初始激光功率P为Pcr时,得到Q=13.8。初始激光功率P减小时,Q值将随之减小。因此,当0.68 Pcr<P<Pcr时,湍流和光束为第二种相互作用机制,湍流将提高成丝几率。当Cn2增强到10-11 cm-2/3,同样对应第二种相互作用机制。
如图2(b)所示,引入透镜聚焦激光光束,研究湍流环境下透镜聚焦对激光成丝几率的影响。选取焦距为5 m和2 m的两种透镜,Cn2设定为10-12 cm-2/3。改变初始激光功率,观测传输距离z=10 m位置处的成丝几率,结果如图7(b)所示。在5 m焦距透镜聚焦条件下,成丝几率为100%时所需要的最低初始激光功率约为0.92 Pcr,小于无透镜聚焦条件下的最低功率1.01 Pcr。同时当初始激光功率小于0.92 Pcr时,成丝几率均大于无透镜聚焦条件下的成丝几率。因此,在湍流环境下,当初始激光功率小于成丝阈值功率时,选取长焦距的透镜作为聚焦条件可以有效提高成丝几率。当透镜焦距为2 m时,在z=10 m位置处成丝几率为100%所需要的最小初始激光功率约为0.87 Pcr,小于5 m焦距透镜聚焦和无透镜聚焦条件下的最小功率。而有几率成丝的最低初始激光功率为0.78 Pcr,大于另两种条件下相应功率。当初始激光功率在0.86 Pcr到0.87 Pcr区间时,成丝几率大于无透镜聚焦条件下的成丝几率。然而初始激光功率小于0.86 Pcr时,成丝几率均小于无透镜聚焦条件下的成丝几率。
图8(a)和(b)分别为5 m和2 m焦距透镜聚焦条件下,Cn2为10-12 cm-2/3,初始激光功率为0.83 Pcr时,峰值光强随传输距离变化的10次代表性结果。当透镜焦距为5 m时,在10 m传输距离处成丝几率约为70%,大于无透镜聚焦时相同条件下的成丝几率50%。而当透镜焦距为2 m时,在10 m传输距离处成丝几率约为30%。如图8(b)所示,在z=2 m的透镜焦点位置处,峰值光强均大于1013 W/cm2,成丝几率为100%。然而在焦点以后,其中7次模拟结果中激光光束衍射作用大于自聚焦作用,光束逐渐发散,同时峰值光强随之降低。
透镜在湍流环境中影响成丝纵向漂移的机制可归纳为以下三方面。首先,提前自聚焦效应。透镜引入的会聚波前增强了光束的有效聚焦强度,使自聚焦过程提前触发,导致成丝起点向光源方向前移,平均漂移量减小。其次,调制横向相干结构。透镜聚焦改变光束横向尺寸与波前曲率,进而影响横向相干长度r0。长焦距透镜下,如5 m,湍流调制不稳定性与透镜聚焦协同促进成丝;短焦距透镜,如2 m,导致光束失去横向相干性,成丝在焦点后易消亡。最后,降低湍流触发阈值。透镜聚焦补偿了部分功率不足,使得在低于阈值功率时,湍流仍可触发成丝,表现为“湍流开关”效应增强,成丝起点受湍流随机调制但整体前移。因此,在湍流环境中,透镜的焦距选择需在成丝触发效率与传输稳定性之间取得平衡。
进一步研究了湍流对成丝起点距离的影响,初始激光功率设定为1.4 Pcr,在没有外加湍流条件下,成丝起点距离为354 cm。成丝起点距离定义为激光光束沿传输方向z轴上,其峰值光强首次达到或超过成丝阈值光强1013 W/cm2时所对应的传输距离。该距离用于表征光丝在纵向上的起始位置,是分析湍流引起光丝纵向漂移的核心参数。同样选取湍流强度Cn2为10-12 cm-2/3,基于20组随机湍流相位屏,对湍流条件下的成丝传输进行20次模拟。图8(c)为峰值光强随传输距离变化的10次代表性结果。其中16次模拟结果中的成丝起点距离小于354 cm,由此得出在354 cm位置处产生成丝的几率约为80%。进一步得出成丝几率随传输距离的变化关系,结果如图9中绿线所示。在z=273 cm时,开始有几率出现成丝。当z=364 cm时成丝几率达到100%。湍流引起成丝起点位置在纵向上产生漂移现象,成丝起点距离分布在273 cm到364 cm区间内。成丝起点距离平均为312.9 cm,偏离354 cm位置处的平均漂移量即为41.1 cm。
图9(a)为初始激光功率为1.4 Pcr时,不同湍流强度条件下成丝几率随传输距离的变化关系。如图所示,有几率产生成丝的最小起点距离随湍流强度的增大而减小。在不同传输距离位置处,成丝几率随湍流强度的增大而提高。当Cn2为10-14 cm-2/3时,成丝起点距离在349 cm到358 cm区间漂移,成丝起点距离平均为353.3 cm,偏离无湍流时成丝起点位置的平均漂移量为0.7 cm。当Cn2为10-11 cm-2/3时,成丝起点距离在107 cm到290 cm区间内漂移,成丝起点平均距离为204.9 cm,偏离无湍流时成丝起点位置的平均漂移量为149.1 cm。
当Cn2>2.25×10-12 cm-2/3时,Q值对应于第二种相互作用机制,湍流相对较强,在相位调制部稳定和全光束自聚焦效应的共同作用下,成丝起点距离均小于无湍流时的情形。当Cn2<2.25×10-12 cm-2/3时,Q值进一步增大,湍流相对较弱,开始向第一种相互作用机制过渡,此时成丝起点距离有几率大于无湍流时的情形。在本文所选的初始激光和湍流参数条件下,横向相干长度r0均大于光束尺寸,横截面光斑范围内均为相干区域,因此没有出现第三种湍流和光束的相互作用机制。
图9(b)为成丝起点位置的平均漂移量Δr随Cn2的变化关系。当Cn2≤4×10-13 cm-2/3时,湍流相对较弱,此时湍流与成丝为第一种相互作用机制。Δr随Cn2增强而逐渐增大,斜率也随之增大。当Cn2>4×10-12 cm-2/3时,湍流相对较强,此时湍流与成丝为第二种相互作用机制。Δr随Cn2增强而增大,斜率随之减小。当4×10-13 cm-2/3≤Cn2≤4×10-12 cm-2/3时,此时湍流与成丝为第一种相互作用机制向第二种过渡。成丝起点位置的平均漂移量Δr随Cn2的变化关系可以较好地进行线性拟合
Δr=6.06Cn2 cm4/3-19.2 cm
式中线性拟合的斜率反映了湍流强度对成丝纵向漂移的影响程度。这一参数对于实际应用中预测和补偿湍流引起的成丝位置漂移具有参考价值。
EELTINK D课题组实验表明,在低于自聚焦阈值功率条件下,湍流可触发成丝现象[13],这与本文湍流作为成丝开关的结论一致。HOUARD A课题组则报告在几倍阈值功率下,湍流会延长成丝起点并降低成丝几率[12]。这种差异源于初始功率范围的不同,说明湍流对成丝的影响具有功率依赖性,这与本文Q值机制的讨论相符。KANDIDOV V P课题组[16]和SHLENOV S A[17]课题组实验均观察到湍流导致的成丝起点前移,尤其是在较强湍流条件下,这与本文图9(a)中强湍流下成丝起点距离缩短的趋势相一致。HU Y的实验则发现,在弱湍流或中长距离传输中,成丝起点可能延后[18],这与本文中弱湍流下成丝起点距离可能延长的结论相吻合。
值得注意的是,基于飞秒激光成丝产生的空气激光在实际大气应用中亦可能受到湍流的显著影响。湍流引起的成丝起点漂移与空间扰动,可能进一步调制空气激光的激发位置、增益分布及输出稳定性,进而影响其在遥感探测等应用中的性能[39-40]。因此,深入理解湍流‒成丝‒空气激光三者之间的耦合机制,对于推动空气激光从实验室走向实际大气应用具有重要意义。
基于数值模拟的方法研究了空气湍流对飞秒激光成丝几率和成丝起点距离的影响规律。当初始激光功率小于成丝阈值功率Pcr时,空气湍流可促进成丝现象的产生,充当成丝产生的触发开关。同时随着湍流强度的增大,成丝几率随之提高。引入长焦距透镜作为聚焦条件,可以有效提高成丝几率。另外在较低初始激光功率条件下,研究了湍流环境下成丝起点位置在传输方向上的漂移规律。不同湍流强度条件下,成丝起点距离的平均值相较于无湍流条件下均有所减小。在相对较弱的湍流强度条件下,成丝起点距离有几率得到延长;湍流相对较强时,成丝起点距离均小于无湍流时的情形。基于Q值参数,分析了不同初始激光参数和湍流强度条件下,湍流对全光束自聚焦效应和相位调制不稳定性的影响规律,阐述了湍流影响成丝几率和成丝起点距离的作用机制。另外,本文仅考虑了湍流的强度条件对成丝的影响,而湍流的外尺度、内尺度等参数对飞秒激光成丝纵向漂移的影响规律还需要进一步的研究。本文研究结果可为湍流环境下飞秒激光成丝的控制提供参考,促进成丝在大气领域的实际应用。

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doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265502.0214001
  • 接收时间:2025-11-11
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    1西南大学 物理科学与技术学院 微纳结构光电子学重庆市重点实验室,重庆 400715
    2中国电子科技集团公司第二十四研究所 重庆 400060

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