Article(id=1315743726471852842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743622176288781, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3788/gzxb20265502.0211002, pmid=null, cstr=32255.14.gzxb20265502.0211002, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1757865600000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1764172800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-27, onlineDate=1791627349726, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791627349726, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791627349726, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791627349726, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315743622176288781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, year='2026', volume='55', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791627324861, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791627390701, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315743898396381488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743622176288781, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315743898396381489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743622176288781, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=238, endPage=251, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315743726689956651, articleId=1315743726471852842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=EN, title=A Low-power Algorithm for Electrowetting Displays Based on Ambient Light Dynamic Compensation, columnId=1315741649251185161, journalTitle=Acta Photonica Sinica, columnName=Imaging Systems, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Electrowetting Display (EWD), as a novel reflective display technology, offers high reflectivity, wide viewing angles, fast response, and full-color display, making them highly promising for applications in portable terminals, wearable devices, and outdoor information displays. However, as display panels evolve toward larger sizes and higher resolutions, the scale of driving circuits and refresh rates increases significantly, leading to growing power consumption issues that directly affect device battery life and application scope. Existing low-power studies rarely fully integrate the reflective imaging characteristics and optoelectronic properties of EWD, and power optimization under complex ambient lighting conditions still has considerable room for improvement.

To address these challenges, this paper proposes a low-power algorithm based on ambient light compensation, designed to reduce power consumption and improve display quality by leveraging the reflective characteristics of EWD. In addition, an adaptive voltage adjustment technique is introduced, which dynamically adjusts the driving voltage according to ambient light intensity, further reducing driving power consumption. The proposed low-power algorithm consists of four main components: 1) voltage–reflective luminance curve calibration, ensuring that the luminance differences between adjacent gray levels under various ambient light conditions are closer to those under standard ambient light; 2) extraction of the original grayscale information of the image, followed by grayscale correction using a mapping table generated during the calibration process; 3) detail enhancement to improve edge and texture representation in the image after calibration, compensating for potential detail loss; and 4) calculation of the driving voltage corresponding to the highest pixel value after processing, based on the Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) driving method, and setting it as the maximum driving voltage for the given ambient light condition to achieve adaptive voltage adjustment.

The proposed ambient light dynamic compensation calibration method was applied to an EWD system. Test points were set at the positive and negative power supply terminals of the source driver, and an EKA1080M power consumption tester was used to measure the power consumption before and after algorithm processing. The test video sequence consisted of black screen-original image-black screen-processed image-black screen, enabling comparison of power consumption differences before and after processing. Results show that, in the source driver voltage section, the processed images consumed significantly less power than the original images. Further measurements of current and voltage at the test points under different ambient light conditions, combined with the power calculation formula, revealed that the overall power consumption under standard ambient light was 18.93 mW/in², and decreased to 14.21 mW/in², 12.06 mW/in², and 11.72 mW/in² under ambient light intensities of 483 cd/m², 970 cd/m², and 1 730 cd/m², respectively—representing reductions of 24.9%, 36.3%, and 38.1% compared to the unoptimized case.

In terms of image quality, the objective evaluation metric Average Gradient (AG) increased by 4.9%, 3.9%, and 2.3% under the three ambient light conditions, respectively, indicating that the processed images exhibited higher clarity, more prominent edges, and richer details. Moreover, the brightness of the processed images was closer to that of the standard ambient light display, providing a more comfortable and stable viewing experience under varying lighting conditions. In summary, the proposed method significantly reduces the power consumption of EWD while effectively maintaining and even enhancing display quality.

, authors=Liyu RAO1, 3, Shanling LIN1, 3, Jianpu LIN1, 3, Shanhong LÜ1, 3, Zhixian LIN1, 2, 3, Tailiang GUO2, 3, authorsList=Liyu RAO, Shanling LIN, Jianpu LIN, Shanhong LÜ, Zhixian LIN, Tailiang GUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhixian LIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315743731974779721, articleId=1315743726471852842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=CN, title=基于环境光动态补偿的电润湿电子纸低功耗算法, columnId=1315741649624478219, journalTitle=光子学报, columnName=成像系统, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对薄膜晶体管型电润湿电子纸驱动功耗较高的问题,提出一种基于环境光动态补偿的电润湿电子纸低功耗方法。该方法根据电润湿电子纸显示亮度、对比度随环境光增强而增强的特点,通过校正电压-反射亮度曲线保证其他环境光下的相邻灰度亮度差值与标准环境光相邻灰度亮度差值保持基本一致,使得电润湿电子纸在不同环境光下提供舒适稳定显示效果的同时降低功耗。接着采用对比度受限自适应直方图均衡化对校正后的图像细节区域进行增强,进一步优化显示效果与功耗。根据脉冲幅度调制驱动方式灰度与电压的关系,计算出算法处理后最大像素值对应的驱动电压,将其作为该环境光下的最大驱动电压,实验结果表明:经过算法处理后电润湿电子纸显示功耗可降低至11.72 mW·in-2,功耗减少38.06%。

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饶李玉,

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林志贤,
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2College of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
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Optoelectronics Laser, 2019, 30(3): 310-316., articleTitle=Research on low-power display driving algorithm based on histogram correction and matching, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1315743748236096476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=30, issue=3, pageStart=310, pageEnd=316, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=45, rfOrder=49, authorNames=黄成强, 张真, 潘金和, journalName=光电子激光, refType=null, unstructuredReference=黄成强, 张真, 潘金和. 直方图修正和匹配的低功耗显示驱动算法研究[J].光电子激光,2019,30(3):310-316., articleTitle=直方图修正和匹配的低功耗显示驱动算法研究, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1315743732247409482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315743732255798091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, companyId=1315743732247409482, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Quanzhou 362200, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315743732268381004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, companyId=1315743732247409482, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1福州大学 先进制造学院, 泉州 362200)]), AuthorCompany(id=1315743733862216525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315743733870605134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, companyId=1315743733862216525, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2College of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315743733878993743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, companyId=1315743733862216525, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2福州大学 物理与信息工程学院,福州 350116)]), AuthorCompany(id=1315743733950296912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315743733954491217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, companyId=1315743733950296912, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou 350116, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315743733962879826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, companyId=1315743733950296912, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3中国福建光电信息科学与技术创新实验室,福州 350116)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1315743736475267974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Structure of a pixel unit in an electrowetting display, figureFileSmall=pbHxp2lCYVqtmQvYNwiFiw==, figureFileBig=pVpeanvYJQJ5NM8WbWj/Nw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743736538182535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, language=CN, label=图1, caption=电润湿显示器像素单元结构, figureFileSmall=pbHxp2lCYVqtmQvYNwiFiw==, figureFileBig=pVpeanvYJQJ5NM8WbWj/Nw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743738337538952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Analysis of power consumption in electrowetting display devices. (a) Relationship between voltage and brightness level; (b) Relationship between driving voltage and driving current, figureFileSmall=g6Ik+YIufVOOUef0Hjfk/g==, figureFileBig=Iu3BSL0IPcyD27GXG1Q6lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743738413036425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, language=CN, label=图2, caption=电润湿显示器件功耗分析。(a) 电压与亮度等级的关系; (b) 驱动电压与驱动电流的关系, figureFileSmall=g6Ik+YIufVOOUef0Hjfk/g==, figureFileBig=Iu3BSL0IPcyD27GXG1Q6lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743738480145290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Image display performance under different ambient light conditions. (a) 1 000 cd·m-2; (b) 1 730 cd·m-2, figureFileSmall=xoQm+rFXFAx+6uKIBKcBjA==, figureFileBig=ZRzIPTg7B6SZtE4bCj7Y/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743738564031371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同环境光下图像显示效果。(a) 1 000 cd·m-2; (b) 1 730 cd·m-2, figureFileSmall=xoQm+rFXFAx+6uKIBKcBjA==, figureFileBig=ZRzIPTg7B6SZtE4bCj7Y/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743738647917452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Overall block diagram of the low-power algorithm for electrowetting displays, figureFileSmall=V/1uq2QWR2lqF5yFMi0RLQ==, figureFileBig=7tG8KSyoG5VBaY/niD4EIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743738727609229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, language=CN, label=图4, caption=电润湿显示器低功耗算法整体框图, figureFileSmall=V/1uq2QWR2lqF5yFMi0RLQ==, figureFileBig=7tG8KSyoG5VBaY/niD4EIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743738807301006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Voltage-reflectance curves of electrowetting e-paper under different ambient light conditions. (a) 300~500 cd·m-2; (b) 500~1 000 cd·m-2; (c) 1 000~1 800 cd·m-2, figureFileSmall=AulbmUS/kbWtueUinSHMsQ==, figureFileBig=483QVQgDvzelzTPrZ6NTVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743738878604175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同环境光下电润湿电子纸电压-反射亮度曲线。(a) 300~500 cd·m-2; (b) 500~1 000 cd·m-2; (c) 1 000~1 800 cd·m-2, figureFileSmall=AulbmUS/kbWtueUinSHMsQ==, figureFileBig=483QVQgDvzelzTPrZ6NTVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743738941518736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Overall framework of detail enhancement algorithm, figureFileSmall=GtdEjIcBrK2o+Ya2RDscZA==, figureFileBig=eVEGDZIlyE/6Im0f/6ZQFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743739021210513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, language=CN, label=图6, caption=细节增强算法整体框图, figureFileSmall=GtdEjIcBrK2o+Ya2RDscZA==, figureFileBig=eVEGDZIlyE/6Im0f/6ZQFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743739121873810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Original, corrected, and enhanced images in different intervals. (a) 483 cd·m-2 original; (b) 483 cd·m-2 corrected; (c) 483 cd·m-2 enhanced; (d) 970 cd·m-2 original; (e) 970 cd·m-2 corrected; (f) 970 cd·m-2 enhanced; (g) 1 730 cd·m-2 original; (h) 1 730 cd·m-2 corrected; (i) 1 730 cd·m-2 enhanced, figureFileSmall=f1arLn+6Hzw996O99e8XoA==, figureFileBig=odE3GEnewp5G2ucx3MJR3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743739201565587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同区间原图、校正后以及增强后图像。(a) 483 cd·m-2原始; (b) 483 cd·m-2校正后; (c) 483 cd·m-2增强后; (d) 970 cd·m-2原始; (e) 970 cd·m-2校正后; (f) 970 cd·m-2增强后; (g) 1 730 cd·m-2原始; (h) 1 730 cd·m-2校正后; (i) 1 730 cd·m-2增强后, figureFileSmall=f1arLn+6Hzw996O99e8XoA==, figureFileBig=odE3GEnewp5G2ucx3MJR3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743739302228884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Original image, images processed by traditional and proposed low-power algorithms, and their histograms. (a) Origin image; (b) Algorithm in Ref. [21]; (c) Algorithm in Ref. [45]; (d) Proposed algorithm; (e) Histogram of the original image; (f) Histogram of the image processed by the algorithm in Ref. [21]; (g) Histogram of the image processed by the algorithm in Ref. [45]; (h) Histogram of the image processed by the proposed algorithm, figureFileSmall=mqby4lFjVmaGbYvP1BxjvQ==, figureFileBig=YKVkdfipvtGzj8IHOLwnPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743739381920661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, language=CN, label=图8, caption=原图、传统低功耗算法和本文低功耗算法处理后图像及其直方图。(a) 原始图像; (b) 文献[21]算法; (c) 文献[45]算法; (d) 本文算法; (e) 原始图像直方图; (f) 文献[21]算法处理后图像直方图; (g) 文献[45]算法处理后图像直方图; (h) 本文算法处理后图像直方图, figureFileSmall=mqby4lFjVmaGbYvP1BxjvQ==, figureFileBig=YKVkdfipvtGzj8IHOLwnPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743739482583958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Power consumption reduction at VSH test points. (a) 483 cd·m-2; (b) 970 cd·m-2; (c) 1 730 cd·m-2, figureFileSmall=KJCQ64aY/2pfrwLrlSxr1Q==, figureFileBig=QrqbnkW+l3Gko80cAiSGdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743739553887127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, language=CN, label=图9, caption=VSH测试点功耗下降情况。(a) 483 cd·m-2; (b) 970 cd·m-2; (c) 1 730 cd·m-2, figureFileSmall=KJCQ64aY/2pfrwLrlSxr1Q==, figureFileBig=QrqbnkW+l3Gko80cAiSGdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743739625190296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Power consumption reduction at VSH test points. (a) 483 cd·m-2; (b) 970 cd·m-2; (c) 1 730 cd·m-2, figureFileSmall=4/iKk+cYFPHWLAZW7xQDBg==, figureFileBig=g38OXoKyoD4i6IQYurjMBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743739688104857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, language=CN, label=图10, caption=VSH测试点功耗下降情况。(a) 483 cd·m-2; (b) 970 cd·m-2; (c) 1 730 cd·m-2, figureFileSmall=4/iKk+cYFPHWLAZW7xQDBg==, figureFileBig=g38OXoKyoD4i6IQYurjMBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743739755213722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Power consumption of electrowetting e-paper under different ambient light conditions, figureFileSmall=mzilPESYPfZIfJwrc1z6SQ==, figureFileBig=lQiJxEAcV8xPH/g+5JRvwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743739830711195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, language=CN, label=图11, caption=不同环境光下电润湿电子纸功耗情况, figureFileSmall=mzilPESYPfZIfJwrc1z6SQ==, figureFileBig=lQiJxEAcV8xPH/g+5JRvwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743739893625756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Comparison of display effects under different ambient light conditions. (a) Standard light 300 cd·m-2; (b) 483 cd·m-2-original; (c) 483 cd·m-2-after enhancement; (d) Standard light 500 cd·m-2; (e) 970 cd·m-2-original; (f) 970 cd·m-2-after enhancement; (g) Standard light 1 000 cd·m-2; (h) 1 730 cd·m-2-original; (i) 1 730 cd·m-2-after enhancement, figureFileSmall=DSCNKBkb18U14JRaGJ5Fmg==, figureFileBig=Ux+BRO/6GimtKaai0p/8vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743739969123229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, language=CN, label=图12, caption=不同环境光下显示效果对比。(a) 标准环境光300 cd·m-2; (b) 环境光483 cd·m-2-原始; (c) 环境光483 cd·m-2-增强后; (d) 标准环境光500 cd·m-2; (e) 环境光970 cd·m-2-原始; (f) 环境光970 cd·m-2-增强后; (g) 标准环境光1 000 cd·m-2; (h) 环境光1 730 cd·m-2-原始; (i) 环境光1 730 cd·m-2-增强后, figureFileSmall=DSCNKBkb18U14JRaGJ5Fmg==, figureFileBig=Ux+BRO/6GimtKaai0p/8vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743740065592222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Image brightness distribution curves under different ambient light conditions. (a) 300~500 cd·m-2; (b) 500~1 000 cd·m-2; (c) 1 000~1 800 cd·m-2, figureFileSmall=SvN/UBA2R/f7W0v7t0mbtw==, figureFileBig=3Q+ATETnnj9q3GCw4U/b2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743740141089695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, language=CN, label=图13, caption=不同环境光下图像亮度分布曲线。(a) 300~500 cd·m-2; (b) 500~1 000 cd·m-2; (c) 1 000~1 800 cd·m-2, figureFileSmall=SvN/UBA2R/f7W0v7t0mbtw==, figureFileBig=3Q+ATETnnj9q3GCw4U/b2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743740216587168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Objective evaluation metrics for images

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Metric483 cd/m2970 cd/m21 730 cd/m2
OriginCorrectedEnhancedOriginCorrectedEnhancedOriginCorrectedEnhanced
AG49.9538.6551.1249.9534.8950.1149.9535.0350.55
ES14.8712.1515.7714.8711.2715.5014.8711.2515.73
SSIM1.000.960.941.000.950.921.000.950.92
PSNR17.8216.7416.8615.8417.0515.96
CC0.930.911.000.930.911.000.930.901.00
RMSCC0.260.240.330.260.230.330.260.230.33
ML178.23147.45141.52178.23144.32137.65178.23145.11138.23
), ArticleFig(id=1315743740283696033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

图像客观评价指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Metric483 cd/m2970 cd/m21 730 cd/m2
OriginCorrectedEnhancedOriginCorrectedEnhancedOriginCorrectedEnhanced
AG49.9538.6551.1249.9534.8950.1149.9535.0350.55
ES14.8712.1515.7714.8711.2715.5014.8711.2515.73
SSIM1.000.960.941.000.950.921.000.950.92
PSNR17.8216.7416.8615.8417.0515.96
CC0.930.911.000.930.911.000.930.901.00
RMSCC0.260.240.330.260.230.330.260.230.33
ML178.23147.45141.52178.23144.32137.65178.23145.11138.23
), ArticleFig(id=1315743740350804898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Objective evaluation metrics of images processed by traditional and proposed low-power algorithms

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AlgorithmSSIMPSNR
Ref. [21]0.5811.71
Ref. [45]0.6412.68
Ours0.9215.96
), ArticleFig(id=1315743740422108067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

传统、本文低功耗算法处理后图像客观评价指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AlgorithmSSIMPSNR
Ref. [21]0.5811.71
Ref. [45]0.6412.68
Ours0.9215.96
), ArticleFig(id=1315743740510188452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Luminance ranges before and after correction and maximum driving voltage under different ambient light conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Ambient light/(cd·m-2)Reflection brightness range before calibration/(cd·m-2)Reflection brightness range after calibration/(cd·m-2)Maximum voltage/V
30089.45~162.2689.45~162.2614
483132.99~233.7132.99~225.9212.1
500150.33~271.03150.33~271.0314
666195.48~329.84195.48~323.3313.4
970280.70~474.27280.70~445.9611.2
1 000289.13~495.29289.13~495.2914
1 171338.11~569.74338.11~558.5113.4
1 339398.06~677.87398.06~649.6412.3
1 531456.47~772.55456.47~738.5611.6
1 730520.75~877.73520.75~832.2811.0
), ArticleFig(id=1315743740589880229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同环境光下校正前后的亮度范围以及最大驱动电压

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Ambient light/(cd·m-2)Reflection brightness range before calibration/(cd·m-2)Reflection brightness range after calibration/(cd·m-2)Maximum voltage/V
30089.45~162.2689.45~162.2614
483132.99~233.7132.99~225.9212.1
500150.33~271.03150.33~271.0314
666195.48~329.84195.48~323.3313.4
970280.70~474.27280.70~445.9611.2
1 000289.13~495.29289.13~495.2914
1 171338.11~569.74338.11~558.5113.4
1 339398.06~677.87398.06~649.6412.3
1 531456.47~772.55456.47~738.5611.6
1 730520.75~877.73520.75~832.2811.0
), ArticleFig(id=1315743740656989094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Current and voltage at test points under different ambient light conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.Test pointStandard ambient light483 cd·m-² ambient light970 cd·m-² ambient light1 730 cd·m-² ambient light
Voltage/VCurrent/mAVoltage/VCurren/mAVoltage/VCurren/mAVoltage/VCurren/mA
1L-GAM-8.614.34-6.512.31-5.411.24-5.211.07
2H-GAM7.914.657.612.487.511.537.511.34
3VSL-8.64.41-6.54.19-5.44.08-5.24.06
4VSH7.93.947.63.787.53.707.53.68
5VRL-7.014.34-5.112.31-4.211.24-4.011.07
6VRH6.014.346.012.316.011.246.011.07
), ArticleFig(id=1315743740770235303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同环境光下测试点电流电压

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No.Test pointStandard ambient light483 cd·m-² ambient light970 cd·m-² ambient light1 730 cd·m-² ambient light
Voltage/VCurrent/mAVoltage/VCurren/mAVoltage/VCurren/mAVoltage/VCurren/mA
1L-GAM-8.614.34-6.512.31-5.411.24-5.211.07
2H-GAM7.914.657.612.487.511.537.511.34
3VSL-8.64.41-6.54.19-5.44.08-5.24.06
4VSH7.93.947.63.787.53.707.53.68
5VRL-7.014.34-5.112.31-4.211.24-4.011.07
6VRH6.014.346.012.316.011.246.011.07
), ArticleFig(id=1315743740845732776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Objective evaluation of image quality

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Index300 cd/m2483 cd/m2500 cd/m2970 cd/m21 000 cd/m21 730 cd/m2
OriginOriginEnhancedOriginOriginEnhancedOriginOriginEnhanced
AG15.9616.8017.6217.3415.3815.9816.0113.1213.48
ES0.630.650.650.650.680.680.680.680.68
SSIM10.880.8610.900.9010.950.95
PSNR17.7019.5614.6515.8417.7919.23
CC1.01.01.01.01.01.01.01.01.0
RMSCC0.170.150.160.150.120.130.120.100.11
ML101.49134.40127.84137.54184.45178.41185.26217.68212.67
), ArticleFig(id=1315743740912841641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743726471852842, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

图像客观质量评价

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Index300 cd/m2483 cd/m2500 cd/m2970 cd/m21 000 cd/m21 730 cd/m2
OriginOriginEnhancedOriginOriginEnhancedOriginOriginEnhanced
AG15.9616.8017.6217.3415.3815.9816.0113.1213.48
ES0.630.650.650.650.680.680.680.680.68
SSIM10.880.8610.900.9010.950.95
PSNR17.7019.5614.6515.8417.7919.23
CC1.01.01.01.01.01.01.01.01.0
RMSCC0.170.150.160.150.120.130.120.100.11
ML101.49134.40127.84137.54184.45178.41185.26217.68212.67
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基于环境光动态补偿的电润湿电子纸低功耗算法
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饶李玉 1, 3 , 林珊玲 1, 3 , 林坚普 1, 3 , 吕珊红 1, 3 , 林志贤 1, 2, 3 , 郭太良 2, 3
光子学报 | 成像系统 2026,55(2): 238-251
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光子学报 |成像系统 2026 , 55 (2) : 238 -251
基于环境光动态补偿的电润湿电子纸低功耗算法
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饶李玉1, 3 , 林珊玲1, 3, 林坚普1, 3, 吕珊红1, 3, 林志贤1, 2, 3 , 郭太良2, 3
作者信息
  • 1福州大学 先进制造学院, 泉州 362200
  • 2福州大学 物理与信息工程学院,福州 350116
  • 3中国福建光电信息科学与技术创新实验室,福州 350116
通讯作者:
林志贤,
作者简介:

饶李玉,

A Low-power Algorithm for Electrowetting Displays Based on Ambient Light Dynamic Compensation
Liyu RAO1, 3 , Shanling LIN1, 3, Jianpu LIN1, 3, Shanhong LÜ1, 3, Zhixian LIN1, 2, 3 , Tailiang GUO2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Quanzhou 362200, China
  • 2College of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
  • 3Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou 350116, China
出版时间: 2026-02-25 doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265502.0211002
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针对薄膜晶体管型电润湿电子纸驱动功耗较高的问题,提出一种基于环境光动态补偿的电润湿电子纸低功耗方法。该方法根据电润湿电子纸显示亮度、对比度随环境光增强而增强的特点,通过校正电压-反射亮度曲线保证其他环境光下的相邻灰度亮度差值与标准环境光相邻灰度亮度差值保持基本一致,使得电润湿电子纸在不同环境光下提供舒适稳定显示效果的同时降低功耗。接着采用对比度受限自适应直方图均衡化对校正后的图像细节区域进行增强,进一步优化显示效果与功耗。根据脉冲幅度调制驱动方式灰度与电压的关系,计算出算法处理后最大像素值对应的驱动电压,将其作为该环境光下的最大驱动电压,实验结果表明:经过算法处理后电润湿电子纸显示功耗可降低至11.72 mW·in-2,功耗减少38.06%。

电润湿电子纸  /  低功耗  /  细节增强  /  脉冲幅度调制  /  驱动电压  /  环境光  /  电压-反射亮度

Electrowetting Display (EWD), as a novel reflective display technology, offers high reflectivity, wide viewing angles, fast response, and full-color display, making them highly promising for applications in portable terminals, wearable devices, and outdoor information displays. However, as display panels evolve toward larger sizes and higher resolutions, the scale of driving circuits and refresh rates increases significantly, leading to growing power consumption issues that directly affect device battery life and application scope. Existing low-power studies rarely fully integrate the reflective imaging characteristics and optoelectronic properties of EWD, and power optimization under complex ambient lighting conditions still has considerable room for improvement.

To address these challenges, this paper proposes a low-power algorithm based on ambient light compensation, designed to reduce power consumption and improve display quality by leveraging the reflective characteristics of EWD. In addition, an adaptive voltage adjustment technique is introduced, which dynamically adjusts the driving voltage according to ambient light intensity, further reducing driving power consumption. The proposed low-power algorithm consists of four main components: 1) voltage–reflective luminance curve calibration, ensuring that the luminance differences between adjacent gray levels under various ambient light conditions are closer to those under standard ambient light; 2) extraction of the original grayscale information of the image, followed by grayscale correction using a mapping table generated during the calibration process; 3) detail enhancement to improve edge and texture representation in the image after calibration, compensating for potential detail loss; and 4) calculation of the driving voltage corresponding to the highest pixel value after processing, based on the Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) driving method, and setting it as the maximum driving voltage for the given ambient light condition to achieve adaptive voltage adjustment.

The proposed ambient light dynamic compensation calibration method was applied to an EWD system. Test points were set at the positive and negative power supply terminals of the source driver, and an EKA1080M power consumption tester was used to measure the power consumption before and after algorithm processing. The test video sequence consisted of black screen-original image-black screen-processed image-black screen, enabling comparison of power consumption differences before and after processing. Results show that, in the source driver voltage section, the processed images consumed significantly less power than the original images. Further measurements of current and voltage at the test points under different ambient light conditions, combined with the power calculation formula, revealed that the overall power consumption under standard ambient light was 18.93 mW/in², and decreased to 14.21 mW/in², 12.06 mW/in², and 11.72 mW/in² under ambient light intensities of 483 cd/m², 970 cd/m², and 1 730 cd/m², respectively—representing reductions of 24.9%, 36.3%, and 38.1% compared to the unoptimized case.

In terms of image quality, the objective evaluation metric Average Gradient (AG) increased by 4.9%, 3.9%, and 2.3% under the three ambient light conditions, respectively, indicating that the processed images exhibited higher clarity, more prominent edges, and richer details. Moreover, the brightness of the processed images was closer to that of the standard ambient light display, providing a more comfortable and stable viewing experience under varying lighting conditions. In summary, the proposed method significantly reduces the power consumption of EWD while effectively maintaining and even enhancing display quality.

Electrowetting electronic paper  /  Low power consumption  /  Detail enhancement  /  Pulse amplitude modulation  /  Driving voltage  /  Ambient light  /  Voltage-reflective luminance
饶李玉, 林珊玲, 林坚普, 吕珊红, 林志贤, 郭太良. 基于环境光动态补偿的电润湿电子纸低功耗算法. 光子学报, 2026 , 55 (2) : 238 -251 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265502.0211002
Liyu RAO, Shanling LIN, Jianpu LIN, Shanhong LÜ, Zhixian LIN, Tailiang GUO. A Low-power Algorithm for Electrowetting Displays Based on Ambient Light Dynamic Compensation[J]. Acta Photonica Sinica, 2026 , 55 (2) : 238 -251 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265502.0211002
随着信息技术的快速发展,显示技术在现代社会中扮演着至关重要的角色。传统显示技术,如液晶显示器(Liquid Crystal Display, LCD)和有机发光二极管(Organic Light Emitting Diode, OLED),在能耗和阳光下可读性方面存在一定的局限。与LCD、OLED等显示器不同的是,电润湿电子纸显示器属于受光型显示器[1-5],其具有广视角、高反射率[6-8]、易于柔性显示[9]、对比度高、响应速度快[10-11]、全彩显示等优点[12-14],兼具传统纸张以及电子器件的功能,一方面满足人们纸质阅读的习惯[15],另一方面又具有方便快捷、可扩展性高等科技优势。随着技术的逐步成熟,人们对电润湿电子纸显示器的要求也越来越高,大尺寸、高分辨率等指标已经成为显示器设计考虑的重要因素。而更大尺寸、更高分辨率也必然带来更多的功耗,降低显示器的功耗,有助于延长设备的续航时间,提高用户的使用体验[16-18],因此功耗已经成为决定显示器应用的一个关键指标。
针对电润湿显示器的低功耗研究主要集中在驱动方案[19-23]、结构工艺[24-28]以及图像处理[21]等方面。在驱动方案上,LI Wei等[23]提出结合线性上升梯度与锯齿波的三阶段驱动波形,可降低功耗约38%并抑制油破裂与油回流。在结构工艺上,ZHAO Qing等[27]设计了一套可实现双稳态的电润湿显示器架构,通过双稳态达到某些场景的低功耗显示。在图像处理方面,陈哲亮[21]提出了一种基于直方图的低功耗技术,通过减少高亮度像素的数量来降低功耗,然而这些方法鲜有结合电润湿显示器自身的反射式特性、光电特性。
本文根据电润湿显示器反射式特性,提出了一种基于环境光补偿的低功耗算法,用于降低电润湿显示器的功耗并改善显示质量。同时,依据电润湿显示器的光电特性提出了一种自适应电压技术,根据环境光自适应调节驱动电压,进一步降低驱动功耗。
电润湿显示器基于介电润湿效应,通过在像素电极上施加不同幅值的驱动电压控制油墨的收缩程度,从而实现不同灰阶亮度。实验结果表明,亮度等级与驱动电压呈正相关关系,且驱动电流随电压升高而增大,因此在高亮度等级显示时功耗显著增加。但是在不同环境光条件下的测试显示,电润湿显示器作为反射式显示器,其图像亮度会随环境光增强而提升,但功耗保持不变。因此,在环境光增强的情况下,适当降低图像中高亮像素的比例,可有效减少功耗,并提升在不同环境光条件下的显示舒适性与稳定性。
基于介电润湿效应的电润湿显示器像素单元结构如图1所示,单个像素由上下基板、像素墙、水、油墨、疏水绝缘层以及透明电极等组成,通过在像素电极上施加电压使得油墨收缩,油墨收缩的程度由上下基板间的驱动电压决定[29-30],驱动电压越大油墨收缩程度越大,反之则越小。因此,在基板电极上施加不同的驱动波形,像素单元中可实现不同程度的灰阶亮度[31-33]。
图2(a)为电润湿显示器亮度等级随电压变化的关系图,从图中可以看出越高的亮度等级需要更高的驱动电压[34],图2(b)为不同驱动电压下的驱动电流,可以看出,电流与电压呈正相关,即电流随着电压的增大而增大。所以电润湿显示器在显示高亮度等级时,需要耗费的电能明显大于低亮度等级时所需要的电能。
搭建一套模拟环境光的测试系统,在可调式的太阳光源灯箱里,通过调节光源模拟出不同强度的环境光,并用亮度计测量当前的环境光亮度,将待显示图像输入电润湿显示器得到不同环境光下电润湿显示器的显示效果。图3为环境光1 000 cd/m2和1 730 cd/m2条件下图像的显示效果,在1 730 cd/m2环境光条件下图像亮度明显强于1 000 cd/m2环境光下的显示效果,但两幅图像功耗一致。由于电润湿电子纸属于反射式显示器[35],其显示效果受环境光的影响[36],随着环境光的增强,电润湿显示器显示的图像会更亮,此时的图像亮度增强不会引起功耗的变化[37]。因此在环境光增强时可以适当减少图像高亮度像素的数量来降低功耗。
基于环境光动态补偿的电润湿电子纸低功耗算法整体框图如图4所示,电润湿显示器低功耗算法主要包括四个部分,电压-反射亮度曲线校正使得校正之后其他环境光下的相邻灰度亮度差值与标准环境光相邻灰度亮度差值更加接近;提取图像原始灰度信息,根据校正过程中生成的灰度映射表对输入图像灰度值校正;由于校正之后图像细节有所丢失,细节增强部分对校正之后图像进行细节增强;自适应电压调节部分根据脉冲幅度调制(Pulse Amplitude Modulation, PAM)驱动方式计算出算法处理后最高像素值对应的电压。将其作为该环境光下的最大驱动电压。
通过调节光源模拟出不同强度的环境光,并用亮度计测量当前的环境光亮度以及电润湿显示器的亮度,得到不同环境光下电润湿显示器的电压-反射亮度曲线如图5所示。首先参考IOS标准,以及算法处理后图像质量情况将环境光划分不同的区间,每个区间对应不同使用场景,例如环境光区间为[500,1 000]对应室外照明充足的使用场景,选择区间下限作为标准环境光,将区间内其他环境光下的电压-反射亮度曲线校正到标准环境光下,使得算法处理后的电润湿显示器在对应的区间内呈现舒适稳定效果的同时最大可能降低功耗。
将环境光a作为该区间的标准环境光,x为该区间内的任一其他环境光,Lx为环境光x下电润湿显示器电压-反射亮度曲线,La为环境光a下电润湿显示器电压-反射亮度曲线,将Lx校正到La,亮度一致性的校正公式为
σ=∑ilog (La,i)-log (Lx,i)2+λ∙TVi'TV(i')=∑y,zL(y+1,z)-L(y,z)+L(y,z+1)-L(y,z)
式中,σ是由亮度一致性误差项与正则化项组成的目标函数值,σ越小表示在保证灰度值过度更平滑的条件下亮度一致性越好,i表示不同灰度级,La,i表示灰度等级i对应在环境光a下的电润湿显示器反射亮度,Lx,i表示灰度等级i对应在环境光x下的电润湿显示器反射亮度,∑ilog (La,i)-log (Lx,i)2是亮度一致性误差项;TV(i')表示相邻像素的亮度变化程度,λ⋅TV(i')项是使得校正之后相邻像素灰度不造成剧烈突变的一个正则化项,保证相邻像素灰度过渡更平滑,可以根据校正之后图像的效果设置λ的大小,L(y,z)表示像素点(y,z)对应的亮度。文献[38-39]指出对比度比绝对亮度更能体现出显示的差异,因此将式(1)改进为
σ=∑i(La,i)-(La,i-1)-(Lx,i')-(Lx,i'-1)2+λ⋅TV(i')
要使得σ达到最小可以采用直接映射方式,但是由于电润湿电子纸电压-反射亮度曲线拟合困难,采用直接映射方式计算复杂,并且映射之后图像细节丢失严重。因此本文采用通过亮度比值来调整图像灰度分布的校正方式。使得校正之后电润湿电子纸的对比度更接近标准环境光的对比度,校正之后相邻灰度的亮度差值与标准环境光相邻灰度的亮度差值更接近。
σ=∑i(La,i)-(La,i-1)-Lx,Lx,i-βxLa,i⋅i-Lx,Lx,i-βxLa,i⋅i-12+λ⋅TVLx,i-βxLa,i⋅i
式中,βx为使得不同环境光下电压-反射亮度曲线起始亮度一致的常数项,通过该校正方式,可以使得环境光x下的电压-反射亮度曲线Lx动态范围接近参考曲线La。
该校正方法通过减少高亮度等级像素的数量,利用环境光的增强作用补偿亮度,从而在降低功耗的同时保持显示效果的稳定性。
由于校正之后图像细节有所丢失,为了提升电润湿电子纸显示效果,对低亮度像素进行拉伸,在提升显示效果的同时降低功耗。首先根据环境光设置一个分位点,将图像分为亮区和暗区,对暗区进行拉伸,提升图像的整体对比度,然后对拉伸后的图像采用索贝尔(Sobel)算子进行边缘检测[40-41],检测出图像细节部分,然后对细节部分进行对比度受限自适应直方图均衡化(Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization, CLAHE)[42-44]。本文所提细节增强算法框图如图6所示。
该算法主要步骤为:
1)根据环境光设置分位点s如式(4)所示,将图像分为亮部和暗部,对图像的暗部利用Gamma函数对其进行拉伸,为了使得拉伸后的图像更加自然,设定过渡带带宽为ω。整个拉伸过程如式(5)所示,建立功耗评分函数,计算拉伸后图像与原图的结构相似性指数(Structural Similarity Index Measure, SSIM),对SSIM设定阈值在保证不过度拉伸的情况下,遍历查找最优Gamma值使得拉伸之后图像功耗最低。
s=s0+k⋅(po-pr)
y(x)=xsγs,x<l(1-α)xsγs+αx,l≤x≤μx,x>μ
式中,s0为初始分位点,k为系数,po为原始图像最高灰度值,pr为校正之后图像最高灰度值,l=s-ω2,μ=s+ω2,α=x-lμ-l为过渡权重。
2)将拉伸后的图像利用Sobel算子检测出细节区域,计算Sobel梯度G(x,y),并且设置一个阈值,当梯度大于阈值时检测其为细节区域生成二值mask,即
Gx(x,y)=∂gray(x,y)∂xGy(x,y)=∂gray(x,y)∂yG(x,y)=0.5⋅Gx(x,y)+0.5⋅Gy(x,y)
式中,Gx(x,y)、Gy=(x,y)为水平和垂直方向的梯度。
3)将生成的二值mask进行高斯模糊,使得边界从硬切换变成平滑渐变,即
mask'(x,y)=∑i=-kk∑j=-kj=kmask(x+i,y+j)⋅G(i,j)G(i,j)=12πσ2e-i2+j22σ2
式中,k为邻域半径确定需要模糊的范围,i、j为相对中心像素(x,y)水平、垂直的偏移量G(i,j)为二维高斯核在位置(i,j)的权重,σ决定了模糊的程度。
4)对检测出的细节区域通过CLAHE按照高斯模糊mask设置权重进行细节增强。CLAHE将图像划分为多个小的网格,对每个子块单独进行直方图均衡化,均衡化过程为
Y'(x,y)=roundCDF(Y(x,y))-CDFmin(M⋅N)-CDFmin⋅(L-1)
式中,CDF(Y(x,y))是像素值Y(x,y)的累计分布函数,CDFmin为直方图中非零像素值的最小累计分布值。M⋅N为图像的总像素数,L为像素值的最大可能值。
5)为了避免过度增强,CLAHE对每个子块的直方图进行裁剪,限制每个灰度级的最大频率值裁剪后的直方图公式为
Hclip(i)=Hi,if H(i)≤αα,if Hi>α
式中,H(i)为灰度级i的原始频率,α为裁剪阈值。裁剪掉的频率会均匀分布到直方图的所有灰度级中,以保持总像素数不变。
6)由于每个子块单独均衡化,子块之间可能会出现不连续的边界。为了平滑过渡,CLAHE对子块的结果进行双线性插值,即
Y'(x,y)=∑i=14ωi⋅Yi'(x,y)
式中,Yi'(x,y)为像素(x,y)所属的四个相邻子块均衡化结果ωi对应子块的权重,基于像素到子块中心的距离计算。
选取每个区间的最低环境光作为标准环境光,保持不同环境光下相邻灰度亮度差值一致的校正方法来校正图像亮度,使得在不同环境光下电润湿电子纸呈现舒适稳定显示效果的同时降低功耗,同时为了解决校正后图像细节丢失的问题,对校正后的图像进行细节增强。原图、校正后图像以及增强后图像结果如图7所示。校正后图像整体变暗,但是细节有所丢失对比度不高,增强后的图像在图像整体变暗的同时保证了图像质量,相比于原图增强后图像更加清晰,细节更丰富边界更加清晰,如机尾处数字部分。
原图、校正后图像以及增强后图像客观评价指标如表1所示,平均梯度(Average Gradient, AG)用于衡量图像的清晰度或锐利程度,梯度越大,图像的细节和边缘信息越丰富、图像越清晰;边缘强度(Edge Strength, ES)反映了图像中像素灰度值变化的幅度,强度越高,边缘越明显;峰值信噪比(Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio, PSNR)评估处理后图像与原始图像之间的差异;结构相似性指数(Structural Similarity Index Measure, SSIM)评估两幅图像之间的结构相似性;对比度系数(Contrast Coefficient, CC)用于衡量图像中亮度或灰度值的对比程度,对比度越高,图像的视觉效果越鲜明,细节越容易被辨识;均方根对比度系数(Root Mean Square Contrast Coefficient, RMSCC)能够有效地表示图像中亮度变化的幅度,数值越大,说明图像的对比度越高,视觉效果越明显;平均亮度(Mean Luminance, ML)用于表示图像整体的亮度水平。
根据表1的数据可知,校正后的图像AG和ES指标均有所减小,表明图像的边缘和清晰度较原图有所降低。然而,经过细节增强处理后的图像AG和ES指标均高于原图,说明细节增强处理提升了图像的边缘和清晰度。此外,细节增强后的图像SSIM指标保持在较高水平,表明经过低功耗算法处理后,图像与原图的结构相似性基本一致。然而,低功耗算法处理后的图像直方图整体向左移动,导致PSNR指标较低。低功耗算法处理后的图像最低像素值为0,因此CC值均为1。为更准确地比较图像质量,引入了RMSCC指标,结果显示校正后的图像RMSCC值有所减小,而细节增强处理后的RMSCC值高于原图,表明细节增强处理提高了图像的对比度。最后,通过ML指标可以看出,低功耗算法处理后的图像整体亮度有所降低。
本文所提出的低功耗算法,在图像处理后多项指标优于原图,同时保证了SSIM处于较高水平。与传统电润湿显示器的低功耗算法不同,传统算法通常通过最高灰度等级减去最低灰度等级确定阈值,利用直方图修正和直方图匹配减少高亮度像素数量并补充到低亮度像素中,或者结合人眼对灰度的辨别能力设定阈值生成目标直方图,再通过直方图匹配进行灰度映射。这些方法虽然能够降低功耗,但往往导致图像整体偏暗、细节丢失,影响最终显示效果。相比之下,本文提出的低功耗算法结合电润湿反射式显示的特性,并利用环境光的动态补偿作用,在降低功耗的同时显著提升了图像的显示质量。
图8(a)~(d)分别是原图、基于人眼视觉特点确定阈值的低功耗算法效果图、采用了直方图修正和匹配的低功耗算法[45]效果图以及采用了本文基于环境光动态补偿的电润湿电子纸低功耗算法效果图。从图中可以看出,传统算法整体偏暗,也丢失了部分低灰度的细节信息如机尾的数字和山丘部分,传统低功耗处理之后这两处细节显示不清,但本文低功耗算法处理之后这两处细节比原图更清晰。图8(e)~(h)分别是原图直方图、采用了基于人眼视觉特点确定阈值的传统低功耗算法的直方图、采用了直方图修正和匹配的低功耗算法直方图,以及采用了本文基于环境光动态补偿的电润湿电子纸低功耗算法图像直方图,从图中可以看出传统低功耗算法处理之后的图像直方图与原图直方图差异过大。图像过暗,细节丢失严重。
表2为四幅图像的客观评价指标,由表可知传统电润湿显示器低功耗算法处理之后图像质量下降明显,结构相似性指数分别为0.58和0.64,而本文低功耗算法处理之后图像质量保持在高水平。
电源模块负责产生栅源极驱动器所需要的驱动电压以驱动显示屏显示,电润湿显示器栅源极驱动器所需电压为VGH、VGL、VSH、VSL、VRH、VRL、VWAT、VREST,VREST为复位电压,VGH、VGL为控制电润湿屏的开启、关闭电压,设置为+20 V、-20 V,VWAT为电润湿屏公共电极电压,VRH、VRL为电润湿显示屏工作的参考电压,根据VRH、VRL的范围将电润湿显示屏划分为不同的灰度等级。VRH与VWAT的压差为最低灰度等级所对应的电压,VRL与VWAT的压差为电润湿屏所能承受的最大电压。VSH、VSL为源极提供足够的驱动电压。当环境光增强时经过算法处理后的最高灰度值会被映射到更低的灰度值,那么如果使用标准环境光下的最大驱动电压驱动会造成功耗冗余。所以可以根据环境光调节最大驱动电压,使得在环境光增强时驱动功耗降低。
现有的驱动系统采用PAM驱动方式,因此根据电压与灰度值的关系,计算出不同环境光下的最大驱动电压。将算法处理后的最高像素值对应的电压作为该环境光下的最大驱动电压,当环境光增强时最大驱动电压减小,功耗降低。
Vmax'=(Vmax-Vmin)⋅imax'imax+Vmin
式中,Vmax、Vmin为标准环境光下的VRL和VRH相对于公共电极VWAT的压差,imax'、imax是算法处理前后图像的最高灰度值。
表3为不同环境光下算法处理前后电润湿电子纸显示器反射亮度以及算法处理后最大灰度值对应的最大驱动电压。
将本文提出的校正方法应用到电润湿电子纸显示系统上,由于电润湿电子纸显示的功耗主要消耗在源极驱动器部分,因此在源极驱动器的正负电源部分分别设置两个测试点,通过功耗测试仪EKA1080M测试源极驱动器算法处理前后电润湿电子纸功耗下降情况。测试方法为制作一段视频,视频中图像的播放顺序为全黑-原图-全黑-算法处理后图像-全黑,播放制作的视频,用功耗仪测试功耗变化情况。如图9所示是在源极驱动器测试点VSH部分测得算法处理前后图像功耗下降情况。算法处理后图像功耗比原图小,高亮度值的像素会被映射到更低亮度值的像素,高亮度像素的数量会减少,减少的越多功耗下降越多,在区间内环境光越强所能补偿的亮度就越多,更节省功耗。
如图10所示为源极驱动器测试点VSL处功耗下降情况。算法处理后图像功耗都有不同程度的减少。
通过电压调节模块,将计算得到的电压值作为不同环境光下的最大驱动电压,使得电润湿电子纸的最大驱动电压可以随着环境光变化而自适应调节。当环境光增强时驱动电压减小,功耗降低。利用功耗仪测量一段时间内不同环境光下测试点电流电压情况,结果如表4所示。
根据功耗计算式(12)计算不同环境光下电润湿电子纸显示器功耗下降情况。
P=(VH-GAM-VL-GAM)⋅IL-GAM+VVSH⋅IVSH+VVSL⋅IVSLS
式中,S为电润湿显示屏的面积,由于栅极驱动器测试点VGH与VGL、公共电极测试点VWAT、复位电极测试点VREST电流几乎为0因此功率消耗几乎为0,H-GAM、L-GAM、VRH、VRL为电阻分压网络中的测试点,计算电阻分压网络中功率消耗的主要部分。将计算结果绘制成曲线如图11所示,当环境光增强时高亮度像素会被映射成更低亮度的像素,所需的驱动电压相应降低,功耗也降低。从图中可以看出标准环境光下功耗为18.93 mW·in-2,在环境光483 cd·m-2、970 cd·m-2、1 730 cd·m-2分别下降为14.21 mW·in-2、12.06 mW·in-2、11.72 mW·in-2。
不同区间内标准环境光、目标环境光以及在目标环境光下算法处理之后图像的显示效果如图12所示,电润湿显示效果随环境光增强,显示图像会更亮,当环境光过大时显示的图像会出现曝光导致图像细节显示不清。在区间300~500 cd·m-2和500~1 000 cd·m-2内算法处理之后的图像的平均亮度更接近标准环境光图像的平均亮度,并且算法处理之后的图像边界更清晰,显示效果优于算法处理之前的图像,在区间1 000~1 800 cd·m-2内1 730 cd·m-2环境光下图像的显示效果由于环境光太强,图像出现曝光的情况,算法处理之后的图像曝光问题得到解决。
将拍摄的图像进行二次数据处理,得到亮度分布曲线如图13所示,从图中可以看出随着环境光的增强,图像的亮度也增强,在同一环境光条件下经过低功耗算法处理后图像亮度低于原图显示亮度。由于要保证低功耗算法处理之后的显示质量,算法处理之后图像的平均亮度不能完全接近标准环境光的显示亮度。但其相比于原图更接近标准环境光下的显示亮度。
除上述主观评价以外,对成像的效果进行客观评价,由表5可知,低功耗算法处理之后图像的AG、ES、RMSCC指标都比原图更高,说明图像清晰度更高,图像边缘更加突出,细节更丰富、对比度更高。低功耗算法处理前后SSIM指标变化不大,但是PSNR都有所提升。经过低功耗算法处理前后图像的结构信息变化不大,但处理后待校正环境光下的图像与标准环境光下的图像在像素值上更接近,亮度偏差被有效减少。ML指标表明经过低功耗算法处理后图像的平均亮度更接近标准环境光下的平均亮度。
本文提出了一种基于环境光动态补偿的电润湿电子纸低功耗方法,采集不同环境光下电润湿电子纸显示器的电压-反射亮度曲线,根据标准环境光下电压-反射亮度曲线关系校正目标环境光下的电压-反射亮度曲线,以此来动态调整电润湿显示器的灰度分布和驱动电压,以降低功耗并保持显示效果的稳定性。实验结果表明该方法使得图像显示效果更稳定,改善了环境光太强导致的图像曝光问题,并且功耗降低38.06%,有效延长了便携式电润湿显示系统的续航时间。

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doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265502.0211002
  • 接收时间:2025-09-15
  • 首发时间:2026-10-10
  • 出版时间:2026-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-15
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    1福州大学 先进制造学院, 泉州 362200
    2福州大学 物理与信息工程学院,福州 350116
    3中国福建光电信息科学与技术创新实验室,福州 350116

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