Article(id=1315743718649479450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743622176288781, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3788/gzxb20265502.0201001, pmid=null, cstr=32255.14.gzxb20265502.0201001, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1756310400000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1760112000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-10-11, onlineDate=1791627347862, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791627347862, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791627347862, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791627347862, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315743622176288781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, year='2026', volume='55', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791627324861, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791627390701, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315743898396381488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743622176288781, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315743898396381489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743622176288781, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=304, endPage=314, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315743718896943387, articleId=1315743718649479450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=EN, title=Online Identification Method of Orbital Angular Momentum in Ocean Turbulent Environment Based on OS-ELM, columnId=1315741650127799055, journalTitle=Acta Photonica Sinica, columnName=Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) beams, featuring spiral phase wavefronts, act as critical new information carriers in optical communication, manipulation, imaging and quantum information. However, ocean turbulence, driven by temperature and salinity fluctuations, induces intensity scintillation, phase distortion and mode crosstalk in OAM beams, hindering their marine application. Traditional identification methods relying on optical components are complex and environment-sensitive, while current machine learning-based static models fail to satisfy marine real-time response requirements due to high retraining costs.

To address these challenges, this study proposes an online OAM identification method based on the Online Sequential Extreme Learning Machine (OS-ELM). This efficient online sequential learning algorithm has a three-layer structure. The input layer receives feature vectors of OAM beams, with the number of nodes matching the feature dimension. The hidden layer has a fixed number of nodes and supports two activation modes: additive mode and RBF-type mode. Additive mode uses random weights and biases, while RBF-type mode uses random centers and influence factors. The parameters of the hidden layer are fixed after random initialization, eliminating the need for time-consuming gradient iterations. The output layer generates One-Hot encoded labels for OAM modes, and the output weights are solved through Moore-Penrose generalized inverse to ensure fast model training. The implementation of the method in this study consists of two key components: data generation and model construction. In the data generation phase, a numerical simulation model is built using MATLAB to generate an OAM spot dataset affected by oceanic turbulence. Key parameters include the specific inner and outer scales of oceanic turbulence, an appropriate waist radius of Laguerre-Gaussian beams, a wavelength commonly used in optical communications, and fixed spacing of random phase screens. The dataset covers LG modes with topological charges ranging from 1 to 10 and generates intensity images. For data preprocessing, 200 turbulence-affected images are generated for each topological charge, forming a training set of 2 000 images and a test set of 600 images. After adjusting the image size via bicubic interpolation, performing grayscale conversion, double-precision conversion, and normalization to the range of [-1, 1], the 2D image matrices are flattened into 1D feature vectors, which are combined with labels to form a feature matrix. In the model construction phase, the dataset is divided into an initial training block with 1 000 samples and 20 online training blocks with 50 samples each. The initial training block is used to calculate the hidden layer output matrix, solve the initial weights by combining the label matrix and Moore-Penrose generalized inverse, and define an intermediate matrix. During online learning, the hidden layer output matrix of the new data block is first computed; the intermediate matrix is then updated using the Woodbury identity without retraining historical data. Finally, the output weights are incrementally updated using the new labels and prediction residuals, ensuring the model dynamically adapts to OAM beam feature drift while maintaining real-time performance.

Based on the same dataset, comprehensive experimental comparisons are conducted between the Online Sequential Extreme Learning Machine OS-ELM and other models, including Support Vector Machine (SVM), Incremental Naive Bayes classifier (IncNB), and Naive Bayes classifier (NB), with performance evaluated using multiple metrics. In weak turbulence scenarios, the Accuracy of OS-ELM reaches 92.33% higher than SVM's 85.33%, IncNB's 87.00%, and NB's 88.67%, with simultaneous leadership in Precision, Recall, and F1-Score. In moderate turbulence, its Accuracy is 71.17% far exceeding SVM's 49.50%, IncNB's 51.83%, and NB's 62.00%. Even in strong turbulence, it maintains an Accuracy of 54.33% higher than SVM's 37.33%, IncNB's 38.83%, and NB's 50.67%. The ROC (Rate of Change) curve of OS-ELM clusters near the top-left corner of the coordinate plane, with AUC (Area Under Curve) values of 0.992, 0.946, and 0.890 under weak, moderate, and strong turbulence respectively, significantly outperforming the comparison models.

The advantages of OS-ELM stem from two core mechanisms: first, the random initialization of hidden layer parameters and analytical solution of output weights avoid the risk of falling into local optima and eliminate the need for complex kernel function calculations required by SVM, enabling efficient approximation of the global optimal solution; second, the online sequential learning mechanism supports real-time incremental updates, accurately adapting to OAM beam feature drift caused by oceanic turbulence and overcoming the inherent limitation of traditional static models with fixed parameters. Looking ahead, the dynamic adaptability, high robustness, and real-time performance of the online sequential extreme learning machine make it highly compatible with complex interference and high-frequency dynamic changes in marine environments. With further engineering development, this method holds significant potential to drive technological upgrades in intelligent manufacturing and industrial communication.

, authors=Fangzheng ZHOU1, Haiyang YU1, 2, Chunyi CHEN1, 2, Xiaolong NI2, Xiaojuan HU1, Yanfeng LI1, authorsList=Fangzheng ZHOU, Haiyang YU, Chunyi CHEN, Xiaolong NI, Xiaojuan HU, Yanfeng LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Haiyang YU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315743721627435302, articleId=1315743718649479450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=CN, title=基于OS-ELM的海洋湍流环境下的轨道角动量在线识别方法, columnId=1315741650337514257, journalTitle=光子学报, columnName=大气与海洋光学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对海洋湍流时变特性导致静态机器学习模型识别效能受限的问题,通过在线动态的方式提升轨道角动量光束模式识别技术在该环境下的高效性与准确性。提出采用在线序列极限学习机构建轨道角动量模式在线识别框架。该框架依托在线序列极限学习机的动态参数更新机制通过增量更新模型参数,快速捕捉湍流环境下轨道角动量光束的模式特征漂移,可实现权重的实时优化,且无需重复训练历史数据,能有效适配海洋湍流的时变干扰。实验结果表明,所提模型的分类准确率表现突出,以弱湍流场景为例,相较于支持向量机、增量贝叶斯分类器及朴素贝叶斯分类器,准确率分别提升约0.07、0.05和0.04,可为海洋湍流环境下轨道角动量模式识别及相关领域的工程应用提供更具适应性的解决方案。

, authors=周方正1, 于海洋1, 2, 陈纯毅1, 2, 倪小龙2, 胡小娟1, 李延风1, authorsList=周方正, 于海洋, 陈纯毅, 倪小龙, 胡小娟, 李延风, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=于海洋, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
于海洋,
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DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20245302.0201002, articleTitle=海洋湍流下双拉盖尔-高斯涡旋光束的闪烁指数与误码率研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1315743732138361224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743718649479450, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=24, rfOrder=29, authorNames=LU Lu, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LU Lu. Influence of ocean turbulence on laser beam propagation [D]. Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2016., articleTitle=Influence of ocean turbulence on laser beam propagation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1315743732222247305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743718649479450, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=24, rfOrder=30, authorNames=陆璐, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陆璐.海洋湍流对激光束传输的影响[D].合肥:中国科学技术大学,2016., articleTitle=海洋湍流对激光束传输的影响, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1315743721866510631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743718649479450, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315743721874899240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743718649479450, companyId=1315743721866510631, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315743721883287849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743718649479450, companyId=1315743721866510631, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1长春理工大学 计算机科学技术学院,长春 130022)]), AuthorCompany(id=1315743721958785322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743718649479450, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315743721967173931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743718649479450, companyId=1315743721958785322, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Measurement & Control and Optical Information Transfer Technology,Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315743721975562540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743718649479450, companyId=1315743721958785322, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2长春理工大学 光电测控与光信息传输技术教育部重点实验室,长春 130022)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1315743726358610263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743718649479450, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=When p=0, the intensity and phase distribution of LG beams corresponding to different topological charges l. 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(a) Variation of recognition accuracy with propagation distance;(b) Variation of recognition precision with propagation distance;(c) Variation of recognition recall with propagation distance;(d) Variation of recognition F1-score with propagation distance, figureFileSmall=yuwRyVgq9TvyHADOGCcU3g==, figureFileBig=zyW0X4DZXMkTOaMrixwF+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743727193276768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743718649479450, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同传输距离下轨道角动量识别模型的不同指标对比。(a) 识别准确率随传输距离的变化;(b) 识别精确率随传输距离的变化;(c) 识别召回率随传输距离的变化;(d) 识别 F1-Score随传输距离的变化, figureFileSmall=yuwRyVgq9TvyHADOGCcU3g==, figureFileBig=zyW0X4DZXMkTOaMrixwF+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743727264579937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743718649479450, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Confusion Matrix

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Confusion matrixPredict
PositiveNegative
ActualPositiveTPFN
NegativeFPTN
), ArticleFig(id=1315743727344271714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743718649479450, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

混淆矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Confusion matrixPredict
PositiveNegative
ActualPositiveTPFN
NegativeFPTN
), ArticleFig(id=1315743727428157795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743718649479450, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of performance indicators of OAM recognition models under weak ocean turbulence

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ModelAccuracyPrecisionRecallF1-Score
SVM85.33%85.37%85.35%85.33%
IncNB87.00%87.09%86.8%87.00%
NB88.67%90.93%88.99%87.58%
OS-ELM92.33%92.69%92.33%92.51%
), ArticleFig(id=1315743727520432484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743718649479450, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

弱海洋湍流下OAM识别模型的性能指标对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ModelAccuracyPrecisionRecallF1-Score
SVM85.33%85.37%85.35%85.33%
IncNB87.00%87.09%86.8%87.00%
NB88.67%90.93%88.99%87.58%
OS-ELM92.33%92.69%92.33%92.51%
), ArticleFig(id=1315743727612707173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743718649479450, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of performance indicators of OAM recognition models under moderate ocean turbulence

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ModelAccuracyPrecisionRecallF1-Score
SVM49.50%51.20%49.50%50.30%
IncNB51.83%54.50%51.83%53.10%
NB62.00%65.72%62.00%62.73%
OS-ELM71.17%71.50%71.17%71.30%
), ArticleFig(id=1315743727717564774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743718649479450, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

中等强度海洋湍流下OAM识别模型的性能指标对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ModelAccuracyPrecisionRecallF1-Score
SVM49.50%51.20%49.50%50.30%
IncNB51.83%54.50%51.83%53.10%
NB62.00%65.72%62.00%62.73%
OS-ELM71.17%71.50%71.17%71.30%
), ArticleFig(id=1315743729370120551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743718649479450, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of performance indicators of OAM recognition models under strong ocean turbulence

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ModelAccuracyPrecisionRecallF1-Score
SVM37.33%39.40%37.30%38.30%
IncNB38.83%41.78%38.83%40.20%
NB50.67%46.60%47.30%46.60%
OS-ELM54.33%54.50%54.33%54.40%
), ArticleFig(id=1315743729487561064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743718649479450, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

强海洋湍流下OAM识别模型的性能指标对比表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ModelAccuracyPrecisionRecallF1-Score
SVM37.33%39.40%37.30%38.30%
IncNB38.83%41.78%38.83%40.20%
NB50.67%46.60%47.30%46.60%
OS-ELM54.33%54.50%54.33%54.40%
), ArticleFig(id=1315743729575641449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743718649479450, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Comparison of AUC values for various OAM recognition methods under different ocean turbulence intensities

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
IntensityMethodSVMIncNBNBOS-ELM
Weak ocean turbulenceAUC0.9700.9690.9820.992
Moderate ocean turbulence0.8960.8800.9330.946
Strong ocean turbulence0.8310.7540.8930.890
), ArticleFig(id=1315743729659527530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743718649479450, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同海洋湍流强度下各OAM识别方法的AUC值对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
IntensityMethodSVMIncNBNBOS-ELM
Weak ocean turbulenceAUC0.9700.9690.9820.992
Moderate ocean turbulence0.8960.8800.9330.946
Strong ocean turbulence0.8310.7540.8930.890
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基于OS-ELM的海洋湍流环境下的轨道角动量在线识别方法
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周方正 1 , 于海洋 1, 2 , 陈纯毅 1, 2 , 倪小龙 2 , 胡小娟 1 , 李延风 1
光子学报 | 大气与海洋光学 2026,55(2): 304-314
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光子学报 |大气与海洋光学 2026 , 55 (2) : 304 -314
基于OS-ELM的海洋湍流环境下的轨道角动量在线识别方法
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周方正1, 于海洋1, 2 , 陈纯毅1, 2, 倪小龙2, 胡小娟1, 李延风1
作者信息
  • 1长春理工大学 计算机科学技术学院,长春 130022
  • 2长春理工大学 光电测控与光信息传输技术教育部重点实验室,长春 130022
通讯作者:
Online Identification Method of Orbital Angular Momentum in Ocean Turbulent Environment Based on OS-ELM
Fangzheng ZHOU1, Haiyang YU1, 2 , Chunyi CHEN1, 2, Xiaolong NI2, Xiaojuan HU1, Yanfeng LI1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Measurement & Control and Optical Information Transfer Technology,Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
出版时间: 2026-02-25 doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265502.0201001
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针对海洋湍流时变特性导致静态机器学习模型识别效能受限的问题,通过在线动态的方式提升轨道角动量光束模式识别技术在该环境下的高效性与准确性。提出采用在线序列极限学习机构建轨道角动量模式在线识别框架。该框架依托在线序列极限学习机的动态参数更新机制通过增量更新模型参数,快速捕捉湍流环境下轨道角动量光束的模式特征漂移,可实现权重的实时优化,且无需重复训练历史数据,能有效适配海洋湍流的时变干扰。实验结果表明,所提模型的分类准确率表现突出,以弱湍流场景为例,相较于支持向量机、增量贝叶斯分类器及朴素贝叶斯分类器,准确率分别提升约0.07、0.05和0.04,可为海洋湍流环境下轨道角动量模式识别及相关领域的工程应用提供更具适应性的解决方案。

海洋湍流  /  轨道角动量  /  机器学习  /  极限学习机  /  在线学习

Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) beams, featuring spiral phase wavefronts, act as critical new information carriers in optical communication, manipulation, imaging and quantum information. However, ocean turbulence, driven by temperature and salinity fluctuations, induces intensity scintillation, phase distortion and mode crosstalk in OAM beams, hindering their marine application. Traditional identification methods relying on optical components are complex and environment-sensitive, while current machine learning-based static models fail to satisfy marine real-time response requirements due to high retraining costs.

To address these challenges, this study proposes an online OAM identification method based on the Online Sequential Extreme Learning Machine (OS-ELM). This efficient online sequential learning algorithm has a three-layer structure. The input layer receives feature vectors of OAM beams, with the number of nodes matching the feature dimension. The hidden layer has a fixed number of nodes and supports two activation modes: additive mode and RBF-type mode. Additive mode uses random weights and biases, while RBF-type mode uses random centers and influence factors. The parameters of the hidden layer are fixed after random initialization, eliminating the need for time-consuming gradient iterations. The output layer generates One-Hot encoded labels for OAM modes, and the output weights are solved through Moore-Penrose generalized inverse to ensure fast model training. The implementation of the method in this study consists of two key components: data generation and model construction. In the data generation phase, a numerical simulation model is built using MATLAB to generate an OAM spot dataset affected by oceanic turbulence. Key parameters include the specific inner and outer scales of oceanic turbulence, an appropriate waist radius of Laguerre-Gaussian beams, a wavelength commonly used in optical communications, and fixed spacing of random phase screens. The dataset covers LG modes with topological charges ranging from 1 to 10 and generates intensity images. For data preprocessing, 200 turbulence-affected images are generated for each topological charge, forming a training set of 2 000 images and a test set of 600 images. After adjusting the image size via bicubic interpolation, performing grayscale conversion, double-precision conversion, and normalization to the range of [-1, 1], the 2D image matrices are flattened into 1D feature vectors, which are combined with labels to form a feature matrix. In the model construction phase, the dataset is divided into an initial training block with 1 000 samples and 20 online training blocks with 50 samples each. The initial training block is used to calculate the hidden layer output matrix, solve the initial weights by combining the label matrix and Moore-Penrose generalized inverse, and define an intermediate matrix. During online learning, the hidden layer output matrix of the new data block is first computed; the intermediate matrix is then updated using the Woodbury identity without retraining historical data. Finally, the output weights are incrementally updated using the new labels and prediction residuals, ensuring the model dynamically adapts to OAM beam feature drift while maintaining real-time performance.

Based on the same dataset, comprehensive experimental comparisons are conducted between the Online Sequential Extreme Learning Machine OS-ELM and other models, including Support Vector Machine (SVM), Incremental Naive Bayes classifier (IncNB), and Naive Bayes classifier (NB), with performance evaluated using multiple metrics. In weak turbulence scenarios, the Accuracy of OS-ELM reaches 92.33% higher than SVM's 85.33%, IncNB's 87.00%, and NB's 88.67%, with simultaneous leadership in Precision, Recall, and F1-Score. In moderate turbulence, its Accuracy is 71.17% far exceeding SVM's 49.50%, IncNB's 51.83%, and NB's 62.00%. Even in strong turbulence, it maintains an Accuracy of 54.33% higher than SVM's 37.33%, IncNB's 38.83%, and NB's 50.67%. The ROC (Rate of Change) curve of OS-ELM clusters near the top-left corner of the coordinate plane, with AUC (Area Under Curve) values of 0.992, 0.946, and 0.890 under weak, moderate, and strong turbulence respectively, significantly outperforming the comparison models.

The advantages of OS-ELM stem from two core mechanisms: first, the random initialization of hidden layer parameters and analytical solution of output weights avoid the risk of falling into local optima and eliminate the need for complex kernel function calculations required by SVM, enabling efficient approximation of the global optimal solution; second, the online sequential learning mechanism supports real-time incremental updates, accurately adapting to OAM beam feature drift caused by oceanic turbulence and overcoming the inherent limitation of traditional static models with fixed parameters. Looking ahead, the dynamic adaptability, high robustness, and real-time performance of the online sequential extreme learning machine make it highly compatible with complex interference and high-frequency dynamic changes in marine environments. With further engineering development, this method holds significant potential to drive technological upgrades in intelligent manufacturing and industrial communication.

Ocean turbulence  /  Orbital angular momentum  /  Machine learning  /  Extreme learning machine  /  Online learning
周方正, 于海洋, 陈纯毅, 倪小龙, 胡小娟, 李延风. 基于OS-ELM的海洋湍流环境下的轨道角动量在线识别方法. 光子学报, 2026 , 55 (2) : 304 -314 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265502.0201001
Fangzheng ZHOU, Haiyang YU, Chunyi CHEN, Xiaolong NI, Xiaojuan HU, Yanfeng LI. Online Identification Method of Orbital Angular Momentum in Ocean Turbulent Environment Based on OS-ELM[J]. Acta Photonica Sinica, 2026 , 55 (2) : 304 -314 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265502.0201001
轨道角动量(Orbital Angular Momentum,OAM)光束是一种具有螺旋相位波前、携带轨道角动量的特殊光束,其独特的涡旋结构赋予了它多方面的重要作用:在光通信领域,利用不同OAM模式的正交性可构建高容量复用信道,显著提升信息传输效率与系统容量[1-4];在光学操控中,其携带的轨道角动量能产生扭矩,实现对微米级粒子(如细胞、纳米颗粒)的旋转或平移操控,为生物医学显微操作和微纳制造提供精准工具[5];在成像与传感领域,OAM光束可通过相位奇点特性增强三维成像分辨率,或用于探测介质的拓扑结构[6];此外,在量子信息领域,OAM态作为量子载体可拓展量子通信的维度[7]。这些作用使其成为光学前沿研究中连接基础物理与实际应用的关键方向。同时,湍流环境下通信作为现代通信的重要领域,面临着诸多挑战。它会导致OAM光束的强度起伏、相位畸变以及模态串扰等问题,严重影响通信质量[8]。因此,研究如何有效识别经过湍流的OAM光束具有重要的理论和实际意义。
海洋湍流作为水下信道的关键特征,对OAM光束的传输与识别存在显著影响。海洋湍流会通过温度、盐度的随机脉动,导致OAM光束产生强度起伏、相位畸变及模态串扰,进而影响通信质量[9-10]。
在早期研究中,OAM态识别主要依赖光学元件进行变换与测量,如光栅(Gratings)[11]、空间光调制器(Spatial Light Modulator)[12]和螺旋相位板(Spiral Phase Plate)[13]等。这些方法的基本原理是将待识别的OAM光束通过特定的光学元件转换为基模态(如高斯光束),再通过CCD或光电探测器采集图像,判断其中心强度分布是否聚焦,从而确定模态拓扑荷数。例如,北京理工大学团队设计了坐标变换光栅与优化的相位校正光栅,通过坐标变换光栅对入射的涡旋光束进行对数极坐标映射,再利用相位校正光栅补偿映射过程中产生的相位畸变,最后结合傅里叶变换透镜完成光学变换与测量[14]。
近年来,机器学习技术的引入为OAM识别带来突破,其数据驱动的特征提取能力显著提升了复杂场景下的识别效率[15-17]。XIANG Y等提出了一种涡旋调制方法,该方法可以放大紧邻OAM状态之间的细微差异。这使得CNN能够更有效地捕获图像特征,并更准确地识别拓扑电荷。数值结果表明,即使在强湍流强度和长传播距离下,整数拓扑电荷和分数电荷的识别精度也很高[18]。随后,IBRAHIM A B等聚焦复用结构光模式分类,搭建3 m自由空间光实验系统,传输16种拉盖尔-高斯及叠加模式,首次同时考量湍流与窃听因素,提出四种机器学习算法并融合输出,在弱、中、强湍流下分类准确率分别超92%、81%、69%,证实了结构光模式在高可靠大容量通信场景中的应用潜力[19]。该研究为在实际湍流环境中部署高鲁棒性的识别模型提供了新的思路。
本文针对海洋湍流因温盐随机波动引发的OAM光束强度起伏、相位畸变及模态串扰等时变特性,考虑到传统静态机器学习模型难以实时适配这种动态干扰,无法满足海洋通信与探测对识别效能的高要求,提出一种基于在线序列极限学习机(Online Sequential Extreme Learning Machine,OS-ELM)[20] 的 OAM在线识别方法。该方法通过构建动态参数更新机制,能够在拓扑荷数1~10范围内实现OAM模式的在线识别。与增量贝叶斯分类器(Incremental Naive Bayes classifier,IncNB)、支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)、朴素贝叶斯分类器(Naive Bayes classifier,NB)相比,OS-ELM得益于其解析解的独特优势:其在线序列学习特性使其无需重复训练历史数据,可实时优化模型权重,有效应对海洋湍流的时变干扰。
拉盖尔-高斯(Laguerre-Gaussian,LG)光束作为OAM的典型载体,因其螺旋相位结构与明确的拓扑荷数,在水下光通信、海洋遥感等领域成为高容量信息传输的核心候选方案。其光强表达式为[21]
E(r,φ)=2p!π(p+l)!ω022rω0lexp-r2ω02Lpl2r2ω02exp(ilφ)
式中,r为径向坐标,φ为柱坐标系下的角向坐标,p为径向量子数,为非负整数,l为拓扑电荷数,可以为任意整数,ω0为束腰半径,Lpl为拉盖尔多项式,exp ilφ为角向相位因子。当l=0时,LG光束将变为高斯光束,图1(a)~(d)为径向指数p=0时,拓扑荷l=1~4对应的LG归一化光束光强,(e)~(h)为径向指数p=0时,拓扑荷l=1~4对应的LG光束的归一化相位分布。分析光强分布可知,LG光束中心存在由相位奇点导致的光强零点,其外围呈现环形亮带结构。观察表明,随着拓扑荷l的增大,光束光斑整体尺寸、中心亮环直径及暗核区域范围均呈现同步扩张趋势。这一现象直接反映了LG光束轨道角动量模式的螺旋谱展宽程度随拓扑荷l的增大而增强的特性。
海洋湍流是海水速度、温盐场随机脉动的紊流,通过湍动能耗散与温盐耦合诱发折射率随机起伏。其折射率空间功率谱会导致水下光束相位畸变、强度闪烁,对涡旋光束还会破坏螺旋相位,引发轨道角动量模式串扰,最终降低光通信容量、成像精度及微操控稳定性。本文采用Nikishov海洋湍流折射率起伏功率谱[22-23],该模型通过融合柯尔莫戈罗夫湍流的κ-11/3惯性区标度律与温盐耦合效应,精准刻画海洋湍流中不同尺度涡旋的折射率随机起伏分布。依托该谱,可定量解析海洋湍流对光束的相位畸变、强度闪烁及涡旋光束轨道角动量模式串扰等效应,为水下光传播特性建模与抗湍流策略设计提供理论支撑。Nikishov海洋湍流折射率起伏功率谱为
Φ(κ)=0.388×10-8ε-13κ-1131+2.35(κη)23εTω2×ω2exp(-ATδ)+exp(-ASδ)-2ωexp(-ATSδ)
式中,AT=1.863×10-2,AS=1.9×10-4,ATS=9.41×10-3,εT=KT dT0/dz2,温盐折射率贡献权重为ω=AdT0/dz/BdS0/dz,δ=8.284κη43+12.987κη2。ε为湍动能耗散率、κ为空间频率,η为内尺度,A、B为折射率随温度和盐度变化的线性系数,z为海水的垂直坐标,T0为与位置相关的温度量,S0为与位置相关的盐度量,KT为湍流温度扩散系数。
海洋湍流的折射率起伏由温度与盐度双因素共同驱动,这使得其湍流强弱的定量描述相较于仅由单一因素控制的场景更为复杂,传统针对单因素湍流的强弱表征方法难以直接适配。针对这一难题,有相关研究[24]以经典Rytov理论为核心理论支撑,结合专门适配海洋环境的湍流功率谱模型,系统地构建了能够精准刻画海洋湍流强弱的量化衡量体系。该体系所采用的Rytov方差公式为
σR2=3.063×10-7k7/6L11/6ε-1/3χT0.358ω2-0.725ω+0.367/ω2
式中,k=2π/λ,L为激光传输距离,ε为湍动能耗散率,χT为温度方差耗散率,ω为温度与盐度对功率谱的贡献比。σ2=0对应自由空间的情形,σ2<1对应湍流弱起伏的情形,σ2~1对应湍流中度湍流起伏的情形,σ2>1对应强湍流强度起伏的情形。
图2展示了涡旋光束在不同拓扑荷数与相位扰动强度下的相位分布特征,整体可见,相位扰动强度越大或涡旋拓扑荷数越大,涡旋光束相位分布的对称性与规整性越易被破坏,从规整对称的结构逐渐演变为扭曲的形态。
基于MATLAB构建的数值模型用于生成海洋湍流退化后的OAM模式数据集,核心流程包括LG光束生成、海洋湍流相位扰动模拟及光束传输计算三部分。
在生成LG光束初始场和海洋湍流功率谱后,通过角谱传播理论模拟光束在湍流中的传输过程:首先将LG光场进行傅里叶变换转换至频域,得到不同空间频率的平面波分量;然后基于海洋湍流功率谱生成多个相位屏,每个相位屏对应特定距离的湍流扰动,通过频域叠加将这些扰动施加到光场的角谱上;接着利用传播函数式(4)计算每个平面波分量在传播距离内的相位延迟,并与角谱相乘;最后通过逆傅里叶变换将频域结果转回空间域,得到经过湍流退化后的光场分布,重复此过程处理多个相位屏,最终生成包含不同拓扑荷OAM模式的湍流退化数据。
H=exp(ikΔz1-(λfx)2-(λfy)2)
式中,k为波数,Δz为相位屏间距,λ为光的波长,fx、fy为x、y方向的空间频率。
在线极限学习机作为一种高效的在线序列学习算法,能够适应OAM光束识别场景中可能存在的动态数据流特性。在实际应用中,OAM光束的模态特征可能随传输环境实时变化,新的样本数据需持续输入模型进行更新。因此,可通过极限学习机调整模型参数,维持稳定的识别性能,适用于复杂动态环境下的OAM光束模态分类与识别任务。
OS-ELM采用输入层-隐藏层-输出层三层拓扑结构。输入层接收OAM光束特征向量x∈ℝn,节点数与特征维度一致。隐藏层含N˜个节点,支持加法型与RBF型激活模式:加法型节点输出为Gix=gaiTx+bi,其中ai∈ℝn为随机输入权重,bi∈ℝ为随机偏置,g(⋅)为激活函数;RBF型节点输出为Gi(x)=gbi⋅x-ci2,其中ci∈ℝn为随机中心,bi∈ℝ+为影响因子。隐藏层参数随机生成后固定不变,规避梯度迭代开销。输出层输出OAM模态One-Hot编码T∈ℝm(m为模态数),输出权重β∈ℝN˜×m满足映射关系:T≈Hβ,其中H∈RN×N˜为隐藏层输出矩阵,(N为当前样本数),每行对应单个样本的隐藏层输出向量,每列对应单个隐藏节点对所有样本的输出向量。
在线极限学习机在初始阶段基于少量已知湍流扰动下的OAM光束样本构建模型。在输入模型前的数据X0=X1,X2,X3,⋯XN0N0×nT,其中N0为初始训练样本数,n为特征维度,xi为第i个初始样本的特征向量,在通过激活函数计算隐层输出矩阵H0(维度为初始样本数×隐含层神经元数),结合目标矩阵T0=t1,t2,t3,⋯tN0N0×mT,其中m为OAM模态类别数,ti为第i个样本的One-Hot编码标签,后利用广义逆求解初始输出权重β0=H0TH0-1H0TT0;当新的湍流扰动样本输入时,无需重复训练历史数据,仅通过递推公式更新参数,即中间矩阵,Mk+1=Mk-MkHk+1TI+Hk+1MkHk+1T-1Hk+1Mk,其中Hk+1为新样本隐层输出,I为单位矩阵,并同步更新输出权重βk+1=βk+Mk+1Hk+1TTk+1-Hk+1βk。这种设计既通过随机初始化隐含层参数与解析求解输出权重保证了学习速度,又借助在线增量更新机制实时适配海洋湍流导致的OAM光束特征漂移,从而在动态扰动场景下实现高效且稳定的模态识别。
具体极限学习机的搭建过程主要分为两部分,在初始化阶段即通过部分样本得到单隐层前馈神经网络的输出权重β。在线学习部分,即利用样本数据块更新在初始阶段学习到的单隐层前馈神经网络的输出权重β。
初始化阶段,OS-ELM需利用初始数据块ℵ0=xi,tii=1N0N0≥ N˜完成初始化。对每个样本xi,计算隐藏层输出向量并拼接得矩阵
H0=G(x1)T⋮G(xN0)T∈RN0×N˜
输出权重β0通过Moore-Penrose广义逆解析求解,即
β0=P0H0T0
式中,T0=[t1,⋯,tN0]T∈ℝN0×m为初始标签矩阵。定义中间矩阵P0=(H0TH0)-1简化后续更新。
在线学习阶段,当新数据块ℵk+1={xi,ti}i=Nk+1Nk+1到来时,OS-ELM通过递归增量更新迭代模型。计算新数据块的隐藏层输出矩阵
Hk+1=G(xNk+1)⋮G(xNk+1)∈RB×N˜
式中,B=Nk+1-Nk。利用Woodbury矩阵恒等式更新中间矩阵
Pk+1=Pk-PkHk+1T(IB+Hk+1PkHk+1T)-1Hk+1Pk
式中,IB为单位矩阵。输出权重增量更新为
βk+1=βk+Pk+1Hk+1T(Tk+1-Hk+1βk)
式中,Tk+1为新标签矩阵,仅用新数据残差修正权重。
最后计算出输出权重β后,测试集先经同训练集的预处理流程(缩放、灰度化、归一化、展平为特征向量),得到与训练特征同维度的测试特征矩阵;接着,利用模型初始化后固定的隐藏层参数,计算测试样本的隐层输出矩阵H;再通过训练阶段习得的输出权重β,执行Y=H×β得到各OAM模态的预测得分;最后对得分取最大值对应索引,解码为拓扑荷标签,完成识别并计算指标验证模型性能。
OS-ELM一方面会利用递推公式对再次输入的训练数据块进行在线增量训练,快速适配海洋湍流等动态环境下OAM光束的实时变化。另一方面,模型可直接对含干扰的OAM光斑进行推理识别,通过计算光斑隐藏层输出与β的乘积得到预测结果,完成OAM模式分类;同时,生成的权重会被存储,用于分析权重稳定性并优化训练策略,进一步提升模型在复杂环境下的鲁棒性。
图3展示了该方法的的框架,该方法分为数据生成和模型选择两个阶段:在数据生成阶段,通过海洋湍流相位屏仿真模块生成含海洋湍流干扰的OAM光束光斑数据;在模型选择阶段,先将数据划分为初始块N0与在线训练块Nk,通过初始训练与在线训练流程,依托极限学习机构建的OS-ELM网络,实现接收光斑与不平衡OAM标签之间的非线性映射,最终实现OAM光束的识别。
基于多相位屏方法模拟LG光束经过海洋湍流扰动仿真的参数设置如下:海洋湍流内尺度l0=3×10-4 m,外尺度L0=50 m;LG光束束腰半径ω0=8 cm,波长λ=1 550 nm;随机相位屏间距∆z=200 m,相位屏数量为5,次谐波次数为3。数据集覆盖拓扑荷1~10的LG光束模式。最终输出112×112像素的图像。
在预处理阶段,训练集选取2 000个样本,测试集选取600个样本。针对训练图像,初始化一个维度为样本数的特征矩阵,通过并行循环逐样本处理:读取对应路径的图像,将其调整为32×32像素大小,通过取RGB通道平均值转换为灰度图,再转换为双精度类型;之后将灰度图重塑为3D数组,再归一化至[-1,1]范围,经转置后展平为1×1 024的向量,存入训练特征矩阵。在OS-ELM识别模型中,设置OS-ELM的隐藏层节点数为6 000,激活函数为Sigmoid函数,选取训练集中1 400个样本为初始化样本,剩下的600个样本每块50个样本作为在线学习块数。
在多分类问题中,准确率(Accuracy)、精确率(Precision)、召回率(Recall)和F1分数(F1-Score)是评估分类模型性能的关键指标,它们通过对每个类别单独计算并汇总结果,来全面衡量模型的分类能力。准确率指模型预测正确的样本数量占所有被预测样本总数的比例,精确率可预测某类在结果中正确的比例,召回率是实际是这类的样本中被正确找出来的比例,而F1分数是每个类别的精确率和召回率的调和平均数。
使用准确率、精确率、召回率和F1分数对模型性能进行评估,其具体公式为
Accuracy=TP+TN/TP+TN+FP+FN
Precision=TP/TP+FP
Recall=TP/TP+FN
F1=2×Precison×Recall/Precison+Recall
混淆矩阵是评估分类模型性能的直观表格,其核心作用是直观呈现模型的预测与实际标签的匹配情况,既能看出正确预测的样本分布,也能清晰显示各类别间的误判类型,是计算准确率、精确率、召回率等指标的基础。其定义见表1。
ROC(Rate of Change)曲线是评估分类模型性能的工具,横轴为假正例率FPR=FP/FP+TN、纵轴为真正例率TPR=TP/TP+FN,通过调整预测阈值得到不同FPR,TPR点连成曲线,理想曲线靠近左上角,其下面积AUC(Area Under Curve)越接近1模型区分能力越强。
为清晰分析不同强度海洋湍流下各OS-ELM模型的性能优势,使用表2~4中的数据对比OS-ELM与SVM、IncNB、NB三个模型在OAM模式识别任务中的表现。
在弱海洋湍流环境中,各模型均能实现OAM模式识别,但OS-ELM凭借在线序列学习机制简化权值求解,可在保证识别精度的同时提升计算效率,而SVM需依赖核函数拟合非线性特征,NB与IncNB则受限于特征独立性假设,难以在精度与效率间实现均衡。
在中等强度海洋湍流环境中,湍流引发的特征畸变加剧,模型鲁棒性差异逐渐显现:OS-ELM通过动态更新隐含层神经元权重,无需重构模型即可适配特征分布变化;SVM、NB与IncNB则因对畸变特征容错能力不足,各项指标表现明显不及OS-ELM。
在强湍流环境中,光束相位起伏与模式混叠更显著,各模型性能均受影响,但OS-ELM依托极限学习机的快速泛化特性,结合在线更新机制实时修正特征映射误差,仍能维持相对稳定的识别表现;SVM、NB与IncNB因难以快速适配剧烈变化的特征,性能衰减更为突出。
从图4中弱、中、强海洋湍流环境的ROC曲线可见,OS-ELM的曲线始终最接近左上角;随湍流强度增强,SVM、NB、IncNB的分类性能衰减更显著,而OS-ELM凭借在线自适应权值更新机制,对不同湍流下OAM特征的动态变化适配性更强,鲁棒性与分类优势更突出。
从表5中具体AUC值可知,随着海洋湍流强度由弱到强逐步提升,所有识别模型的AUC值均呈现下降趋势。其中,OS-ELM在弱湍流和中等湍流场景下始终展现出最优性能,即便在强湍流场景中,其AUC表现也能与NB相近;相比之下,IncNB的性能随湍流强度增强衰减最为显著,SVM的性能稳定性也弱于OS-ELM与NB,更直观体现出OS-ELM对不同强度海洋湍流具有更优的适应性与鲁棒性。
设置轨道角动量光束在不同传输距离下的传播仿真,把生成的数据集导入到OS-ELM,其准确率、精确率、召回率及F1分数的变化趋势如图5所示。可以看到,随着传输距离的增加,所有评估指标均呈下降态势,表明传输距离越长,OAM识别难度越大,长距离传输中湍流、模式串扰等干扰更显著,使得模型分类的整体正确性、正类预测准确性、正类召回完整性以及综合性能均受影响;其中20 m时各指标接近100%,模型性能最优,而距离增至50 m、100 m后,指标逐步衰减,反映出长距离传输对OAM模式识别的负面作用。指标呈逐步衰减趋势,但未出现剧烈下降,表明模型对传输距离变化具有一定适应能力,其鲁棒性得到初步体现。
后续若进一步补充不同湍流参数、光束参数下的性能曲线,可构建多维度验证体系,为模型优越性与鲁棒性的结论提供更全面的支撑。
本研究针对海洋湍流环境下轨道角动量OAM模式识别的光束畸变、模态串扰及时变适配难题,提出基于在线序列极限学习机OS-ELM的在线识别方法。通过MATLAB构建拓扑荷1~10的LG光束仿真数据集,结合海洋湍流相位屏与角谱传播理论生成湍流退化样本,实验表明:OS-ELM在弱、中、强湍流环境下的分类性能均优于支持向量机SVM、增量贝叶斯分类器IncNB及朴素贝叶斯分类器NB,弱湍流准确率达92.33%、中湍流71.17%、强湍流54.33%,且AUC值表现优异,依托闭式增量更新可实时优化权重,无需重复训练历史数据。
该研究为海洋湍流中OAM模式高效识别提供可行方案,突破传统静态模型局限,也为在线学习与水下光通信、海洋光学探测的融合提供参考。OS-ELM的动态适应性与低复杂度契合多场景需求,未来可优化其参数、拓展多模态识别,并结合实际海洋数据验证泛化能力,助力相关领域技术升级。

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doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265502.0201001
  • 接收时间:2025-08-28
  • 首发时间:2026-10-10
  • 出版时间:2026-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-28
  • 录用日期:2025-10-11
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作者信息
    1长春理工大学 计算机科学技术学院,长春 130022
    2长春理工大学 光电测控与光信息传输技术教育部重点实验室,长春 130022

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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