Article(id=1315743694016328255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743622176288781, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3788/gzxb20265502.0222006, pmid=null, cstr=32255.14.gzxb20265502.0222006, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752508800000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1759075200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-29, onlineDate=1791627341989, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791627341989, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791627341989, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791627341989, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315743622176288781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, year='2026', volume='55', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791627324861, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791627390701, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315743898396381488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743622176288781, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315743898396381489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743622176288781, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=125, endPage=135, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315743694226043456, articleId=1315743694016328255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=EN, title=Research on Aberration Correction Based on PINN for Secondary Dispersive Objective in GRIN Fibers Spectral Confocal, columnId=1315743623623332133, journalTitle=Acta Photonica Sinica, columnName=Optical Design and Fabrication, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Precise micro-displacement measurement technology plays a critical role in real-time defect monitoring during manufacturing processes, ensuring adherence to accuracy standards and significantly reducing scrap loss. Chromatic confocal displacement measurement systems operate based on the principles of optical dispersion and confocal technology. Through chromatic encoding, a wavelength-axial position mapping relationship is established, while confocal imaging decodes the reflected spectrum. This enables real-time displacement measurement with sub-micrometer accuracy within a millimeter range, simultaneously providing nanometer-level resolution and robust environmental adaptability. The measurement range and accuracy are constrained by the axial dispersion and aberrations of the dispersive objective. To expand the measurement range and enhance the accuracy of the chromatic confocal displacement sensing system, a secondary dispersion objective based on Gradient-index (GRIN) fiber was designed in this study. The Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN) algorithm was leveraged in conjunction with ZEMAX software simulation to broaden the system's chromatic dispersion while achieving comprehensive compensation and correction of aberrations in both the secondary dispersion objective and the pre-dispersion GRIN fiber.

Firstly, based on the working principle of chromatic confocal displacement sensors, a GRIN fiber-based chromatic confocal system was proposed. A pre-dispersion unit employing GRIN fiber was established according to its refractive index distribution and the Cauchy dispersion model. The relationship between wavelength and axial dispersion was derived. The chromatic focal shift of the GRIN fiber at different pitch numbers was simulated and analyzed. It was determined that at a GRIN fiber pitch number of m=5, an axial pre-dispersion of 1.496 mm could be achieved, with a linearity R² of approximately 95%. Subsequently, based on Hamiltonian optics theory, the aberrations introduced by the GRIN fiber were derived. Based on the calculated equivalent object position of the GRIN fiber pre-dispersion unit and aberration theory, the GRIN fiber aberrations were analyzed. A secondary dispersion objective was then specifically designed. Its dispersion performance was analyzed and aberrations were optimized using ZEMAX. Finally, to improve system resolution and correct aberrations, an aberration correction method employing PINN combined with ZEMAX for closed-loop verification was proposed. A dataset correlating “lens parameters” with “Zernike aberrations” was established using ZEMAX. Combined with aberration data from the pre-dispersion GRIN fiber, PINN was utilized to predict feedback and perform iterative optimization. This facilitated comprehensive aberration correction and optimized axial dispersion linearity.

Within the operating wavelength range, the corrected spherical aberration values were significantly lower than pre-correction levels, with particularly pronounced correction in the short-wavelength region. Post-correction spherical aberration values for all wavelengths were markedly optimized, demonstrating effective spherical aberration correction. The aberration correction model demonstrated strong generalization capability, and the overall model training was effective, confirming successful aberration correction. The effectiveness of the aberration correction methodology using ZEMAX software combined with the PINN algorithm for closed-loop verification was thus validated. Following algorithmic optimization, a new optimized dispersive objective lens group was obtained. Results demonstrate that the maximum system aberration was reduced below 10 μm. Total axial dispersion reached 4.34 mm with a linearity R² of 99.84%. Theoretical resolution was approximately 25 nm. In the optimized system, the RMS spot radius at the focal point for each wavelength across the visible spectrum was smaller than the Airy disk, achieving diffraction-limited performance and meeting high-precision displacement measurement requirements. This study provides novel chromatic confocal system optimization, enhancing displacement measurement performance and advancing practical engineering implementation.

, authors=Chunyan LI, Xiaolong ZHAO, Jihong LIU, Kaikai WEI, Jiaxin WEI, Ruixin LU, Kaili REN, authorsList=Chunyan LI, Xiaolong ZHAO, Jihong LIU, Kaikai WEI, Jiaxin WEI, Ruixin LU, Kaili REN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaolong ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315743698269352539, articleId=1315743694016328255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=CN, title=基于PINN的GRIN光纤光谱共焦二级色散物镜像差校正研究, columnId=1315743623807881511, journalTitle=光子学报, columnName=光学设计与制造, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为扩大光谱共焦位移传感系统的测量范围并提高测量精度,设计了基于梯度折射率(Gradient Index, GRIN)光纤的二级色散物镜,并利用物理信息神经网络(Physics-Informed Neural Network, PINN)算法结合ZEMAX软件仿真,在扩大系统色散范围的同时,实现二级色散物镜与预色散GRIN光纤像差的综合补偿与校正。首先,根据GRIN光纤的折射率分布形式及柯西色散,建立了GRIN光纤预色散单元,推导了波长与轴向色散之间的关系,并仿真分析了不同节距数时GRIN光纤的色焦移,当GRIN光纤节距数m=5时,能够达到1.496 mm的轴向预色散,线性度R²约为95%;然后,根据计算获得的GRIN光纤预色散单元的等效物点位置及像差理论,推导了GRIN光纤的像差,设计了二级色散物镜,并利用ZEMAX进行了色散性能分析及像差优化;最后,为提高系统分辨率,校正系统像差,提出了采用PINN结合ZEMAX形成闭环验证的像差校正方法,通过ZEMAX建立“透镜参数-Zernike像差”数据集,结合预色散GRIN光纤的像差数据,利用PINN预测反馈并进行迭代优化,实现整体像差的综合补偿校正及轴向色散线性度优化。结果表明:系统的最大像差降至10 μm以内,综合轴向色散达到4.34 mm,线性度R²达99.84%,搭配纳米级光谱仪,理论分辨率可达25 nm。该研究对光谱共焦位移传感系统的设计和性能优化具有一定指导意义。

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李春艳,

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基于PINN的GRIN光纤光谱共焦二级色散物镜像差校正研究
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李春艳 , 赵晓龙 , 刘继红 , 魏凯凯 , 韦佳鑫 , 鲁瑞欣 , 任凯利
光子学报 | 光学设计与制造 2026,55(2): 125-135
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光子学报 |光学设计与制造 2026 , 55 (2) : 125 -135
基于PINN的GRIN光纤光谱共焦二级色散物镜像差校正研究
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李春艳 , 赵晓龙 , 刘继红, 魏凯凯, 韦佳鑫, 鲁瑞欣, 任凯利
作者信息
  • 1西安邮电大学 电子工程学院, 西安 710121
通讯作者:
赵晓龙,
作者简介:

李春艳,

Research on Aberration Correction Based on PINN for Secondary Dispersive Objective in GRIN Fibers Spectral Confocal
Chunyan LI , Xiaolong ZHAO , Jihong LIU, Kaikai WEI, Jiaxin WEI, Ruixin LU, Kaili REN
Affiliations
  • 1School of Electronic Engineering, Xi'an University of Posts & Telecommunications, Xi'an 710121, China
出版时间: 2026-02-25 doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265502.0222006
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为扩大光谱共焦位移传感系统的测量范围并提高测量精度,设计了基于梯度折射率(Gradient Index, GRIN)光纤的二级色散物镜,并利用物理信息神经网络(Physics-Informed Neural Network, PINN)算法结合ZEMAX软件仿真,在扩大系统色散范围的同时,实现二级色散物镜与预色散GRIN光纤像差的综合补偿与校正。首先,根据GRIN光纤的折射率分布形式及柯西色散,建立了GRIN光纤预色散单元,推导了波长与轴向色散之间的关系,并仿真分析了不同节距数时GRIN光纤的色焦移,当GRIN光纤节距数m=5时,能够达到1.496 mm的轴向预色散,线性度R²约为95%;然后,根据计算获得的GRIN光纤预色散单元的等效物点位置及像差理论,推导了GRIN光纤的像差,设计了二级色散物镜,并利用ZEMAX进行了色散性能分析及像差优化;最后,为提高系统分辨率,校正系统像差,提出了采用PINN结合ZEMAX形成闭环验证的像差校正方法,通过ZEMAX建立“透镜参数-Zernike像差”数据集,结合预色散GRIN光纤的像差数据,利用PINN预测反馈并进行迭代优化,实现整体像差的综合补偿校正及轴向色散线性度优化。结果表明:系统的最大像差降至10 μm以内,综合轴向色散达到4.34 mm,线性度R²达99.84%,搭配纳米级光谱仪,理论分辨率可达25 nm。该研究对光谱共焦位移传感系统的设计和性能优化具有一定指导意义。

光谱共焦  /  GRIN光纤  /  色散物镜  /  像差校正  /  PINN算法

Precise micro-displacement measurement technology plays a critical role in real-time defect monitoring during manufacturing processes, ensuring adherence to accuracy standards and significantly reducing scrap loss. Chromatic confocal displacement measurement systems operate based on the principles of optical dispersion and confocal technology. Through chromatic encoding, a wavelength-axial position mapping relationship is established, while confocal imaging decodes the reflected spectrum. This enables real-time displacement measurement with sub-micrometer accuracy within a millimeter range, simultaneously providing nanometer-level resolution and robust environmental adaptability. The measurement range and accuracy are constrained by the axial dispersion and aberrations of the dispersive objective. To expand the measurement range and enhance the accuracy of the chromatic confocal displacement sensing system, a secondary dispersion objective based on Gradient-index (GRIN) fiber was designed in this study. The Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN) algorithm was leveraged in conjunction with ZEMAX software simulation to broaden the system's chromatic dispersion while achieving comprehensive compensation and correction of aberrations in both the secondary dispersion objective and the pre-dispersion GRIN fiber.

Firstly, based on the working principle of chromatic confocal displacement sensors, a GRIN fiber-based chromatic confocal system was proposed. A pre-dispersion unit employing GRIN fiber was established according to its refractive index distribution and the Cauchy dispersion model. The relationship between wavelength and axial dispersion was derived. The chromatic focal shift of the GRIN fiber at different pitch numbers was simulated and analyzed. It was determined that at a GRIN fiber pitch number of m=5, an axial pre-dispersion of 1.496 mm could be achieved, with a linearity R² of approximately 95%. Subsequently, based on Hamiltonian optics theory, the aberrations introduced by the GRIN fiber were derived. Based on the calculated equivalent object position of the GRIN fiber pre-dispersion unit and aberration theory, the GRIN fiber aberrations were analyzed. A secondary dispersion objective was then specifically designed. Its dispersion performance was analyzed and aberrations were optimized using ZEMAX. Finally, to improve system resolution and correct aberrations, an aberration correction method employing PINN combined with ZEMAX for closed-loop verification was proposed. A dataset correlating “lens parameters” with “Zernike aberrations” was established using ZEMAX. Combined with aberration data from the pre-dispersion GRIN fiber, PINN was utilized to predict feedback and perform iterative optimization. This facilitated comprehensive aberration correction and optimized axial dispersion linearity.

Within the operating wavelength range, the corrected spherical aberration values were significantly lower than pre-correction levels, with particularly pronounced correction in the short-wavelength region. Post-correction spherical aberration values for all wavelengths were markedly optimized, demonstrating effective spherical aberration correction. The aberration correction model demonstrated strong generalization capability, and the overall model training was effective, confirming successful aberration correction. The effectiveness of the aberration correction methodology using ZEMAX software combined with the PINN algorithm for closed-loop verification was thus validated. Following algorithmic optimization, a new optimized dispersive objective lens group was obtained. Results demonstrate that the maximum system aberration was reduced below 10 μm. Total axial dispersion reached 4.34 mm with a linearity R² of 99.84%. Theoretical resolution was approximately 25 nm. In the optimized system, the RMS spot radius at the focal point for each wavelength across the visible spectrum was smaller than the Airy disk, achieving diffraction-limited performance and meeting high-precision displacement measurement requirements. This study provides novel chromatic confocal system optimization, enhancing displacement measurement performance and advancing practical engineering implementation.

Spectral confocal  /  GRIN fibers  /  Dispersion objective  /  Aberration correction  /  PINN algorithm
李春艳, 赵晓龙, 刘继红, 魏凯凯, 韦佳鑫, 鲁瑞欣, 任凯利. 基于PINN的GRIN光纤光谱共焦二级色散物镜像差校正研究. 光子学报, 2026 , 55 (2) : 125 -135 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265502.0222006
Chunyan LI, Xiaolong ZHAO, Jihong LIU, Kaikai WEI, Jiaxin WEI, Ruixin LU, Kaili REN. Research on Aberration Correction Based on PINN for Secondary Dispersive Objective in GRIN Fibers Spectral Confocal[J]. Acta Photonica Sinica, 2026 , 55 (2) : 125 -135 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265502.0222006
随着制造精度的不断提高,半导体功率器件的特征尺寸不断缩小,界面缺陷会导致击穿电压下降,降低产品良率,精密的微位移测量技术可在制造过程中进行实时缺陷监控,确保满足精度标准,对减少报废损失起着关键作用[1-2]。光谱共焦位移传感技术通过色散编码建立波长-轴向位置映射关系,结合共焦成像解码反射光谱,在毫米量程内实现亚微米级实时位移测量,兼具纳米级分辨率及强环境适应性[3]。拓展量程与提升精度已成为该领域的关键研究方向,相关研究已取得系列突破,MINONI U等[4]采用硅基光谱仪,并搭配共聚焦装置,在500~900 nm的波长范围内,测量范围为280 μm,相对精度达0.36%;YANG Weiguang等[5]通过棱镜-光栅组合优化光谱仪性能,设计了一款超大量程线扫描光谱共焦位移传感系统;在工作波段500~650 nm内,测量范围为3.9 mm,理论轴向分辨率可达0.8 μm,填补了线扫描传感系统化理论分析的空白。光谱共焦位移传感系统的性能与色散物镜组密切相关,径向梯度折射率(Gradient Index, GRIN)材料其折射率沿光纤径向梯度变化且体积小聚焦性能好,为光学设计提供了额外的自由度[6];HUANG Xiangdong等[7]提出一种基于组合GRIN透镜的色散扩展方法,通过建立自聚焦成像模型优化透镜结构,在保持0.2 μm轴向分辨率的同时实现3 mm色散范围;LI Chunyan等[8]设计了一款基于GRIN透镜的色散物镜,设计的色散物镜在420~620 nm波长范围内实现1 215 μm的轴向色散,波长与轴向色散的线性度达99.69%。GRIN材料在光学应用中展现出较大潜力,但其色散调控及像差特性在整体光学系统中的平衡和针对性补偿及校正工作,还未见有报导。
为扩大光谱共焦位移传感系统的测量范围并提高测量精度,本文提出利用GRIN光纤轴向色散特性,设计一款基于GRIN光纤的二级色散物镜,实现大测量范围与高精度的同时减小系统像差并增强系统的线性度。首先,根据GRIN光纤的理论基础,计算确定GRIN光纤的各种参数,实现系统预色散;通过ZEMAX软件设计与GRIN光纤参数相匹配的色散物镜实现二级色散,扩大了系统测量范围;然后,根据像差校正理论,对系统的像差进行了计算,并建立了ZEMAX软件与物理信息神经网络(Physics-Informed Neural Network, PINN)闭环验证的像差补偿校正模型,实现系统整体的像差校正及线性度优化,有效降低了系统球差;最后,通过对比验证了校正方法的有效性。
光谱共焦位移传感系统基于光学色散和共焦技术的工作原理,其核心是通过不同波长的光在被测物体表面的聚焦位置不同来实现高精度的位移测量[9]。传感系统使用宽光谱光源,光源发出的光经过色散镜头后,色散物镜产生轴向色差使各波长光束聚焦在轴向不同位置。其工作原理如图1所示。
该系统主要包括白光光源、分光镜、色散物镜、共焦小孔及光谱仪。白光光源发出的光谱入射光经过照明针孔将光源变为点光源,光线经过分光镜和色散物镜将不同光谱的光线在光轴方向进行色散和会聚。当光线照射到样品表面时,满足共焦条件的单色光通过共焦小孔进入到光谱仪。离焦的反射光线,其共焦点与被测物表面不重合,大部分光线无法通过共焦小孔,导致反射回系统进入光谱仪的光束能量极其微弱可以忽略。最终,光谱仪对光信号处理得到峰值波长,建立波长与位移的一一对应关系,从而获得样品表面位移。
光谱共焦测量技术已从基础原理探索逐步迈向高精度、多功能应用实现[10-11]。为扩大色散范围、增大测量量程,根据GRIN光纤特性[12-13],建立了基于GRIN光纤的光谱共焦位移传感系统,其结构如图2所示。
系统的核心组件包括宽光谱白光光源、GRIN光纤、色散物镜以及光谱仪,白光光源为系统提供了宽光谱入射光,光束首先经过一段GRIN光纤,不同波长的光线在光纤内部形成如2图所示的连续的余弦型光束路径。光线在GRIN光纤中传播时,不同波长的光线的传播周期不同,经过多个节距长度后,入射光束发生初步的预色散。然后,经过GRIN光纤的光线通过分光镜和色散物镜进一步扩大光线的轴向色散,实现二级色散,使得光谱共焦位移传感系统的测量范围进一步增大。最后,经过色散的光线照射到样品上,通过高灵敏度光谱仪进行数据采集和记录,根据光谱变化解算出样品的位移值[14]。
在近轴近似(αr≪1)情况下,理想GRIN光纤折射率呈抛物线分布[15-16],设入射光波长为λ,光纤折射率分布常数为α(λ),距光轴的径向距离为r。则一阶GRIN光纤的理想折射率分布可表示为
n(r,λ)=n0(λ)1-12α(λ)2r2
根据柯西色散公式,α(λ)可表示为α(λ)=A+B/λ2+C/λ4,其中A,B,C为介质系数。
利用Go-Foton公司的GRIN材料的折射率分布常数[17],取n0(λ)=1.568+8.14×10-3/λ2,则GRIN光纤的折射率分布和光线轨迹传播函数为
n(r,λ)=n0(λ)1-120.5945+3.936×10-3λ2+5.539×10-4λ42r2
r(z,λ)=r0'α(λ)sin(α(λ)z)
式中,r0是光线初始径向位置,r0'是光线在透镜内的初始斜率。GRIN光纤单节距长度可表示为L=2π/α(λ)。
为保证不同波长的光线在GRIN光纤内部实现色散,并聚焦在不同位置,取红光在光纤内部传播一个周期的距离作为GRIN光纤的节距长度,则GRIN光纤的单个节距长度为
L=2π0.5945+3.936×10-3λ2+5.539×10-4λ4=10.357 mm
当节距数为m,GRIN光纤的长度可表示为
Lm=2mπ0.5945+3.936×10-3λ2+5.539×10-4λ4
对式(3)进行求导,设光线与光轴夹角为θ,则θ=arctan(r′(z)),令lλ表示波长λ的光线从光纤某高度出射前的等效物点,得
lλ=1α(λ)tan (α(λ)zm)
式中,zm表示节距数为m时,红光的聚焦位置。得到GRIN光纤不同节距数的色焦移如图3所示。
由图3可知,不同节距数下GRIN光纤的色焦移随波长变化,随着节距数增大,色散范围单调递增,但曲线线性度随之降低。定量分析各曲线的线性度R²,当节距数m取4、5、6时,R²分别为96.33%、95.16%、93.31%;而m取7、8、9时,曲线的线性度骤降,其R²分别为90.31%、85.22%、75.68%,后续校正难度大,难以满足系统高线性度要求。因此综合考虑色散范围与系统线性度要求,可初步选择4、5、6为GRIN光纤节距数,由式(5)可得,GRIN光纤长度分别为41.429 mm,51.787 mm,62.144 mm。
GRIN光纤的梯度折射率分布特性为设计结构紧凑、像质优良的光学系统提供了额外的自由度。基于哈密顿光学理论,可系统推导GRIN光纤的像差[18]。然而,GRIN光纤的初级像差与实际像差之间存在差异,须引入高阶像差。在近轴近似条件下n(r,λ)的幂级数展开式为
n(r,λ)=n0(λ)1-12(α(λ)r)2+L4(α(λ)r)4+L6(α(λ)r)6+⋯
式中,L4、L6称为四阶项,六阶项系数。若U=r2,Q(λ)=α(λ)2,式(5)可写为
n(U,λ)=n(r2,λ)=n0(λ)1-12Q(λ)U+L4(Q(λ)U)2+L6(Q(λ)U)3+⋯
由于级数是在r=0附近展开的,高阶项为零,因此r的高阶项并不影响低阶项的像差。因而r2的一次项决定近轴像的基本特性,r4的项决定3级像差。GRIN光纤3级像差系数表达式为
A=2ϑ(z1)∫z0z1(H11g4+2H12g2ϑ2+H22ϑ4)dzB=2ϑ(z1)∫z0z1[H11Gg3+H12gϑ(gθ+Gϑ)+H22θϑ3]dzC=2ϑ(z1)∫z0z1(H11G2g2+2H12Ggθϑ+H22θ2ϑ2)dzD=2ϑ(z1)Γ2∫z0z1H12dzE=2ϑ(z1)∫z0z1[H11G3g+H12Gθ(gθ+Gϑ)+H22θ3ϑ]dz
式中,Г称为光学系统的近轴光学不变量。A、B、C、D、分别对应于5种赛德尔像差,即球差、彗差、像散、场曲和畸变。H1、H11、H12、H22为光学哈密顿方程的泰勒级数的展开系数:
H1=12n0(λ)Q(λ),H11=-2n0(λ)L4Q(λ)2H12=Q(λ)4n0(λ),H22=14n30(λ)
选取物面z0=0,则物点位于(x0,0),在该条件下g(z)、ϑ(z)、G(z)、θ(z)可表示为
g(z,λ)=sin(Q(λ)z),ϑ(z,λ)=n0(λ)Q(λ)cos(Q(λ)z)G(z,λ)=cos(Q(λ)z),θ(z,λ)=-n0(λ)Q(λ)sin(Q(λ)z)
将式(8)、式(11)代入3级像差系数表示式,化简得
A=516-32L4Q(λ)3z1B=0C=-14z1Q(λ)32L4+14D=12z1Q(λ)3E=0
式中,z1=2mπ/Q(λ)1/2。光谱共焦位移测量系统通过机械位移台逐点扫描,系统仅采集光轴上的聚焦信号,轴外点无法形成有效光谱峰值,因此不需考虑轴外点的像差,而轴上成像特性主要受单色光球差影响。本文根据实际工艺参数,选取抛物线型折射率分布,取L4,L6为0,则不同节距下,GRIN光纤单色光球差如图4所示。
由图4可知,在450~670 nm波长范围内,随着波长λ增大,GRIN光纤球差相应变小,且相同波长下,节距数m越大,球差越大,表明前文节距数选取4、5、6的合理性。由光线的轨迹方程r(z,λ)可知,短波长光线聚焦周期更短,光线聚焦周期较短时,边缘光线与近轴光线的焦点分离更明显,球差增大。
在具体设计中,理论球差并不能直接作为系统中GRIN光纤部分产生的单色球差。其原因是,光波传播过程中,GRIN光纤内部折射率径向梯度变化,光线偏折,其汇聚点产生偏移,此时光线汇聚点不能直接当作后续色散物镜设计的单色点光源。故需计算光线在GRIN光纤内部的等效物点及等效球差。
如图5所示,O为光纤出射端,蓝光经光纤传播,在主光轴上汇聚于点A,受轴向球差影响,边缘光线与近轴光线焦点A产生分离,汇聚于A′,A与A′间的距离S即为轴向球差。蓝光经GRIN光纤出射后,其反向延长线交主光轴于P,即为等效物点。由于球差存在,边缘光线焦点A′出射后其反向延长线交主光轴于P′,即为等效像点。P与P′间的距离S′则为GRIN光纤产生的等效球差。等效球差作为评估光学系统成像质量的关键参数,其值定义为P与P′的轴向位置差,记P、P′相对于光纤出射端O的轴向距离为zP、zP′,则等效球差S′可表征为
S'=zP'-zP=1αλtan(αλzm)-1αλtanαλ(zm+0.001S)
各节距数不同波长下等效物点P与等效像点P′的轴向位置如图6所示,纵轴为其距光纤出射端的轴向位置。由图6相同节距下向位置差及式(11)可得,GRIN光纤的等效球差如图7所示。由图6可知,等效物点P与等效像点P′的轴向位置及其间距随入射波长λ及节距数m显著变化,其变化率差异揭示了m对轴向色散的影响。图7显示,等效球差S′随波长λ增加均呈下降趋势,但m值对其影响显著:m=6时球差最大,成像质量受球差影响严重;m=5时球差相对较低,且随波长平滑下降,表现出优良的成像性能;m=4时球差最小但变化范围窄。其中,m=5在保持适度色焦移的同时,兼具较低的球差及其良好的线性度同时GRIN光纤长度也仅51.787 mm。因此,本研究选定GRIN光纤节距数m=5。
入射光束经GRIN光纤产生初级色散,继而通过分光镜和色散物镜将轴向色散进一步扩大,实现二级色散。色散物镜作为光谱共焦传感系统的核心光学元件之一,需满足两个关键特性:不同波长的轴向色散形成焦点分布;各波长对应的会聚点应尽可能接近理想点。因此,需针对性地优化物镜结构,确保与光纤参数的协同匹配。其中,色散物镜的Zernike像差函数[19]为
W(ρ,θ)=2π(W040ρ4+W131ρ3cosθ+W222ρ2cos2θ)
式中,ρ是到光轴的垂直距离,θ是与球面所成的角度,W040、W131和W222表示球差、彗差和像散的系数。而透镜组的设计应满足轴向色散与波长的线性关系要求,通常采用正负透镜分离结构以及合理分配光焦度来实现,由N个透镜组成的色散物镜需满足条件[20]:
φ=∑i=1Nφi
∑i=1Nφdiυdi=-δS'CFf'2(1-m)2
∑i=1NφdiυdiRλi=0
式中,φ为色散物镜的光焦度;φi为第i个透镜的光焦度;N为透镜个数;φdi和υdi分别为第i个透镜在d波长处的光焦度和阿贝数;δS CF'为色散物镜在C波长和F波长之间的色差(即轴向色散);f′和m分别为色散物镜的焦距和横向放大倍率;Rλi为玻璃材料的色散系数。其中,Rλi=Pλi-(λD-λC)/(λF-λC),Pλi=(nDi-nCi)/(nFi-nCi),Pλi为单个透镜材料的相对色散,λD为D光波长;λC为C光波长;λF为F光波长。式(15)表明要得到高线性轴向色散至少需要两种玻璃材料的单透镜组合。
在常规色散物镜设计中,扩展色散范围与优化色散线性度通常作为核心设计目标[21]。本文的二级色散物镜设计在GRIN产生的轴向色散和像差的基础上,通过GRIN光纤引入可控的非线性色散分量,搭配相匹配的色散物镜组,构建了具有色散补偿的光学系统。综上分析,为提高色焦移线性度并对高阶像差进行校正,利用ZEMAX设计透镜组采用光焦度方向相反的正负透镜进行组合,通过对各个透镜的光焦度进行合理分配,选取Schott玻璃库中的两种玻璃P-BK7和SF5,作为色散物镜组的初始结构。
在整个光学系统中,系统像差主要源于GRIN光纤的预色散和色散物镜组的二级色散。光谱共焦位移测量系统不需考虑轴外点的像差;而轴上成像特性主要受单色光球差影响,轴上点的单色光球差会导致像面上的光斑尺寸变大,引起光谱响应曲线变宽,分辨率降低,故需要对轴向球差进行校正。
为优化色散物镜的聚焦性能,实现多波长单色光的轴上会聚,需进行轴向球差校正。因此,本文建立二级色散物镜像差校正模型,具体为根据ZEMAX软件仿真的二级色散物镜初始结构,建立球差评估模型。以不同波长对应的GRIN光纤等效物点P到色散物镜组的距离作为多重结构配置,构建“透镜参数-像差”数据集,结合PINN算法[22],将轴向球差约束及Zernike像差作为物理约束嵌入损失函数,通过最小化数据损失与物理损失提升泛化能力。基于PINN的二级色散物镜像差校正模型具体流程如图8。
首先,根据色散物镜设计理论选取的玻璃进行ZEMAX仿真,构建“透镜参数-像差”数据集。设计以Zernike系数及透镜参数为输入,调整后透镜参数为输出的全连接网络。然后,在损失函数中嵌入数据拟合项与Zernike像差约束项,通过Adam优化器训练网络,使预测结果既匹配仿真数据,又符合光学物理规律。将网络调整后透镜参数反馈至ZEMAX重新仿真,评估RMS波前误差与Zernike像差大小,直至光学性能满足要求。如果不满足要求,进行迭代。该方法通过物理方程约束与数据迭代的结合,实现了高精度、低成本的像差校正。神经网络训练损失值及训练过程如图9所示。
由图9可知网络正常收敛。随着迭代次数增加,模型在训练集上的损失趋近于0且稳定,表明模型对训练数据拟合度好;测试误差用于评估模型的泛化能力,测试误差在训练损失值±0.01范围内波动,说明模型泛化能力强,模型整体训练有效。根据透镜组初始结构参数及式(14),通过ZEMAX软件对色散物镜的赛德尔像差系数进行模型校正,系统球差优化对比结果如图10所示。
图10中,校正前系统球差数值普遍较高。在波长为460 nm左右时,球差超过20 μm,校正后,相同波长处球差降至10 μm,在工作波长范围内,校正后球差数值显著低于校正前,短波区域校正幅度相对更显著,校正后各波长对应球差数值优化明显,表明利用ZEMAX软件结合PINN算法建立闭环验证的像差校正模型方法的有效性。优化后,得到优化后新的色散物镜组2D布局图如图11所示。
以各波长对应焦面处的RMS弥散斑半径作为像质评价指标,通过最小化弥散斑尺寸实现球差校正效果的量化评估与优化。为评价系统性能,分析系统成像质量,等分抽取12个波长,绘制各波长下近轴焦面点列图如图12所示。
图12为不同波长下的光波点列图。每个图形代表一个特定波长的光在焦点位置的分布情况,点列图体现了系统对不同波长的聚焦性能。由图中所有波长焦点处的弥散斑均小于艾里斑,说明传感系统在不同波长下的聚焦能力达到了衍射极限,表现出良好的成像质量,符合高精度应用场景,能够为位移测量提供可靠的数据支持。色焦移与波长呈高度线性关系,可大幅降低由非线性带来的测量误差,提高测量精度。对色焦移与波长关系分析如图13所示。
如图13,采用最小二乘拟合和二次拟合对比分析,最小二乘拟合线性度更高,工作波长Δλ区间内,系统轴向色散Δd为4.34 mm,线性度可达0.998 4。色焦移与波长λ的线性回归关系为f(λ)=25 430λ-8 563,
可得位移测量系统的理论分辨率为
σs=Δd×σλΔλ=kσλ=25430×10-3=25 nm
式中,k表示线性方程的斜率,σλ表示光谱仪的分辨率,求得系统理论分辨率约为25 nm。
本文设计了基于GRIN光纤的二级色散物镜,并对系统像差进行了理论分析及校正。首先,介绍了光谱共焦位移传感系统的工作原理及GRIN光纤光学特性,设计了基于GRIN光纤的光谱共焦位移传感系统。理论分析表明,GRIN光纤的节距数m对系统预色散的色焦移线性度与等效球差均有显著影响;对比发现,当节距数m=5时,GRIN光纤在波段内可兼顾良好的色焦移线性度与色散范围且光纤长度仅为51.787 mm,线性度R²约95%,色散范围达1.496 mm。然后,在GRIN光纤预色散单元的基础上,通过二级色散物镜进行色散与像差的补偿校正,利用ZEMAX软件采用P-BK7与SF5玻璃的正负透镜组合优化设计,补偿了GRIN光纤的预色散非线性特性,显著扩大了系统的测量范围,实现了高线性度的轴向色散分布。为了校正系统像差,提出了采用PINN结合ZEMAX形成闭环验证的像差校正方法,将系统轴向球差降至10 μm以内,体现了校正技术的有效性。仿真试验结果表明,系统的线性度R²达99.84%,搭配纳米级光谱仪,理论分辨率约为25 nm,系统轴向色散达4.34 mm;优化后的系统在可见光波段内各波长焦点处的RMS弥散斑半径均小于艾里斑,达到衍射极限,满足高精度位移测量的需求。本研究为光谱共焦传感系统的设计与优化提供了新方案,对进一步提高光谱共焦位移测量系统的性能具有指导意义,对系统的工程化应用具有一定的推进作用。

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doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265502.0222006
  • 接收时间:2025-07-15
  • 首发时间:2026-10-10
  • 出版时间:2026-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-15
  • 录用日期:2025-09-29
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    1西安邮电大学 电子工程学院, 西安 710121

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