Article(id=1315743686714048536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743622176288781, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3788/gzxb20265502.0213001, pmid=null, cstr=32255.14.gzxb20265502.0213001, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760371200000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1764172800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-27, onlineDate=1791627340247, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791627340247, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791627340247, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791627340247, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315743622176288781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, year='2026', volume='55', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791627324861, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791627390701, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315743898396381488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743622176288781, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315743898396381489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743622176288781, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=252, endPage=260, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315743686999261210, articleId=1315743686714048536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=EN, title=Design of Low-loss Thin-film Lithium Niobate Coupling Structure Based on Bi-level Taper, columnId=1315743686898597913, journalTitle=Acta Photonica Sinica, columnName=Integrated Optics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The primary objective of this study is to design and experimentally validate a low-loss edge coupler based on a bi-level taper structure on the thin-film lithium niobate platform, specifically targeting efficient coupling with standard single-mode fibers having a mode field diameter of 6 μm at the 1 310 nm wavelength, to address the critical challenge of high coupling losses between Thin-film lithium niobate waveguides and optical fibers that hinder practical applications in integrated photonic systems such as fiber optic gyroscopes, aiming for a solution compatible with mass production via deep ultraviolet lithography while maintaining low optical loss and high alignment tolerance.

To achieve this, the coupler design incorporates two sequentially fabricated inverted tapers—a fully etched lower taper and a partially etched upper taper—within a silicon dioxide cladding, and the structural parameters were rigorously optimized using three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain simulations to maximize the mode field overlap integral between the waveguide and fiber, where key geometric variables including the taper lengths L1 and L2 (both set equal to L for simplicity), the lower taper tip width W1, the upper taper tip width W2, the lower taper output width W3, and the straight waveguide width W4 were systematically varied to assess their impact on coupling efficiency, with initial simulations determining an optimal taper length L of 300 μm to satisfy adiabatic conditions and avoid excessive transmission loss or fabrication-induced defects, followed by width optimizations revealing optimal values of W1 at 0.2 μm, W2 at 0.2 μm, W3 at 3.5 μm, and W4 at 1.2 μm for single-mode operation, while additional analysis of the silicon dioxide upper cladding thickness indicated that a minimum thickness of 3 μm is essential to confine the mode effectively and prevent vertical leakage, with negligible efficiency variation between 3 and 6 μm.

Fabrication involved electron beam lithography for rapid prototyping and validation, where X-cut Thin-film lithium niobate with a 300 nm thick lithium niobate layer on a 4.7 μm silicon dioxide substrate was patterned using two Electron beam lithography steps followed by inductively coupled plasma-reactive ion etching to define the upper and lower tapers sequentially, and a 6-micrometer silicon dioxide cladding was deposited via a combination of low-pressure chemical vapor deposition and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition to ensure density and minimize hydrogen-related losses. Experimental characterization employed a 1 310 nm superluminescent diode source and single-mode fibers in a cut-back method setup to measure total insertion loss, yielding a coupling loss of approximately 2.3 dB per facet for the optimized design, with the straight waveguide propagation loss separately quantified as 0.47 dB per centimeter, and scanning electron microscopy imaging confirmed the fabricated structure but indicated an approximate 110-nanometer lateral misalignment between the upper and lower tapers, though subsequent Finite-difference time-domain simulations demonstrated that such misalignments up to ±300 nm introduce negligible additional loss below 0.03 dB, affirming high fabrication tolerance. Further experimental sweeps of parameters W1 and L showed consistent trends with simulations, where coupling loss decreased with increasing L up to 300 μm and increased with W1 above 0.2 μm, and comparative analysis with existing coupler designs highlighted that this bi-level taper structure achieves a favorable balance between performance and process complexity, requiring only two etching steps and avoiding reliance on costly ultra-high numerical aperture or lensed fibers, thus enabling practical, low-cost deployment in fiber gyroscope applications.

In conclusion, the proposed bi-level taper edge coupler successfully demonstrates low coupling loss, robust manufacturability with substantial alignment tolerances, and full compatibility with standard single-mode fibers and deep ultraviolet lithography mass production, thereby providing a viable pathway for scalable integration of Thin-film lithium niobate based photonic devices.

, authors=Yiren ZHENG, Jinming YUAN, Yuzheng MAO, Xun WAN, Liangping XIE, Hua LI, authorsList=Yiren ZHENG, Jinming YUAN, Yuzheng MAO, Xun WAN, Liangping XIE, Hua LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yuzheng MAO, Liangping XIE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315743690417618992, articleId=1315743686714048536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=CN, title=基于Bi-Level Taper的低损耗薄膜铌酸锂耦合结构设计, columnId=1315743687099924507, journalTitle=光子学报, columnName=集成光学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

薄膜铌酸锂作为新一代硅基光子集成平台,在光通信、非线性光学和量子光学等领域取得了显著进展。然而,芯片与光纤之间的低损耗耦合仍是限制其高性能器件实际应用的关键难题。为实现与光纤陀螺中光纤环尾纤的耦合,以及芯片的批量化低成本生产,设计并验证了一种基于深紫外光刻工艺的双层倒锥端面耦合器,研究了不同倒锥结构下耦合损耗的变化。通过最优化设计,利用电子束光刻工艺验证了该结构在1 310 nm波段可实现与模场直径为6 μm光纤低至2.3 dB/facet的耦合损耗。该耦合器结构简单、工艺复杂度低、耦合损耗小,针对上下层倒锥的对准误差,具备±300 nm的制造容差。该制备方案与常见的薄膜铌酸锂器件制备流程相兼容,借助成熟的批量制造工艺可实现器件的大批量制备,将有利于薄膜铌酸锂平台的集成度提升与相关器件的工程化应用。

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郑宜仁,

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Advanced Photonics Nexus, 2022, 1(1): 016001., articleTitle=Ultra-broadband and low-loss edge coupler for highly efficient second harmonic generation in thin-film lithium niobate, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1315743691084513329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743686714048536, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315743691092901938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743686714048536, companyId=1315743691084513329, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1AVIC Xi'an Flight Automatic Control Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315743691101290547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743686714048536, companyId=1315743691084513329, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国航空工业集团公司 西安飞行自动控制研究所,西安 710065)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1315743694691614812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743686714048536, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Double-taper edge coupler end-face coupler. (a) 3D schematic diagram; (b) Top view; (c) Cross-sectional view and electric field distribution, figureFileSmall=qLVB4CzDCq5OABbTBA4tYQ==, figureFileBig=IdeQkxUQtEUjZYUUf8JeAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743694767112285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743686714048536, language=CN, label=图1, caption=双层倒锥端面耦合器。(a)三维示意图;(b)俯视图;(c)截面视图和电场分布图, figureFileSmall=qLVB4CzDCq5OABbTBA4tYQ==, figureFileBig=IdeQkxUQtEUjZYUUf8JeAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743695006187614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743686714048536, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Dependence of the coupling efficiency on variations in the inverted cone parameter. (a) Dependence of the coupling efficiency on variations in L; (b) Dependence of the coupling efficiency on variations in W1;(c) Dependence of the coupling efficiency on variations in W2; (d) Dependence of the coupling efficiency on variations in W3, figureFileSmall=5NbmoUBYYzRteAvXXzVYqA==, figureFileBig=ffuKkzsC4tT7O/3N/y4TTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743695077490783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743686714048536, language=CN, label=图2, caption=倒锥参数变化对耦合效率的影响。(a)L变化对于耦合效率的影响;(b)W1变化对于耦合效率的影响;(c)W2变化对于耦合效率的影响;(d)W3变化对于耦合效率的影响, figureFileSmall=5NbmoUBYYzRteAvXXzVYqA==, figureFileBig=ffuKkzsC4tT7O/3N/y4TTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743695161376864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743686714048536, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Dependence of coupling efficiency on variations in the thickness of the silica upper cladding layer, figureFileSmall=18qL/rDdpFThspkJH01cSg==, figureFileBig=3ordyg/OZ2md5NvewPn6Ug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743695232680033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743686714048536, language=CN, label=图3, caption=二氧化硅上包层厚度变化对耦合效率的影响, figureFileSmall=18qL/rDdpFThspkJH01cSg==, figureFileBig=3ordyg/OZ2md5NvewPn6Ug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743695316566114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743686714048536, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Fabrication steps for TFLN end-face couplers, figureFileSmall=ZH6iCk7SuThQXPRXCmsQKQ==, figureFileBig=EwyfP5gesUCWrWlI9dHr2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743695400452195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743686714048536, language=CN, label=图4, caption=TFLN端面耦合器制造步骤, figureFileSmall=ZH6iCk7SuThQXPRXCmsQKQ==, figureFileBig=EwyfP5gesUCWrWlI9dHr2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743695475949668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743686714048536, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=SEM characterization of the double-layer inverted taper. 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Facet coupler parameters

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ParameterValue
W10.2 μm
W20.2 μm
W33.5 μm
W41.2 μm
L1300 μm
L2300 μm
), ArticleFig(id=1315743696482582641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743686714048536, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

端面耦合器参数表

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ParameterValue
W10.2 μm
W20.2 μm
W33.5 μm
W41.2 μm
L1300 μm
L2300 μm
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基于Bi-Level Taper的低损耗薄膜铌酸锂耦合结构设计
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郑宜仁 , 员金明 , 毛玉政 , 万洵 , 谢良平 , 李华
光子学报 | 集成光学 2026,55(2): 252-260
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光子学报 |集成光学 2026 , 55 (2) : 252 -260
基于Bi-Level Taper的低损耗薄膜铌酸锂耦合结构设计
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郑宜仁 , 员金明, 毛玉政 , 万洵, 谢良平 , 李华
作者信息
  • 1中国航空工业集团公司 西安飞行自动控制研究所,西安 710065
通讯作者:
毛玉政,
作者简介:

郑宜仁,

Design of Low-loss Thin-film Lithium Niobate Coupling Structure Based on Bi-level Taper
Yiren ZHENG , Jinming YUAN, Yuzheng MAO , Xun WAN, Liangping XIE , Hua LI
Affiliations
  • 1AVIC Xi'an Flight Automatic Control Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China
出版时间: 2026-02-25 doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265502.0213001
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薄膜铌酸锂作为新一代硅基光子集成平台,在光通信、非线性光学和量子光学等领域取得了显著进展。然而,芯片与光纤之间的低损耗耦合仍是限制其高性能器件实际应用的关键难题。为实现与光纤陀螺中光纤环尾纤的耦合,以及芯片的批量化低成本生产,设计并验证了一种基于深紫外光刻工艺的双层倒锥端面耦合器,研究了不同倒锥结构下耦合损耗的变化。通过最优化设计,利用电子束光刻工艺验证了该结构在1 310 nm波段可实现与模场直径为6 μm光纤低至2.3 dB/facet的耦合损耗。该耦合器结构简单、工艺复杂度低、耦合损耗小,针对上下层倒锥的对准误差,具备±300 nm的制造容差。该制备方案与常见的薄膜铌酸锂器件制备流程相兼容,借助成熟的批量制造工艺可实现器件的大批量制备,将有利于薄膜铌酸锂平台的集成度提升与相关器件的工程化应用。

集成光子学  /  端面耦合器  /  时域有限差分法  /  薄膜铌酸锂  /  双层倒锥结构

The primary objective of this study is to design and experimentally validate a low-loss edge coupler based on a bi-level taper structure on the thin-film lithium niobate platform, specifically targeting efficient coupling with standard single-mode fibers having a mode field diameter of 6 μm at the 1 310 nm wavelength, to address the critical challenge of high coupling losses between Thin-film lithium niobate waveguides and optical fibers that hinder practical applications in integrated photonic systems such as fiber optic gyroscopes, aiming for a solution compatible with mass production via deep ultraviolet lithography while maintaining low optical loss and high alignment tolerance.

To achieve this, the coupler design incorporates two sequentially fabricated inverted tapers—a fully etched lower taper and a partially etched upper taper—within a silicon dioxide cladding, and the structural parameters were rigorously optimized using three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain simulations to maximize the mode field overlap integral between the waveguide and fiber, where key geometric variables including the taper lengths L1 and L2 (both set equal to L for simplicity), the lower taper tip width W1, the upper taper tip width W2, the lower taper output width W3, and the straight waveguide width W4 were systematically varied to assess their impact on coupling efficiency, with initial simulations determining an optimal taper length L of 300 μm to satisfy adiabatic conditions and avoid excessive transmission loss or fabrication-induced defects, followed by width optimizations revealing optimal values of W1 at 0.2 μm, W2 at 0.2 μm, W3 at 3.5 μm, and W4 at 1.2 μm for single-mode operation, while additional analysis of the silicon dioxide upper cladding thickness indicated that a minimum thickness of 3 μm is essential to confine the mode effectively and prevent vertical leakage, with negligible efficiency variation between 3 and 6 μm.

Fabrication involved electron beam lithography for rapid prototyping and validation, where X-cut Thin-film lithium niobate with a 300 nm thick lithium niobate layer on a 4.7 μm silicon dioxide substrate was patterned using two Electron beam lithography steps followed by inductively coupled plasma-reactive ion etching to define the upper and lower tapers sequentially, and a 6-micrometer silicon dioxide cladding was deposited via a combination of low-pressure chemical vapor deposition and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition to ensure density and minimize hydrogen-related losses. Experimental characterization employed a 1 310 nm superluminescent diode source and single-mode fibers in a cut-back method setup to measure total insertion loss, yielding a coupling loss of approximately 2.3 dB per facet for the optimized design, with the straight waveguide propagation loss separately quantified as 0.47 dB per centimeter, and scanning electron microscopy imaging confirmed the fabricated structure but indicated an approximate 110-nanometer lateral misalignment between the upper and lower tapers, though subsequent Finite-difference time-domain simulations demonstrated that such misalignments up to ±300 nm introduce negligible additional loss below 0.03 dB, affirming high fabrication tolerance. Further experimental sweeps of parameters W1 and L showed consistent trends with simulations, where coupling loss decreased with increasing L up to 300 μm and increased with W1 above 0.2 μm, and comparative analysis with existing coupler designs highlighted that this bi-level taper structure achieves a favorable balance between performance and process complexity, requiring only two etching steps and avoiding reliance on costly ultra-high numerical aperture or lensed fibers, thus enabling practical, low-cost deployment in fiber gyroscope applications.

In conclusion, the proposed bi-level taper edge coupler successfully demonstrates low coupling loss, robust manufacturability with substantial alignment tolerances, and full compatibility with standard single-mode fibers and deep ultraviolet lithography mass production, thereby providing a viable pathway for scalable integration of Thin-film lithium niobate based photonic devices.

Integrated photonics  /  Edge coupler  /  Finite-difference time-domain method  /  Thin-film lithium niobate  /  Bi-level taper structure
郑宜仁, 员金明, 毛玉政, 万洵, 谢良平, 李华. 基于Bi-Level Taper的低损耗薄膜铌酸锂耦合结构设计. 光子学报, 2026 , 55 (2) : 252 -260 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265502.0213001
Yiren ZHENG, Jinming YUAN, Yuzheng MAO, Xun WAN, Liangping XIE, Hua LI. Design of Low-loss Thin-film Lithium Niobate Coupling Structure Based on Bi-level Taper[J]. Acta Photonica Sinica, 2026 , 55 (2) : 252 -260 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265502.0213001
铌酸锂(Lithium Niobate,LN)作为一种性能优异的光电材料,近年来在集成光子学领域引起了广泛关注。其具有能覆盖从紫外至中红外波段的超宽透光窗口、卓越的电光效应以及显著的二阶非线性光学系数,使其在实现高性能有源与无源器件方面展现出巨大的潜力[1-3]。尽管LN具有诸多显著的优点,但由于缺乏高质量薄膜且图案化工艺复杂,始终难以突破芯片级集成的难题。随着“离子切片”技术与高质量氩基物理刻蚀技术的快速发展,薄膜铌酸锂(Thin-film Lithium Niobate,TFLN)平台的发展迎来新的曙光,纳米级光约束波导能够将多种不同功能的光子器件集成在同一芯片上,目前已经有基于TFLN的布拉格光栅[4-5]、光频梳[6]、光谱仪[7]、调制器[8-9]等应用范例,为实现低损耗、高性能、可扩展的集成光路提供了基础。然而,在实际应用中,光波导与光纤之间的耦合问题仍然是制约系统整体性能的关键因素。由于薄膜铌酸锂波导的模场尺寸远小于光纤的模场尺寸,这种显著的模场尺寸差异会导致严重的模场失配,进而引入较大的耦合损耗。在铌酸锂直波导与光纤直接耦合的情况下,每个端面的耦合损耗会高至10 dB,严重影响了光信号的传输效率和器件间的互连性能。
端面耦合器被广泛用于模场转换,实现波导模场的放大,以减少与光纤的模场尺寸差距。对于铌酸锂,单层倒锥不足以将波导的模场放大至普通单模光纤的模场,会导致较大的耦合损耗;双层倒锥能更大程度地放大模场尺寸,且形状结构复杂程度和工艺难度较低,大幅提升耦合效率。2021年,HU C R等[10]将氮氧化硅条形波导与铌酸锂双层倒锥结构相结合,实现了超高数值孔径光纤(Ultra-High Numerical Aperture Fiber,UHNAF)与铌酸锂波导之间0.54 dB/facet和0.59 dB/facet的耦合损耗,工作带宽覆盖1 527 nm至1 630 nm;2021年,YING P等[11]通过Si3N4条形波导与倒锥形铌酸锂波导结合的方案实现了与UHNAF的高效耦合,耦合损耗低至0.75 dB/facet。2023年,JIA D等[12]提出楔形波导端面耦合器的方案,他们利用化学机械抛光工艺将铌酸锂波导宽度渐变转变为厚度渐变,实现了与UHNAF耦合损耗0.92 dB/facet。2025年,LIU M等[13]提出了一种三叉戟结构的端面耦合器,在1 550 nm波长下与UHNAF的耦合实现了1.52 dB/facet的耦合效率;同时在1 dB损耗范围内,Z方向和X方向的对准容差均达到±1 μm。
现有研究虽然都可以在一定程度提升耦合效率,但其设计多是针对超高数值孔径光纤与透镜光纤开展的,或者是设计结构复杂难以实现大规模简易制造,而光纤陀螺的需求为能与6 μm模场直径的普通单模光纤进行高效耦合的端面耦合结构,因此现有研究无法实现针对光纤陀螺的低成本工程化应用。限制于电子束光刻工艺的速度和产能,批量生产需要采用深紫外光刻工艺;而在优化和摸索阶段,采用深紫外光刻工艺会导致迭代周期过长,需要采取电子束光刻工艺进行快速验证,以缩短迭代周期。因此本文基于深紫外光刻工艺进行设计,在实验阶段采用电子束光刻工艺进行分析和优化改进,两者结合,以实现快速迭代优化和后续的规模应用。
针对以上问题,本文采用时域有限差分法,对设计的双层倒锥结构进行仿真优化,实现薄膜铌酸锂波导与6 μm模场直径的普通单模光纤1.0 dB/facet的高效耦合;随后利用电子束光刻工艺进行实验验证,并且对上层倒锥进行横向的套刻误差分析。
端面耦合器与光纤之间的耦合损耗主要来源于两者模场分布不匹配所引起的模场失配损耗。为了分析耦合效率与模场匹配程度之间的关系,通常采用光纤与波导模场分布之间的重叠积分[14]来进行描述,其表达式为
η=∬Efiber*Ewaveguideds2∬Efiber2ds·∬Ewaveguide2ds
式中,Efiber和Ewaveguide分别表示光纤和波导的模场电场分布,s为光纤与波导之间模式匹配的二维平面,η反映了两者之间的模场重叠程度,即耦合效率。通过电磁场理论的分析与仿真可以得知,光纤和波导中的模场分布均可近似为高斯分布。基于这一特性,可以通过调整光纤与波导的模场尺寸,实现更高效的模场匹配,最终达到降低耦合损耗的目的。
只有满足绝热条件的倒锥结构,才能够有效地实现模场尺寸和形状的逐步转变。这一条件要求倒锥结构在其传播方向上,截面尺寸的变化必须足够平缓,即尺寸的渐变速率要控制在一定范围内,不能出现突变。如果尺寸变化过快,模场在传输过程中可能会发生模式突变、失真或能量反射,从而导致较大的传输损耗。因此,为了保证模场在倒锥波导中能够以较低的损耗实现平滑过渡,倒锥的长度通常需要设计得较长。
在本文中,所采用的倒锥结构长度大于300 μm,足以满足绝热条件的要求。端面耦合器基本结构如图1(a)所示,由双层锥形铌酸锂波导和氧化硅包层组成。该结构通过两次光刻工艺制成,分为下层倒锥和上层倒锥。下层倒锥是一个完全刻蚀的倒锥结构,两端的宽度分别定义为W1和W3,长度定义为L1和L2的总和。上层倒锥是一个浅刻蚀的倒锥结构,其宽度从倒锥尖端W2逐渐变宽到直波导W4,长度为L2。在本文所提出的端面耦合器中,上下层均为单个倒锥,工艺较为简单,误差影响因素相对较少。此外,与透镜光纤和UHNAF相比,普通单模光纤成本更低,与波导的端面耦合对准容差更大,并且制备光纤阵列的成本与难度更低。
接下来对几何参数进行优化。为了确保在1 310 nm波段下的单模传输,TFLN直波导的宽度W4确定为1.2 μm。在控制双层倒锥厚度不变的条件下,对锥形区域长度L1和L2进行分析,为了减少倒锥结构的复杂度,在本文中L1=L2=L。为了获得更高的耦合效率,W1应尽可能小,但受到深紫外光刻机的线宽限制为180 nm,实际加工中尖端宽度应该避免小于0.18 μm。如图2(a)所示,W1=W2=0.2 μm,W3=3.5 μm,当L<300 μm时,耦合效率会随着L的增长而增高,从66.5%增长到了79.8%;而L>300 μm时,耦合效率会呈现下降趋势,到350 μm会下降至77.8%。分析得出L较小时,双层倒锥结构扩大TFLN端面模场尺寸的效果较差,导致耦合效率较低;而当L过大的时候,会导致传输损耗过高,同样会导致耦合效率降低。同时,考虑到倒锥结构的可加工性,在器件制备过程锥形区域过长可能导致斜边加工呈现不理想的锯齿形状,会导致散射损耗增加、出现模式突变,为了避免该项显著的损耗来源并提升工艺容差,L的长度选择为300 μm。
随后在控制L为最优值300 μm的条件下,对双层倒锥的宽度W1、W2和W3进行了研究。如图2(b)所示,W2=0.2 μm,W3=3.5 μm,当W1从0.1 μm增长到0.5 μm时,在0.2 μm处达到最大值,继续增大会导致耦合效率显著下降,W1的优化结果为0.2 μm。之后对上层倒锥的尖端宽度W2进行研究,如图2(c)所示,其中W1=0.2 μm,W3=3.5 μm,当W2从0.1 μm增长到0.5 μm时,耦合效率逐渐下降,W2的优化结果为0.2 μm。最后对下层倒锥右端宽度W3进行研究,如图2(d)所示,W1=W2=0.2 μm,当W3从3 μm增长到8 μm时,耦合效率逐渐降低至67.3%,考虑到上文提到的要避免斜边加工出不理想的锯齿形状的问题,W3不能过小,优化结果为3.5 μm。最终,优化后的双层倒锥的参数如表1所示。
上述仿真均是在二氧化硅上包层厚度为6 μm的条件下进行的,包层的厚度对于倒锥结构影响较大,在整个耦合结构中起着重要作用,需要进行进一步仿真分析。在耦合过程中,倒锥结构将模场泄露到二氧化硅包层内,二氧化硅包层可增大模场的尺寸,使倒锥结构的模斑尺寸与单模光纤的TE、TM模场相匹配,减少模场尺寸差距导致的损耗。由图3中的仿真结果可知,在1~6 μm的范围内,随着二氧化硅包层厚度的增加,耦合效率在3 μm达到最大值,在3~6 μm范围内的耦合效率变化可以忽略;分析为包层较厚时,由于铌酸锂和二氧化硅的折射率差,会形成垂直和水平方向上的模式限制,可以有效地将波导泄漏出的模场限制在包层内,防止光向垂直方向泄漏,由此可以得出结论,包层厚度应在3 μm以上以确保高透射率,在低于3 μm时会出现明显的能量泄露,导致耦合效率降低。
实验中采用X-cut薄膜铌酸锂,衬底层氧化硅厚度为4.7 μm、铌酸锂薄膜厚度为300 nm。器件的具体制造流程如图4所示。
首先,使用电子束光刻(Electron Beam Lithography,EBL)定义波导和上层倒锥结构,并将图案转移到掩膜层;随后通过感应耦合等离子体反应离子刻蚀(Inductively Coupled Plasma-Reactive Lon Etching,ICP-RIE)工艺对LN进行刻蚀,并将剩余的掩膜去除;使用EBL工艺定义波导和下层倒锥结构,并将图案转移到掩膜层;随后通过ICP-RIE工艺对LN进行刻蚀,并将剩余的掩膜去除;最后,再次沉积二氧化硅包层。
蒸镀包层过程中,先用LPCVD沉积一层厚度为1 μm的二氧化硅包层,之后用PECVD再次沉积一层厚度为5 μm的二氧化硅包层。这样做可以利用LPCVD沉积包层更加致密的优点,平衡好LPCVD无法进行厚膜沉积的困难,同时可以减少PECVD沉积过程中由于氢键的引入增大TFLN波导结构损耗的问题。
图5为双层倒锥尖端处的SEM表征图,可以较为清晰地观测到倒锥较为关键的W1、W2处的形貌,可以观察到W1处的下层倒锥形貌较为平直,无明显缺陷;W2处的上层倒锥有明显的横向偏移,偏移量约为110 nm,可能对耦合效率有影响。
对端面耦合器进行性能测试,测试装置如图6所示,将1 310 nm波段的SLD光源通过单模光纤连接到待测器件。被测器件由两个端面耦合器和TFLN脊形直波导连接而成,直波导的长度为5 mm。如图7所示,实验中根据截断法计算了直波导的损耗,约为0.47 dB/cm。输出光通过另一根单模光纤收集并发送到光功率测试仪中。
整个制造过程需要进行两次电子束光刻图案化,而每次电子束光刻之间的套刻误差不可避免,通过仿真分析了套刻误差对耦合损耗的影响。如图8所示,当上层倒锥结构发生300 nm以内的横向偏移时,产生的耦合损耗低于0.03 dB。考虑到样品的横向偏移量约为110 nm,远小于300 nm,无明显影响,而一般电子束设备的套刻误差为20 nm、50 nm,所以该耦合器具有良好的制造容差。
在1 310 nm波段下,测试了不同L和W1下的损耗,如图9(d)所示,随着下层倒锥尖端宽度W1的增加,耦合损耗上升;对多组参数的倒锥进行测试后,结果如图9(a)~(c)所示,在150~300 μm长度内,随着倒锥长度L的增加,耦合损耗下降。由图10可知,实验与仿真结果的趋势保持一致。仿真结果与测试结果之间耦合损耗的差异可能来源于制造过程中的工艺误差、材料吸收以及光纤与端面耦合器模式之间的不匹配,主要来源于表面粗糙度、侧壁角度、线宽偏差、波导端面质量等因素。本文所述的端面耦合器表现出较大的对准容差,这有助于降低光学封装成本,并提升TFLN器件在实际应用中的可靠性。
许多现有的端面合器设计[10,15-17]虽然能实现相对较高的耦合效率,但需要更复杂的制造工艺,涉及三个或更多的光刻步骤,其中一些设计依赖于异质包层或悬臂结构,这可能会降低机械稳定性,对于陀螺来说,抗冲击性能和稳定性尤为重要;其中许多研究是基于UHNAF或透镜光纤来实现耦合的,对于陀螺来说,使用这两种光纤的方案并不现实,这会极大提升陀螺的成本。相比之下,本研究的实验数据表明,该边耦合器实现了耦合损耗和工艺复杂度较好的平衡,其损耗为2.3 dB/facet,而且本研究提出的双层倒锥结构无需额外的制造步骤。此外,该耦合器仅需要两个完整的蚀刻步骤,大大简化了制造过程,能兼容陀螺使用的6 μm的单模光纤,提高了工艺可行性和稳定性,有效降低陀螺所需的功耗,并能够实现陀螺所需光子芯片的大规模封装。
本文设计并实现了一种基于薄膜铌酸锂(TFLN)平台的低损耗端面耦合器。通过优化双层倒锥结构的几何参数,在1 310 nm波段,耦合效率可达80%;利用电子束光刻工艺实验测试对应的耦合损耗约为2.3 dB/facet。成功实现了从脊形TFLN波导到模场直径为6 μm的单模光纤的高效模场传输。该器件表现出良好的制造容差,仿真显示上层倒锥在横向套刻误差控制在±300 nm以内时,额外引入的耦合损耗可忽略不计。本文提出的端面耦合器结构在保持较低耦合损耗的同时,兼顾了工艺可行性与工程化应用需求,可为未来利用深紫外光刻工艺实现高性能、低成本的TFLN集成光子器件的实用化与规模化封装提供可行的技术路径。

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doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265502.0213001
  • 接收时间:2025-10-14
  • 首发时间:2026-10-10
  • 出版时间:2026-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-14
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    1中国航空工业集团公司 西安飞行自动控制研究所,西安 710065

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