Article(id=1315743676966490817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743622176288781, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3788/gzxb20265502.0222003, pmid=null, cstr=32255.14.gzxb20265502.0222003, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1757001600000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1761580800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-10-28, onlineDate=1791627337923, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791627337923, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791627337923, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791627337923, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315743622176288781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, year='2026', volume='55', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791627324861, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791627390701, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315743898396381488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743622176288781, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315743898396381489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743622176288781, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=82, endPage=96, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315743677201371843, articleId=1315743676966490817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=EN, title=Design of a High-magnification Compact Off-axis Three-mirror Afocal Optical System, columnId=1315743623623332133, journalTitle=Acta Photonica Sinica, columnName=Optical Design and Fabrication, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

High-magnification beam expansion optical systems are critical components in space-based active optical detection and long-range laser transmission, imposing stringent requirements on beam collimation performance, energy utilization efficiency, and structural compactness. Increasing the beam expansion ratio can effectively suppress laser beam divergence and improve far-field spot quality, but it typically leads to a significant increase in system volume and a sharp rise in the difficulty of aberration control. Traditional transmissive beam expansion systems are limited by their clear aperture and face challenges such as thermal effects and material absorption under high-power laser conditions; coaxial reflective systems inevitably suffer from central obscuration and energy loss. Although off-axis reflective systems can avoid these defects, existing designs generally exhibit limitations in beam expansion ratio, design complexity, and excessive overall volume. To address these issues, this paper proposes a design method for a high-magnification compact off-axis three-mirror afocal optical system, aiming to achieve a high beam expansion ratio while maintaining system compactness and reducing the structural design difficulty of off-axis systems.

The proposed design method consists of three stages

coaxial initial structure construction, direct off-axis processing based on the focus transfer principle, and freeform surface-based aberration optimization. First, the initial structure of the coaxial three-mirror afocal system is derived based on Gaussian optics and primary aberration theory. By appropriately selecting the conic constants of the primary, secondary, and tertiary mirrors, spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism, and distortion are simultaneously eliminated under zero field conditions, resulting in a coaxial initial structure with highly balanced aberrations. Second, a direct off-axis method based on the focus transfer principle is introduced. By aligning the virtual focus of the secondary mirror with the image-side focus of the primary mirror, and the real focus of the secondary mirror with the object-side focus of the tertiary mirror, while presetting the tilt angles of the secondary and tertiary mirrors, the decenter amounts and mirror spacings of each reflector can be analytically determined, thereby directly constructing an unobscured “ring-shaped” off-axis three-mirror afocal layout, avoiding potential issues of aberration accumulation and beam expansion ratio drift that may occur in progressive off-axis processes. Finally, to expand the system field of view and correct non-rotationally symmetric aberrations introduced by decenter and tilt, freeform surfaces characterized by XY polynomials are used for optimization. By establishing a correspondence between XY polynomial terms and Seidel aberrations, and gradually introducing selected polynomial terms based on quantitative analysis of dominant residual aberrations at different optimization stages, the controllability and interpretability of the optimization process are enhanced.

Based on the above method, a high-magnification compact off-axis three-mirror afocal optical system was successfully designed. The system has an effective clear aperture of 500 mm, a beam expansion ratio of 20×, and a full field of view of 1 mrad. The overall structure is constrained within an envelope circle of 900 mm in diameter, with a system length to entrance pupil diameter ratio of 1.78, demonstrating high structural compactness. Image quality evaluation results show that the RMS wavefront error across the full field of view is better than λ/14 (λ=632.8 nm), and the Strehl ratio is consistently above 0.8, indicating excellent beam transmission performance. The freeform surface sag distribution is smooth and continuous without significant abrupt changes, meeting machining process requirements. To further verify the engineering feasibility of the system, systematic tolerance analysis was conducted. Monte Carlo methods were used for statistical simulation of freeform surface coefficients, curvature radii, and alignment errors, and sensitivity analysis identified the top ten freeform surface coefficients with the most significant impact on system performance, defining their tolerance control ranges. Results from 2 000 random simulations show that over 98% of the samples meet the design requirement of RMS wavefront error better than λ/14, fully validating the stability and robustness of the system under manufacturing and alignment deviations.

In summary, this paper proposes an off-axis three-mirror afocal optical system design method suitable for high-magnification beam expansion requirements. The designed system effectively balances beam expansion ratio and structural compactness while maintaining unobscured characteristics and high energy utilization efficiency. This method significantly reduces the optimization complexity in the transition from coaxial to off-axis structures, improves design efficiency, and provides a feasible and promotable technical approach for the design of high-magnification beam expansion systems in the field of space laser transmission and active optical detection.

, authors=Junjie LIANG1, 2, Chen WANG1, Zhenyuan GUO1, 2, Rupeng FENG1, Xu ZHANG1, 2, Hao GUO3, Chunyu LIU1, authorsList=Junjie LIANG, Chen WANG, Zhenyuan GUO, Rupeng FENG, Xu ZHANG, Hao GUO, Chunyu LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chunyu LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315743681315984091, articleId=1315743676966490817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=CN, title=大倍率紧凑型离轴三反无焦光学系统设计, columnId=1315743623807881511, journalTitle=光子学报, columnName=光学设计与制造, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为满足空间主动光学系统对大扩束倍率与紧凑化的工程需求,并解决离轴三反系统由同轴向离轴过渡困难的问题,提出一种大倍率紧凑型的离轴三反无焦光学系统初始结构设计方法。与现有扩束方案相比,本方法在实现高扩束倍率的同时,能够有效兼顾系统的结构紧凑性。首先推导同轴三反无焦系统的消像差理论,构建了同轴初始结构;随后采用基于焦点传递原理的离轴化策略,在同轴结构基础上直接构建无遮拦的离轴光学布局;最后通过建立几何约束模型,完成了口径为500 mm、全视场为1 mrad、扩束倍率为20倍、外包络直径小于900 mm的光学系统设计。结果表明,所设计系统在实现大扩束倍率的同时具备良好的结构紧凑性,全视场均方根波像差优于λ/14(λ=632.8 nm),光束传输质量良好,同时公差分析验证了系统在加工与装调误差下的稳定性。所提方法为实现大扩束倍率光学系统的紧凑化设计提供了一种可行的技术路径。

, authors=梁竣捷1, 2, 王晨1, 郭镇远1, 2, 冯汝鹏1, 张旭1, 2, 郭昊3, 刘春雨1, authorsList=梁竣捷, 王晨, 郭镇远, 冯汝鹏, 张旭, 郭昊, 刘春雨, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘春雨, authorNote=

梁竣捷,

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Acta Optica Sinica, 2025,45(7):183-193., articleTitle=Design of off-axis catadioptric infrared space optical systems with long image surface and low distortion, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1315743694192497497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743676966490817, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=45, issue=7, pageStart=183, pageEnd=193, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=23, rfOrder=30, authorNames=王保华, 姜会林, 王小勇, journalName=光学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王保华, 姜会林, 王小勇, 等. 长像面低畸变离轴折反式红外空间光学系统设计[J].光学学报, 2025, 45(7): 183-193., articleTitle=长像面低畸变离轴折反式红外空间光学系统设计, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1315743694297355098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743676966490817, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=27, issue=22, pageStart=31820, pageEnd=31839, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=24, rfOrder=31, authorNames=NI J, YANG T, LIU Y, journalName=Optics Express, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NI J, YANG T, LIU Y, et al. Description and tolerance analysis of freeform surface figure error using specific-probability-distributed Gaussian radial basis functions[J]. Optics Express, 2019, 27(22): 31820-31839., articleTitle=Description and tolerance analysis of freeform surface figure error using specific-probability-distributed Gaussian radial basis functions, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1315743681567642332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743676966490817, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315743681576030941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743676966490817, companyId=1315743681567642332, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315743681592808158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743676966490817, companyId=1315743681567642332, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, 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Optical system technical specifications

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
System parameterTechnical specification
Entrance pupil/mm500
Beam expansion ratio20×
Operating wavelength/nm532~1 064
Field of view/mrad1
Wavefront quality over full field≤λ/14 RMS (λ=632.8 nm)
Strehl ratio over full field≥0.8
), ArticleFig(id=1315743689247413034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743676966490817, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

光学系统技术指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
System parameterTechnical specification
Entrance pupil/mm500
Beam expansion ratio20×
Operating wavelength/nm532~1 064
Field of view/mrad1
Wavefront quality over full field≤λ/14 RMS (λ=632.8 nm)
Strehl ratio over full field≥0.8
), ArticleFig(id=1315743689327104811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743676966490817, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

System parameters of initial configuration

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MirrorRadius/mmThickness/mmConic
Primary mirror-2 000-710-1
Secondary mirror-870720-4
Tertiary mirror300-780-1
), ArticleFig(id=1315743689390019372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743676966490817, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

初始结构的系统参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MirrorRadius/mmThickness/mmConic
Primary mirror-2 000-710-1
Secondary mirror-870720-4
Tertiary mirror300-780-1
), ArticleFig(id=1315743689461322541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743676966490817, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Structural parameters of the aberration-corrected off-axis three-mirror afocal system under zero field-of-view

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MirrorRadius/mmThickness/mmConicDecenter/mmTilt/(°)
Primary mirror-2 000-855-1500-
Secondary mirror-870773.6-4-251.1560
Tertiary mirror300-750-1114.9150
), ArticleFig(id=1315743689520042798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743676966490817, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

零视场下消像差的离轴三反无焦系统结构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MirrorRadius/mmThickness/mmConicDecenter/mmTilt/(°)
Primary mirror-2 000-855-1500-
Secondary mirror-870773.6-4-251.1560
Tertiary mirror300-750-1114.9150
), ArticleFig(id=1315743689595540271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743676966490817, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Correspondence between Zernike polynomials, XY polynomials, and seidel aberrations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemMeaningZernike polynomialXY polynomial
Polar coordinate systemCartesian coordinate system
1Piston 1 1 A0,0
2Y tilt ρsinθ y A0,1
3X tilt ρcosθ x A1,0
4Pri Astimatism at 45∘ ρ2sin(2θ) 2xy2A1,1
5Defocus+piston2ρ2-1 2x2+y2-12A2,0+2A0,2-A0,0
6Pri Astimatism at 90∘ ρ2cos(2θ) x2-y2 A2,0-A0,2
7Pri Trefoil at 45∘ ρ3sin(3θ) 3x2y-y3 3A2,1-A0,3
8Pri Y coma+y tilt 3ρ3-2ρsinθ y3x2+y2-2 3A2,1+3A0,3-2A0,1
9Pri X coma+x tilt 3ρ3-2ρcosθ x3x2+y2-2 3A3,0+3A1,2-2A1,0
10Pri Trefoil at 90∘ ρ3cos(3θ) x3-3xy2 A3,0-3A1,2
11Pri Tetrafoil at 45∘ ρ3sin(4θ) 4x3y-4xy3 4A3,1-4A1,3
12Sec Astimatism at 45∘ 4ρ4-3ρ2sin2θ 2xy4x2+y2-3 8A3,1+8A1,3-6A1,1
13Spherical aberration+
defocus+piston
6ρ4-6ρ2+1 6x2+y22-6x2+y2+1 6A4,0+12A2,2+6A0,4
-6A2,0-6A0,2+A0,0
14Sec Astimatism at 90∘ 4ρ4-3ρ2cos2θ 4x2+y2-3x2-y2 4A4,0-4A0,4-3A2,0+3A0,2
15Pri Tetrafoil at 90∘ ρ4cos(4θ) x4-6x2y2+y4 A4,0-6A2,2+A0,4
), ArticleFig(id=1315743689683620656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743676966490817, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

Zernike多项式、XY多项式与Seidel像差的对应关系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemMeaningZernike polynomialXY polynomial
Polar coordinate systemCartesian coordinate system
1Piston 1 1 A0,0
2Y tilt ρsinθ y A0,1
3X tilt ρcosθ x A1,0
4Pri Astimatism at 45∘ ρ2sin(2θ) 2xy2A1,1
5Defocus+piston2ρ2-1 2x2+y2-12A2,0+2A0,2-A0,0
6Pri Astimatism at 90∘ ρ2cos(2θ) x2-y2 A2,0-A0,2
7Pri Trefoil at 45∘ ρ3sin(3θ) 3x2y-y3 3A2,1-A0,3
8Pri Y coma+y tilt 3ρ3-2ρsinθ y3x2+y2-2 3A2,1+3A0,3-2A0,1
9Pri X coma+x tilt 3ρ3-2ρcosθ x3x2+y2-2 3A3,0+3A1,2-2A1,0
10Pri Trefoil at 90∘ ρ3cos(3θ) x3-3xy2 A3,0-3A1,2
11Pri Tetrafoil at 45∘ ρ3sin(4θ) 4x3y-4xy3 4A3,1-4A1,3
12Sec Astimatism at 45∘ 4ρ4-3ρ2sin2θ 2xy4x2+y2-3 8A3,1+8A1,3-6A1,1
13Spherical aberration+
defocus+piston
6ρ4-6ρ2+1 6x2+y22-6x2+y2+1 6A4,0+12A2,2+6A0,4
-6A2,0-6A0,2+A0,0
14Sec Astimatism at 90∘ 4ρ4-3ρ2cos2θ 4x2+y2-3x2-y2 4A4,0-4A0,4-3A2,0+3A0,2
15Pri Tetrafoil at 90∘ ρ4cos(4θ) x4-6x2y2+y4 A4,0-6A2,2+A0,4
), ArticleFig(id=1315743689767506737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743676966490817, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Optimized optical system configuration parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MirrorRadius/mmThickness/mmConicDecenter/mmTilt/(°)
Primary mirror-2 869.617-799.176-0.984609.274-
Secondary mirror-3 495.587799.1765.134-227.42845.284
Tertiary mirror217.887-700-11.401-158.43633.735
), ArticleFig(id=1315743689859781426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743676966490817, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

优化后的光学系统结构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MirrorRadius/mmThickness/mmConicDecenter/mmTilt/(°)
Primary mirror-2 869.617-799.176-0.984609.274-
Secondary mirror-3 495.587799.1765.134-227.42845.284
Tertiary mirror217.887-700-11.401-158.43633.735
), ArticleFig(id=1315743689956250419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743676966490817, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Freeform surface parameters of M1, M2, and M3

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemPrimary mirror(M1)Secondary mirror(M2)Tertiary mirror(M3)
X0Y10.013 679-0.064 4410.149 597
X2Y0-7.217 740×10-61.148 644×10-54.941 373×10-4
X0Y2-7.014 512×10-6-1.533 698×10-61.914 722×10-4
X2Y12.524 536×10-98.652 945×10-88.417 056×10-6
X0Y34.481 188×10-99.481 331×10-87.923 663×10-6
X4Y05.276 777×10-137.437 532×10-111.415 553×10-7
X2Y2-1.569 973×10-127.834 657×10-113.155 955×10-7
X0Y41.058 062×10-121.242 817×10-111.796 501×10-7
X4Y1001.546 804×10-9
X2Y30-1.678 778×10-132.233 728×10-9
X0Y50-3.011 511×10-141.055 986×10-9
), ArticleFig(id=1315743690031747892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743676966490817, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

主、次镜及三镜自由曲面参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemPrimary mirror(M1)Secondary mirror(M2)Tertiary mirror(M3)
X0Y10.013 679-0.064 4410.149 597
X2Y0-7.217 740×10-61.148 644×10-54.941 373×10-4
X0Y2-7.014 512×10-6-1.533 698×10-61.914 722×10-4
X2Y12.524 536×10-98.652 945×10-88.417 056×10-6
X0Y34.481 188×10-99.481 331×10-87.923 663×10-6
X4Y05.276 777×10-137.437 532×10-111.415 553×10-7
X2Y2-1.569 973×10-127.834 657×10-113.155 955×10-7
X0Y41.058 062×10-121.242 817×10-111.796 501×10-7
X4Y1001.546 804×10-9
X2Y30-1.678 778×10-132.233 728×10-9
X0Y50-3.011 511×10-141.055 986×10-9
), ArticleFig(id=1315743690136605493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743676966490817, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Tolerance of key freeform surface coefficients

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sensitivity rankOptical elementFreeform surface termNominal valueTolerance range
1Primary mirrorX2Y0-7.217 740×10-68.60×10-10
2Second mirrorX0Y1-6.444 100×10-21.10×10-5
3Primary mirrorX0Y34.481 188×10-98.12×10-13
4Primary mirrorX2Y12.524 536×10-99.64×10-13
5Primary mirrorX0Y11.367 900×10-26.00×10-6
6Second mirrorX2Y01.148 644×10-55.56×10-9
7Primary mirrorX0Y41.058 062×10-126.38×10-16
8Tertiary mirrorX0Y41.796 501×10-71.20×10-10
9Tertiary mirrorX0Y37.923 663×10-66.34×10-9
10Primary mirrorX0Y2-7.014 512×10-67.10×10-9
), ArticleFig(id=1315743690207908662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743676966490817, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

关键自由曲面系数公差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sensitivity rankOptical elementFreeform surface termNominal valueTolerance range
1Primary mirrorX2Y0-7.217 740×10-68.60×10-10
2Second mirrorX0Y1-6.444 100×10-21.10×10-5
3Primary mirrorX0Y34.481 188×10-98.12×10-13
4Primary mirrorX2Y12.524 536×10-99.64×10-13
5Primary mirrorX0Y11.367 900×10-26.00×10-6
6Second mirrorX2Y01.148 644×10-55.56×10-9
7Primary mirrorX0Y41.058 062×10-126.38×10-16
8Tertiary mirrorX0Y41.796 501×10-71.20×10-10
9Tertiary mirrorX0Y37.923 663×10-66.34×10-9
10Primary mirrorX0Y2-7.014 512×10-67.10×10-9
), ArticleFig(id=1315743690300183351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743676966490817, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Tolerances distribution of the designed optical system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemPrimary mirrorSecond mirrorTertiary mirror
Radius/mm0.060.10.1
Conical coefficient0.0010.0030.003
RMS of Shape error/λ1/501/401/30
x decenter/mm-0.020.05
y decenter/mm-0.020.05
z decenter/mm-0.020.05
x tilt/(″)-2060
y tilt/(″)-2060
z tilt/(″)-4060
), ArticleFig(id=1315743690392458040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743676966490817, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

光学系统的公差分配

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemPrimary mirrorSecond mirrorTertiary mirror
Radius/mm0.060.10.1
Conical coefficient0.0010.0030.003
RMS of Shape error/λ1/501/401/30
x decenter/mm-0.020.05
y decenter/mm-0.020.05
z decenter/mm-0.020.05
x tilt/(″)-2060
y tilt/(″)-2060
z tilt/(″)-4060
), ArticleFig(id=1315743690463761209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743676966490817, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Tolerance analysis results of the optical system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TitleResult
Traceable Monte Carlo generation number2 000
Average RMS wavefront error0.052 1λ
98%0.071 2λ
90%0.065 3λ
80%0.060 8λ
50%0.052 0λ
20%0.043 0λ
10%0.038 8λ
2%0.033 3λ
), ArticleFig(id=1315743690543452986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743676966490817, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

公差分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TitleResult
Traceable Monte Carlo generation number2 000
Average RMS wavefront error0.052 1λ
98%0.071 2λ
90%0.065 3λ
80%0.060 8λ
50%0.052 0λ
20%0.043 0λ
10%0.038 8λ
2%0.033 3λ
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大倍率紧凑型离轴三反无焦光学系统设计
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梁竣捷 1, 2 , 王晨 1 , 郭镇远 1, 2 , 冯汝鹏 1 , 张旭 1, 2 , 郭昊 3 , 刘春雨 1
光子学报 | 光学设计与制造 2026,55(2): 82-96
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大倍率紧凑型离轴三反无焦光学系统设计
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梁竣捷1, 2 , 王晨1, 郭镇远1, 2, 冯汝鹏1, 张旭1, 2, 郭昊3, 刘春雨1
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所,长春 130033
  • 2中国科学院大学,北京 100049
  • 3吉林省产品质量监督检验院,长春 130103
通讯作者:
刘春雨,
作者简介:
Design of a High-magnification Compact Off-axis Three-mirror Afocal Optical System
Junjie LIANG1, 2 , Chen WANG1, Zhenyuan GUO1, 2, Rupeng FENG1, Xu ZHANG1, 2, Hao GUO3, Chunyu LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
  • 2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 3Jilin Provincial Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Changchun 130103, China
出版时间: 2026-02-25 doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265502.0222003
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为满足空间主动光学系统对大扩束倍率与紧凑化的工程需求,并解决离轴三反系统由同轴向离轴过渡困难的问题,提出一种大倍率紧凑型的离轴三反无焦光学系统初始结构设计方法。与现有扩束方案相比,本方法在实现高扩束倍率的同时,能够有效兼顾系统的结构紧凑性。首先推导同轴三反无焦系统的消像差理论,构建了同轴初始结构;随后采用基于焦点传递原理的离轴化策略,在同轴结构基础上直接构建无遮拦的离轴光学布局;最后通过建立几何约束模型,完成了口径为500 mm、全视场为1 mrad、扩束倍率为20倍、外包络直径小于900 mm的光学系统设计。结果表明,所设计系统在实现大扩束倍率的同时具备良好的结构紧凑性,全视场均方根波像差优于λ/14(λ=632.8 nm),光束传输质量良好,同时公差分析验证了系统在加工与装调误差下的稳定性。所提方法为实现大扩束倍率光学系统的紧凑化设计提供了一种可行的技术路径。

光学设计  /  离轴三反无焦系统  /  焦点传递原理  /  大扩束倍率  /  紧凑化

High-magnification beam expansion optical systems are critical components in space-based active optical detection and long-range laser transmission, imposing stringent requirements on beam collimation performance, energy utilization efficiency, and structural compactness. Increasing the beam expansion ratio can effectively suppress laser beam divergence and improve far-field spot quality, but it typically leads to a significant increase in system volume and a sharp rise in the difficulty of aberration control. Traditional transmissive beam expansion systems are limited by their clear aperture and face challenges such as thermal effects and material absorption under high-power laser conditions; coaxial reflective systems inevitably suffer from central obscuration and energy loss. Although off-axis reflective systems can avoid these defects, existing designs generally exhibit limitations in beam expansion ratio, design complexity, and excessive overall volume. To address these issues, this paper proposes a design method for a high-magnification compact off-axis three-mirror afocal optical system, aiming to achieve a high beam expansion ratio while maintaining system compactness and reducing the structural design difficulty of off-axis systems.

The proposed design method consists of three stages

coaxial initial structure construction, direct off-axis processing based on the focus transfer principle, and freeform surface-based aberration optimization. First, the initial structure of the coaxial three-mirror afocal system is derived based on Gaussian optics and primary aberration theory. By appropriately selecting the conic constants of the primary, secondary, and tertiary mirrors, spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism, and distortion are simultaneously eliminated under zero field conditions, resulting in a coaxial initial structure with highly balanced aberrations. Second, a direct off-axis method based on the focus transfer principle is introduced. By aligning the virtual focus of the secondary mirror with the image-side focus of the primary mirror, and the real focus of the secondary mirror with the object-side focus of the tertiary mirror, while presetting the tilt angles of the secondary and tertiary mirrors, the decenter amounts and mirror spacings of each reflector can be analytically determined, thereby directly constructing an unobscured “ring-shaped” off-axis three-mirror afocal layout, avoiding potential issues of aberration accumulation and beam expansion ratio drift that may occur in progressive off-axis processes. Finally, to expand the system field of view and correct non-rotationally symmetric aberrations introduced by decenter and tilt, freeform surfaces characterized by XY polynomials are used for optimization. By establishing a correspondence between XY polynomial terms and Seidel aberrations, and gradually introducing selected polynomial terms based on quantitative analysis of dominant residual aberrations at different optimization stages, the controllability and interpretability of the optimization process are enhanced.

Based on the above method, a high-magnification compact off-axis three-mirror afocal optical system was successfully designed. The system has an effective clear aperture of 500 mm, a beam expansion ratio of 20×, and a full field of view of 1 mrad. The overall structure is constrained within an envelope circle of 900 mm in diameter, with a system length to entrance pupil diameter ratio of 1.78, demonstrating high structural compactness. Image quality evaluation results show that the RMS wavefront error across the full field of view is better than λ/14 (λ=632.8 nm), and the Strehl ratio is consistently above 0.8, indicating excellent beam transmission performance. The freeform surface sag distribution is smooth and continuous without significant abrupt changes, meeting machining process requirements. To further verify the engineering feasibility of the system, systematic tolerance analysis was conducted. Monte Carlo methods were used for statistical simulation of freeform surface coefficients, curvature radii, and alignment errors, and sensitivity analysis identified the top ten freeform surface coefficients with the most significant impact on system performance, defining their tolerance control ranges. Results from 2 000 random simulations show that over 98% of the samples meet the design requirement of RMS wavefront error better than λ/14, fully validating the stability and robustness of the system under manufacturing and alignment deviations.

In summary, this paper proposes an off-axis three-mirror afocal optical system design method suitable for high-magnification beam expansion requirements. The designed system effectively balances beam expansion ratio and structural compactness while maintaining unobscured characteristics and high energy utilization efficiency. This method significantly reduces the optimization complexity in the transition from coaxial to off-axis structures, improves design efficiency, and provides a feasible and promotable technical approach for the design of high-magnification beam expansion systems in the field of space laser transmission and active optical detection.

Optical design  /  Off-axis three-mirror afocal system  /  Focal transfer principle  /  High beam expansion ratio  /  Compact design
梁竣捷, 王晨, 郭镇远, 冯汝鹏, 张旭, 郭昊, 刘春雨. 大倍率紧凑型离轴三反无焦光学系统设计. 光子学报, 2026 , 55 (2) : 82 -96 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265502.0222003
Junjie LIANG, Chen WANG, Zhenyuan GUO, Rupeng FENG, Xu ZHANG, Hao GUO, Chunyu LIU. Design of a High-magnification Compact Off-axis Three-mirror Afocal Optical System[J]. Acta Photonica Sinica, 2026 , 55 (2) : 82 -96 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265502.0222003
在主动光学探测与远距离激光传输应用中,激光束的准直性与传输质量是决定系统性能的关键因素[1-3]。随着应用场景对传输距离和远场光斑控制精度要求的持续提升,大倍率扩束光学系统逐渐成为研究与工程实践的重点方向。扩束系统能够有效减小激光束的发散角[4],从而在远场获得能量更集中、尺寸更小的光斑,对提升探测精度与能量利用效率具有重要意义。
目前,扩束系统主要分为透射式和反射式两类[5]。透射式系统在高功率激光照射下,由于光学材料及镀膜层存在一定的光吸收效应,易引发热透镜效应并导致光学元件损伤,从而限制了其在高功率激光传输中的应用[6];此外,在大口径条件下,系统的加工难度显著增加。相比之下,反射式系统利用高反射率镜面将绝大部分激光能量反射输出,有效降低了因材料吸收而产生的热负荷,因而具备更优的热稳定性与抗损伤能力[7],同时在大口径系统的设计中展现出更高的工程可行性。然而,同轴反射式系统通常存在中心遮拦问题,不仅造成有效通光面积的减少,还可能引发衍射效应,进而影响能量利用率与光束质量[8]。离轴反射式光学系统在光束扩束应用中表现出显著优势,一方面可避免材料吸收带来的热效应问题,另一方面能够实现无遮拦结构[9],从而有效提升光束传输效率。近年来,离轴反射式扩束系统的研究成果不断涌现。2020年,谷茜茜等[10]针对激光通信需求,设计了一种离轴两反无焦系统,主镜采用抛物面结构,次镜采用XY多项式表征的自由曲面,系统入瞳直径为100 mm,全视场为0.6°,扩束倍率为5倍。2024年,陈乾升等[11]基于矢量像差理论推导了自由曲面像差分布表达式,采用Zernike多项式表征的自由曲面,完成了一套用于短波红外波段的离轴两反无焦系统设计,系统入瞳直径为200 mm,全视场角为0.4°,扩束倍率同样为5倍。离轴两反系统具有结构简单、装调便捷等优势,但由于反射镜数量有限,其扩束倍率难以进一步提升。为实现更大倍率的扩束,孙权社等[12]提出了一种适用于空间激光通信的离轴四反无焦光学系统,其通光孔径为150 mm,扩束倍率达15倍,全视场为1°,但系统筒长达740 mm,整体体积较大。陈胜楠等[13]则针对引力波探测需求,设计了一套大倍率离轴四反无焦系统,入瞳直径为200 mm,扩束倍率高达40倍,全视场为400 μrad。尽管该系统具备优异的扩束性能,但其筒长仍达600 mm,系统紧凑性受到制约。综上所述,离轴四反系统在扩束倍率方面相较两反系统有显著提升,但也面临结构复杂、体积庞大等工程挑战。除两反与四反系统外,近年来国内外学者对离轴三反系统的紧凑化设计展开了积极探索。2024年,LIU J等[14]提出一种结合自由曲面反射镜与自由曲面探测器的离轴三反光学系统设计方法,设计出一款入瞳直径为100 mm、F数为2、全视场为12.4°的离轴三反系统,相较于传统平面探测器方案,系统体积缩减约80%。BAUER A和ROLLAND J P等[15]针对离轴三反系统缺乏前期设计指导的问题,提出基于自由曲面光学的系统性优化方法,并构建了涵盖不同入瞳直径、F数与视场范围的设计路线图。通过对200余套系统的优化分析,研究揭示了在保持衍射极限像质条件下的最小体积边界,明确了不同参数组合下的可行解空间,为离轴三反成像系统的紧凑化设计提供了定量依据和前瞻指导。尽管现有研究已在离轴三反系统方面积累了一定经验,但主要集中于成像应用领域,针对高扩束倍率、紧凑布局的无焦系统研究仍相对不足。
针对离轴两反系统扩束倍率受限,离轴四反系统结构复杂且体积庞大的问题,本文提出了一种大倍率紧凑型离轴三反无焦光学系统设计方法。首先基于初级像差理论和高斯光学原理推导并构建了同轴初始结构,随后采用基于焦点传递原理的离轴化策略,在同轴结构基础上直接构建无遮拦的离轴光学布局,最后通过建立几何约束模型,完成“环形轮廓”布局的大倍率紧凑型光学系统设计。
在光学系统设计中,初始结构选取至关重要,其合理性直接影响后续优化过程的收敛效率、设计可行性及最终成像性能[16]。初始结构的建立基于近轴光学理论与光线追迹方法,通过对系统的近轴成像特性进行解析计算,结合初级像差理论确定同轴三反系统的结构参数。如图1所示,三片反射镜的曲率半径分别为R1、R2、R3;焦距分别为f1'、f2'、f3';二次曲面系数分别为e12、e22、e32;主镜至次镜的距离为d1,次镜至三镜的距离为d2;三片反射镜的物方和像方孔径角分别为u1、u2、u3、u1'、u2'、u3',物方和像方折射率分别为n1、n2、n3、n1'、n2'、n3';光线在三片反射镜处的光线高度为h1、h2、h3;无焦系统的扩束倍率为Г;光学系统的拉赫不变量为J。
对于同轴三反无焦系统,满足
n1=n2'=n3=1,n1'=n2=n3'=-1u1=u3'=0,u1'=u2=h1f1'=h2l2,u2'=u3=h2l2'=h3f3'R1=2f1',R2=2f2',R3=2f3'Γ=h1h3=R1l2'R3l2J=nuy=n'u'y'=0
光学系统的单色像差共有5种:球差、彗差、像散、场曲及畸变,根据初级像差理论,其系数分别为S1、S2、S3、S4及S5,表达式为
S1=∑ hP+∑ h4KS2=∑ yP+J∑ W+∑ h3yKS3=∑ y2hP+2J∑yhW+J2∑ϕ+∑h2y2KS4=∑ ΠhS5=∑ y3h2P-3J∑y2h2W+J2∑yh3ϕ+Πh-  J3∑ 1h2Δ1n2+∑ hy3K
式中,
P=u'-u1/n'-1/n2u'n'-unW=u'-u1/n'-1/nu'n'-unΠ=n'u'-nunn'ϕ=1hu'n'-unK=-e2R3n'-n
将同轴三反无焦系统结构参数代入式(3)中可得
P1=-2h13R13,P2=-h234l2'-l22l2+l2'l23l23,P3=-2h33R33W1=2h12R12,W2=h222l2'-l2l2+l2'l22l2'2,W3=-2h32R32Π1=2h1R1,Π2=h2l2+l2'l2l2',Π3=2h3R3ϕ1=-2R1,ϕ2=-l2+l2'l2l2',ϕ3=-2R3K1=-2e12R13,K2=-2e22R23,K3=-2e32R33
将式(4)的参数求解结果代入式(2)的像差系数表达式中,得
S1=2h14R13e12-1+2l2'ΓR31+ΓR3R13e22-1-l2'/l221+l2'/l22+R13R33Γ4e32-1 S2=2h12y1R13e12-1+1+ΓR3R13e22-1-l2'/l221+l2'/l22+R12R32Γ2e32-1S3=2h1y12R13e12-1+2l2'ΓR31+ΓR3R13e22-1-l2'/l221+l2'/l22+R1ΓR3e32-1S4=∑ Πh=2R1+1l2+1l2'+2R3=2R1+2R3+ΓR3+R1R1l2'S5=2h1y13R13e12-1+2l2'ΓR31+ΓR3R13e22-1-l2'/l221+l2'/l22+1Γe32-1
由式(5)可知,当且仅当e12=e32=1,e22=1-l2'/l221+l2'/l22时,即主镜(M1)与三镜(M3)为抛物面,次镜(M2)为双曲面时,S1=S2=S3=S5=0,表明系统可完全消除球差、彗差、像散和畸变四种初级像差,然而,系统仍存在一定程度的场曲,且场曲随扩束倍率的增大而增加。
基于上述像差消除理论,可求解出三片反射镜的面型参数;结合几何光学关系,进一步推导出各反射镜的曲率半径及镜间距离,从而获得同轴三反无焦系统的初始结构。
R2=2l2l2'l2+l2',R3=R1l2'Гl2d1=R12-l2,d2=l2'-R32
由式(6)可知,光学系统的整体结构参数完全由所设定的变量R1,l2,l2',Г决定,只要选择合理的参数R1,l2,l2',即可完成同轴三反无焦系统的初始结构求解,并在同轴三反系统的基础上,对光学元件引入适当的偏心与倾斜实现离轴化。
离轴三反无焦系统常见的结构形式主要包括“Z”型布局与“环形轮廓”布局两类[17]。其中,“Z”型布局中各反射镜的倾斜角与偏心量较小,像差校正相对容易,但整体体积较大;而“环形轮廓”布局通过将次镜与三镜分置于主镜两侧,显著提升了空间利用效率,尤其适用于对安装空间有严格限制的空间光学平台。然而,该布局中较大的镜面偏心量与倾斜角会破坏系统的轴对称特性。根据节点像差理论(Nodal Aberration Theory, NAT),当系统由同轴结构过渡至离轴结构时,原本具有轴对称性的低阶像差在偏心与倾斜的影响下将发生耦合与转化,例如球差可部分转化为具有场依赖特性的彗差与像散,其幅值通常与偏心量呈线性或二次函数关系[18-19]。因此,在“环形轮廓”布局中,像差的耦合效应更为显著,空间分布更加复杂。若仍沿用传统的“同轴设计—渐进离轴”设计方法,难以有效抑制此类非旋转对称像差,将导致系统在优化过程中面临较大的收敛难度与性能瓶颈。
为降低系统优化复杂度,兼顾大扩束倍率与结构紧凑性的设计需求,本文提出一种基于焦点传递原理的直接离轴化设计方法:在同轴初始结构的基础上,直接构建“环形轮廓”式离轴布局,从而从源头上减小由同轴向离轴过渡所带来的像差突变与优化难度。依据初级像差理论,当主镜与三镜采用抛物面、次镜采用双曲面时,可在零视场条件下同时消除四种单色像差;基于此,可通过焦点传递关系建立“环形轮廓”离轴三反无焦系统的初始结构模型,如图2所示。在模型中,次镜的虚焦点F2与主镜的像方焦点F1'重合,次镜的实焦点F2'与三镜的物方焦点F3重合。设三片镜子的曲率半径分别为R1、R2和R3;偏心量分别为h1、h2和h3;次镜和三镜的倾斜角分别为θ2和θ3;主镜与次镜的间距为d1,次镜与三镜的间距为d2。次镜虚焦点到次镜中心顶点的距离为l2,次镜实焦点到次镜中心顶点的距离为l2'。
根据几何光学关系可以推导得到离轴后的镜间距与各镜偏心量的表达式为
d1=R12-l2⋅cosθ2d2=l2'-R1l2'2Гl2⋅cosθ3
h1=D2-l2⋅sinθ2h2=l2⋅sinθ2h3=R1l2'2Гl2⋅sinθ3
将三片反射镜顶点坐标代入外接圆半径计算式,可估算系统的外包络半径为
r≈d1+d2cosθ22+h1+h2-d2sinθ22d12+h1+h222d1sinθ2+h1+h2cosθ2
根据式(7)至式(8)可知,在给定同轴初始结构的前提下,通过合理选取参数θ2、θ3的值,即可求解离轴后的镜间距及各反射镜的偏心量,从而实现“环形轮廓”离轴三反无焦系统的布局设计。由式(9)进一步可得,系统外包络半径随θ2的变化而变化,因此θ2的选取应以最小化外包络半径为目标,并在满足无遮拦要求和结构紧凑性的约束条件下,寻求折中的最优设计方案。
在构建零视场下消像差的“环形轮廓”布局离轴三反无焦系统后,仍需进一步进行结构优化与大视场扩展。若不对几何布局加以限制,在优化过程中往往会呈现向共轴结构收敛的趋势,以规避离轴带来的像差,这虽有助于像差校正,却容易导致光路遮挡等问题[20]。图3示意了“环形轮廓”结构的离轴约束思路:以每一镜面边缘点到相邻边缘光线的最短距离作为约束指标。该距离过小会引发反射镜与光束的实质性干涉;距离过大则会导致系统体积增大。因此,需要将其限制在合理区间。本文采用光线追迹得到每个面上视场边缘光线的两点坐标,据此求取该光线的斜率k与截距b,得到直线方程
y=k⋅z+b
再由“点到直线距离”公式,将镜面边缘点的坐标代入,即可计算该边缘点到相邻边缘光线的距离。随后,将该距离约束在给定区间内,并在光学设计软件中通过操作变量与权重实现数值控制,从而避免遮拦与抑制体积增大。对第i个镜面边缘点,其到相邻边缘光线的距离Li需满足
Lmin≤Li=yi-k⋅zi-bk2+1i=1,2,⋯,7≤Lmax
式中,(yi,zi)为各镜面边缘点的坐标,Lmax为避免系统体积过大而限制的最大距离,Lmin为避免与光束发生干涉的最小安全距离。
基于对大扩束倍率的要求,制定了光学指标参数,如表1所示。
在构建同轴初始结构时,需要依次确定以下关键参数:R1,l2,l2',Г,主镜顶点曲率半径R1由相对孔径确定,较大的相对孔径有利于缩短系统筒长、减小整体体积,但也会提高像差优化难度。此外,次镜物方焦点与像方焦点到镜面中心顶点的距离l2和l2'过大将增大系统体积包络,过小则可能导致在离轴后出现遮拦。综上所述,取主镜相对孔径为1/2,并设l2=-290,l2'=870。将上述参数代入式(6)可求得同轴系统初始结构参数,相关计算通过MATLAB程序实现。最终计算结果见表2,同轴三反无焦系统的初始结构如图4所示。
对于“环形轮廓”布局的离轴三反无焦系统,由于各光学元件的偏心量与倾斜角较大,若采用逐步增加偏心与倾角的渐进式离轴化方法,流程繁琐,且耗时耗力。一方面,扩束倍率对系统参数高度敏感,离轴操作易引起倍率变化;另一方面,离轴化过程会引入大量非对称像差,在大扩束倍率条件下,系统本身像差容限极低,离轴化带来的非对称像差幅值往往超过可校正范围。
基于上述考虑,在已获得的同轴初始结构上,直接为次镜与三镜选取合适的倾斜角θ2、θ3,并依据焦点传递原理求解相应的离轴量,实现“一次性”离轴化设计,从源头避免渐进式离轴化带来的像差堆积与倍率不稳问题。
由式(9)可知,系统外包络半径r与θ2相关,而与θ3无关。当R1,l2,l2',Г等参数确定时,即可得到外包络半径r随倾斜角θ2变化的关系,如图5所示。可以看出,当θ2=46°时,r取得最小值;但当θ2≤55°时,系统存在遮拦;而当θ2≥65°时,体积包络尺寸又迅速增大。综上,为保障机械结构安装余量,取θ2=60°。θ3决定光线最后的出射角度,过小或过大都会造成出射光束与主镜或次镜发射干涉,经优化迭代分析,取40°~60°均可满足要求,最终选取θ3=50°。
将θ2和θ3代入式(7)和式(8)中,即可求解离轴后系统的各镜间距与偏心量,其结构参数如表3所示。
在完成零视场下“环形轮廓”离轴三反无焦系统的初步设计后,为满足更宽视场的应用需求,需进一步扩展系统视场范围并开展综合性像质优化。由于系统关于YOZ平面具有几何对称性,可仅对半视场进行采样分析,再结合子午面的对称特性推算全视场的波前质量分布。本研究设定视场采样点数量为11个,覆盖全视场范围[-0.5 mrad,0.5 mrad],如图6所示。优化前,对系统结构参数和光阑位置进行动态调整,将光阑移至主镜前端,并对出瞳直径、各反射镜边缘点位置以及相邻边缘光线间距施加约束条件。
在充分考虑光阑、遮光罩与支撑结构所需安装空间的基础上,尽可能压缩系统整体体积,以实现高紧凑性的结构设计目标。然而,在“环形轮廓”离轴布局中,受镜面偏心与倾斜所引发的节点像差耦合效应影响,传统二次曲面或标准非球面难以有效校正系统的非旋转对称像差,因此需引入自由曲面以提升系统的综合成像性能。
特别地,XY多项式自由曲面因其优异的加工适应性与表达灵活性,已被广泛应用于高精度离轴光学系统的优化设计中。该类面型在传统二次曲面基底上叠加多项式修正项,能够以较少的设计参数实现高自由度的面形描述,在像差校正能力与制造可行性之间取得良好平衡。综合考虑像差补偿能力与加工工艺的匹配性,采用基于泰勒展开的XY多项式进行自由曲面建模,其矢高函数由二次基底与多项式修正项共同构成,数学表达式为[21]
Z=cx2+y21+1-1+kc2x2+y2+∑i=0p∑j=0pAi,jxiyj,1≤i+j≤p
式中,Z为XY多项式表达的自由曲面面型矢高;c为顶点曲率半径的倒数;k为二次曲面系数;x、y为自由曲面局部坐标系下的笛卡尔坐标变量;Ai,j为XY多项式展开项的系数;p为最高阶次。
通过调节各阶多项式系数Ai,j,可获得更符合像差校正需求的自由曲面解,从而显著提升系统成像质量。为使优化过程具备明确的物理意义,需建立XY多项式各阶项系数与系统几何像差之间的定量对应关系。由于Seidel像差与标准Zernike多项式中的特定项具有一一对应关系[22]。因此,研究XY多项式系数与系统像差的关联问题,可等效转化为分析XY多项式各项与Zernike多项式系数之间的映射关系。标准Zernike多项式是一种定义在单位圆域内的正交多项式表达形式,其最低阶基底与XY多项式中的二次曲面项具有相同的数学结构,其数学表达式可写为
Z=cx2+y21+1-1+kc2x2+y2+∑i=2pBiZi(ρ,ϕ)
式中,ρ为归一化径向坐标;ϕ为方位角;Bi为Zernike多项式的系数;Zi为Zernike多项式系数项的极坐标表示。
通过将自由曲面在笛卡尔坐标系下的局部表达与极坐标系下的表达形式统一,可建立XY多项式与Zernike多项式之间的转换关系,结合Seidel像差理论,可进一步明确各多项式项对系统主要像差的具体贡献,从而在系统优化过程中实现自由曲面设计参数与成像质量指标的直接关联。表4总结了标准Zernike多项式与对应的XY多项式项系数之间的关系,为自由曲面参数的优化提供了理论依据与工程指导。
在优化过程的特定阶段,通过对系统剩余像差的分析发现,三镜处存在较明显的球差。为校正该量级的球差,将表4中与球差敏感相关的XY多项式系数(如A4,0、A2,2、A0,4、A2,0、A0,2)设为优化变量并进行迭代调整;为抑制因镜面倾斜与偏心引起的彗差与像散耦合效应,选择A2,1、A0,3和A2,0、A0,2等相应系数作为变量参与优化,依此类推。随着系统像质逐步收敛,残余像差主要表现为高阶像散及非旋转对称的局部波前误差。为进一步抑制这些高阶像差并改善边缘视场的成像性能,逐步引入五阶及以上的XY混合项,用于校正高阶像散分量及视场相关的节点像差。该过程中的每一项均基于对系统剩余像差分布的定量分析有针对性地引入,而非盲目增加多项式复杂度,从而确保自由曲面参数与像差类型之间保持合理的物理耦合关系。
考虑到系统结构关于YOZ面对称,为保证自由曲面面型与系统几何对称性一致,在优化过程中仅保留X的幂次为偶数的项,以提升优化收敛性并确保解的物理合理性。最终确定的自由曲面最高阶次为五阶,在保证系统优良像质的同时,有效兼顾了结构稳定性和实际加工可实现性。优化后的离轴三反无焦光学系统三维结构如图7所示,主要结构参数列于表5,对应的自由曲面系数详见表6。
根据以上面型参数仿真得到了如图8所示的自由曲面的二维矢高图,由图中可以看出各反射镜的面型变化连续且平缓,无局部尖峰或突起,曲率分布无突变,具备良好的加工可行性。
无焦光学系统的像质评价不同于传统聚焦系统,通常采用波像差和斯特列尔比作为主要评估指标。图9展示了系统在各视场下的波前误差和斯特列尔比分布情况。从图中可以看出,系统在全视场范围内的波前误差RMS值优于λ/14(λ=632.8 nm),不同视场的斯特列尔比均大于0.8,表明系统具备良好的波前质量,能够满足光学性能的设计要求。
“环形轮廓”布局的大倍率紧凑型离轴三反无焦光学系统包络尺寸如图10所示,其三维尺寸为890 mm×500 mm×720 mm,系统总长与入瞳直径之比为1.78,整体被约束于直径900 mm的包络圆内,有效实现了系统体积的压缩。相较于目前的扩束系统,该结构显著减小了系统的横向尺寸,实现了大倍率无焦光学系统的高度紧凑化设计。
系统质量主要集中于大口径的主反射镜M1与次反射镜M2,两者均采用具有高刚度和优良热稳定性的碳化硅(SiC)陶瓷材料制成。结合加工工艺经验,各反射镜中心厚度按8∶1的径厚比确定,据此估算整套系统的总质量约为15 kg,成功实现了大倍率无焦光学系统的轻量化设计。
在离轴自由曲面光学系统中,由于其属于非旋转对称结构,光学元件之间的相对位置对成像质量具有显著影响,因此对制造与装调精度提出了更高要求。为了确保系统性能满足设计指标,必须在设计阶段开展公差分析[23],通过评估各类误差源对成像质量的影响,在性能、加工难度与成本之间实现合理平衡。
公差通常分为加工公差和装调公差两大类。加工公差主要包括光学元件的面形误差、曲率半径偏差等制造过程中产生的误差。由于自由曲面具有高灵敏度与复杂的几何特性,其局部形貌的微小扰动即可显著影响系统的成像性能,因此有必要将自由曲面系数纳入误差分析范畴[24]。采用基于蒙特卡罗方法的公差分析流程,通过对自由曲面XY多项式系数施加随机扰动,系统评估各项误差对光学系统波前质量的影响。进一步结合灵敏度分析结果,筛选出对系统成像性能影响最为显著的前十项自由曲面系数,并确定其容差范围,如表7所示。在此基础上,依据所设偏差范围生成大量包含随机面形误差的自由曲面模型,计算其与理想面形之间的偏差,并以均方根(RMS)值量化加工误差对系统像质的影响。装调公差主要涵盖光学元件在X、Y、Z方向的偏心误差以及绕各坐标轴的倾斜误差。灵敏度分析结果显示,主镜对系统波前误差的影响最为敏感,因此在装调过程中以主镜为定位基准,在确保其位置精度的前提下,依次调整次镜与三镜的姿态,以保证系统整体波前的一致性。综合自由曲面面形RMS误差与参数灵敏度分布特性,合理设定加工与装调环节的容差要求,最终确定的光学系统公差分配方案如表8所示。
与聚焦光学系统不同,无焦光学系统通常采用RMS波像差作为公差分析的主要评价指标。在完成所设计的大倍率紧凑型离轴三反无焦光学系统的公差分配后,为更真实地模拟加工与装调过程中可能出现的误差情况,对该系统进行了2 000次蒙特卡罗仿真分析,每个仿真样本均代表一次实际制造或系统装调可能发生的情况。仿真结果如表9所示,在超过98%的样本中,系统因加工与装调误差引起的波像差RMS值优于λ/14(λ=632.8 nm),验证了该系统具备良好的制造与装调容差能力,能够有效满足设计性能要求。
在高精度光学探测与远距离激光传输应用中,激光束的准直性能与传输质量是决定系统整体性能的关键因素。采用大扩束倍率系统可有效延长作用距离,并抑制光束能量的发散。本文提出一种大倍率、紧凑型离轴三反无焦光学系统的设计方法。该方法基于初级像差理论与高斯光学原理,首先推导同轴三反无焦系统的初始结构;随后利用焦点传递原理,直接构建具有“环形轮廓”特征的离轴光学布局,从根本上避免了传统渐进式离轴过程中可能出现的扩束倍率漂移与像差累积问题,显著降低了系统后续优化的复杂度。在此基础上,结合系统性能指标要求,引入以XY多项式表征的自由曲面进行精细像差校正。最终,在直径900 mm的包络圆内,完成了有效通光口径为500 mm、扩束倍率为20倍、全视场角达1 mrad的紧凑型离轴三反无焦光学系统设计。最后,对所设计系统开展了像质评估与公差分析。结果表明,系统在全视场范围内的RMS波前误差优于设计指标,斯特列尔比均值高于0.8,充分验证了其在高扩束比、结构紧凑性及光束质量等方面的优良工程适用性。

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doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265502.0222003
  • 接收时间:2025-09-05
  • 首发时间:2026-10-10
  • 出版时间:2026-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-05
  • 录用日期:2025-10-28
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    1中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所,长春 130033
    2中国科学院大学,北京 100049
    3吉林省产品质量监督检验院,长春 130103

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