Article(id=1315743623451365668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743622176288781, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3788/gzxb20265502.0222001, pmid=null, cstr=32255.14.gzxb20265502.0222001, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1756569600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1766332800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineDate=1791627325164, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791627325164, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791627325164, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791627325164, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315743622176288781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, year='2026', volume='55', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791627324861, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791627390701, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315743898396381488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743622176288781, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315743898396381489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743622176288781, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=41, endPage=66, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315743623723995430, articleId=1315743623451365668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=EN, title=Optical Performance of Aspherical Monofocal Intraocular Lenses in Misaligned States, columnId=1315743623623332133, journalTitle=Acta Photonica Sinica, columnName=Optical Design and Fabrication, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Intraocular Lens (IOL) is a medical device implanted into the eye, commonly utilized in the treatment of ophthalmic conditions such as cataracts. In clinical practice, implanted IOLs frequently exhibit varying degrees of decentration and tilt. These positional deviations from the ideal alignment can significantly compromise the eye's optical performance. Among the widely adopted monofocal IOLs, which are primarily designed to restore distance vision, two main categories exist: spherical and aspherical monofocal IOLs. Aspherical monofocal IOLs can be further subdivided into two types: Aberration-correcting Intraocular Lens (ACIOL) and Aberration-free Intraocular Lens (AFIOL). ACIOL is specifically designed to neutralize the cornea's inherent positive spherical aberration, thereby enhancing the quality of distance vision. Under perfect centration conditions, these lenses are capable of delivering optimal optical outcomes. In contrast, AFIOL, while not altering the overall spherical aberration of the eye, demonstrate superior performance in the presence of decentration or tilt. Under such non-ideal positional conditions, they are usually superior to ACIOL. However, while numerous studies have evaluated the optical performance of misaligned IOLs, the underlying causes of performance variations among different aspherical monofocal IOL types remain inadequately explored—a challenge that persists in the field. Some investigations have focused on compensating for refractive errors resulting from IOL tilt or axial shift, whereas others have derived analytical expressions to estimate the specific aberration terms that require correction under given decentration conditions. Despite these valuable efforts, a critical gap remains: the absence of a comprehensive theoretical model capable of simultaneously characterizing the aberrations of the human eye's optical system in the presence of both decentration and tilt. This limitation ultimately hinders a systematic analysis of the factors responsible for optical performance differences among misaligned IOLs.

To address these challenges, this study introduces several key improvements. First, the computational model incorporates the thickness of both the cornea and the IOL. Under realistic implantation conditions, the anterior surface of the IOL may not be perfectly aligned with the iris and can exhibit a measurable offset. This misalignment significantly increases the complexity of aberration calculations, requiring repeated application of the pupil-shift law to both optical surfaces. To enable efficient computation and analysis, the wave aberration coefficients corresponding to primary spherical aberration and primary coma in the pseudophakic eye are explicitly derived. Then, based on functional differences, different axial lengths, and functional principles, three types of ACIOL and three types of AFIOL were designed respectively. The validity of both ACIOL and AFIOL is confirmed through a comprehensive analysis of their Modulation Transfer Function (MTF), spot diagrams, simulated imaging, and aberration characteristics. The accuracy of these aberration coefficients is subsequently verified using numerical software. During the development of the misaligned pseudophakic eye model, we clarify why the primary spherical aberration field remains invariant under lateral misalignments. Subsequently, we establish the relationship between the primary coma field and the aberration field decenter vector. A mathematical formula for determining the coordinates of the primary coma field center is derived, revealing that under misaligned conditions, the pseudophakic eye possesses only one nodal point for primary coma—a position that is demonstrably influenced by lateral misalignments. Moreover, a comparison was made between the designed IOL and a commercial ACIOL, which showed similar MTF, thus demonstrating the universality of the conclusions drawn in this study.

Based on the misaligned pseudophakic eye model, this study investigates the primary coma field centers of both ACIOL and AFIOL under misaligned conditions. Analytical results indicate that a larger shift in the primary coma field center is associated with a lower MTF. Under decentered conditions, the primary coma field center shift of ACIOL is significantly greater than that of AFIOL. Since the posterior surface spherical aberration is consistent between the two types of IOLs, and the absolute value of the anterior surface spherical aberration in ACIOL is significantly higher than that of the posterior surface, reducing the anterior surface spherical aberration becomes necessary to achieve zero overall spherical aberration. However, as both IOL types share the same dioptric power, their spherical contributions to anterior surface spherical aberration are comparable. Consequently, the reduction of anterior surface spherical aberration must be achieved by decreasing its aspherical contribution, specifically by reducing the conic constant of the anterior surface. This adjustment ensures that the total spherical aberration of the IOL is zero for AFIOL. Once the conic constant of the IOL anterior surface is reduced, the aspherical contribution of the primary coma coefficient of the anterior surface decreases. Given that the aspherical contribution of the posterior surface's primary coma coefficient is zero, this reduction leads to a diminished aspherical contribution to the primary coma field center under decentered conditions. Then, the accuracy of calculating the center of the aberration field is verified through numerical software. Furthermore, by discussing the differences in refractive index between corneal and intraocular structures at different wavelengths and their impact on aberration calculation, the rationality of eye model selection can be enhanced. Finally, by discussing the potential impact of a single parameter such as corneal aberration and thickness, the applicability of the conclusions drawn in this study is demonstrated.

By integrating nodal aberration theory with primary aberration theory, we establish a mathematical model that systematically relates IOL misalignments to the primary aberrations of the entire eye. This analytical framework offers a clear advantage over purely numerical approaches, allowing for a principled evaluation of how IOL decentration and tilt influence overall ocular aberrations. Consequently, the model provides a theoretical basis for explaining the performance differences between the two types of aspherical monofocal IOLs under misaligned conditions. The following conclusion can be drawn: 1) Decentration and tilt of an IOL cause displacement of the primary coma field center from the field center. This displacement is collectively influenced by factors such as the magnitude of IOL misalignment, geometry of lens surface, and refractive index. Moreover, the magnitude of the primary coma field center shift demonstrates a negative correlation with the system's MTF; 2) In the design of aspherical monofocal IOLs, appropriately reducing the conic constant can significantly diminish the primary coma field center shift induced by decentration, thereby enhancing optical performance under misaligned conditions. When the primary coma field center shift is sufficiently minimized, the system's MTF can be maintained nearly unchanged. In summary, the misaligned pseudophakic eye model provides a comprehensive framework for understanding how decentration and tilt influence the performance of aspherical IOLs. This approach offers valuable theoretical guidance for future IOL design and evaluation criteria.

, authors=Qing LIANG, Fengzhou FANG, authorsList=Qing LIANG, Fengzhou FANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Fengzhou FANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315743632959852907, articleId=1315743623451365668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=CN, title=失调状态下非球面单焦点人工晶状体的光学特性研究, columnId=1315743623807881511, journalTitle=光子学报, columnName=光学设计与制造, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

构建了失调状态下(即人工晶状体存在偏心或倾斜时)的眼模型,基于初级像差理论,研究了人工晶状体眼的初级像差以及不同类型非球面单焦点人工晶状体的性能差异,并结合节点像差理论,阐明了偏心、倾斜对人工晶状体眼初级球差和初级彗差的影响机制。结果表明,当瞳孔直径3.0 mm且无偏心、倾斜状态下,较小二次曲面系数的人工晶状体对全眼轴上初级像差几乎没有影响,但可以有效地抑制偏心状态下初级彗差场中心的偏移,从而使得偏心状态下,植入0像差人工晶状体的眼模型的调制传递函数高于植入像差矫正型人工晶状体的眼模型。对于非球面单焦点人工晶状体的设计,适当地降低二次曲面系数,能显著减小因偏心而产生的初级彗差场中心偏移,从而改善偏心状态下人工晶状体眼的光学性能。该研究为未对准状态下人工晶状体的设计提供重要参考。

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Graefes Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, 2024, 262: 835-846., articleTitle=Prediction of IOL decentration, tilt and axial position using anterior segment OCT data, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1315743654271111691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=16, issue=4, pageStart=1439, pageEnd=1456, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=39, rfOrder=41, authorNames=MARTINEZ-ENRIQUEZ E, VELARDE-RORIGUEZ G, ALEJANDRE-ALBA N, journalName=Biomedical Optics Express, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MARTINEZ-ENRIQUEZ E, VELARDE-RORIGUEZ G, ALEJANDRE-ALBA N, et al. Postoperative intraocular lens tilt from preoperative full crystalline lens geometry using machine learning[J]. Biomedical Optics Express, 2025, 16(4): 1439-1456., articleTitle=Postoperative intraocular lens tilt from preoperative full crystalline lens geometry using machine learning, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1315743654354997772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=45, issue=4, pageStart=501, pageEnd=506, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=40, rfOrder=42, authorNames=LANE S, COLLINS S, DAS K K, journalName=Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LANE S, COLLINS S, DAS K K, et al. Evaluation of intraocular lens mechanical stability[J]. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, 2019, 45(4): 501-506., articleTitle=Evaluation of intraocular lens mechanical stability, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1315743654434689549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=37, issue=10, pageStart=1768, pageEnd=1774, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=41, rfOrder=43, authorNames=CRNEJ A, HIRNSCHALL N, NISHI Y, journalName=Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CRNEJ A, HIRNSCHALL N, NISHI Y, et al. Impact of intraocular lens haptic design and orientation on decentration and tilt[J]. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, 2011, 37(10): 1768-1774., articleTitle=Impact of intraocular lens haptic design and orientation on decentration and tilt, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1315743654514381326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1997, volume=104, issue=5, pageStart=793, pageEnd=798, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=42, rfOrder=44, authorNames=HAYASHI K, HARADA M, HAYASHI H, journalName=Ophthalmology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HAYASHI K, HARADA M, HAYASHI H, et al. Decentration and tilt of polymethyl methacrylate, silicone, and acrylic soft intraocular lenses[J]. Ophthalmology, 1997, 104(5): 793-798., articleTitle=Decentration and tilt of polymethyl methacrylate, silicone, and acrylic soft intraocular lenses, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1315743654602461711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=9, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=7, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=43, rfOrder=45, authorNames=CHEN Yuxi, MENG Jiaqi, CHENG Kaiwen, journalName=Frontiers in Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN Yuxi, MENG Jiaqi, CHENG Kaiwen, et al. Influence of IOL weight on long-term IOL stability in highly myopic eyes[J]. Frontiers in Medicine, 2022, 9:1-7., articleTitle=Influence of IOL weight on long-term IOL stability in highly myopic eyes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1315743654661181968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=7, issue=9, pageStart=1, pageEnd=16, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=44, rfOrder=46, authorNames=BAI Yajing, ZHANG Zonghua, FU Shuai, journalName=Nanomanufacturing and Metrology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BAI Yajing, ZHANG Zonghua, FU Shuai, et al. Recent progress of full-field three-dimensional shape measurement based on phase information[J]. Nanomanufacturing and Metrology, 2024, 7(9): 1-16., articleTitle=Recent progress of full-field three-dimensional shape measurement based on phase information, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1315743633257648492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315743633270231405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, companyId=1315743633257648492, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Laboratory of Micro/Nano Manufacturing Technology, State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, College of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315743633278620014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, companyId=1315743633257648492, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1天津大学 精密仪器与光电子工程学院 精密测试技术及仪器全国重点实验室 微纳制造实验室,天津 300072)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1315743636566954371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Definitions of coordinates, decentration, and tilt. (a) Definitions of coordinates; (b) Definitions of decentration and tilt, figureFileSmall=jSB3BbCvnT2p3St8e8rCKA==, figureFileBig=Z7QBgsMoMOMzgGVng8Dv0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743636634063236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=图1, caption=坐标系和偏心、倾斜的定义。(a)坐标系定义;(b)偏心、倾斜定义, figureFileSmall=jSB3BbCvnT2p3St8e8rCKA==, figureFileBig=Z7QBgsMoMOMzgGVng8Dv0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743636952830341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Schematic diagram of the pseudophakic eye, figureFileSmall=IiZTyXY8iwbP+Zykbc2oMA==, figureFileBig=UpkNeO/DrFSAfB5HlhaxkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743637045105030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=图2, caption=PE模型示意图, figureFileSmall=IiZTyXY8iwbP+Zykbc2oMA==, figureFileBig=UpkNeO/DrFSAfB5HlhaxkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743637120602503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Schematic diagram of the paraxial ray in the pseudophakic eye. (a) The paraxial marginal ray; (b) The paraxial principal ray, figureFileSmall=O5r9y601/6EIr8FfCyWgug==, figureFileBig=niVBgaCmCVfA09MuZmCnQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743637196099976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=图3, caption=PE的近轴光线参数示意图。(a)近轴边缘光线;(b)近轴主光线, figureFileSmall=O5r9y601/6EIr8FfCyWgug==, figureFileBig=niVBgaCmCVfA09MuZmCnQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743637288374665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Schematic diagram of the distribution of the aberration field decenter vector σj, the field vector H, and the effective field vector HAj on the image plane, figureFileSmall=wI9k/9m3fCg+BTqYTc91mw==, figureFileBig=YZAuTBO3gzNdEsDTmyFXog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743637393232266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=图4, caption=像平面上像差场偏心矢量σj、视场矢量H和有效视场矢量HAj 的分布示意图, figureFileSmall=wI9k/9m3fCg+BTqYTc91mw==, figureFileBig=YZAuTBO3gzNdEsDTmyFXog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743637644890507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Schematic diagram of model 1. (a) ACIOL with PD of 3.0 mm; (b) ACIOL with PD of 4.5 mm; (c) AFIOL with PD of 3.0 mm; (d) AFIOL with PD of 4.5 mm, figureFileSmall=+BmfYnXBniIzyn2VVRdt0A==, figureFileBig=VEMIGxunjcuUv+dTnMhRmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743637892354444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=图5, caption=Model 1的点列图。(a) ACIOL,瞳孔直径3.0 mm; (b) ACIOL,瞳孔直径4.5 mm; (c) AFIOL,瞳孔直径3.0 mm; (d) AFIOL,瞳孔直径4.5 mm, figureFileSmall=+BmfYnXBniIzyn2VVRdt0A==, figureFileBig=VEMIGxunjcuUv+dTnMhRmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743637959463309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Schematic diagram of model 2. (a) ACIOL with PD of 3.0 mm; (b) ACIOL with PD of 4.5 mm; (c) AFIOL with PDof 3.0 mm; (d) AFIOL with PD of 4.5 mm, figureFileSmall=+qou8yi6CIvKmxmsoulEBw==, figureFileBig=Xny3Q0SbQFN8C96U9V1Qaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743638064320910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=图6, caption=Model 2的点列图。(a) ACIOL,瞳孔直径3.0 mm; (b) ACIOL,瞳孔直径4.5 mm; (c) AFIOL,瞳孔直径3.0 mm; (d)AFIOL,瞳孔直径4.5 mm, figureFileSmall=+qou8yi6CIvKmxmsoulEBw==, figureFileBig=Xny3Q0SbQFN8C96U9V1Qaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743638173372815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Schematic diagram of model 3. (a) ACIOL with PD of 3.0 mm; (b) ACIOL with PD of 4.5 mm; (c) AFIOL with PD of 3.0 mm; (d) AFIOL with PD of 4.5 mm, figureFileSmall=EWp9KBlUjwWIpi1WUeSwhw==, figureFileBig=6stFxHO+evLyJfMqY4u7dQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743638295007632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=图7, caption=Model 3的点列图。(a) ACIOL,瞳孔直径3.0 mm; (b) ACIOL,瞳孔直径4.5 mm; (c) AFIOL,瞳孔直径3.0 mm; (d) AFIOL,瞳孔直径4.5 mm, figureFileSmall=EWp9KBlUjwWIpi1WUeSwhw==, figureFileBig=6stFxHO+evLyJfMqY4u7dQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743639943369106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Simulation results of MTF at different axial lengths. (a) PD of 3.0 mm;(b) PD of 4.5 mm, figureFileSmall=njwg+i6ADXFSqwggearVAg==, figureFileBig=nRm1EETY6Ea4MIQEyDNhhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743640035643795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同眼轴长度下的MTF仿真结果。(a)瞳孔直径3.0 mm;(b)瞳孔直径4.5 mm, figureFileSmall=njwg+i6ADXFSqwggearVAg==, figureFileBig=nRm1EETY6Ea4MIQEyDNhhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743640119529876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=MTF under decentration with PD of 3.0 mm at different axial lengths. (a) 50 cycles/mm; (b) 100 cycles/mm, figureFileSmall=obfp3kUXAn4eyJ1Litvfhw==, figureFileBig=hdBwFadHnt5IOAyM9Nzs8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743640199221653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同眼轴长度下,瞳孔直径3.0 mm、偏心状态下的MTF。(a)50 周期/毫米;(b)100 周期/毫米, figureFileSmall=obfp3kUXAn4eyJ1Litvfhw==, figureFileBig=hdBwFadHnt5IOAyM9Nzs8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743640270524822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=MTF under decentration with PD of 4.5 mm at different axial lengths. (a) 50 cycles/mm; (b) 100 cycles/mm, figureFileSmall=9vCkEpJ6WtqrQ+lrhABcEA==, figureFileBig=JlzttC2Ay/p9KM/hp9Hrrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743640371188119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同眼轴长度下,瞳孔直径4.5 mm、偏心状态下的MTF。(a)50 周期/毫米;(b)100 周期/毫米, figureFileSmall=9vCkEpJ6WtqrQ+lrhABcEA==, figureFileBig=JlzttC2Ay/p9KM/hp9Hrrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743640438296984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=MTF under tilt with PD of 3.0 mm at different axial lengths. (a) 50 cycles/mm; (b) 100 cycles/mm, figureFileSmall=ettq2M+BZ+Mn5jg37Qm8VA==, figureFileBig=rB/Xq9DqMN+l5Li4cb9nTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743640509600153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=图11, caption=不同眼轴长度下,瞳孔直径3.0 mm、倾斜状态下的MTF。(a)50 周期/毫米;(b)100 周期/毫米, figureFileSmall=ettq2M+BZ+Mn5jg37Qm8VA==, figureFileBig=rB/Xq9DqMN+l5Li4cb9nTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743640576709018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=MTF under tilt with PD of 4.5 mm at different axial lengths. (a) 50 cycles/mm; (b) 100 cycles/mm, figureFileSmall=J4SL096NISGO/JpRICLC8Q==, figureFileBig=Uq3wICeTiaUAU6v8iPiQGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743640656400795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=图12, caption=不同眼轴长度下,瞳孔直径4.5 mm、倾斜状态下的调MTF。(a)50 周期/毫米;(b)100 周期/毫米, figureFileSmall=J4SL096NISGO/JpRICLC8Q==, figureFileBig=Uq3wICeTiaUAU6v8iPiQGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743640715121052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Simulation imaging results under decentration (PD of 3.0 mm, model 1), figureFileSmall=S0g5djvPdN6cZl9Qn6LBJA==, figureFileBig=U0Hi3hvF0ewG6AciJXUzog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743640778035613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=图13, caption=偏心状态下的模拟成像结果(3.0 mm瞳孔,model 1), figureFileSmall=S0g5djvPdN6cZl9Qn6LBJA==, figureFileBig=U0Hi3hvF0ewG6AciJXUzog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743640853533086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Simulation imaging results under decentration (PD of 4.5 mm, model 1), figureFileSmall=eIcjfSUqrQma8zRBjuVb5Q==, figureFileBig=Eu2dWFLjahx5m6SgpHFLEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743640916447647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=图14, caption=偏心状态下的模拟成像结果(4.5 mm瞳孔,model 1), figureFileSmall=eIcjfSUqrQma8zRBjuVb5Q==, figureFileBig=Eu2dWFLjahx5m6SgpHFLEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743640979362208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Simulation imaging results under decentration (PD of 3.0 mm, model 2), figureFileSmall=jJQm+BNEzB24Ql11sH3RZw==, figureFileBig=hs31f9p5qvhcVxt7QIJebQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743641038082465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=图15, caption=偏心状态下的模拟成像结果(3.0 mm瞳孔,model 2), figureFileSmall=jJQm+BNEzB24Ql11sH3RZw==, figureFileBig=hs31f9p5qvhcVxt7QIJebQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743641113579938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Simulation imaging results under decentration (PD of 4.5 mm, model 2), figureFileSmall=sTwet2yCt863H0+rMq1wOQ==, figureFileBig=ceWnhSaEnf+SSlQzaCWwVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743641180688803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=图16, caption=偏心状态下的模拟成像结果(4.5 mm瞳孔,model 2), figureFileSmall=sTwet2yCt863H0+rMq1wOQ==, figureFileBig=ceWnhSaEnf+SSlQzaCWwVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743641247797668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=Simulation imaging results under decentration (PD of 3.0 mm, model 3), figureFileSmall=p8Co4uvFte7vyzgXMf1Y/g==, figureFileBig=jZUUieP8HsGcupPxhPUzww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743641327489445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=图17, caption=偏心状态下的模拟成像结果(3.0 mm瞳孔,model 3), figureFileSmall=p8Co4uvFte7vyzgXMf1Y/g==, figureFileBig=jZUUieP8HsGcupPxhPUzww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743641402986918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Fig.18, caption=Simulation imaging results under decentration (PD of 4.5 mm, model 3), figureFileSmall=YY1dwKkySJfDJMiVTKvArw==, figureFileBig=qydGjNxgf05ic7kGjxJAmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743641507844519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=图18, caption=偏心状态下的模拟成像结果(4.5 mm瞳孔,model 3), figureFileSmall=YY1dwKkySJfDJMiVTKvArw==, figureFileBig=qydGjNxgf05ic7kGjxJAmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743641583341992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Fig.19, caption=Simulation imaging results under tilt (PD of 3.0 mm, model 1), figureFileSmall=Rx9rb7QAQ88o1GFsENDDHw==, figureFileBig=csm67Vwa6wSAR1BWRvMieQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743641835000233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=图19, caption=倾斜状态下的模拟成像结果(3.0 mm瞳孔,model 1), figureFileSmall=Rx9rb7QAQ88o1GFsENDDHw==, figureFileBig=csm67Vwa6wSAR1BWRvMieQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743641935663530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Fig.20, caption=Simulation imaging results under tilt (PD of 4.5 mm, model 1), figureFileSmall=ZSWWqhNYFubDYJO7TaGM5g==, figureFileBig=/y00etSkC0kKXIgiqpML/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743642015355307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=图20, caption=倾斜状态下的模拟成像结果(4.5 mm瞳孔,model 1), figureFileSmall=ZSWWqhNYFubDYJO7TaGM5g==, figureFileBig=/y00etSkC0kKXIgiqpML/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743642082464172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Fig.21, caption=Simulation imaging results under tilt (PD of 3.0 mm, model 2), figureFileSmall=TCuiyxjB+3/+N35yShx/bQ==, figureFileBig=XSGEt8o8xaa8sBtBxZTspQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743642170544557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=图21, caption=倾斜状态下的模拟成像结果(3.0 mm瞳孔,model 2), figureFileSmall=TCuiyxjB+3/+N35yShx/bQ==, figureFileBig=XSGEt8o8xaa8sBtBxZTspQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743642262819246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Fig.22, caption=Simulation imaging results under tilt (PD of 4.5 mm, model 2), figureFileSmall=9olDZfs0rvtkbtW5kYq9Uw==, figureFileBig=e+yl3iIER4AfFm8rSj5pVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743642371871151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=图22, caption=倾斜状态下的模拟成像结果(4.5 mm瞳孔,model 2), figureFileSmall=9olDZfs0rvtkbtW5kYq9Uw==, figureFileBig=e+yl3iIER4AfFm8rSj5pVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743642438980016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Fig.23, caption=Simulation imaging results under tilt (PD of 3.0 mm, model 3), figureFileSmall=Gg39UsKMoRSrOblyc+fzPA==, figureFileBig=9xz786L/qDhBP75w03FYDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743642510283185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=图23, caption=倾斜状态下的模拟成像结果(3.0 mm瞳孔,model 3), figureFileSmall=Gg39UsKMoRSrOblyc+fzPA==, figureFileBig=9xz786L/qDhBP75w03FYDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743642589974962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Fig. 24, caption=Simulation imaging results under tilt (PD of 4.5 mm, model 3), figureFileSmall=AVCvcnIYo0YjIFXHmZB8qw==, figureFileBig=ysVrDFwg+PWQ/Tc0DRidEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743642690638259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=图24, caption=倾斜状态下的模拟成像结果(4.5 mm瞳孔,model 3), figureFileSmall=AVCvcnIYo0YjIFXHmZB8qw==, figureFileBig=ysVrDFwg+PWQ/Tc0DRidEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743642761941428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Fig.25, caption=Spherical and aspherical contributions of PCFC for ACIOL with decentration at different axial lengths. (a) model 1; (b) model 2; (b) model 3, figureFileSmall=TEDP9spqclBUkN2vxUbXyg==, figureFileBig=0oIZcRcM3m9+HKLyMnrHtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743644389331381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=图25, caption=不同眼轴长度下,偏心状态ACIOL的PCFC的球面、非球面贡献量。(a)model 1; (b) model 2; (c) model 3, figureFileSmall=TEDP9spqclBUkN2vxUbXyg==, figureFileBig=0oIZcRcM3m9+HKLyMnrHtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743644489994678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Fig.26, caption=Spherical and aspherical contributions of PCFC for ACIOL with tilt at different axial lengths. (a) model 1; (b) model 2; (b) model 3, figureFileSmall=UWLPS/DQBIRQcHkYf0XbJA==, figureFileBig=VCwmYmloQCxAwRTfOwkW3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743644590657975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=图26, caption=不同眼轴长度下,倾斜状态ACIOL的PCFC的球面、非球面贡献量。(a) model 1; (b) model 2; (c) model 3, figureFileSmall=UWLPS/DQBIRQcHkYf0XbJA==, figureFileBig=VCwmYmloQCxAwRTfOwkW3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743644674544056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Fig.27, caption=Spherical and aspherical contributions of PCFC for AFIOL with decentration at different axial lengths. (a) model 1; (b) model 2; (b) model 3, figureFileSmall=y7einqL8zhlAhjaLaf0tTw==, figureFileBig=dREq5XqbXDLfsY9lrOsocQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743644766818745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=图27, caption=不同眼轴长度下,偏心状态AFIOL的PCFC的球面、非球面贡献量。(a) model 1; (b) model 2; (c) model 3, figureFileSmall=y7einqL8zhlAhjaLaf0tTw==, figureFileBig=dREq5XqbXDLfsY9lrOsocQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743644846510522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Fig.28, caption=Spherical and aspherical contributions of PCFC for AFIOL with tilt at different axial lengths. (a) model 1; (b) model 2; (b) model 3, figureFileSmall=uddfmzvYpbtJe9TD/uImlA==, figureFileBig=xvFcqd4McLQ36dLaNRm4XA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743644917813691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=图28, caption=不同眼轴长度下,倾斜状态AFIOL的PCFC的球面、非球面贡献量。(a) model 1; (b) model 2; (c) model 3, figureFileSmall=uddfmzvYpbtJe9TD/uImlA==, figureFileBig=xvFcqd4McLQ36dLaNRm4XA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743644989116860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Fig.29, caption= σ3, xasp at different axial lengths, figureFileSmall=56ITcmavlBVqnYbue96lzQ==, figureFileBig=pcA7St8w41qQGjeurYzEKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743645068808637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=图29, caption=不同眼轴长度下的σ3, xasp, figureFileSmall=56ITcmavlBVqnYbue96lzQ==, figureFileBig=pcA7St8w41qQGjeurYzEKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743645144306110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Fig. 30, caption=The optical path and spot diagram of ACIOL in aligned state. (a) The optical path of model 4 with PD of 3.0 mm; (b) The spot diagram of model 4 with PD of 3.0 mm; (c) The optical path of model 2 with PD of 3.0 mm; (d) The spot diagram of model 2 with PD of 3.0 mm; (e) The optical path of model 5 with PD of 3.0 mm; (f) The spot diagram of model 5 with PD of 3.0 mm; (g) The optical path of model 4 with PD of 4.5 mm; (h) The spot diagram of model 4 with PD of 4.5 mm; (i) The optical path of model 2 with PD of 4.5 mm; (j) The spot diagram of model 2 with PD of 4.5 mm; (k) The optical path of model 5 with PD of 4.5 mm; (l) The spot diagram of model 5 with PD of 4.5 mm, figureFileSmall=Aes42rEpL0UtSN8oX4R9iA==, figureFileBig=SQKF3ULKm7nnCFfyKDt6KA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743645215609279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=图30, caption=对准状态下ACIOL的光路和点列图。(a) model 4的光路,瞳孔直径3.0 mm; (b) model 4的点列图,瞳孔直径3.0 mm; (c) model 2的光路,瞳孔直径3.0 mm; (d) model 2的点列图,瞳孔直径3.0 mm; (e) model 5的光路,瞳孔直径3.0 mm; (f) model 5的点列图,瞳孔直径3.0 mm; (g) model 4的光路,瞳孔直径4.5 mm; (h) model 4的点列图,瞳孔直径4.5 mm; (i) model 2的光路,瞳孔直径4.5 mm; (j) model 2的点列图,瞳孔直径4.5 mm; (k) model 5的光路,瞳孔直径4.5 mm; (l) model 5的点列图,瞳孔直径4.5 mm, figureFileSmall=Aes42rEpL0UtSN8oX4R9iA==, figureFileBig=SQKF3ULKm7nnCFfyKDt6KA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743645282718144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Fig. 31, caption=PWACs of eye models implanted with ACIOL at different wavelengths, figureFileSmall=RQfJEyhirhey2/n4+12sHQ==, figureFileBig=ksBQWIAEcwXmoopMmJNhMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743645358215617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=图31, caption=不同波长下植入ACIOL的眼模型的PWACs, figureFileSmall=RQfJEyhirhey2/n4+12sHQ==, figureFileBig=ksBQWIAEcwXmoopMmJNhMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743645421130178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Fig. 32, caption=The optical path and spot diagram of AFIOL in aligned state. (a) The optical path of model 4 with PD of 3.0 mm; (b) The spot diagram of model 4 with PD of 3.0 mm; (c) The optical path of model 2 with PD of 3.0 mm; (d) The spot diagram of model 2 with PD of 3.0 mm; (e) The optical path of model 5 with PD of 3.0 mm; (f) The spot diagram of model 5 with PD of 3.0 mm; (g) The optical path of model 4 with PD of 4.5 mm; (h) The spot diagram of model 4 with PD of 4.5 mm; (i) The optical path of model 2 with PD of 4.5 mm; (j) The spot diagram of model 2 with PD of 4.5 mm; (k) The optical path of model 5 with PD of 4.5 mm; (l) The spot diagram of model 5 with PD of 4.5 mm, figureFileSmall=cl9NR+ctXI9+Jy83xeU7IA==, figureFileBig=yIwKYimq27EJtENxbdWDsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743645513404867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=图32, caption=对准状态下AFIOL的光路和点列图。(a) model 4的光路,瞳孔直径3.0 mm; (b) model 4的点列图,瞳孔直径3.0 mm; (c) model 2的光路,瞳孔直径3.0 mm; (d) model 2的点列图,瞳孔直径3.0 mm;(e)model 5的光路,瞳孔直径3.0 mm; (f) model 5的点列图,瞳孔直径3.0 mm; (g) model 4的光路,瞳孔直径4.5 mm; (h) model 4的点列图,瞳孔直径4.5 mm; (i) model 2的光路,瞳孔直径4.5 mm; (j) model 2的点列图,瞳孔直径4.5 mm; (k) model 5的光路,瞳孔直径4.5 mm; (l) model 5的点列图,瞳孔直径4.5 mm, figureFileSmall=cl9NR+ctXI9+Jy83xeU7IA==, figureFileBig=yIwKYimq27EJtENxbdWDsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743645576319428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Fig. 33, caption=PWACs of eye models implanted with AFIOL at different wavelengths, figureFileSmall=9Kvr1ApH6rwfuulKfi4+lQ==, figureFileBig=OAjISQN6HBiBuXLM5na4bA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743645643428293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=图33, caption=不同波长下植入AFIOL的眼模型PWACs, figureFileSmall=9Kvr1ApH6rwfuulKfi4+lQ==, figureFileBig=OAjISQN6HBiBuXLM5na4bA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743645727314374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Parameters of the pseudophakic eye

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SurfaceTypeConic constantRadius/mmThickness/mmRefraction index
1(Anterior cornea)Conic Q1=-0.26 R1=7.72 e1=0.55 n1=1.377 7
2(Posterior cornea)Spherical Q2=0 R2=6.5 e2=3.05 n2=1.339 1
StopPlane 0Infinity e4=0.264 n2=1.339 1
3(Anterior IOL)Conic Q3(According to IOL) R3(According to IOL) eIOL=0.8 nIOL=1.493 2
4(Posterior IOL)Conic Q4=0 R4=∞ e3(According to IOL) n3=1.337 7
RetinaSpherical 0 -12.00 0 -
), ArticleFig(id=1315743645819589063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

PE参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SurfaceTypeConic constantRadius/mmThickness/mmRefraction index
1(Anterior cornea)Conic Q1=-0.26 R1=7.72 e1=0.55 n1=1.377 7
2(Posterior cornea)Spherical Q2=0 R2=6.5 e2=3.05 n2=1.339 1
StopPlane 0Infinity e4=0.264 n2=1.339 1
3(Anterior IOL)Conic Q3(According to IOL) R3(According to IOL) eIOL=0.8 nIOL=1.493 2
4(Posterior IOL)Conic Q4=0 R4=∞ e3(According to IOL) n3=1.337 7
RetinaSpherical 0 -12.00 0 -
), ArticleFig(id=1315743645886697928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Parameters of IOL at different axial lengths

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Model numberAxial length of eye model/mmType Q3 R3/mm e3/mm W040, 4/wavelengthsDiopter/D
121.92ACIOL-0.7636.14017.2560.04925.10
AFIOL-0.3206.17824.94
223.92ACIOL-1.5538.73319.2560.03617.65
AFIOL-0.2718.80817.50
325.92ACIOL-4.89913.34821.2560.02711.54
AFIOL-0.43313.51511.40
), ArticleFig(id=1315743645949612489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同眼轴长度下的IOL参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Model numberAxial length of eye model/mmType Q3 R3/mm e3/mm W040, 4/wavelengthsDiopter/D
121.92ACIOL-0.7636.14017.2560.04925.10
AFIOL-0.3206.17824.94
223.92ACIOL-1.5538.73319.2560.03617.65
AFIOL-0.2718.80817.50
325.92ACIOL-4.89913.34821.2560.02711.54
AFIOL-0.43313.51511.40
), ArticleFig(id=1315743646029304266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Explanation of parameters

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ParametersExplanationParametersExplanation
XDEDecentration along the X-axis of the local coordinate system of the optical surface W131Wavefront aberration coefficient of the primary coma of PE
ADETilt around the X-axis of the local coordinate system of the optical surface W040IOLWavefront aberration coefficient of the primary spherical aberration of IOL
W040Wavefront aberration coefficient of the primary spherical aberration of PE W131IOLWavefront aberration coefficient of the primary coma of IOL
σ3aspThe aspherical contribution by the anterior surface of IOL to the aberration field decenter vector W040, 3Wavefront aberration coefficient of the primary spherical aberration on the anterior surface of IOL
W040, 3spThe spherical contribution of wavefront aberration coefficient of the primary spherical aberration on the anterior of IOL W131, 3aspThe aspherical contribution of wavefront aberration coefficient of the primary coma on the anterior surface of IOL
W040, 3aspThe aspherical contribution of wavefront aberration coefficient of the primary spherical aberration on the anterior surface of IOL W131, 4aspThe aspherical contribution of wavefront aberration coefficient of the primary coma on the posterior surface of IOL
W040, 4Wavefront aberration coefficient of the primary spherical aberration on the posterior surface of IOL σ3, xaspThe X-component of the aspherical contribution by the anterior surface of IOL to the aberration field decenter vector
kappaKappa angle HField vector
PDPupil diameter HAjEffective field vector
σjAberration field decenter vector ρThe normalized vector describing the position in the pupil
), ArticleFig(id=1315743646129967563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

参数说明

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ParametersExplanationParametersExplanation
XDEDecentration along the X-axis of the local coordinate system of the optical surface W131Wavefront aberration coefficient of the primary coma of PE
ADETilt around the X-axis of the local coordinate system of the optical surface W040IOLWavefront aberration coefficient of the primary spherical aberration of IOL
W040Wavefront aberration coefficient of the primary spherical aberration of PE W131IOLWavefront aberration coefficient of the primary coma of IOL
σ3aspThe aspherical contribution by the anterior surface of IOL to the aberration field decenter vector W040, 3Wavefront aberration coefficient of the primary spherical aberration on the anterior surface of IOL
W040, 3spThe spherical contribution of wavefront aberration coefficient of the primary spherical aberration on the anterior of IOL W131, 3aspThe aspherical contribution of wavefront aberration coefficient of the primary coma on the anterior surface of IOL
W040, 3aspThe aspherical contribution of wavefront aberration coefficient of the primary spherical aberration on the anterior surface of IOL W131, 4aspThe aspherical contribution of wavefront aberration coefficient of the primary coma on the posterior surface of IOL
W040, 4Wavefront aberration coefficient of the primary spherical aberration on the posterior surface of IOL σ3, xaspThe X-component of the aspherical contribution by the anterior surface of IOL to the aberration field decenter vector
kappaKappa angle HField vector
PDPupil diameter HAjEffective field vector
σjAberration field decenter vector ρThe normalized vector describing the position in the pupil
), ArticleFig(id=1315743646197076428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

MTF under different pupil sampling sizes in aligned state (ACIOL, 543 nm, 100 cycles/mm)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Model numberPD/mm 32×32 64×64 128×128 256×256 512×512
13.00.690.690.690.690.69
4.50.790.790.790.790.79
23.00.660.660.660.660.66
4.50.760.760.760.760.76
33.00.620.620.620.620.62
4.50.730.720.720.720.72
), ArticleFig(id=1315743646289351117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

对准状态下不同光瞳采样尺寸下的MTF(ACIOL,543 nm,100 cycles/mm)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Model numberPD/mm 32×32 64×64 128×128 256×256 512×512
13.00.690.690.690.690.69
4.50.790.790.790.790.79
23.00.660.660.660.660.66
4.50.760.760.760.760.76
33.00.620.620.620.620.62
4.50.730.720.720.720.72
), ArticleFig(id=1315743646373237198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

PWACs of model 1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PD/mmTypeMethod W040IOL/wavelengths W131IOL/wavelengths W040/wavelengths W131/wavelengths
3.0ACIOLPAT-0.3330.1040.0061.095
NI-0.3330.1050.0051.098
AFIOLPAT-0.0030.1170.3351.107
NI-0.0030.1170.3351.110
4.5ACIOLPAT-1.6860.3520.0283.696
NI-1.6860.3530.0273.707
AFIOLPAT-0.0180.3931.6963.737
NI-0.0160.3941.6973.748
), ArticleFig(id=1315743646461317583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

Model 1的PWACs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PD/mmTypeMethod W040IOL/wavelengths W131IOL/wavelengths W040/wavelengths W131/wavelengths
3.0ACIOLPAT-0.3330.1040.0061.095
NI-0.3330.1050.0051.098
AFIOLPAT-0.0030.1170.3351.107
NI-0.0030.1170.3351.110
4.5ACIOLPAT-1.6860.3520.0283.696
NI-1.6860.3530.0273.707
AFIOLPAT-0.0180.3931.6963.737
NI-0.0160.3941.6973.748
), ArticleFig(id=1315743646541009360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

PWACs of model 2

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PD/mmTypeMethod W040IOL/wavelengths W131IOL/wavelengths W040/wavelengths W131/wavelengths
3.0ACIOLPAT-0.336-0.0820.0020.909
NI-0.336-0.0820.0020.911
AFIOLPAT-0.004-0.0670.3350.924
NI-0.004-0.0670.3350.926
4.5ACIOLPAT-1.702-0.2770.0113.067
NI-1.702-0.2780.0123.075
AFIOLPAT-0.019-0.2271.6943.117
NI-0.019-0.2271.6953.126
), ArticleFig(id=1315743646637478353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

Model 2的PWACs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PD/mmTypeMethod W040IOL/wavelengths W131IOL/wavelengths W040/wavelengths W131/wavelengths
3.0ACIOLPAT-0.336-0.0820.0020.909
NI-0.336-0.0820.0020.911
AFIOLPAT-0.004-0.0670.3350.924
NI-0.004-0.0670.3350.926
4.5ACIOLPAT-1.702-0.2770.0113.067
NI-1.702-0.2780.0123.075
AFIOLPAT-0.019-0.2271.6943.117
NI-0.019-0.2271.6953.126
), ArticleFig(id=1315743646708781522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

PWACs of model 3

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PD/mmTypeMethod W040IOL/wavelengths W131IOL/wavelengths W040/wavelengths W131/wavelengths
3.0ACIOLPAT-0.329-0.1400.0090.851
NI-0.329-0.1400.0090.854
AFIOLPAT-0.004-0.1230.3340.868
NI-0.004-0.1230.3340.870
4.5ACIOLPAT-1.668-0.4720.0452.873
NI-1.668-0.4730.0462.881
AFIOLPAT-0.022-0.4151.6922.929
NI-0.021-0.4161.6922.937
), ArticleFig(id=1315743646788473299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

Model 3的PWACs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PD/mmTypeMethod W040IOL/wavelengths W131IOL/wavelengths W040/wavelengths W131/wavelengths
3.0ACIOLPAT-0.329-0.1400.0090.851
NI-0.329-0.1400.0090.854
AFIOLPAT-0.004-0.1230.3340.868
NI-0.004-0.1230.3340.870
4.5ACIOLPAT-1.668-0.4720.0452.873
NI-1.668-0.4730.0462.881
AFIOLPAT-0.022-0.4151.6922.929
NI-0.021-0.4161.6922.937
), ArticleFig(id=1315743646872359380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

MTF parameters of ACIOL and Tecnis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PD/mmTypeCentered MTFMTF of 1 mm decentration MTF of 5 ° tilt
3.0ACIOL0.800.490.74
Tecnis0.750.380.73
4.5ACIOL0.580.140.53
Tecnis0.770.070.51
), ArticleFig(id=1315743646943662549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

ACIOL和Tecnis 的MTF

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PD/mmTypeCentered MTFMTF of 1 mm decentration MTF of 5 ° tilt
3.0ACIOL0.800.490.74
Tecnis0.750.380.73
4.5ACIOL0.580.140.53
Tecnis0.770.070.51
), ArticleFig(id=1315743647019160022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

The X coordinate of PCFC in a decentered pseudophakic eye at different axial lengths

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Model numberTypeMethodXDE = 0.3 mmXDE = 0.5 mmXDE = 0.7 mmXDE = 0.9 mmXDE = 1.1 mm
1ACIOLNAT-1.15-1.91-2.68-3.44-4.21
NI-1.11-2.00-2.67-3.33-4.27
AFIOLNAT0.060.110.150.190.23
NI0.060.110.170.220.28
2ACIOLNAT-1.55-2.58-3.61-4.65-5.68
NI-1.67-2.67-3.56-4.53-5.60
AFIOLNAT-0.07-0.12-0.17-0.21-0.26
NI-0.06-0.11-0.17-0.22-0.28
3ACIOLNAT-1.67-2.78-3.90-5.01-6.12
NI-1.67-2.78-3.89-4.98-5.96
AFIOLNAT-0.13-0.21-0.29-0.38-0.46
NI-0.11-0.22-0.28-0.39-0.44
), ArticleFig(id=1315743647103046103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

不同眼轴长度下,偏心状态PE的PCFC的X坐标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Model numberTypeMethodXDE = 0.3 mmXDE = 0.5 mmXDE = 0.7 mmXDE = 0.9 mmXDE = 1.1 mm
1ACIOLNAT-1.15-1.91-2.68-3.44-4.21
NI-1.11-2.00-2.67-3.33-4.27
AFIOLNAT0.060.110.150.190.23
NI0.060.110.170.220.28
2ACIOLNAT-1.55-2.58-3.61-4.65-5.68
NI-1.67-2.67-3.56-4.53-5.60
AFIOLNAT-0.07-0.12-0.17-0.21-0.26
NI-0.06-0.11-0.17-0.22-0.28
3ACIOLNAT-1.67-2.78-3.90-5.01-6.12
NI-1.67-2.78-3.89-4.98-5.96
AFIOLNAT-0.13-0.21-0.29-0.38-0.46
NI-0.11-0.22-0.28-0.39-0.44
), ArticleFig(id=1315743647195320792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Table 10, caption=

The Y coordinate of PCFC in a tilted pseudophakic eye at different axial lengths

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Model numberTypeMethodADE = 3°ADE = 5°ADE = 7°ADE = 9°ADE = 11°
1ACIOLNAT-0.39-0.65-0.91-1.17-1.42
NI-0.33-0.67-0.83-1.17-1.42
AFIOLNAT-0.37-0.61-0.86-1.10-1.35
NI-0.38-0.57-0.94-1.13-1.51
2ACIOLNAT0.250.420.590.750.92
NI0.220.440.670.780.89
AFIOLNAT0.260.430.600.770.94
NI0.260.400.530.670.80
3ACIOLNAT0.510.841.181.521.86
NI0.440.891.111.561.87
AFIOLNAT0.500.831.161.491.82
NI0.420.841.111.481.78
), ArticleFig(id=1315743648835293657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

不同眼轴长度下,倾斜状态PE的PCFC的Y坐标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Model numberTypeMethodADE = 3°ADE = 5°ADE = 7°ADE = 9°ADE = 11°
1ACIOLNAT-0.39-0.65-0.91-1.17-1.42
NI-0.33-0.67-0.83-1.17-1.42
AFIOLNAT-0.37-0.61-0.86-1.10-1.35
NI-0.38-0.57-0.94-1.13-1.51
2ACIOLNAT0.250.420.590.750.92
NI0.220.440.670.780.89
AFIOLNAT0.260.430.600.770.94
NI0.260.400.530.670.80
3ACIOLNAT0.510.841.181.521.86
NI0.440.891.111.561.87
AFIOLNAT0.500.831.161.491.82
NI0.420.841.111.481.78
), ArticleFig(id=1315743648906596826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Table 11, caption=

The spherical and aspherical contributions to PWACs of IOL (model 1)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PD/mmType W040, 3/wavelengths W040, 3asp/wavelengths W040, 3sp/wavelengths W040, 4/wavelengths W131, 3asp/wavelengths W131, 4asp/wavelengths
3.0ACIOL-0.382-0.5690.1870.049-0.0300
AFIOL-0.052-0.2340.1820.049-0.0120
4.5ACIOL-1.933-2.8820.9490.248-0.1010
AFIOL-0.264-1.1870.9230.246-0.0420
), ArticleFig(id=1315743648982094299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=表11, caption=

球面、非球面对IOL的PWACs的贡献(model 1)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PD/mmType W040, 3/wavelengths W040, 3asp/wavelengths W040, 3sp/wavelengths W040, 4/wavelengths W131, 3asp/wavelengths W131, 4asp/wavelengths
3.0ACIOL-0.382-0.5690.1870.049-0.0300
AFIOL-0.052-0.2340.1820.049-0.0120
4.5ACIOL-1.933-2.8820.9490.248-0.1010
AFIOL-0.264-1.1870.9230.246-0.0420
), ArticleFig(id=1315743649057591772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Table 12, caption=

The spherical and aspherical contributions to PWACs of IOL (model 2)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PD/mmType W040, 3/wavelengths W040, 3asp/wavelengths W040, 3sp/wavelengths W040, 4/wavelengths W131, 3asp/wavelengths W131, 4asp/wavelengths
3.0ACIOL-0.372-0.4030.0310.036-0.0210
AFIOL-0.039-0.0690.0290.036-0.0040
4.5ACIOL-1.884-2.0390.1550.181-0.0710
AFIOL-0.199-0.3470.1470.180-0.0120
), ArticleFig(id=1315743649120506333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=表12, caption=

球面、非球面对IOL的PWACs的贡献(model 2)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PD/mmType W040, 3/wavelengths W040, 3asp/wavelengths W040, 3sp/wavelengths W040, 4/wavelengths W131, 3asp/wavelengths W131, 4asp/wavelengths
3.0ACIOL-0.372-0.4030.0310.036-0.0210
AFIOL-0.039-0.0690.0290.036-0.0040
4.5ACIOL-1.884-2.0390.1550.181-0.0710
AFIOL-0.199-0.3470.1470.180-0.0120
), ArticleFig(id=1315743649208586718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Table 13, caption=

The spherical and aspherical contributions to PWACs of IOL (model 3)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PD/mmType W040, 3/wavelengths W040, 3asp/wavelengths W040, 3sp/wavelengths W040, 4/wavelengths W131, 3asp/wavelengths W131, 4asp/wavelengths
3.0ACIOL-0.356-0.356-6.03e-040.027-0.0190
AFIOL-0.031-0.030-7.52e-040.027-0.0020
4.5ACIOL-1.804-1.801-0.0030.137-0.0630
AFIOL-0.157-0.153-0.0040.136-0.0050
), ArticleFig(id=1315743649275695583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=表13, caption=

球面、非球面对IOL的PWACs的贡献(model 3)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PD/mmType W040, 3/wavelengths W040, 3asp/wavelengths W040, 3sp/wavelengths W040, 4/wavelengths W131, 3asp/wavelengths W131, 4asp/wavelengths
3.0ACIOL-0.356-0.356-6.03e-040.027-0.0190
AFIOL-0.031-0.030-7.52e-040.027-0.0020
4.5ACIOL-1.804-1.801-0.0030.137-0.0630
AFIOL-0.157-0.153-0.0040.136-0.0050
), ArticleFig(id=1315743649363775968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=EN, label=Table 14, caption=

Refractive index of intraocular structures at different wavelengths

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Model numberWavelength/nmRefraction index
of cornea
Refraction index
of aqueous
Refraction index
of vitreous
Refraction index
of IOL
44581.382 81.344 51.342 81.499 4
25431.377 71.339 11.337 71.493 2
5632.81.374 71.3361.334 71.489 2
), ArticleFig(id=1315743649439273441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623451365668, language=CN, label=表14, caption=

不同波长下眼内结构的折射率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Model numberWavelength/nmRefraction index
of cornea
Refraction index
of aqueous
Refraction index
of vitreous
Refraction index
of IOL
44581.382 81.344 51.342 81.499 4
25431.377 71.339 11.337 71.493 2
5632.81.374 71.3361.334 71.489 2
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失调状态下非球面单焦点人工晶状体的光学特性研究
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梁庆 , 房丰洲
光子学报 | 光学设计与制造 2026,55(2): 41-66
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光子学报 |光学设计与制造 2026 , 55 (2) : 41 -66
失调状态下非球面单焦点人工晶状体的光学特性研究
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梁庆 , 房丰洲
作者信息
  • 1天津大学 精密仪器与光电子工程学院 精密测试技术及仪器全国重点实验室 微纳制造实验室,天津 300072
通讯作者:
房丰洲,
作者简介:
Optical Performance of Aspherical Monofocal Intraocular Lenses in Misaligned States
Qing LIANG , Fengzhou FANG
Affiliations
  • 1Laboratory of Micro/Nano Manufacturing Technology, State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, College of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
出版时间: 2026-02-25 doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265502.0222001
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构建了失调状态下(即人工晶状体存在偏心或倾斜时)的眼模型,基于初级像差理论,研究了人工晶状体眼的初级像差以及不同类型非球面单焦点人工晶状体的性能差异,并结合节点像差理论,阐明了偏心、倾斜对人工晶状体眼初级球差和初级彗差的影响机制。结果表明,当瞳孔直径3.0 mm且无偏心、倾斜状态下,较小二次曲面系数的人工晶状体对全眼轴上初级像差几乎没有影响,但可以有效地抑制偏心状态下初级彗差场中心的偏移,从而使得偏心状态下,植入0像差人工晶状体的眼模型的调制传递函数高于植入像差矫正型人工晶状体的眼模型。对于非球面单焦点人工晶状体的设计,适当地降低二次曲面系数,能显著减小因偏心而产生的初级彗差场中心偏移,从而改善偏心状态下人工晶状体眼的光学性能。该研究为未对准状态下人工晶状体的设计提供重要参考。

人工晶状体  /  非球面  /  节点像差理论  /  初级像差理论  /  初级彗差场中心

Intraocular Lens (IOL) is a medical device implanted into the eye, commonly utilized in the treatment of ophthalmic conditions such as cataracts. In clinical practice, implanted IOLs frequently exhibit varying degrees of decentration and tilt. These positional deviations from the ideal alignment can significantly compromise the eye's optical performance. Among the widely adopted monofocal IOLs, which are primarily designed to restore distance vision, two main categories exist: spherical and aspherical monofocal IOLs. Aspherical monofocal IOLs can be further subdivided into two types: Aberration-correcting Intraocular Lens (ACIOL) and Aberration-free Intraocular Lens (AFIOL). ACIOL is specifically designed to neutralize the cornea's inherent positive spherical aberration, thereby enhancing the quality of distance vision. Under perfect centration conditions, these lenses are capable of delivering optimal optical outcomes. In contrast, AFIOL, while not altering the overall spherical aberration of the eye, demonstrate superior performance in the presence of decentration or tilt. Under such non-ideal positional conditions, they are usually superior to ACIOL. However, while numerous studies have evaluated the optical performance of misaligned IOLs, the underlying causes of performance variations among different aspherical monofocal IOL types remain inadequately explored—a challenge that persists in the field. Some investigations have focused on compensating for refractive errors resulting from IOL tilt or axial shift, whereas others have derived analytical expressions to estimate the specific aberration terms that require correction under given decentration conditions. Despite these valuable efforts, a critical gap remains: the absence of a comprehensive theoretical model capable of simultaneously characterizing the aberrations of the human eye's optical system in the presence of both decentration and tilt. This limitation ultimately hinders a systematic analysis of the factors responsible for optical performance differences among misaligned IOLs.

To address these challenges, this study introduces several key improvements. First, the computational model incorporates the thickness of both the cornea and the IOL. Under realistic implantation conditions, the anterior surface of the IOL may not be perfectly aligned with the iris and can exhibit a measurable offset. This misalignment significantly increases the complexity of aberration calculations, requiring repeated application of the pupil-shift law to both optical surfaces. To enable efficient computation and analysis, the wave aberration coefficients corresponding to primary spherical aberration and primary coma in the pseudophakic eye are explicitly derived. Then, based on functional differences, different axial lengths, and functional principles, three types of ACIOL and three types of AFIOL were designed respectively. The validity of both ACIOL and AFIOL is confirmed through a comprehensive analysis of their Modulation Transfer Function (MTF), spot diagrams, simulated imaging, and aberration characteristics. The accuracy of these aberration coefficients is subsequently verified using numerical software. During the development of the misaligned pseudophakic eye model, we clarify why the primary spherical aberration field remains invariant under lateral misalignments. Subsequently, we establish the relationship between the primary coma field and the aberration field decenter vector. A mathematical formula for determining the coordinates of the primary coma field center is derived, revealing that under misaligned conditions, the pseudophakic eye possesses only one nodal point for primary coma—a position that is demonstrably influenced by lateral misalignments. Moreover, a comparison was made between the designed IOL and a commercial ACIOL, which showed similar MTF, thus demonstrating the universality of the conclusions drawn in this study.

Based on the misaligned pseudophakic eye model, this study investigates the primary coma field centers of both ACIOL and AFIOL under misaligned conditions. Analytical results indicate that a larger shift in the primary coma field center is associated with a lower MTF. Under decentered conditions, the primary coma field center shift of ACIOL is significantly greater than that of AFIOL. Since the posterior surface spherical aberration is consistent between the two types of IOLs, and the absolute value of the anterior surface spherical aberration in ACIOL is significantly higher than that of the posterior surface, reducing the anterior surface spherical aberration becomes necessary to achieve zero overall spherical aberration. However, as both IOL types share the same dioptric power, their spherical contributions to anterior surface spherical aberration are comparable. Consequently, the reduction of anterior surface spherical aberration must be achieved by decreasing its aspherical contribution, specifically by reducing the conic constant of the anterior surface. This adjustment ensures that the total spherical aberration of the IOL is zero for AFIOL. Once the conic constant of the IOL anterior surface is reduced, the aspherical contribution of the primary coma coefficient of the anterior surface decreases. Given that the aspherical contribution of the posterior surface's primary coma coefficient is zero, this reduction leads to a diminished aspherical contribution to the primary coma field center under decentered conditions. Then, the accuracy of calculating the center of the aberration field is verified through numerical software. Furthermore, by discussing the differences in refractive index between corneal and intraocular structures at different wavelengths and their impact on aberration calculation, the rationality of eye model selection can be enhanced. Finally, by discussing the potential impact of a single parameter such as corneal aberration and thickness, the applicability of the conclusions drawn in this study is demonstrated.

By integrating nodal aberration theory with primary aberration theory, we establish a mathematical model that systematically relates IOL misalignments to the primary aberrations of the entire eye. This analytical framework offers a clear advantage over purely numerical approaches, allowing for a principled evaluation of how IOL decentration and tilt influence overall ocular aberrations. Consequently, the model provides a theoretical basis for explaining the performance differences between the two types of aspherical monofocal IOLs under misaligned conditions. The following conclusion can be drawn: 1) Decentration and tilt of an IOL cause displacement of the primary coma field center from the field center. This displacement is collectively influenced by factors such as the magnitude of IOL misalignment, geometry of lens surface, and refractive index. Moreover, the magnitude of the primary coma field center shift demonstrates a negative correlation with the system's MTF; 2) In the design of aspherical monofocal IOLs, appropriately reducing the conic constant can significantly diminish the primary coma field center shift induced by decentration, thereby enhancing optical performance under misaligned conditions. When the primary coma field center shift is sufficiently minimized, the system's MTF can be maintained nearly unchanged. In summary, the misaligned pseudophakic eye model provides a comprehensive framework for understanding how decentration and tilt influence the performance of aspherical IOLs. This approach offers valuable theoretical guidance for future IOL design and evaluation criteria.

Intraocular lens  /  Aspherical surface  /  Nodal aberration theory  /  Primary aberration theory  /  Primary coma field center
梁庆, 房丰洲. 失调状态下非球面单焦点人工晶状体的光学特性研究. 光子学报, 2026 , 55 (2) : 41 -66 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265502.0222001
Qing LIANG, Fengzhou FANG. Optical Performance of Aspherical Monofocal Intraocular Lenses in Misaligned States[J]. Acta Photonica Sinica, 2026 , 55 (2) : 41 -66 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265502.0222001
人工晶状体(Intraocular Lens,IOL)是一种植入人眼的医疗器械,通常用于治疗白内障等疾病。然而,在临床实践中,IOL往往会出现不同程度的偏心和倾斜。例如,研究报告称,在62名患者的队列中,平均倾斜度为6.2°±1.3°(范围从3.6°到9.0°)[1],在89只植入IOL的眼睛的平均偏心为0.64 mm[2]。而与理想位置的偏差会显著影响IOL的光学性能[3],与球面IOL相比,非球面IOL对偏心和倾斜更敏感[4],彗差通常与IOL倾斜和偏心有关,也随着瞳孔扩张而增加[5]。此外,偏心、倾斜也会对多焦点IOL[6]、扩展焦深型IOL[7]以及复曲面IOL[8]造成负面影响。
单焦点IOL是应用较为广泛的一类IOL,可恢复患者的看远视力。单焦点IOL可分为球面单焦点IOL和非球面单焦点IOL,而非球面单焦点IOL又可分为像差矫正型人工晶状体(Aberration-correcting Intraocular Lens,ACIOL)和0像差人工晶状体(Aberration-free Intraocular Lens,AFIOL),ACIOL是专门为矫正角膜的正球面像差(Spherical Aberration,SA)而设计的,从而提高远视的视觉质量,在IOL完全居中的理想情况下,它可以实现良好的光学性能[9]。虽然AFIOL不改变眼睛的球差[10],但是在偏心状态下的性能要优于ACIOL[10]。然而,大多研究只关注失调状态下(即人工晶状体存在偏心或倾斜时)IOL的性能表现,针对不同类型的非球面单焦点IOL之间性能差异背后原因的研究较少。
有学者对IOL的屈光度以及人工晶状体眼(Pseudophakic Eye,PE)的像差进行了研究,如张伊等[11]基于临床采集的人眼波前像差、角膜地形图和眼轴数据,在光学软件中构建了个性眼模型,用以研究人眼的入射和出射波前像差差异。CHASSAGNE B等[12]给出了对准状态下PE的初级球差(Primary Spherical Aberration,PSA)和初级彗差(Primary Coma,PC)计算公式,但未给出IOL或晶状体存在偏心、倾斜时的像差公式。GUIRAO A等[13]研究了偏心状态下的像差,推导出了用于估计在给定偏心量下应校正的每种像差项比例的解析表达式,但没有涉及倾斜状态下的像差。ATCHISON D A等[14-15]补偿了IOL在倾斜状态以及轴向不同位置下的屈光不正,但该研究只是在优化IOL屈光度计算方法,并没有涉及像差计算。因此,如何能同时描述偏心、倾斜状态下人眼光学系统的像差,就成为分析未对准状态下IOL光学特性差异的关键所在。
综上所述,本研究首先根据真实的IOL与虹膜的位置关系进行初级像差理论(Primary Aberration Theory,PAT)的改进,再基于节点像差理论(Nodal Aberration Theory,NAT)建立IOL偏心、倾斜量与全眼初级像差的数学模型,从而建立了一个与数值研究(Numerical Investigation,NI)截然不同的解析模型,用以评估IOL偏心、倾斜对全眼像差的影响,并指出两类非球面单焦点IOL性能差异的原因,且通过NI验证了初级波像差系数(Primary Wavefront Aberration Coefficients,PWACs)和像差场中心计算的准确性。根据功能差异以及不同眼轴长度,分别设计了三款ACIOL和三款AFIOL,分析了不同屈光度或眼轴长度对结论的影响,进而说明本研究结论的普适性。同时,将所设计的IOL和一款商用ACIOL进行对比。再者,通过讨论不同波长下角膜和眼内结构折射率的差异及其对像差计算的影响,以增强模型选择的合理性。最后,通过讨论角膜球差、厚度等参数单一可能带来的影响以说明本研究结论的适用范围。
首先,给出坐标系和偏心、倾斜的具体定义。然后,基于PAT,建立改进后对准状态下的眼模型。最后,基于NAT和对准状态下的眼模型,建立IOL未对准状态下的眼模型。
如图1(a)所示,在旋转对称光学系统中,每个光学表面都与局部坐标系相关联,该坐标系属于笛卡尔直角坐标系。当光学表面未对准时,其局部坐标系也会偏离其原始对准状态。
在三维空间中,物体具有六个自由度,对应于光学表面的六种偏心、倾斜参数:三种偏心量XDE、YDE和ZDE,以及三种倾斜量ADE、BDE和CDE。+XDE、+YDE和+ZDE分别表示沿光学表面局部坐标系的X轴、Y轴以及Z轴正方向的平移,ADE、BDE和CDE分别表示围绕X轴、Y轴以及Z轴的旋转。如图1(b)所示,本文中的旋转角度遵循右手定则,其中+ADE、+BDE和+CDE被定义为正值。由于非球面IOL的旋转对称性,故CDE没有影响,而ZDE的影响体现在光学表面的轴向位置。因此,本研究主要关注横向偏心、倾斜量XDE、YDE、ADE和BDE。
本文模型基于Navarro-Escudero眼模型[16],主要考虑PSA和PC这两种主要像差。按照国际标准化组织(International Organization for Standardization,ISO)11979-2的规定,IOL的调制传递函数(Modulation Transfer Function,MTF)测试需要基于546 nm波长的光源进行[17],由于Navarro-Escudero眼模型提供了543 nm波长的折射率数据,故本文基于543 nm进行IOL设计。
为构建PE模型,将自然晶状体替换为IOL,如图2所示,从左往右共四个折射光学表面。模型详细参数列于表1,而IOL的具体参数将在2.1节进行讨论。
非球面IOL的表面几何形状数学表达式为
z=cr21+1-1+Qc2r2+a2r2+a4r4+a6r6+…
式中,c表示非球面基准球面的曲率,r为径向高度;a2、a4、a6为多项式项系数(通常取a2=0),Q则为二次曲面系数。
图3是PE中近轴边缘光线和近轴主光线的追迹示意图。图3(a)中的红色线段代表近轴边缘光线(Paraxial Marginal Ray,PMR),图3(b)中的绿色线段代表近轴主光线(Paraxial Principal Ray,PPR),kappa = 5°,PMR与PPR与各光学面交点高度见图3。HAZRA L N等[18]以及CHASSAGNE B等[12]的研究可用于计算PE的PWACs,并作出如下改进:(1)在计算近轴光线参数时,考虑了角膜和IOL厚度的影响;(2)如图2所示,实际条件下,IOL前表面的中心可能不与虹膜重合,而是存在一定的偏移距离。这个距离指的是沿光轴方向的偏离距离,也就是Z方向的距离,如图2中的e4所示。参考RETZLAFF J A等[19]的研究,e4的计算公式为
e4=0.664-12eIOL
因此,IOL像差的计算变得更加复杂,需要多次应用光阑偏移定律。
对于角膜,光阑偏移定律需要应用两次。首先,当光阑与角膜前表面重合时,将该定律应用于角膜后表面,此时,PPR与各光学面的交点高度用h¯j表示,j = 1、2、3、4。其次,当光阑位于IOL前e4处时,将光阑偏移定律应用于角膜的前后表面,此时,PPR与各光学面的交点高度用h̿j表示,j = 1、2、3、4,PMR与各光学面的交点高度用hj表示,j = 1、2、3、4。PCOR表示角膜的屈光度。
SΙCOR=A12h1Δ1+n1-1h14R13Q1+A22h2Δ2+n2-n1h24R23Q2
SⅡCOR=A¯1A1h1Δ1+A12h1Δ1K+n1-1h14R13Q1K+A¯2A2h2Δ2+A22h2Δ2K+n2-n1h24R23h¯2h2+KQ2
K=kappah1PCOR1-11-(e1+e2)PCORn2
对于IOL,也需分两次应用光阑偏移定律。首先,当光阑与IOL前表面重合时,该定律仅作用于IOL后表面,此时,PPR与各光学面的交点高度用h¯j表示,j=3、4。其次,当光阑与IOL前表面存在间距e4时,则需同时应用于IOL的前后表面。Aj、A¯j 以及Δj的含义参考HAZRA L N等[18]的研究,j = 1、2、3、4。
SΙIOL=A32h3Δ3+nIOL-n2h34R33Q3+A42h4Δ4+n3-nIOLh44R43Q4
SⅡIOL=A¯3A3h3Δ3+A32h3Δ3K3+nIOL-n2h34R33Q3K3+A¯4A4h4Δ4+A42h4Δ4K4+n3-nIOLh44R43h¯4h4+K4Q4
K3=h¯¯3h3
K4=h¯¯4-h¯4h4
NAT通常用于反射光学系统的分析与设计[20-22],也可以用于研究折射光学系统[23]。本研究利用NAT分析未对准状态下折射眼视光学系统的成像特性。
基于偏心、倾斜系统的近轴追迹方程,可用于计算未对准光学系统中各表面像差场对称中心在像平面上的位置[24]。如图4所示,该位置由像差场偏心矢量σj表示,σj的起点是高斯像平面与从轴上的物点发射并穿过局部入射光瞳中心的光线的交点,σj的终点是像平面上像差场对称中心的位置。球差、彗差、像散和其他像差是以σj的末端为中心成旋转对称分布的[24],而这些像差的旋转对称中心就称为节点。
旋转对称光学系统的波前像差可表示为各光学表面贡献的叠加[24],有
W=∑j∑p∞∑n∞∑m∞WklmjHkρlcosmϕ, k=2p+m, l=2n+m
式中,下标j表示表面编号,Wklm是表面j的波像差系数。像差系数Wklm的三个下标k、l和m分别对应于视场矢量H、归一化光瞳矢量ρ以及这两个矢量之间角度余弦的幂指数。
当光学系统未对准时,H被有效视场矢量HAj替换。
HAj=H-σj
因此,未对准光学系统的波像差表达式推导有[25-27]
W=∑j∑p∞∑n∞∑m∞Wklm,j(sph, asph)HAj(sph, asph)⋅HAj(sph, asph)pρ⋅ρnHAj(sph, asph)⋅ρmk=2p+m,l=2n+m
当满足2 (p+n+m) = 4时,可推导出未对准光学系统的三级球差表达式有
WSA3=∑jW040j(ρ⋅ρ)2
式中,W040j是第j个表面的三阶球面像差系数。可以看到,三阶球差与孔径大小的四次幂成正比,与视场大小无关。由于系统的不对称性只影响像差的视场依赖性,因此三阶球差在整个视场中保持恒定,与横向偏心、倾斜量XDE、YDE、ADE和BDE无关。但三阶球差仍受光学表面的轴向间距影响。
接下来,可推导出未对准光学系统的三阶彗差表达式
WCOMA3=∑jW131j(H-σj)⋅ρ(ρ⋅ρ)
可以进一步写成
WCOMA3=W131(H-a131)⋅ρ(ρ⋅ρ)=Wlinear+Wconstant
W131=∑jW131j,A131=∑jW131jσj,a131=A131W131
与旋转对称系统中三阶彗差的表达式相比,未对准系统的三阶彗差具有额外的常数矢量A131,该矢量与视场的大小无关,但与每个表面的σj以及每个光学表面的三阶彗差系数有关[28]。因此,未对准系统中三阶彗差的节点不再位于视场中心,而是偏移了由矢量a131确定的量。由于像差的最大节点数等于该像差的视场矢量的幂指数,因此,未对准光学系统最多只能有一个三阶彗差节点[28]。
由于所提出的PE中只有IOL未对准,故A131的组成有
A131=A131,xA131,y=A131,3,x+A131,4,xA131,3,y+A131,4,y
其中,
A131,3,xA131,3,y=σ3sphσ3asphW131,3sphW131,3asphA131,4,xA131,4,y=σ4sphσ4asphW131,4sphW131,4asph
需要特别注意的是,每个光学面的σj必须分别计算球面和非球面贡献,可通过相关数学公式推导得出[27-28]。将a131乘kappa后,即可获得初级彗差场中心(Primary Coma Field Center,PCFC)的位置,有
X131Y131=kappaA131,3,x+A131,4,xA131,3,y+A131,4,y/W131
两类IOL的共同设计参数如下:空间分辨率为100 cycles/mm,瞳孔直径3.0 mm,均为平凸透镜,后表面为平面。
对于ACIOL而言,将前表面曲率半径和二次曲面系数设为变量,基于NI,通过如下评价函数,优化系统的MTF。本研究的MTF均指子午MTF和弧矢MTF的平均值。
F1=w1(MTF1-MTF1, obj)2
式中, MTF1的目标值MTF1, obj设定为0.8,权重系数w1设定为1。
可得到ACIOL的参数,见表2。基于ACIOL的参数,将前表面曲率半径和二次曲面系数设置为变量,在如下评价函数中添加球差优化。
F2=w2(W040,3-W040,4)2+w3(MTF2-MTF2, obj)2
式中,权重系数w2设为5、w3设为1,MTF2的目标值MTF2, obj设为0.8。W040, 3和W040, 4的说明见表3,为满足AFIOL特性,需要将IOL的W040, 3和W040, 4抵消。
为了研究对IOL屈光度的适用性,选择三个眼轴长度进行IOL设计,分别是较短的眼轴model 1∶21.92 mm、适中的眼轴model 2∶23.92 mm、以及较长的眼轴model 3∶25.92 mm、其中,model 2参数同Navarro-Escudero眼模型,model 1和model 3的其他参数同model 2,得到IOL参数如表4所示。
本文采取的MTF计算方式是基于光瞳函数的快速傅里叶变换,将光学系统的光瞳离散成一个网格进行采样,网格的尺寸可以是32×32、64×64、128×128、256×256以及512×512等,而光瞳的采样尺寸决定着MTF计算的结果是否稳定。因此,下面基于不同的采样尺寸进行多次仿真。结果如表4所示,随着采样尺寸的提升,MTF的计算结果趋于稳定,例如:对于4.5 mm瞳孔的model 3而言,采样尺寸为32×32时的MTF为0.73,而当采样尺寸为64×64时的MTF结果为0.72,再次提升采样尺寸MTF的结果会稳定在0.72。考虑到采样尺寸过大会加长计算时间,同时为了保证MTF计算稳定性,故本研究的MTF光瞳采样尺寸为128×128。
分别利用PAT和NI方法计算得到的PWACs如表5~7所示,可以看到两者的计算结果基本一致,说明基于PAT的计算程序是准确的。同时,可以看到ACIOL的W040和W131都处于一个较低的水平,可认为PE的像差得到了矫正。对于AFIOL而言,其W040IOL水平非常低,接近于0,对于全眼像差几乎没有影响,故W040明显高于ACIOL。
对准状态下,两类IOL的全眼点列图仿真结果如图5~7所示,MTF仿真结果如图8所示。由于ACIOL可以矫正全眼像差,且在瞳孔直径3.0 mm和4.5 mm下视网膜上的光斑均在艾里斑内或者略微超过艾里斑半径,故MTF达到了衍射极限或者十分接近衍射极限,在100 cycles/mm下都超过了0.6(瞳孔直径4.5 mm)。此外,对于AFIOL,3.0 mm直径瞳孔下,虽然不能矫正全眼像差,但光斑半径也只是略微超过艾里斑半径,故MTF接近衍射极限。如表5~7所示,对于AFIOL而言,大瞳孔下系统的球差显著大于小瞳孔下的球差且处于一个较高水平,例如:3.0 mm直径瞳孔下系统的球差为0.334波长(AFIOL, model 3), 4.5 mm直径瞳孔下系统的球差为1.692波长(AFIOL, model 3)。而球差是影响人眼MTF的重要因素[29],因此,4.5 mm直径瞳孔下的AFIOL的全眼MTF较差,在100 cycles/mm下仅有不到0.3,如图8所示。
本研究只关注单一偏心与倾斜,即XDE与ADE。通常,IOL偏心0.3 mm以及倾斜3°左右较为常见[30],偏心0.7 mm以及倾斜7°左右是一个比较平均的量[1-2],而偏心1.1 mm以及倾斜11°已属于大偏心、倾斜条件,通常出现于IOL的体外光学测试中[31],临床实践中很少出现。因此,本研究采用的参数如下:偏心参数为0.3、0.5、0.7、0.9以及1.1 mm,倾斜参数为3°、5°、7°、9°以及11°。
瞳孔直径3.0 mm、偏心状态下的MTF仿真结果如图9所示:在XDE = 0.3 mm时,两者的MTF相差不多;随着偏心量的增大,ACIOL的MTF会逐渐减小,而AFIOL的MTF基本不受偏心的影响。
瞳孔直径4.5 mm、偏心状态下的MTF仿真结果如图10所示:在XDE = 0.3 mm时,ACIOL的MTF高于AFIOL;但随着偏心量的增大,ACIOL的MTF会逐渐减小,而AFIOL的MTF波动较小。在100 cycles/mm、XDE = 0.9 mm和1.1 mm时,AFIOL的MTF高于ACIOL。
瞳孔直径3.0 mm、倾斜状态下的MTF仿真结果如图11所示:两类IOL的MTF都会随着倾斜量的增大而逐渐下降,但在相同倾斜参数下,两者的MTF值相近。
瞳孔直径4.5 mm、倾斜状态下的MTF仿真结果如图12所示:两类IOL的MTF也都会随着倾斜量的增大而逐渐下降,且大多数情况下,ACIOL的MTF高于AFIOL。
Tecnis Monofocal 1-Piec (Johnson & Johnson Vision,Santa Ana, CA, USA)是一款用于矫正像差的单焦点IOL,其非球面设计可矫正-0.27 µm的PSA,光学部直径6.0 mm,具有1.47的折射率以及55的阿贝数[9]。将ACIOL载入ISO眼模型中,分别在IOL居中、偏心1 mm以及倾斜5°的条件下对比Tecnis和ACIOL (model 2)的MTF参数,如表8所示。聚焦标准是分别在3.0 mm和4.5 mm瞳孔、分辨率为50 cycles/mm时的最佳MTF[9],角膜球差为+0.28 µm。3.0 mm瞳孔时:居中状态下,ACIOL的MTF可以达到0.80,Tecnis IOL的MTF可以达到0.75;受倾斜影响,ACIOL的MTF会略微下降到0.74,Tecnis IOL的MTF会略微下降到0.73;偏心对两者的影响较倾斜更大,ACIOL的MTF会降到0.49,Tecnis IOL的MTF会降到0.38。4.5 mm瞳孔时:居中状态下,ACIOL的MTF可以达到0.58,Tecnis IOL的MTF可以达到0.77;受倾斜影响,ACIOL的MTF会略微下降到0.53,Tecnis IOL的MTF会下降到0.51;偏心对两者的影响较倾斜更大,ACIOL的MTF会降到0.14,Tecnis IOL的MTF会降到0.07。由于ACIOL和Tecnis都属于像差矫正类型,其MTF受偏心、倾斜的影响类似,即两者的光学性能相似,进而说明本研究结论的普适性。
为了进一步研究AFIOL和ACIOL在未对准状态下的性能,添加了未对准眼模型的模拟成像,目标图像是4行E字视标,相同行的E字大小一致,从上往下E字尺寸递减。
偏心状态下的模拟成像如图13~18所示,瞳孔直径3.0 mm时,AFIOL能清晰成像,且不同偏心量下的清晰度不变。瞳孔直径4.5 mm时,AFIOL的成像清晰度会下降,但仍不受偏心量的影响,这和MTF的变化趋势一致,从而说明了AFIOL的抗偏心性能。而ACIOL在小偏心量(如0.3 mm)下可以清晰成像,但其成像清晰度会随着偏心量的增大而逐渐下降至模糊状态,这点也和其MTF的变化趋势一致。不同屈光度下的ACIOL和AFIOL的成像清晰度及其变化趋势类似。
倾斜状态下的模拟成像如图19~24所示,瞳孔直径3.0 mm时,ACIOL和AFIOL的成像效果类似,即在倾斜量较小(如3°)时可以清晰成像,但随着倾斜量的增大,两者的成像会逐渐模糊,这和MTF的变化趋势是一致的。瞳孔直径4.5 mm,在倾斜量较小(如3°)时,ACIOL的成像清晰度要高于AFIOL,但两者的成像清晰度都会随着倾斜量的增大而下降,这点也和MTF变化的趋势一致。不同屈光度下的ACIOL和AFIOL的成像清晰度及其变化趋势类似。
尽管W040不受横向偏心、倾斜参数的影响,但W131会受到横向偏心、倾斜的影响,表现为PCFC存在偏移。因此,未对准状态下,系统MTF的变化主要受PCFC变化的影响。
未对准状态、瞳孔直径3.0 mm下,分别基于NAT和NI得到的全眼PCFC的计算结果如表9~10所示,两种方法得到的结果基本一致,存在误差的原因是两者的计算方法存在本质区别:NI是通过光线追迹得到像面上的像差分布,进而得到像差场中心坐标,需要对视场进行采样。类似于光瞳采样,视场采样也是有尺寸的,最大视场采样尺寸为20×20,显然NI的精度有限,而NAT是基于几何方法直接计算出PCFC,故基于NAT的计算方法精度更高。
如表9所示,不同偏心量下,AFIOL的PCFC的偏移最大为-0.46 °,相对ACIOL基本不变,故植入AFIOL的全眼MTF和对准状态下的相差不大,因此,AFIOL的MTF基本不受偏心参数影响。而ACIOL的PCFC的偏移会随着偏心量的增大而显著增大,例如,偏心0.3 mm时PCFC偏移-1.11 °(ACIOL, model 1),偏心1.1 mm时PCFC偏移-4.27 °(ACIOL, model 1),因此系统的MTF会持续恶化。此外,由表10可以看到倾斜对AFIOL的PCFC的影响是大于偏心的,例如,偏心1.1 mm时PCFC偏移-0.44 °(AFIOL, model 3),而倾斜11 °时PCFC偏移1.78 °(AFIOL, model 3),且PCFC偏移会随着倾斜量的增大而增大,故AFIOL的MTF会持续下降。同时,由于ACIOL的PCFC的偏移也会随着倾斜量的增大而增大,因此系统的MTF也随着倾斜量的增大而逐渐降低。故PCFC偏移越大,系统MTF越低。由于瞳孔直径4.5 mm的全眼PCFC和瞳孔直径3.0 mm的一致,故不再列出。
下面对不同直径瞳孔下系统的MTF表现做进一步分析。3.0 mm瞳孔下:随着偏心量的增大,ACIOL的MTF会越来越小,而AFIOL的MTF基本不变,且对准状态下两者的MTF差别很小,故偏心状态下,AFIOL的MTF好于ACIOL;由于相同倾斜量下,两者PCFC偏移量差不多,且对准状态下两者的MTF差别很小,故MTF数值也差不多;由于两者PCFC偏移量随IOL倾斜量的变化趋势是相同的,因此两者的MTF都会随着倾斜量的增大而逐渐减小。4.5 mm瞳孔下:偏心量较小时(XDE ≤ 0.7 mm),ACIOL的PCFC偏移较小,此时系统的MTF仍处于较高水平,故会出现MTF高于AFIOL的情况;偏心量较大时(XDE ≥ 0.9 mm),ACIOL的PCFC偏移较大,此时系统的的MTF相对对准状态会显著下降,而AFIOL的MTF基本不受偏心的影响,故两者的MTF差距会逐渐变小,直至AFIOL的MTF超越ACIOL;倾斜状态下两者的MTF的变化趋势与3.0 mm瞳孔时类似,但由于对准状态下,AFIOL的MTF是低于ACIOL的,故AFIOL的MTF会低于ACIOL。
为了进一步探究未对准状态下ACIOL和AFIOL性能差异的原因,需要将PCFC分解为球面贡献量和非球面贡献量,得到瞳孔直径3.0 mm下的结果如图25~28所示。
由式(18)和(19)可知,PCFC等于球面贡献量与非球面贡献量之和。又由图25可知,偏心状态下,ACIOL的球面贡献量为正,非球面贡献量为负,且非球面贡献量的绝对值要大于球面贡献量的绝对值,故全眼的PCFC为负值,例如:偏心0.3 mm时的model 1,ACIOL的球面贡献量为0.95°,非球面贡献量为-2.09°,则整体的PCFC为负。随着偏心量的增大,非球面贡献量绝对值的提升要大于球面贡献量,故全眼的PCFC会往X轴负方向移动,例如:model 1,偏心1.1 mm相对偏心0.3 mm状态,ACIOL的球面贡献量提升了2.54°,而非球面贡献量提升了5.61°。由图27可知,偏心状态下:AFIOL的PCFC的非球面贡献量为负,球面贡献量为正,且两者绝对值差不多,故全眼PCFC偏移量非常小,例如:偏心0.3 mm时的model 1,AFIOL的球面贡献量为0.92°,非球面贡献量为-0.86°,整体的PCFC为0.06°。
由图25、27可知:偏心状态下,两类IOL对PCFC的球面贡献量差别较小,而ACIOL的非球面贡献量是显著大于AFIOL的,因此ACIOL的PCFC偏移量要大于AFIOL,例如:model 2,偏心0.3 mm时,ACIOL和AFIOL的球面贡献量分别是0.24°和0.23°,而非球面贡献量分别是-1.79°和-0.30°。由图26、28可知:倾斜状态下,两类IOL对PCFC偏移的球面贡献量几乎一致,而非球面贡献量都为0,故两者的PCFC偏移量相差不多。瞳孔直径4.5 mm的全眼PCFC的球面、非球面贡献和瞳孔直径3.0 mm的情况一致,故不再列出。
进一步分析偏心状态下PCFC的非球面贡献量。由式(15)~(19)可知,PCFC主要受σj、初级彗差系数(Primary Coma Coefficient,PCC)影响,由表11~13可知IOL后表面PCC的非球面贡献W131, 4asp为0,故PCFC的非球面贡献量仅受IOL前表面非球面的贡献σ3asp以及IOL前表面PCC的非球面贡献W131, 3asp的影响。由于XDE只影响σ3asp的X分量σ3, xasp,而Y分量均为0,故只列出σ3, xasp。瞳孔直径3.0 mm下的σ3, xasp如图29所示,相同偏心量下的σ3, xasp相同,例如偏心0.3 mm时均为15.4,偏心0.7 mm时均为35.9。由于两者的σ3, xasp相同,因此PCFC偏移的差异只取决于两种IOL的W131, 3asp的差异。瞳孔直径4.5 mm下的σ3asp和瞳孔直3.0 mm的情况一致,故不再列出。
关于PWACs对PCFC的影响,研究拟从二次曲面系数的角度进一步解释如何从ACIOL得到AFIOL。如表11~13所示,由于两者的后表面球差W040, 4一致,且ACIOL的前表面球差W040, 3的绝对值是远高于后表面W040, 4的,为了使得IOL整体球差为0,就必须要降低IOL前表面的球差W040, 3。然而相同眼轴长度下,ACIOL和AFIOL前表面球差的球面贡献量W040, 3sp是差不多的,因此只能通过降低IOL前表面的非球面贡献量W040, 3asp来减小前表面的球差,也就是降低前表面的二次曲面系数Q3,才能使得整个IOL的球差为0。从式(7)可以看出,一旦Q3降低,就会导致IOL前表面PCC的非球面部分W131, 3asp降低,而IOL后表面PCC的非球面部分W131, 4asp都为0,进而导致偏心状态下PCFC的非球面贡献量降低。因此,减小前表面二次曲面系数Q3的本质效果,是降低前表面的非球面部分对初级彗差的贡献,从而抑制偏心条件下彗差场中心的偏移。
综上所述,偏心状态下,造成ACIOL和AFIOL的PCFC偏移量差异的根本原因是二次曲面系数存在差异。
为了讨论不同波长下角膜和眼内结构折射率的差异及其对像差计算的影响,建立了多波长下的眼模型,如表14所示。Model 4和 model 5除了折射率和model 2不一样外,其他参数一致,角膜、房水和玻璃体折射率参考Navarro-Escudero眼模型[16]。IOL材料为PMMA,折射率参数来自数值软件。
由表14可以看到,角膜和眼内结构折射率会随波长的增加而减小,这是符合柯西色散公式的[32]。房水和玻璃体的主要成分是水,其折射率在短波(如458 nm蓝光)更高,在长波(如632.8 nm红光)更低。
不同波长下植入眼模型的光路和点列图如图30所示,ACIOL的眼模型PWACs如图31所示。由于ACIOL是基于543 nm设计的,此时,光线形成如图30(c)所示的接近于最佳聚焦状态,即在视网膜上形成如图30(d)所示的RMS半径0.081 µm的最小光斑。相对于543 nm,眼内结构对458 nm光线的聚焦能力更强,其焦点在视网膜前方,如图30(a)所示,故会在视网膜上形成一个如图30(b)所示的RMS半径为11.772 µm的弥散圆,会导致全眼的PWACs变大,如图31所示。632.8 nm波长下,眼内结构对光线的聚焦能力最弱,其焦点在视网膜后方,同样,也会在视网膜上形成一个弥散圆,如图30(f)、(l)所示。如图31所示,ACIOL自身的PWACs也会随着波长的改变而发生改变。ACIOL在458 nm下的PWACs最大,其他波长下的PWACs较小。相比较3.0 mm瞳孔尺寸,4.5 mm瞳孔会有更多的轴外光线进入眼模型,因此全眼PCC会增大,如图31所示。
不同波长下植入AFIOL的眼模型的光路和点列图如图32所示,眼模型的PWACs如图33所示。由于AFIOL也是基于543 nm设计的,同ACIOL,光线形成如图32(c)所示的接近于最佳聚焦状态,形成如图32(d)所示的RMS半径1.755 µm的最小光斑。同ACIOL一样,眼内物质对458 nm光线的聚焦能力最强,其焦点在视网膜前方,如图32(a)所示,故会在视网膜上形成一个如图32(b)所示的RMS半径为12.980 µm的弥散圆,会导致全眼的PWACs变大,如图33所示。632.8 nm波长下,眼内结构对光线的聚焦能力最弱,其焦点在视网膜后方,同样,也会在视网膜上形成一个弥散圆,如图32(f)、(l)所示。如图33所示,同ACIOL,植入AFIOL的眼模型在4.5 mm瞳孔也会比3.0 mm瞳孔有更多的轴外光线进入眼模型,导致全眼PCC会增大。AFIOL自身的PWACs也会随着波长的改变而发生改变,但是其变化幅度比ACIOL的变化小。例如在3.0 mm瞳孔下,AFIOL的最大和最小W040IOL相差0.002波长,而ACIOL的最大和最小W040IOL相差了0.114波长;在4.5 mm瞳孔下,AFIOL的最大和最小W040IOL相差0.007波长,而ACIOL的最大和最小W040IOL相差了0.576波长。可见即使波长不同,AFIOL依旧能保持自身的0球差特性。
综上所述,IOL在不同波长下的性能有所差异,这是合理的,不仅是因为ACIOL和AFIOL是针对543 nm设计的,更是因为人眼本身的色差就会导致明显的焦点偏移[33]。因此,在将来的IOL设计中,可以使用消色差设计,如非球面结合衍射光学元件[34]来补偿人眼色差。
此外,本研究的主要结论基于Navarro-Escudero这一特定的光学眼模型得出,该模型能够代表解剖人眼的平均光学特性,被广泛用于理论、实验研究中[33, 35]。本文的主要目的在于阐述偏心、倾斜对PE的PSA和PC的影响机制,因此选取此该标准眼模型作为分析基础。但本研究未对模型的关键参数(如角膜球差、角膜厚度等)进行系统性变化以评估其对结果的敏感度。眼生物学参数的个体差异是普遍存在的。因此,基于单一固定参数模型的结论,在推广到更广泛的人群时可能存在一定的局限性。本模型采用的角膜球差值为1.7波长(瞳孔直径4.5 mm,543 nm),已知角膜球差是影响人眼高阶像差和MTF的关键因素[29][36],若个体的角膜球差显著偏离此值,则IOL未对准状态下的MTF和像差中心位置可能会发生偏移,进而影响“适当地降低二次曲面系数,能显著减小因偏心而产生的PCFC偏移,从而改善偏心状态下PE的光学性能”这一结论的判定。虽然角膜厚度对像差的直接影响较小,但它可能通过改变角膜的生物力学特性间接影响术后的光学性能。本研究未涉及以上复杂情况,未来的研究工作将致力于通过以下方式克服当前模型的局限性:首先,进行全面的参数敏感度分析,以量化关键生物力学参数的影响;其次,建立涵盖不同年龄、屈光状态和角膜形态的个性化眼模型,来验证本研究结论是否稳健。
基于PAT和NAT,结合生理眼模型[16],提出了存在IOL偏心、倾斜的未对准眼模型,并实现了两类非球面单焦点IOL的设计。阐明了偏心、倾斜对这两类IOL性能的影响机制,结论如下:
1) IOL的偏心、倾斜会使PCFC偏离视场中心,这种偏移量受IOL偏心、倾斜量、IOL面型、IOL折射率等因素共同影响,且PCFC的偏移量与系统的MTF呈负相关。
2) 对于非球面单焦点IOL设计而言,适当降低二次曲面系数,能显著减小因偏心而产生的PCFC偏移,从而改善偏心状态下的性能。若PCFC偏移足够小,则系统的MTF可以做到几乎不变。
该未对准眼模型不仅能用于评估偏心、倾斜对IOL的影响,还可应用于客制化IOL以及IOL位置的术中调整。
客制化IOL:将患者的角膜地形图、角膜厚度、眼轴以及视网膜曲率等生理参数输入未对准眼模型,再将不同型号的IOL(球面、非球面、复曲面、扩展焦深型、三焦点)植入眼模型,并模拟其在囊袋内可能发生的偏心和倾斜(如:0.4 mm偏心,5 °倾斜),优化IOL的曲率半径、非球面系数、折射率以及中心厚度等相关参数,从而实现更好的视觉质量。然而,该应用的最大局限性在于术后IOL位置的预测。虽然,近年已经出现了一些关于术后IOL位置预测的研究[37-39],但是IOL的襻[40]、机械结构[41]、材料[42],以及IOL重量[43]都会影响IOL的最终位置,如何在术前精确量化这些因素将是一项巨大的挑战。
IOL位置的术中调整:传统的白内障手术目标是将IOL放置在囊袋的“解剖位置”,这个“解剖位置”是基于各种IOL屈光度计算公式获得的,通常是居中的。然而,NAT引领我们进入一个更高级的范式:追求IOL的“功能位置”。这里所说的“功能位置”,是指在未对准模型中经优化能够使全眼MTF最大化的IOL空间位置与姿态。例如,在构建了客制化的眼模型后,将IOL植入眼模型中并基于NAT计算其“功能位置”,通过将IOL调整到该位置,从而实现优异的视觉质量。此外,还可以将NAT与非接触式动态测量[44]结合,做到实时评估人眼成像质量。但要实现NAT的全部潜力,需要将角膜地形图、手术导航、像差仪和规划软件等集成到一个高效的工作流中,这需要昂贵的设备和复杂的操作。
综上所述,该未对准眼模型为理解偏心、倾斜对非球面IOL性能的影响提供了有效框架,并为IOL相关研究提供具体的理论参考。

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2026年第55卷第2期
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doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265502.0222001
  • 接收时间:2025-08-31
  • 首发时间:2026-10-10
  • 出版时间:2026-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-31
  • 录用日期:2025-12-22
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    1天津大学 精密仪器与光电子工程学院 精密测试技术及仪器全国重点实验室 微纳制造实验室,天津 300072

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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species
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属
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种数
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species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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