Article(id=1315741672005288886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315741514865689424, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3788/gzxb20265503.0323002, pmid=null, cstr=32255.14.gzxb20265503.0323002, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760976000000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1765209600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-12-09, onlineDate=1791626859903, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1774368000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791626859903, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791626859903, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791626859903, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315741514865689424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, year='2026', volume='55', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='378', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774368000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791626822438, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791626932547, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315741977111540218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315741514865689424, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315741977111540219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315741514865689424, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=366, endPage=375, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315741672273724344, articleId=1315741672005288886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=EN, title=Design of Ultra-broadband and Low-loss Silicon Nitride Edge Coupler, columnId=1315741672168866743, journalTitle=Acta Photonica Sinica, columnName=Optical Devices, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) photonic integrated circuits are promising for next-generation optical communications due to their low loss and wide transparency window. However, efficient coupling between submicron Si₃N₄ waveguides and standard optical fibers remains challenging due to mode-field mismatch. Existing solutions like inverse tapers or polymer claddings involve trade-offs among bandwidth, loss, and manufacturability. This work proposes a taper-straight-taper edge coupler, where the straight section acts as a mode stabilizer and reflection suppressor. The optimized device achieves sub-decibel coupling loss across the S+C+L bands with high alignment tolerance, offering a compact and fabrication-friendly solution for Si₃N₄ photonic integration.
To overcome these limitations, this work proposes and demonstrates an innovative edge coupler architecture that combines two inverse tapers with an intermediate straight waveguide section. The straight section is introduced as a mode stabilizer and reflection suppressor, effectively filtering residual higher-order modes and eliminating parasitic reflections through phase-matching interference. This configuration allows the optical mode to evolve smoothly from the tightly confined on-chip waveguide to the expanded fiber mode, while maintaining high fundamental-mode purity and minimal spectral ripple. The design principle ensures adiabatic mode conversion without relying on extreme geometries or high-aspect-ratio structures, thus preserving compatibility with standard photolithography and etching processes.
Comprehensive electromagnetic simulations based on eigenmode expansion were employed to optimize the key design parameters, including the taper lengths, transition widths, and the straight section geometry. The optimized configuration exhibits an excellent balance between low coupling loss, wide operational bandwidth, and compact device size. The inclusion of the straight section significantly enhances the stability of the mode conversion process and mitigates the oscillations typically observed in conventional two-taper couplers. The simulation results predict broadband, flat coupling performance with high tolerance to fabrication deviations and fiber alignment errors, confirming the robustness of the proposed design.
Experimental characterization was performed on fabricated devices covering the S, C, and L communication bands. The measured results show broadband low-loss performance with minimal wavelength dependence and excellent alignment tolerance. Specifically, the coupler achieves sub-decibel coupling loss per facet over a wide spectral range, with the wavelength-dependent variation remaining below one decibel across the entire operational window. The measured results agree well with the theoretical predictions, confirming that the phase-matching mechanism in the straight section effectively suppresses reflection-induced interference and improves modal stability. Furthermore, the design maintains low loss under several micrometers of lateral or vertical fiber misalignment, demonstrating strong packaging robustness suitable for large-scale manufacturing.
The proposed edge coupler achieves these results without the need for complex processes such as electron-beam lithography or high-aspect-ratio etching. Its fully planar structure and moderate feature sizes ensure high yield and compatibility with commercial foundry processes. The broadband and low-loss characteristics make it particularly advantageous for integrated systems that require efficient chip-to-fiber interfaces, such as coherent transceivers, frequency comb sources, and integrated photonic sensors.
In summary, this study introduces a broadband, low-loss, and fabrication-tolerant silicon nitride edge coupler based on a taper-straight-taper configuration. By integrating a straight single-mode section between two inverse tapers, the design simultaneously achieves mode stabilization, reflection suppression, and efficient field expansion. Both simulation and experimental results demonstrate superior performance across a wide wavelength range, with low insertion loss, minimal wavelength sensitivity, and high alignment tolerance. The proposed structure provides a compact, manufacturable, and scalable coupling solution for silicon nitride photonic integrated circuits, enabling their deployment in next-generation high-speed optical communication and broadband photonic applications.
, authors=Xiao LI
1, 2, Xuerui LIANG
2, Yu ZHANG
2, Shaoqiang WANG
2, Yongchen WANG
2, Yuheng PAN
2, Yong LUO
2, authorsList=Xiao LI, Xuerui LIANG, Yu ZHANG, Shaoqiang WANG, Yongchen WANG, Yuheng PAN, Yong LUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xuerui LIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315741675826299854, articleId=1315741672005288886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=CN, title=超宽带低损耗氮化硅边缘耦合器设计, columnId=1315741672370193337, journalTitle=光子学报, columnName=光学器件, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
针对氮化硅光子集成电路以C+L波段为核心的超宽带低损耗耦合需求,提出一种锥形-直波导-锥形结构的氮化硅边缘耦合器。该结构由两级倒锥形波导与中间直波导段组成,直波导段兼具模式稳定与反射抑制功能,通过相位匹配机制有效提升基模纯度并抑制菲涅尔反射。仿真优化结果表明,该器件在非高宽厚比约束下实现了S+C+L波段的低耦合损耗(0.46~0.8 dB),且在±2 μm光纤横向偏移下仍保持低于1 dB的额外损耗,展现出优异的宽带性能与封装容差。该设计为氮化硅光子集成平台提供了一种紧凑且易于制造的光纤耦合解决方案,适用于高速密集波分复用系统及宽带光学频率梳等应用。
, authors=李潇
1, 2, 梁雪瑞
2, 张钰
2, 王少强
2, 王永晨
2, 潘宇恒
2, 罗勇
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1Wuhan Research Institute of Posts and Telecommunications, Wuhan 430074, China
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Schematic diagram of a silicon nitride SSC. (a) Silicon nitride SSC, consisting of a three-segment configuration (Silicon substrate not shown); (b) Cross-sectional view of silicon nitride waveguide; (c) TE mode field distribution at the SSC output end, figureFileSmall=hqiOjlFCixlbwmw2k/qe/Q==, figureFileBig=MA13HD+Ns3zeeBhJUjAcNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741680792354821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
氮化硅SSC示意图。(a) 三段式的氮化硅SSC结构(硅衬底未显示); (b) 氮化硅波导截面图; (c) SSC输出端的TE模式场分布, figureFileSmall=hqiOjlFCixlbwmw2k/qe/Q==, figureFileBig=MA13HD+Ns3zeeBhJUjAcNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741681006264326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Scan result for length of straight waveguide, figureFileSmall=2azCRnbklFBXdqSBYvp9/Q==, figureFileBig=d76NDyLIXfoDQl3vvoLH6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741681069178887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
直波导长度的扫描结果, figureFileSmall=2azCRnbklFBXdqSBYvp9/Q==, figureFileBig=d76NDyLIXfoDQl3vvoLH6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741681132093448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
The guiding condition for silicon nitride waveguide, figureFileSmall=zndxBQH1YQi6ffWKPvAjBw==, figureFileBig=HtPTsv1OwCDeEh72fVALNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741681199202313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
氮化硅波导的导波条件, figureFileSmall=zndxBQH1YQi6ffWKPvAjBw==, figureFileBig=HtPTsv1OwCDeEh72fVALNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741681283088394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Scan results for parameters of primary inverse-taper waveguide. (a) Scan result of Wmid; (b) Scan result of L1, figureFileSmall=S32/FZICDzi8kNCYkJ8fXw==, figureFileBig=SXJO5ofpepA9f2MjVdiYJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741681346002955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
第一级倒锥形波导各项参数的扫描结果。(a) Wmid的扫描结果;(b) L1的扫描结果, figureFileSmall=S32/FZICDzi8kNCYkJ8fXw==, figureFileBig=SXJO5ofpepA9f2MjVdiYJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741681446666252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Power proportion of fundamental TE mode under different structures, figureFileSmall=Zc6ZjfWnHmPEGF7ETsApSQ==, figureFileBig=4i5tTdvwGXqjX4NcgRP4CA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741681526358029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
不同结构下TE00基模的功率占比, figureFileSmall=Zc6ZjfWnHmPEGF7ETsApSQ==, figureFileBig=4i5tTdvwGXqjX4NcgRP4CA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741681585078286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
The relationship between coupling efficiency and the second-stage taper length L3 as well as the output-end width Wout, figureFileSmall=kR1wkZw7/aOJOm9iarkgQw==, figureFileBig=AJovJEN6ttty1S243tMrtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741681652187151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
耦合效率与第二级锥形长度L3和输出端宽度Wout的关系, figureFileSmall=kR1wkZw7/aOJOm9iarkgQw==, figureFileBig=AJovJEN6ttty1S243tMrtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741681719296016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Coupling efficiency variation characteristics in optical fibers under lateral misalignment, figureFileSmall=vmAYOkTVNOGemast78nfTQ==, figureFileBig=TnbyFjalcKBl+LgX2Idfuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741681807376401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
光纤横向偏移时的耦合效率变化特性, figureFileSmall=vmAYOkTVNOGemast78nfTQ==, figureFileBig=TnbyFjalcKBl+LgX2Idfuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741681887068178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Structural characterization of the fabricated SSC. (a) Microscopic image of the fabricated SSC; (b) Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image of the three-segment structure of the SSC, figureFileSmall=72scnq1IaTmEjCYocRPLxg==, figureFileBig=Inx0E1MQi0zJ71t6ZqHJhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741681954177043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
制造的SSC的结构表征。(a)制造的SSC的显微镜图像,(b) SSC三段结构的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)图像, figureFileSmall=72scnq1IaTmEjCYocRPLxg==, figureFileBig=Inx0E1MQi0zJ71t6ZqHJhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741682025480212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=
Transmission spectrum of fabricated device in a broadband wavelength, figureFileSmall=jj6RYrEvwd94Um5QDlfpXQ==, figureFileBig=74jLvb17Q/2t+Y4cdcDn0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741682105171989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
器件在宽带波长下的传输频谱, figureFileSmall=jj6RYrEvwd94Um5QDlfpXQ==, figureFileBig=74jLvb17Q/2t+Y4cdcDn0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741682180669462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=
Dependence of coupling loss on fiber-chip misalignment. (a) Test result of fiber misalignment in X; (b) Test result of fiber misalignment in Z, figureFileSmall=5FtPQi4pqN/AK1v4HybsEg==, figureFileBig=uB1RkAug5oDgN+T6B0M6OA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741682264555543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
光纤与芯片错位导致的耦合损耗。(a) X方向偏移的测试结果;(b) Z方向偏移的测试结果, figureFileSmall=5FtPQi4pqN/AK1v4HybsEg==, figureFileBig=uB1RkAug5oDgN+T6B0M6OA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741682335858712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Comparison of the fiber-to-chip edge coupler in silicon nitride
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Feature | MFD/μm | Coupling loss (TE/TM)/dB | Wavelength range/nm | AT in X/Z(1 dB)/μm | Reference |
|---|
| Polymer cladding | - | 1.76(TE) | 1 010~1 110 | - | [8] (experiment) |
| Air slot | - | 0.85/1.09 | 1 500~1 630 | - | [9] (experiment) |
| Air slot | 3.2 | 0.22/0.31 | 1 400~1 850 | ±1.4/±1.4 | [10] (simulation) |
| Multi-layer + multi-stage inverted taper | 5 | 1.2(TE) | 1 530~1 565 | ±2/±2 | [11] (experiment) |
| Multi-level inverted taper | 2.5~6.5 | 0.9/1.38 | 1 525~1 565 | - | [12] (experiment) |
| Dual-tip | - | 0.128/0.36 | 1 460~1 630 | - | [13] (experiment) |
| Trident | 5 | 1.425(TE) | 1 950~2 050 | - | [15] (experiment) |
| Tapered-straight-tapered waveguide | 8.6 | 0.46/0.72 | 1 450~1 650 | ±2.5/±2 | This work (experiment) |
), ArticleFig(id=1315741682436522009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
氮化硅中光纤到芯片边缘耦合器的比较
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Feature | MFD/μm | Coupling loss (TE/TM)/dB | Wavelength range/nm | AT in X/Z(1 dB)/μm | Reference |
|---|
| Polymer cladding | - | 1.76(TE) | 1 010~1 110 | - | [8] (experiment) |
| Air slot | - | 0.85/1.09 | 1 500~1 630 | - | [9] (experiment) |
| Air slot | 3.2 | 0.22/0.31 | 1 400~1 850 | ±1.4/±1.4 | [10] (simulation) |
| Multi-layer + multi-stage inverted taper | 5 | 1.2(TE) | 1 530~1 565 | ±2/±2 | [11] (experiment) |
| Multi-level inverted taper | 2.5~6.5 | 0.9/1.38 | 1 525~1 565 | - | [12] (experiment) |
| Dual-tip | - | 0.128/0.36 | 1 460~1 630 | - | [13] (experiment) |
| Trident | 5 | 1.425(TE) | 1 950~2 050 | - | [15] (experiment) |
| Tapered-straight-tapered waveguide | 8.6 | 0.46/0.72 | 1 450~1 650 | ±2.5/±2 | This work (experiment) |
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