Article(id=1315741672005288886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315741514865689424, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3788/gzxb20265503.0323002, pmid=null, cstr=32255.14.gzxb20265503.0323002, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760976000000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1765209600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-12-09, onlineDate=1791626859903, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1774368000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791626859903, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791626859903, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791626859903, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315741514865689424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, year='2026', volume='55', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='378', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774368000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791626822438, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791626932547, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315741977111540218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315741514865689424, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315741977111540219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315741514865689424, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=366, endPage=375, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315741672273724344, articleId=1315741672005288886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=EN, title=Design of Ultra-broadband and Low-loss Silicon Nitride Edge Coupler, columnId=1315741672168866743, journalTitle=Acta Photonica Sinica, columnName=Optical Devices, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) photonic integrated circuits are promising for next-generation optical communications due to their low loss and wide transparency window. However, efficient coupling between submicron Si₃N₄ waveguides and standard optical fibers remains challenging due to mode-field mismatch. Existing solutions like inverse tapers or polymer claddings involve trade-offs among bandwidth, loss, and manufacturability. This work proposes a taper-straight-taper edge coupler, where the straight section acts as a mode stabilizer and reflection suppressor. The optimized device achieves sub-decibel coupling loss across the S+C+L bands with high alignment tolerance, offering a compact and fabrication-friendly solution for Si₃N₄ photonic integration.

To overcome these limitations, this work proposes and demonstrates an innovative edge coupler architecture that combines two inverse tapers with an intermediate straight waveguide section. The straight section is introduced as a mode stabilizer and reflection suppressor, effectively filtering residual higher-order modes and eliminating parasitic reflections through phase-matching interference. This configuration allows the optical mode to evolve smoothly from the tightly confined on-chip waveguide to the expanded fiber mode, while maintaining high fundamental-mode purity and minimal spectral ripple. The design principle ensures adiabatic mode conversion without relying on extreme geometries or high-aspect-ratio structures, thus preserving compatibility with standard photolithography and etching processes.

Comprehensive electromagnetic simulations based on eigenmode expansion were employed to optimize the key design parameters, including the taper lengths, transition widths, and the straight section geometry. The optimized configuration exhibits an excellent balance between low coupling loss, wide operational bandwidth, and compact device size. The inclusion of the straight section significantly enhances the stability of the mode conversion process and mitigates the oscillations typically observed in conventional two-taper couplers. The simulation results predict broadband, flat coupling performance with high tolerance to fabrication deviations and fiber alignment errors, confirming the robustness of the proposed design.

Experimental characterization was performed on fabricated devices covering the S, C, and L communication bands. The measured results show broadband low-loss performance with minimal wavelength dependence and excellent alignment tolerance. Specifically, the coupler achieves sub-decibel coupling loss per facet over a wide spectral range, with the wavelength-dependent variation remaining below one decibel across the entire operational window. The measured results agree well with the theoretical predictions, confirming that the phase-matching mechanism in the straight section effectively suppresses reflection-induced interference and improves modal stability. Furthermore, the design maintains low loss under several micrometers of lateral or vertical fiber misalignment, demonstrating strong packaging robustness suitable for large-scale manufacturing.

The proposed edge coupler achieves these results without the need for complex processes such as electron-beam lithography or high-aspect-ratio etching. Its fully planar structure and moderate feature sizes ensure high yield and compatibility with commercial foundry processes. The broadband and low-loss characteristics make it particularly advantageous for integrated systems that require efficient chip-to-fiber interfaces, such as coherent transceivers, frequency comb sources, and integrated photonic sensors.

In summary, this study introduces a broadband, low-loss, and fabrication-tolerant silicon nitride edge coupler based on a taper-straight-taper configuration. By integrating a straight single-mode section between two inverse tapers, the design simultaneously achieves mode stabilization, reflection suppression, and efficient field expansion. Both simulation and experimental results demonstrate superior performance across a wide wavelength range, with low insertion loss, minimal wavelength sensitivity, and high alignment tolerance. The proposed structure provides a compact, manufacturable, and scalable coupling solution for silicon nitride photonic integrated circuits, enabling their deployment in next-generation high-speed optical communication and broadband photonic applications.

, authors=Xiao LI1, 2, Xuerui LIANG2, Yu ZHANG2, Shaoqiang WANG2, Yongchen WANG2, Yuheng PAN2, Yong LUO2, authorsList=Xiao LI, Xuerui LIANG, Yu ZHANG, Shaoqiang WANG, Yongchen WANG, Yuheng PAN, Yong LUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xuerui LIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315741675826299854, articleId=1315741672005288886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=CN, title=超宽带低损耗氮化硅边缘耦合器设计, columnId=1315741672370193337, journalTitle=光子学报, columnName=光学器件, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对氮化硅光子集成电路以C+L波段为核心的超宽带低损耗耦合需求,提出一种锥形-直波导-锥形结构的氮化硅边缘耦合器。该结构由两级倒锥形波导与中间直波导段组成,直波导段兼具模式稳定与反射抑制功能,通过相位匹配机制有效提升基模纯度并抑制菲涅尔反射。仿真优化结果表明,该器件在非高宽厚比约束下实现了S+C+L波段的低耦合损耗(0.46~0.8 dB),且在±2 μm光纤横向偏移下仍保持低于1 dB的额外损耗,展现出优异的宽带性能与封装容差。该设计为氮化硅光子集成平台提供了一种紧凑且易于制造的光纤耦合解决方案,适用于高速密集波分复用系统及宽带光学频率梳等应用。

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李潇,

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梁雪瑞,
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Photonics Research, 2014, 2(3): A41-A44., articleTitle=Efficient adiabatic silicon-on-insulator waveguide taper, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1315741676065375183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315741676073763792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, companyId=1315741676065375183, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Wuhan Research Institute of Posts and Telecommunications, Wuhan 430074, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315741676086346705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, companyId=1315741676065375183, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1武汉邮电科学研究院, 武汉 430074)]), AuthorCompany(id=1315741676166038482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315741676174427091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, companyId=1315741676166038482, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Accelink Technologies Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430205, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315741676182815700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, companyId=1315741676166038482, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2武汉光迅科技股份有限公司, 武汉 430205)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1315741680733634564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic diagram of a silicon nitride SSC. (a) Silicon nitride SSC, consisting of a three-segment configuration (Silicon substrate not shown); (b) Cross-sectional view of silicon nitride waveguide; (c) TE mode field distribution at the SSC output end, figureFileSmall=hqiOjlFCixlbwmw2k/qe/Q==, figureFileBig=MA13HD+Ns3zeeBhJUjAcNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741680792354821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, language=CN, label=图1, caption=氮化硅SSC示意图。(a) 三段式的氮化硅SSC结构(硅衬底未显示); (b) 氮化硅波导截面图; (c) SSC输出端的TE模式场分布, figureFileSmall=hqiOjlFCixlbwmw2k/qe/Q==, figureFileBig=MA13HD+Ns3zeeBhJUjAcNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741681006264326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Scan result for length of straight waveguide, figureFileSmall=2azCRnbklFBXdqSBYvp9/Q==, figureFileBig=d76NDyLIXfoDQl3vvoLH6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741681069178887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, language=CN, label=图2, caption=直波导长度的扫描结果, figureFileSmall=2azCRnbklFBXdqSBYvp9/Q==, figureFileBig=d76NDyLIXfoDQl3vvoLH6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741681132093448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=The guiding condition for silicon nitride waveguide, figureFileSmall=zndxBQH1YQi6ffWKPvAjBw==, figureFileBig=HtPTsv1OwCDeEh72fVALNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741681199202313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, language=CN, label=图3, caption=氮化硅波导的导波条件, figureFileSmall=zndxBQH1YQi6ffWKPvAjBw==, figureFileBig=HtPTsv1OwCDeEh72fVALNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741681283088394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Scan results for parameters of primary inverse-taper waveguide. (a) Scan result of Wmid; (b) Scan result of L1, figureFileSmall=S32/FZICDzi8kNCYkJ8fXw==, figureFileBig=SXJO5ofpepA9f2MjVdiYJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741681346002955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, language=CN, label=图4, caption=第一级倒锥形波导各项参数的扫描结果。(a) Wmid的扫描结果;(b) L1的扫描结果, figureFileSmall=S32/FZICDzi8kNCYkJ8fXw==, figureFileBig=SXJO5ofpepA9f2MjVdiYJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741681446666252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Power proportion of fundamental TE mode under different structures, figureFileSmall=Zc6ZjfWnHmPEGF7ETsApSQ==, figureFileBig=4i5tTdvwGXqjX4NcgRP4CA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741681526358029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同结构下TE00基模的功率占比, figureFileSmall=Zc6ZjfWnHmPEGF7ETsApSQ==, figureFileBig=4i5tTdvwGXqjX4NcgRP4CA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741681585078286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=The relationship between coupling efficiency and the second-stage taper length L3 as well as the output-end width Wout, figureFileSmall=kR1wkZw7/aOJOm9iarkgQw==, figureFileBig=AJovJEN6ttty1S243tMrtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741681652187151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, language=CN, label=图6, caption=耦合效率与第二级锥形长度L3和输出端宽度Wout的关系, figureFileSmall=kR1wkZw7/aOJOm9iarkgQw==, figureFileBig=AJovJEN6ttty1S243tMrtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741681719296016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Coupling efficiency variation characteristics in optical fibers under lateral misalignment, figureFileSmall=vmAYOkTVNOGemast78nfTQ==, figureFileBig=TnbyFjalcKBl+LgX2Idfuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741681807376401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, language=CN, label=图7, caption=光纤横向偏移时的耦合效率变化特性, figureFileSmall=vmAYOkTVNOGemast78nfTQ==, figureFileBig=TnbyFjalcKBl+LgX2Idfuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741681887068178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Structural characterization of the fabricated SSC. (a) Microscopic image of the fabricated SSC; (b) Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image of the three-segment structure of the SSC, figureFileSmall=72scnq1IaTmEjCYocRPLxg==, figureFileBig=Inx0E1MQi0zJ71t6ZqHJhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741681954177043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, language=CN, label=图8, caption=制造的SSC的结构表征。(a)制造的SSC的显微镜图像,(b) SSC三段结构的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)图像, figureFileSmall=72scnq1IaTmEjCYocRPLxg==, figureFileBig=Inx0E1MQi0zJ71t6ZqHJhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741682025480212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Transmission spectrum of fabricated device in a broadband wavelength, figureFileSmall=jj6RYrEvwd94Um5QDlfpXQ==, figureFileBig=74jLvb17Q/2t+Y4cdcDn0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741682105171989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, language=CN, label=图9, caption=器件在宽带波长下的传输频谱, figureFileSmall=jj6RYrEvwd94Um5QDlfpXQ==, figureFileBig=74jLvb17Q/2t+Y4cdcDn0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741682180669462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Dependence of coupling loss on fiber-chip misalignment. (a) Test result of fiber misalignment in X; (b) Test result of fiber misalignment in Z, figureFileSmall=5FtPQi4pqN/AK1v4HybsEg==, figureFileBig=uB1RkAug5oDgN+T6B0M6OA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741682264555543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, language=CN, label=图10, caption=光纤与芯片错位导致的耦合损耗。(a) X方向偏移的测试结果;(b) Z方向偏移的测试结果, figureFileSmall=5FtPQi4pqN/AK1v4HybsEg==, figureFileBig=uB1RkAug5oDgN+T6B0M6OA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741682335858712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of the fiber-to-chip edge coupler in silicon nitride

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
FeatureMFD/μmCoupling loss
(TE/TM)/dB
Wavelength
range/nm
AT in X/Z(1 dB)/μmReference
Polymer cladding-1.76(TE)1 010~1 110-[8] (experiment)
Air slot-0.85/1.091 500~1 630-[9] (experiment)
Air slot3.20.22/0.311 400~1 850±1.4/±1.4[10] (simulation)
Multi-layer + multi-stage inverted taper51.2(TE)1 530~1 565±2/±2[11] (experiment)
Multi-level inverted taper2.5~6.50.9/1.381 525~1 565-[12] (experiment)
Dual-tip-0.128/0.361 460~1 630-[13] (experiment)
Trident51.425(TE)1 950~2 050-[15] (experiment)
Tapered-straight-tapered waveguide8.60.46/0.721 450~1 650±2.5/±2This work (experiment)
), ArticleFig(id=1315741682436522009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741672005288886, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

氮化硅中光纤到芯片边缘耦合器的比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
FeatureMFD/μmCoupling loss
(TE/TM)/dB
Wavelength
range/nm
AT in X/Z(1 dB)/μmReference
Polymer cladding-1.76(TE)1 010~1 110-[8] (experiment)
Air slot-0.85/1.091 500~1 630-[9] (experiment)
Air slot3.20.22/0.311 400~1 850±1.4/±1.4[10] (simulation)
Multi-layer + multi-stage inverted taper51.2(TE)1 530~1 565±2/±2[11] (experiment)
Multi-level inverted taper2.5~6.50.9/1.381 525~1 565-[12] (experiment)
Dual-tip-0.128/0.361 460~1 630-[13] (experiment)
Trident51.425(TE)1 950~2 050-[15] (experiment)
Tapered-straight-tapered waveguide8.60.46/0.721 450~1 650±2.5/±2This work (experiment)
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超宽带低损耗氮化硅边缘耦合器设计
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李潇 1, 2 , 梁雪瑞 2 , 张钰 2 , 王少强 2 , 王永晨 2 , 潘宇恒 2 , 罗勇 2
光子学报 | 光学器件 2026,55(3): 366-375
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光子学报 |光学器件 2026 , 55 (3) : 366 -375
超宽带低损耗氮化硅边缘耦合器设计
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李潇1, 2 , 梁雪瑞2 , 张钰2, 王少强2, 王永晨2, 潘宇恒2, 罗勇2
作者信息
  • 1武汉邮电科学研究院, 武汉 430074
  • 2武汉光迅科技股份有限公司, 武汉 430205
通讯作者:
作者简介:
Design of Ultra-broadband and Low-loss Silicon Nitride Edge Coupler
Xiao LI1, 2 , Xuerui LIANG2 , Yu ZHANG2, Shaoqiang WANG2, Yongchen WANG2, Yuheng PAN2, Yong LUO2
Affiliations
  • 1Wuhan Research Institute of Posts and Telecommunications, Wuhan 430074, China
  • 2Accelink Technologies Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430205, China
出版时间: 2026-03-25 doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265503.0323002
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针对氮化硅光子集成电路以C+L波段为核心的超宽带低损耗耦合需求,提出一种锥形-直波导-锥形结构的氮化硅边缘耦合器。该结构由两级倒锥形波导与中间直波导段组成,直波导段兼具模式稳定与反射抑制功能,通过相位匹配机制有效提升基模纯度并抑制菲涅尔反射。仿真优化结果表明,该器件在非高宽厚比约束下实现了S+C+L波段的低耦合损耗(0.46~0.8 dB),且在±2 μm光纤横向偏移下仍保持低于1 dB的额外损耗,展现出优异的宽带性能与封装容差。该设计为氮化硅光子集成平台提供了一种紧凑且易于制造的光纤耦合解决方案,适用于高速密集波分复用系统及宽带光学频率梳等应用。

氮化硅  /  边缘耦合器  /  模斑尺寸转换器  /  超宽带  /  低损耗

Silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) photonic integrated circuits are promising for next-generation optical communications due to their low loss and wide transparency window. However, efficient coupling between submicron Si₃N₄ waveguides and standard optical fibers remains challenging due to mode-field mismatch. Existing solutions like inverse tapers or polymer claddings involve trade-offs among bandwidth, loss, and manufacturability. This work proposes a taper-straight-taper edge coupler, where the straight section acts as a mode stabilizer and reflection suppressor. The optimized device achieves sub-decibel coupling loss across the S+C+L bands with high alignment tolerance, offering a compact and fabrication-friendly solution for Si₃N₄ photonic integration.

To overcome these limitations, this work proposes and demonstrates an innovative edge coupler architecture that combines two inverse tapers with an intermediate straight waveguide section. The straight section is introduced as a mode stabilizer and reflection suppressor, effectively filtering residual higher-order modes and eliminating parasitic reflections through phase-matching interference. This configuration allows the optical mode to evolve smoothly from the tightly confined on-chip waveguide to the expanded fiber mode, while maintaining high fundamental-mode purity and minimal spectral ripple. The design principle ensures adiabatic mode conversion without relying on extreme geometries or high-aspect-ratio structures, thus preserving compatibility with standard photolithography and etching processes.

Comprehensive electromagnetic simulations based on eigenmode expansion were employed to optimize the key design parameters, including the taper lengths, transition widths, and the straight section geometry. The optimized configuration exhibits an excellent balance between low coupling loss, wide operational bandwidth, and compact device size. The inclusion of the straight section significantly enhances the stability of the mode conversion process and mitigates the oscillations typically observed in conventional two-taper couplers. The simulation results predict broadband, flat coupling performance with high tolerance to fabrication deviations and fiber alignment errors, confirming the robustness of the proposed design.

Experimental characterization was performed on fabricated devices covering the S, C, and L communication bands. The measured results show broadband low-loss performance with minimal wavelength dependence and excellent alignment tolerance. Specifically, the coupler achieves sub-decibel coupling loss per facet over a wide spectral range, with the wavelength-dependent variation remaining below one decibel across the entire operational window. The measured results agree well with the theoretical predictions, confirming that the phase-matching mechanism in the straight section effectively suppresses reflection-induced interference and improves modal stability. Furthermore, the design maintains low loss under several micrometers of lateral or vertical fiber misalignment, demonstrating strong packaging robustness suitable for large-scale manufacturing.

The proposed edge coupler achieves these results without the need for complex processes such as electron-beam lithography or high-aspect-ratio etching. Its fully planar structure and moderate feature sizes ensure high yield and compatibility with commercial foundry processes. The broadband and low-loss characteristics make it particularly advantageous for integrated systems that require efficient chip-to-fiber interfaces, such as coherent transceivers, frequency comb sources, and integrated photonic sensors.

In summary, this study introduces a broadband, low-loss, and fabrication-tolerant silicon nitride edge coupler based on a taper-straight-taper configuration. By integrating a straight single-mode section between two inverse tapers, the design simultaneously achieves mode stabilization, reflection suppression, and efficient field expansion. Both simulation and experimental results demonstrate superior performance across a wide wavelength range, with low insertion loss, minimal wavelength sensitivity, and high alignment tolerance. The proposed structure provides a compact, manufacturable, and scalable coupling solution for silicon nitride photonic integrated circuits, enabling their deployment in next-generation high-speed optical communication and broadband photonic applications.

Silicon nitride  /  Edge coupler  /  Spot-size converter  /  Ultra-broadband  /  Low loss
李潇, 梁雪瑞, 张钰, 王少强, 王永晨, 潘宇恒, 罗勇. 超宽带低损耗氮化硅边缘耦合器设计. 光子学报, 2026 , 55 (3) : 366 -375 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265503.0323002
Xiao LI, Xuerui LIANG, Yu ZHANG, Shaoqiang WANG, Yongchen WANG, Yuheng PAN, Yong LUO. Design of Ultra-broadband and Low-loss Silicon Nitride Edge Coupler[J]. Acta Photonica Sinica, 2026 , 55 (3) : 366 -375 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265503.0323002
氮化硅凭借其超低传播损耗(通常低至dB/m量级)、宽光谱工作范围及高功率处理能力,已成为集成光子系统的核心之一[1]。相较于硅,氮化硅在通信波长处的双光子吸收效应可忽略不计,其光学透明窗口覆盖可见光至中红外波段[2],因此在密集波分复用(Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing,DWDM)、光学相干断层扫描以及宽带频率梳生成等应用领域展现出独特优势[3]。然而,光纤到芯片的高效耦合始终是制约氮化硅光子集成电路(Photonic Integrated Circuit,PIC)实用化的关键瓶颈。亚微米级氮化硅波导(模场直径约1 μm)的紧束缚模式与ZBL(ZBLAN,包含了Zirconium(锆)、Barium(钡)、Lanthanum(镧)、Aluminum(铝)和Sodium(钠)五种金属的氟化物玻璃)光纤(其在1 550 nm处的模场直径约8.6 μm)的高斯模式之间存在显著失配,导致未经优化的单端耦合损耗通常能达到15~20 dB[4]。
基于锥形波导的边缘耦合器是实现低损耗、偏振不敏感耦合的主流方案。其中,多段锥形结构(亦称多阶锥形或绝热锥形)通过离散化几何参数(如宽度、长度、刻蚀深度),可实现对模式演化的精细控制。此类设计旨在同步实现多重目标:超低耦合损耗(单端<1 dB)、宽光学带宽(覆盖C波段1 530~1 565 nm和L波段1 565~1 625 nm)、高工艺容差性(对刻蚀深度、侧壁粗糙度等不敏感)以及紧凑尺寸。另一可行路径是通过高宽厚比波导几何设计[5-6]直接扩展光纤接口处的模场直径。然而,面向超宽带范围的高性能氮化硅耦合器设计仍面临严峻挑战。
首要难题在于材料折射率对比度较低。氮化硅相对于二氧化硅包层的折射率差(Δn≈0.5)远小于绝缘体上硅(Silicon On Insulator, SOI)平台(Δn≈2.0)。为实现有效的模场扩展,通常需要更长的锥形或复杂的模式整形结构(如多段设计或高宽厚比波导),而要在保持低损耗的同时实现这一点尤为困难[7]。宽带优化要求进一步增加了设计复杂性。要在100 nm带宽内抑制损耗波纹(ripple),需精确调控相位匹配、模式色散及高阶模激发,简单锥形结构在此宽光谱范围内性能极易劣化。制造工艺敏感性同样不容忽视:多段锥形对段间边界精度、侧壁光滑度及刻蚀均匀性高度敏感,工艺偏差易导致散射损耗和寄生反射;而高宽厚比设计则需依赖高精度光刻与刻蚀控制才能维持波导结构完整性。此外,多参数协同优化带来的计算复杂度(段长度/宽度/过渡、锥形长度/尖端宽度/宽厚比)对电磁仿真与优化算法提出了极高要求。
当前研究显示了超宽带范围方案的局限性:SU-8等复合聚合物包层虽能优化模式匹配,但实测损耗偏大(CEGIELSKI P J等的研究中损耗最大可达1.76 dB[8]),且存在紫外固化应力形变与高温脱附风险(>80 ℃);空气槽增强模场约束(如LIANG Yuxin等采用深亚微米刻蚀[9])通过降低等效包层折射率提升光场约束,实现超低损耗及高波长不敏感性[10],但引入的悬臂结构显著增加工艺复杂性;多层[11]/多级倒锥形结构虽实现宽带高耦合效率与小尺寸[12],但受限于材料低折射率差(Δn≈0.5),模场扩展不足(MFD<8 μm),难以匹配ZBL光纤的8.6 μm模场直径;双尖端[13] /三叉戟结构[14-15]通过多路径光场合成扩大模场直径,但亚微米级尖端对准精度要求,依赖电子束光刻或自对准工艺,大幅增加制造成本与周期;REN Guanghui等研究的多段/非均匀锥形在硅基平台已展示改进的带宽与损耗性能[16],例如指数与二次倒锥形较传统线性结构更具效率优势,但该技术在氮化硅平台的适用性仍需验证。
综上,氮化硅边缘耦合器的关键挑战可归纳为三类核心矛盾:带宽与损耗之间的权衡——在百纳米宽带下保持绝热模式演化难度较高;性能与工艺复杂度之间的矛盾——空气槽结构虽然损耗低,但制造成本高且一致性差;尺寸与鲁棒性之间的冲突——短器件易出现反射与高阶模激发,长器件又增加损耗与占用面积。本研究提出的三段式结构即旨在同时解决这三个矛盾。这种锥形-直波导-锥形结构的氮化硅边缘耦合器设计通过引入直波导段作为模式稳定器,结合相位匹配机制抑制反射并提升基模纯度。对于TE模式,最终在非高宽厚比约束下(h=400 nm,≤10∶1),实现覆盖S+C+L波段的低耦合损耗(全波段<0.8 dB,C波段0.46~0.6 dB)与紧凑尺寸(620 μm)。
为克服传统氮化硅边缘耦合器在超宽带范围内面临的宽带损耗、反射纹波及高阶模激发等挑战,提出一种创新的三段式模场尺寸转换器(Spot Size Converter, SSC),其核心在于两级倒锥形波导与直波导段的组合。图1(a)、(b)展示了器件的整体构型。该耦合器制备于标准硅衬底上,包含厚度为400 nm的氮化硅芯层及上下对称的6 μm厚二氧化硅包层。器件由三段关键波导组成:第一级倒锥形波导,其输入端宽度固定为2 μm以匹配芯片上条形波导,其输出端宽度缩减至与直波导宽度一致(Wmid);直波导段,长度固定为L2,宽度固定为Wmid;第二级倒锥形波导,其输入端宽度固定为Wmid以与直波导输出端相接,其输出端宽度缩减至亚微米级(Wout)。
本文设计的两级倒锥形波导均应用了相同的物理机制,通过逐渐减小波导宽度来减弱模场约束,从而实现模场尺寸的放大。在低折射率差的氮化硅波导中,当波导宽度沿光传播方向减小时,其对光模场的横向约束能力随之减弱。这导致光模场向波导周围的低折射率包层中扩散,从而有效地增大模场直径。为了确保光在锥形波导中传播时,能量能够绝热地(即无辐射损耗地)从输入模式转换到输出模式,避免模式转换过程中的散射损耗和激发寄生高阶模,锥形结构的设计必须满足绝热条件。绝热锥形要求其长度足够长、锥度足够缓,使得波导几何参数的变化率远小于模式有效折射率差沿传播方向的变化率。其数学判据可表达为
θ=αλ02Wneff
式中,θ为锥形尖端的半角,α为一常数(1≤α≤1.4时,锥形可实现98%以上的透射率)[17],λ0为真空中波长,W是锥形宽度,neff是模式的有效折射率。较小的θ值可以确保模场转换满足绝热条件。为了进一步描述锥形中模式转换的平滑程度,可引入局域耦合系数κ来表征相邻模式之间的耦合强度。根据波导耦合理论,κ可近似表示为
κ(y)∝1∆neff(y)∙dW(y)dy
式中,y为光的传播方向,∆neff(y)为局部TE00模式与下一阶模式的有效折射率差,dW(y)/dy为锥形宽度的变化率。显然,较小的锥度以及较大的模式折射率差均会减小κ,使模式转换更接近绝热过程。
对于本文涉及的大尺寸变化锥形,满足绝热条件所需的长度通常在百微米量级。后续章节的参数优化将确保所选长度满足这一要求。
第一级倒锥形波导的功能是实现初步的模场扩展与模式适配。光从较宽的输入端(W=2 μm)向较窄的输出端(W=Wmid)传播。在此过程中,波导宽度减小,模场约束减弱,模场尺寸逐渐放大。其作用是将光场从芯片上紧凑的高约束条形波导初步扩展到更接近直波导段的状态,为后续的模式纯化提供输入。第二级倒锥形波导的功能是实现最终的模场尺寸放大以匹配光纤。 光从相对较宽的输入端向极窄的输出端(亚微米级)传播。波导宽度的持续减小导致模场约束能力下降,模场大幅扩散至包层中,如图1(c)所示,最终在输出端形成远大于波导物理尺寸的近圆形大光斑。其核心目标是使模场尺寸与ZBL光纤的模场直径达到最佳匹配,从而最小化光纤-芯片耦合损耗。
直波导段的设计旨在同时解决模式失配引发的高阶模激发和菲涅尔反射问题。在传统的两级锥形直接连接结构中,第一级锥形输出端与第二级锥形输入端的截面突变导致模式失配,容易激发高阶模。引入宽度Wmid固定的直波导段,其宽度显著小于该厚度(h=400 nm)氮化硅波导的单模截止宽度,强制直波导段工作在严格的单模传输状态。当光场从第一级锥形进入直波导段时,基模(TE00)成分得以通过,而高阶模因截止条件无法在直波导中有效传输而被强烈衰减(滤波效应),使得进入第二级锥形的光场中,TE00基模的纯度得到显著提升。波导截面突变(如第一级锥形末端到直波导始端,直波导末端到第二级锥形始端)会引入菲涅尔反射,造成插入损耗并在光谱中形成干扰纹波。直波导段相当于在原有连接点处额外引入两个反射界面R1和R2。通过精确设计直波导长度L2,使得从R1和R2界面反射回来的光波在返回至输入端时满足相位相消干涉条件。该相位匹配条件要求两束反射波的光程差为半波长的奇数倍,即
2βL+Φref=2m+1π,β=2πneffλ
式中,λ是工作波长,Φref来源于局部有效折射率突变所引起的菲涅尔反射相位与模式重叠相位。由于本文结构中二氧化硅包层与氮化硅波导的折射率对比度较低,界面处有效折射率差∆neff很小,导致反射系数|γ|较低、相位跳变幅度有限。根据单界面反射的EME仿真结果,本文中每个界面的反射相位约在0.06π~0.12π范围内,两界面相加得到Φref≈0.12π~0.24π。根据式(3)可知,直波导长度的取值与整数级次m的取值有关。
本设计的核心目标是实现超宽带范围的超低耦合损耗、低波长相关性及高封装容差。关键设计参数包括直波导长度L2和宽度Wmid;第一级倒锥形输入宽度固定为2 μm,输出宽度固定为Wmid,长度L1需优化;第二级倒锥形输入宽度固定为Wmid,输出宽度Wout和长度L3需优化。后续章节将通过系统的参数扫描和电磁仿真,对这些参数进行优化以最大化其性能。
依据前述器件工作原理与设计框架,通过本征模展开法(Eigenmode Expansion, EME)进行电磁仿真,系统地对三段式耦合器的关键几何参数进行扫描优化,以期实现在超宽带范围内的优秀性能。
根据式(3),满足相位相消条件的直波导长度L2存在多个离散值,对应不同的整数m。理论上,更大的m对应更长的L2,虽能提供更精细的相位调节,但也会引入更大的波导传播损耗,并增加器件尺寸。因此,在实际设计中,需在反射抑制、插入损耗与器件紧凑性之间进行权衡。由此,对直波导长度L2进行参数扫描,结果如图2所示,选取L2 = 150 μm。接下来优化其宽度Wmid。对于厚度为400 nm的氮化硅波导,由图3氮化硅波导的导波条件可知,氮化硅波导宽度<0.3 μm时,波导折射率小于包层折射率,无法正常导波;波导宽度>1.6 μm时,出现其他模式。故直波导宽度的扫描范围定位为0.3~1.6 μm。结果表明,在0.3~1.6 μm范围内,耦合效率随直波导宽度增加的变化趋势见图4(a),可见Wmid=0.4 μm时耦合效率最高。因此,选择0.4 μm作为直波导宽度具有双重优势:该宽度远小于单模截止宽度,严格保证了直波导段的单模工作条件,最大限度降低了模场约束;仿真证实该宽度下可获得最高的耦合效率。直波导的模式稳定功能亦得到验证:在传统的无直波导两级锥形结构中,第一段锥形输出进入第二段锥形的光场中,TE₀₀基模功率占比仅为69%~73%。而引入直波导后,进入第二段锥形的TE₀₀基模功率占比显著提升至84%~88%(见图5),有效抑制了残余高阶模,提高了基模纯度。需要指出的是,虽然本研究采用了逐参扫描的方式,但L2与Wmid实际上并非完全独立。通过相位匹配表达式可知L2∝1/neff。在本设计中,由图3可知当Wmid从0.3 µm增大至1.0 µm时,neff从1.45变化到1.50(∆neff=0.05),L2的相对变化约为-3.4%(对150 µm的L2约为-5.1 µm)。因此所选L2的长度对Wmid的轻微变动具有良好适应性。
在确定直波导参数(L2=150 μm, 宽度=0.4 μm)后,优化工作转向第一级倒锥形波导(长度L1)。该锥形波导输入端宽度固定为2 μm,用于匹配芯片上宽度为2 μm的条形波导;其输出端宽度固定为0.4 μm,与直波导输入端宽度一致。从模式演化角度来看,随着L1增大,锥形的斜率逐渐减小,结构逐渐趋向“缓变宽度波导”,其模场扩散能力反而下降。当锥度过于平缓时,波导在大部分区域的宽度并不足以显著降低模式约束,导致模场扩散受限。也就是说,L1超过某一临界值后,虽然结构仍满足绝热性,但几乎不再提供有效的模式放大作用。一旦输出端的模场不能扩展至足够大,其与光纤的模场重叠度将下降,使耦合效率降低。对L1进行参数扫描,结果见图4(b),在70~110 μm范围内,耦合效率达到峰值,这一结果与前文对L1长度的分析高度一致。为尽量缩小器件尺寸,最终选定L1=70 μm。虽然仿真中选择输入端宽度为2 µm,属于多模波导,但三段式结构对单模输入波导同样适用。若输入端宽度设计为单模宽度,其影响仅体现在第一级倒锥形的起始模式分布更接近 TE00,L1可适当缩短;直波导的单模滤波机制与反射相位补偿机制均保持完全有效。
优化的最后阶段集中于第二级(输出)锥形波导,需确定其长度L₃和输出端宽度Wout。该锥形波导的输入端宽度固定为0.4 μm,与直波导输出端相接。图6展示了耦合效率随L3(扫描范围300~700 μm)和Wout(扫描范围0.1~0.3 μm)变化的仿真等高线图。结果显示,在L3为350~450 μm且Wout为0.1~0.23 μm的区域内,耦合效率达到最高(>90%)。最终选定L3=400 μm(位于区域中心)和Wout=0.15 μm。这一选择有两个优势:首先,L3=400 μm满足绝热条件,可确保渐进式模式转换并形成近圆对称模场分布;其次,Wout=0.15 μm给予了充足的容差,可以一定程度上降低对工艺的要求。
为量化封装容差,仿真了ZBL光纤在1 550 nm波长下横向偏移时的耦合效率变化特性,结果见图7。当光纤横向偏移量从0 μm增至5 μm时,耦合效率由90.25%降至57.35%。在±2 μm封装容差范围内,耦合效率始终维持在81.3%以上(对应损耗<0.898 dB)。
器件的制备工艺采用低压化学气相沉积(Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition, LPCVD)氮化硅、 深紫外(Deep Ultraviolet, DUV)光刻与等离子增强化学气相沉积(Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition, PECVD)包层沉积流程。首先使用LPCVD在埋氧层上沉积400 nm的氮化硅层,随后使用DUV光刻定义氮化硅波导的三段结构,并通过电感耦合等离子体(Inductively Couple Plasma, ICP)刻蚀以形成氮化硅波导。刻蚀完成后,再利用PECVD工艺沉积6 μm二氧化硅上包层。图8展示了所制造SSC的结构表征结果,其中(a)为显微镜下观察到的器件整体形貌,(b)为扫描电子显微镜下拍摄的三段结构细节,可以清晰地看到锥形-直波导-锥形的几何特征。
为评估氮化硅SSC结构的光学性能,采用可调谐激光光源(Keysight 8164B)、偏振控制器(Keysight N7786)与高灵敏度光谱分析仪(Keysight N7745A)搭建测试系统,在1 450~1 650 nm波段(覆盖S、C、L通信窗口)对器件的耦合损耗特性进行表征。测试中,通过两根ZBL光纤(Corning ClearCurve ZBL Fiber)对接器件的输入、输出端口,输出端光信号由光谱分析仪采集,通过对比输入/输出功率计算耦合损耗。
在测试之前,首先将输入端与输出端所使用的两根ZBL光纤直接对准并耦合,使光纤–光纤形成闭合通路。测量其总插入损耗并在功率计上进行归零操作,从而将光纤本身的耦合损耗、连接器损耗以及端面反射统一消除。随后再将光纤分别耦合至器件两端进行实际测量,即可获得经校准后的真实芯片耦合损耗。
图9为氮化硅SSC器件在1 450~1 650 nm波段的实测耦合损耗光谱。器件在1 460~1 625 nm波段内表现出低损耗特性,在1 556 nm处测得最小耦合损耗可达0.46 dB/facet,在C波段内TE模式的波长相关损耗<0.15 dB,在宽波长范围内TE模式的波长相关损耗<0.35 dB。在光谱中可观察到在1 455 nm 附近出现轻微的透射下降,形成局部波纹状特征,这一现象主要归因于氮化硅材料中的N—H吸收。该“水峰”(Water Peak)通常位于1 450~1 500 nm 波段,由于制造过程中氮化硅芯层中残留的—NH 基团对该波长范围的吸收较强,导致耦合器在该区间出现小幅损耗上升。该吸收属于材料固有特性,与器件几何设计无关,对整体宽带性能影响有限。除该局部波段外,器件在1 460~1 625 nm 范围内仍表现出平坦、低损耗的传输特性。偏振相关损耗(Polarization Dependent Loss, PDL)表示不同偏振状态下器件耦合损耗的差异,是衡量边缘耦合器偏振性能的重要指标,器件在S、C波段内的PDL<0.4 dB,说明器件对偏振变化具有较低敏感性。
ZBL光纤与SSC之间的对准容差在水平 (X) 和垂直平面 (Z) 上分别扫描±4 µm,如图10所示。TE 模式下1 dB额外插入损耗的测量对准容差为X方向±2.5 µm,Z方向±2 µm。最后,设计的氮化硅SSC的性能总结在表1中。与一些参考文献中的其他边缘耦合器相比,设计的边缘耦合器具有较大的模场直径和更好的对准容差,这将显著简化器件封装并提高实际应用中的可靠性。
本文成功设计并优化了一种锥形-直波导-锥形结构的氮化硅SSC,有效解决了氮化硅光子集成电路在宽带通信窗口面临的光纤耦合瓶颈问题。通过引入直波导段作为模式稳定器与反射抑制器,该设计大幅抑制了高阶模激发和菲涅尔反射,为宽带低纹波工作提供了关键支撑。在参数优化方面,利用耦合效率等高线图精准定位高效区域,规避了非绝热谐振区,实现了模式的渐进式转换和近圆对称模场分布。最终器件在S+C+L的超宽波段内表现出优越性能:1 555 nm处耦合效率达90.26%(损耗0.46 dB),整个波段内TE模式的耦合效率均保持在83%以上(损耗<0.8 dB),波长相关性损耗仅为0.35 dB。在±2 μm光纤横向偏移下,耦合损耗低于1 dB,展现出优异的封装容差。此项工作为高密度氮化硅光子集成提供了可量产的高性能光纤耦合解决方案,适用于800 Gb/s DWDM系统和宽带光学频率梳等应用场景。

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doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265503.0323002
  • 接收时间:2025-10-21
  • 首发时间:2026-10-10
  • 出版时间:2026-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-21
  • 录用日期:2025-12-09
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    1武汉邮电科学研究院, 武汉 430074
    2武汉光迅科技股份有限公司, 武汉 430205

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