Article(id=1315741649523819278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315741514865689424, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3788/gzxb20265503.0301001, pmid=null, cstr=32255.14.gzxb20265503.0301001, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1756656000000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1765209600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-12-09, onlineDate=1791626854544, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1774368000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791626854544, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791626854544, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791626854544, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315741514865689424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, year='2026', volume='55', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='378', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774368000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791626822438, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791626932547, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315741977111540218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315741514865689424, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315741977111540219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315741514865689424, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=251, endPage=262, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315741650228462352, articleId=1315741649523819278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=EN, title=Study on Column Concentration Variations of CO2 and CH4 in Dalian Region Based on Portable Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer, columnId=1315741650127799055, journalTitle=Acta Photonica Sinica, columnName=Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Accurate monitoring of atmospheric CO2 and CH4 column concentrations is crucial for understanding greenhouse gas source-sink processes, assessing the effectiveness of emission reduction measures, and formulating climate change mitigation strategies. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, known for its high spectral resolution and sensitivity, is a key ground-based remote sensing technique. The portable EM27/SUN FTIR spectrometer, developed by KIT and Bruker, features a compact and robust design suitable for long-term field observations. Its core is an interferometer: incoming solar radiation is split, reflected by fixed and moving mirrors, and recombined to generate interference signals. Subsequently, the PREPROCESS program and the PROFFAST retrieval algorithm are applied to retrieve the column concentrations of the target gases.

To further improve the retrieval accuracy and reliability of EM27/SUN, this paper evaluates the reliability of the EM27/SUN by comparing its retrieval results in the Hefei area with those from the TCCON high-resolution FTIR spectrometer. Calibration formulas were developed to optimize the EM27/SUN retrieval performance. After calibration, the daily average deviation of the column-averaged dry-air mole fraction of carbon dioxide (XCO2) between the EM27/SUN and TCCON was 1.259 0 ppm, while that of methane (XCH4) was 0.003 7 ppm. Furthermore, the observation precision of XCO2 and XCH4 was calculated based on continuous observation data from the Dalian observation site during the midday period (11∶00~13∶00) on October 23rd. The observation precision for XCO2 was found to be 0.12 ppm, and for XCH4, it was 0.9 ppb, which meets the precision requirements for ground-based remote sensing of greenhouse gas monitoring.

Using the PROFFAST retrieval algorithm, time series of atmospheric XCO2 and XCH4 were obtained for selected dates in February, March, September, October, and November 2023 in the Dalian Changxing Island region. The mean XCO2 was (422.41±0.34) ppm (parts per million by volume), while the mean XCH4 was (1.915 2±0.001 8) ppm. The observational data were divided into two periods: the late winter to early spring transition period (late February to March) and the mid-to-late autumn period (late September to early November). The mean XCO2 during the late winter to early spring period (422.99 ppm) was higher than that during the mid-to-late autumn period (421.55 ppm). In contrast, XCH4 showed an opposite trend, with a lower mean during the late winter to early spring transition period (1.909 9 ppm) compared to the mid-to-late autumn period (1.923 2 ppm). Although CO2 and CH4 have different source-sink mechanisms, their concentration variations exhibited certain correlations in specific months, implying common influences on their variations. The correlation coefficient was 0.73 in the late winter to early spring period and 0.69 in the mid-to-late autumn period. By analyzing the characteristics of CO2 and CH4 concentration variations during the observation period and combining this with a backward trajectory model, possible source-sink processes were investigated.

Furthermore, a comparison was conducted between the EM27/SUN observation data and the corrected data from the Japanese GOSAT satellite. The results showed high consistency, with correlation coefficients of 0.87 for XCO2 and 0.76 for XCH4, respectively. Additionally, GOSAT satellite data (monthly averages) from December 2021 to November 2024 were analyzed, revealing distinct seasonal variations for both gases: XCO2 peaked in spring and winter and reached its lowest in summer (spring>winter>autumn>summer), whereas XCH4 was lower in spring and higher in summer and autumn (autumn>summer>winter>spring). Both gases exhibited a clear increasing trend over the years. This study provides important data support for greenhouse gas source-sink analysis in the Dalian region. The portable FTIR spectrometer EM27/SUN can accurately observe atmospheric CO2 and CH4 column concentrations and their variations, making it suitable for validating satellite remote sensing data in remote areas.

, authors=Huanhuan SHOU1, 2, Yuan MENG1, 2, Jun HUANG1, Juan ZHU4, Xingji LU1, Haodong RU1, 2, Zhengwei CAO5, Yinbo HUANG1, 3, Zhensong CAO1, authorsList=Huanhuan SHOU, Yuan MENG, Jun HUANG, Juan ZHU, Xingji LU, Haodong RU, Zhengwei CAO, Yinbo HUANG, Zhensong CAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xingji LU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315741654246605608, articleId=1315741649523819278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=CN, title=基于便携式傅里叶变换红外光谱仪研究大连地区CO2与CH4柱浓度变化, columnId=1315741650337514257, journalTitle=光子学报, columnName=大气与海洋光学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为进一步提高便携式傅里叶变换红外光谱仪EM27/SUN对CO2和CH4的柱浓度反演结果的准确性,利用总碳柱观测网络(TCCON)高分辨率傅里叶变换红外光谱仪同步测量数据,提取CO2和CH4浓度的校准公式,并对EM27/SUN进行校准,优化反演结果。校准后,EM27/SUN的测量反演结果与TCCON站点的数据相比,CO2柱平均干空气摩尔分数(XCO2)日平均偏差由1.838 5 ppm降至1.259 0 ppm;CH4柱平均干空气摩尔分数(XCH4)日平均偏差由0.008 2 ppm降为0.003 7 ppm。在此基础上,在大连长兴岛地区开展了CO2和CH4柱浓度的观测,观测期间XCO2的平均值为(422.41±0.34) ppm,XCH4平均值为(1.915 2±0.001 8) ppm。通过分析观测期间XCO2和XCH4的变化特征,并结合后向轨迹模型,探讨了可能的源汇过程。进一步地,将EM27/SUN观测数据与日本GOSAT卫星测量的数据进行相关性分析,结果显示两者具有较高的一致性,XCO2和XCH4的相关系数分别达到0.87和0.76。

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Comparison of measurement results before calibration

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GasMean (EM27/SUN)Mean (TCCON)Daily mean biasR
CO2418.89 ppm
(415.49~423.85)
417.16 ppm
(412.40~423.32)
1.838 5
ppm
0.77
CH41.94 ppm
(1.91~1.99)
1.94 ppm
(1.92~1.98)
0.008 2
ppm
0.91
), ArticleFig(id=1315741664698811279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741649523819278, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

测量结果对比(校准前)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GasMean (EM27/SUN)Mean (TCCON)Daily mean biasR
CO2418.89 ppm
(415.49~423.85)
417.16 ppm
(412.40~423.32)
1.838 5
ppm
0.77
CH41.94 ppm
(1.91~1.99)
1.94 ppm
(1.92~1.98)
0.008 2
ppm
0.91
), ArticleFig(id=1315741664770114448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741649523819278, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Daily average deviations before and after calibration

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GasCorrection formulaDaily mean bias (before)Daily mean bias (after)
CO2y=0.918 8x+32.267 61.838 5 ppm1.259 0 ppm
CH4y=0.624 3x+0.721 120.008 2 ppm0.003 7 ppm
), ArticleFig(id=1315741666372338577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741649523819278, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

校准前后的日平均偏差

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GasCorrection formulaDaily mean bias (before)Daily mean bias (after)
CO2y=0.918 8x+32.267 61.838 5 ppm1.259 0 ppm
CH4y=0.624 3x+0.721 120.008 2 ppm0.003 7 ppm
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基于便携式傅里叶变换红外光谱仪研究大连地区CO2与CH4柱浓度变化
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寿欢欢 1, 2 , 孟远 1, 2 , 黄俊 1 , 朱娟 4 , 卢兴吉 1 , 汝浩东 1, 2 , 曹正伟 5 , 黄印博 1, 3 , 曹振松 1
光子学报 | 大气与海洋光学 2026,55(3): 251-262
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光子学报 |大气与海洋光学 2026 , 55 (3) : 251 -262
基于便携式傅里叶变换红外光谱仪研究大连地区CO2与CH4柱浓度变化
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寿欢欢1, 2 , 孟远1, 2, 黄俊1, 朱娟4, 卢兴吉1 , 汝浩东1, 2, 曹正伟5, 黄印博1, 3, 曹振松1
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院安徽光学精密机械研究所,激光与物质相互作用全国重点实验室,合肥 230031
  • 2中国科学技术大学,合肥 230026
  • 3国防科技大学,南湖之光实验室,长沙 410073
  • 4航天绵阳室,绵阳 621000
  • 5532029部队,天津 310925
通讯作者:
卢兴吉,
作者简介:
Study on Column Concentration Variations of CO2 and CH4 in Dalian Region Based on Portable Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer
Huanhuan SHOU1, 2 , Yuan MENG1, 2, Jun HUANG1, Juan ZHU4, Xingji LU1 , Haodong RU1, 2, Zhengwei CAO5, Yinbo HUANG1, 3, Zhensong CAO1
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Laser Interaction with Matter, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
  • 2University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
  • 3Nanhu Laser Laboratory, National University and Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
  • 4Mianyang Aerospace Laboratory,Mianyang 621000, China
  • 5Unit 32029, Tianjin 310925, China
出版时间: 2026-03-25 doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265503.0301001
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为进一步提高便携式傅里叶变换红外光谱仪EM27/SUN对CO2和CH4的柱浓度反演结果的准确性,利用总碳柱观测网络(TCCON)高分辨率傅里叶变换红外光谱仪同步测量数据,提取CO2和CH4浓度的校准公式,并对EM27/SUN进行校准,优化反演结果。校准后,EM27/SUN的测量反演结果与TCCON站点的数据相比,CO2柱平均干空气摩尔分数(XCO2)日平均偏差由1.838 5 ppm降至1.259 0 ppm;CH4柱平均干空气摩尔分数(XCH4)日平均偏差由0.008 2 ppm降为0.003 7 ppm。在此基础上,在大连长兴岛地区开展了CO2和CH4柱浓度的观测,观测期间XCO2的平均值为(422.41±0.34) ppm,XCH4平均值为(1.915 2±0.001 8) ppm。通过分析观测期间XCO2和XCH4的变化特征,并结合后向轨迹模型,探讨了可能的源汇过程。进一步地,将EM27/SUN观测数据与日本GOSAT卫星测量的数据进行相关性分析,结果显示两者具有较高的一致性,XCO2和XCH4的相关系数分别达到0.87和0.76。

温室气体监测  /  柱平均干空气摩尔分数  /  EM27/SUN  /  CO2  /  CH4  /  TCCON  /  GOSAT

Accurate monitoring of atmospheric CO2 and CH4 column concentrations is crucial for understanding greenhouse gas source-sink processes, assessing the effectiveness of emission reduction measures, and formulating climate change mitigation strategies. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, known for its high spectral resolution and sensitivity, is a key ground-based remote sensing technique. The portable EM27/SUN FTIR spectrometer, developed by KIT and Bruker, features a compact and robust design suitable for long-term field observations. Its core is an interferometer: incoming solar radiation is split, reflected by fixed and moving mirrors, and recombined to generate interference signals. Subsequently, the PREPROCESS program and the PROFFAST retrieval algorithm are applied to retrieve the column concentrations of the target gases.

To further improve the retrieval accuracy and reliability of EM27/SUN, this paper evaluates the reliability of the EM27/SUN by comparing its retrieval results in the Hefei area with those from the TCCON high-resolution FTIR spectrometer. Calibration formulas were developed to optimize the EM27/SUN retrieval performance. After calibration, the daily average deviation of the column-averaged dry-air mole fraction of carbon dioxide (XCO2) between the EM27/SUN and TCCON was 1.259 0 ppm, while that of methane (XCH4) was 0.003 7 ppm. Furthermore, the observation precision of XCO2 and XCH4 was calculated based on continuous observation data from the Dalian observation site during the midday period (11∶00~13∶00) on October 23rd. The observation precision for XCO2 was found to be 0.12 ppm, and for XCH4, it was 0.9 ppb, which meets the precision requirements for ground-based remote sensing of greenhouse gas monitoring.

Using the PROFFAST retrieval algorithm, time series of atmospheric XCO2 and XCH4 were obtained for selected dates in February, March, September, October, and November 2023 in the Dalian Changxing Island region. The mean XCO2 was (422.41±0.34) ppm (parts per million by volume), while the mean XCH4 was (1.915 2±0.001 8) ppm. The observational data were divided into two periods: the late winter to early spring transition period (late February to March) and the mid-to-late autumn period (late September to early November). The mean XCO2 during the late winter to early spring period (422.99 ppm) was higher than that during the mid-to-late autumn period (421.55 ppm). In contrast, XCH4 showed an opposite trend, with a lower mean during the late winter to early spring transition period (1.909 9 ppm) compared to the mid-to-late autumn period (1.923 2 ppm). Although CO2 and CH4 have different source-sink mechanisms, their concentration variations exhibited certain correlations in specific months, implying common influences on their variations. The correlation coefficient was 0.73 in the late winter to early spring period and 0.69 in the mid-to-late autumn period. By analyzing the characteristics of CO2 and CH4 concentration variations during the observation period and combining this with a backward trajectory model, possible source-sink processes were investigated.

Furthermore, a comparison was conducted between the EM27/SUN observation data and the corrected data from the Japanese GOSAT satellite. The results showed high consistency, with correlation coefficients of 0.87 for XCO2 and 0.76 for XCH4, respectively. Additionally, GOSAT satellite data (monthly averages) from December 2021 to November 2024 were analyzed, revealing distinct seasonal variations for both gases: XCO2 peaked in spring and winter and reached its lowest in summer (spring>winter>autumn>summer), whereas XCH4 was lower in spring and higher in summer and autumn (autumn>summer>winter>spring). Both gases exhibited a clear increasing trend over the years. This study provides important data support for greenhouse gas source-sink analysis in the Dalian region. The portable FTIR spectrometer EM27/SUN can accurately observe atmospheric CO2 and CH4 column concentrations and their variations, making it suitable for validating satellite remote sensing data in remote areas.

Greenhouse gas monitoring  /  Column-averaged dry air mole fraction  /  EM27/SUN  /  CO2  /  CH4  /  TCCON  /  GOSAT
寿欢欢, 孟远, 黄俊, 朱娟, 卢兴吉, 汝浩东, 曹正伟, 黄印博, 曹振松. 基于便携式傅里叶变换红外光谱仪研究大连地区CO2与CH4柱浓度变化. 光子学报, 2026 , 55 (3) : 251 -262 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265503.0301001
Huanhuan SHOU, Yuan MENG, Jun HUANG, Juan ZHU, Xingji LU, Haodong RU, Zhengwei CAO, Yinbo HUANG, Zhensong CAO. Study on Column Concentration Variations of CO2 and CH4 in Dalian Region Based on Portable Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer[J]. Acta Photonica Sinica, 2026 , 55 (3) : 251 -262 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265503.0301001
温室气体(如水汽、二氧化碳、甲烷等)能吸收地表的长波辐射并重新发射辐射,其浓度的持续上升是导致全球气候异常变化的重要原因之一[1]。二氧化碳(CO2)是最重要的温室气体,约占60%的温室效应贡献率;甲烷(CH4)浓度远低于CO2,但其温室效应潜能是CO2的21~23倍,约占15%的温室效应贡献率,是仅次于CO2的重要温室气体[2, 3]。对二者浓度进行准确监测,不仅可以为我国实现“碳达峰”、“碳中和”打下基础,还可为国家制定节能的碳排放标准提供数据支持。
如何减缓全球变暖、精准追踪温室气体浓度变化,已是全球聚焦的研究重点[2, 4, 5]。目前,大气温室气体浓度的测量技术主要分为直接探测(原位测量)和遥感探测两类。直接探测主要用于获取近地面或特定高度小范围内的气体浓度信息,具有较高的测量精度,但空间覆盖率有限;遥感探测虽测量精度较低,但能够获取全球、区域及点源尺度的气体浓度三维空间分布信息[6-8]。其中地基遥感相较于卫星遥感而言受气溶胶、地表特征的影响更小,稳定性和精度更高,是补充卫星观测、提升温室气体监测数据质量的重要技术手段[6]。傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, FTIR)具有高分辨率、高灵敏度和宽探测范围的特点,是地基遥感的主要观测方法[7, 8]。国际上总碳柱观测网(The Total Carbon Column Observing Network, TCCON)和大气成分变化观测网—红外工作组(Infrared Working Group of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change, NDACC-IRWG)均在全球范围内建立了以FTIR为核心的标准化观测网络。然而,两个观测网使用的FTIR光谱仪体积庞大、系统复杂,建设和维护成本较高,全球站点布局仍较为稀疏(目前我国仅有合肥、香河两处TCCON站点)[9]。近几年新兴的协同观测碳柱网络(the COllaborative Carbon Column Observing Network, COCCON)利用德国卡尔斯鲁厄理工学院(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT)和布鲁克公司(Bruker)联合开发的便携式地基傅里叶变换红外光谱仪EM27/SUN开展大气温室气体浓度与排放的监测工作。该光谱仪设计紧凑、重量较轻,适合野外地区的长期数据观测。
目前,全球已有近百台EM27/SUN设备被应用于温室气体研究,涵盖固定站点长期监测、外场排放评估、城市碳溯源及卫星数据校验等领域[8-14]。但其观测区域主要集中在欧洲和北美地区,亚洲地区的覆盖率仍相对有限。EM27/SUN可作为全球碳观测的补充,但其在移动过程中可能产生震动,导致光路变化,加上光谱分辨率、反演算法等因素的差异,EM27/SUN的反演结果与TCCON网络使用的高分辨率FTIR光谱仪结果之间仍存在一定偏差[13]。因此,有必要基于TCCON高分辨率FTIR数据开展对比分析,并利用这些数据对反演结果进行校准和优化,以提升EM27/SUN的反演精度和可靠性,从而进一步拓展EM27/SUN在国内的观测区域,为区域排放研究提供更多观测数据支持。
本文基于便携式EM27/SUN型FTIR光谱仪,在合肥地区开展温室气体观测,并将其观测结果与TCCON高分辨率FTIR数据进行对比分析。利用高分辨率FTIR的数据,对EM27/SUN的反演数据进行校准和优化。在此基础上在大连地区利用EM27/SUN开展CO2和CH4气体分子柱平均干空气摩尔分数(Column-averaged Dry-air Mole Fraction, DMF)的反演观测,分析了大连地区CO2和CH4柱浓度的变化特征,并与日本温室气体观测卫星(Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite, GOSAT)数据进行了对比分析。
如图1所示,EM27/SUN主要由太阳跟踪器、干涉仪及探测器构成,其光谱范围为4 000~12 000 cm-1(0.83~2.5 µm),光谱分辨率为0.5 cm-1(最大光程差为1.8 cm)。白天晴朗天气下,仪器可连续记录近红外太阳光谱,从而对多种温室气体实现同步观测。同时,EM27/SUN观测过程中,使用气象传感器(维萨拉, WXT536)记录实时地表气压、温度、湿度、风速及风向等数据,为温室气体柱浓度反演提供必要的输入参数。合肥观测站点位于合肥市西郊蜀山湖畔的中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院内(经度117.2°E,纬度31.9°N,海拔0.031 km)。大连观测站点位于大连市瓦房店市中国科学院大连化学物理研究所内(经度121.3°E,纬度39.6°N,海拔0.055 km)。
为获取大气温室气体柱浓度,本研究采用了KIT在欧洲航天局(European Space Agency, ESA) COCCON-PROCESS项目框架下开发的PREPROCESS预处理程序和PROFFAST反演算法(见图2)。PREPROCESS主要用于处理OPUS文件中的干涉图(Interferogram, IFG),PROFFAST则用于吸收光谱的定量反演分析,二者共同构成COCCON数据处理链[9]。
PREPROCESS预处理程序的核心步骤包括质量控制、直流校正、切趾、傅里叶变换及相位校正[9, 15]。质量控制去除强度波动超过10%和强度低于最大信号范围10%的IFG[15];直流校正指利用重加权算法对傅里叶红外光谱仪记录的干涉图进行低通滤波,以减小由于云、气溶胶及仪器视线遮挡导致的光源亮度波动(Source Brightness Fluctuation, SBF)对干IFG的影响[8];切趾是通过应用特定数学函数对干涉图进行加权,以抑制傅里叶变换后光谱的旁瓣效应。观测的原始数据经上述处理后,采用快速傅里叶变换将预处理后的干涉图数据转变为光谱数据。最后,为消除干涉图经傅里叶变换后与真实光谱间的相位偏差,引入相位校正因子对相位参数进行校准,从而进一步提升光谱测量的精度与可靠性。预处理流程减小了外界干扰(如云雾、偶发震动等)对数据的影响,为后续光谱反演分析提供了高质量的数据基础。
PROFFAST是温室气体柱浓度反演算法PROFFIT的精简版本。主要包含两个部分:一是前向模型,利用大气辐射传输模式,结合仪器线型、先验廓线(来源于WACCM模型数据集)及初始先验廓线缩放因子构建模拟光谱;二是后向反演,采用非线性最小二乘法进行迭代优化,使模拟光谱与实际测量光谱达到最优拟合,最终确定目标气体的最优缩放因子(迭代过程中采用Tikhonov-Phillips正则化来约束未知状态向量)[9, 16]。先验廓线乘以缩放因子后再积分便能得到目标气体的总柱浓度。将目标气体的柱浓度除以干空气柱浓度即为柱平均干空气摩尔分数Xgas[7],即
Xgas=CgasCdryair
式中,Cgas为气体的柱总量,Cdryair为干空气柱总量,分别表示为
Cgas=∫0psckωo,k(p)mdryairg(φ,p)dp
Cdryair=psg⋅mdryair-CH2OmH2Omdryair
式中,ps为地表气压,ck为缩放因子,ωo,k(p)为先验廓线,p为气压,g为重力加速度,φ为地理纬度,mdryair、mH2O分别为干空气和水汽的分子质量,CH2O为水汽柱总量。
为了减少仪器误差,提高反演精度,常采用氧气(O2)作为内部标准反演气体柱平均干空气摩尔分数,即
Xgas=0.2095×CgasCO2
式中,0.209 5代表O2的干空气摩尔混合比,CO2为O2的柱总量。
为提高所用仪器反演结果可靠性,并校正其与TCCON高分辨率FTIR观测结果之间的系统偏差,选取了2021年9月、10月和12月共12天的反演数据,与TCCON合肥科学岛站点的观测数据进行了对比分析。TCCON合肥科学岛站点所使用到的高分辨率FTIR仪器(Bruker, IFS 125HR)的最大分辨率为0.000 96 cm-1,可高精度同步测量CO2、CH4、N2O、H2O等多种温室气体的柱浓度。该仪器的分束器为氟化钙(CaF2)材料,探测器为铟镓砷(InGaAs)光电探测器,光谱测量范围为4 000~11 000 cm-1,光谱分辨率为0.02 cm-1,最大光程差为45 cm[16, 17]。图3、图4展示了EM27/SUN光谱仪与TCCON站点仪器观测反演得到的CO2和CH4柱平均干空气摩尔分数对比结果。
如表1所示:EM27/SUN测得的XCO2结果为415.49~423.85 ppm(1 ppm=1×10-6),均值为418.89 ppm;测得的XCH4结果为1.91~1.99 ppm,均值为1.94 ppm。TCCON测得的XCO2结果为412.40~423.32 ppm,均值为417.16 ppm;测得的XCH4结果为1.92~1.98 ppm,均值为1.94 ppm。二者XCO2日平均偏差为1.838 5 ppm,相关系数R为0.77;XCH4日平均偏差为0.008 2 ppm,相关系数为0.91。可见两台设备的观测反演结果具有高度一致性和显著相关性,但仍存在一定偏差。造成这一现象的潜在因素包括:1)设备分辨率差异,EM27/SUN的分辨率低于IFS 125HR;2)测量时间同步性不足,两台仪器虽处于同一区域(经纬度与海拔较为一致),但两个仪器的观测、反演和标定并非完全同步进行;3)反演算法不同,TCCON通常采用GFIT算法,EM27/SUN使用的是PROFFAST,且反演时使用的先验廓线、近地面数据等也有差别[8]。
随后,对TCCON和EM27/SUN观测的CO2和CH4数据进行了统计校准,在已有经验校正因子的基础上,进一步通过线性回归分析,得到了EM27/SUN数据的校准公式。校准前后的日平均偏差具体对比结果如表2所示,XCO2日平均偏差降低至1.259 0 ppm;XCH4日平均偏差降低至0.003 7 ppm。
大连市地处辽东半岛南端(38°43'~40°10'N,120°58'~123°31'E),是东北亚重要的国际航运枢纽和重工业基地。作为典型的滨海城市,其气候受海洋调节显著,属温带季风气候,冬季盛行西北风,夏季主导东南风。2023年全市平均气温11.9 ℃,年降水量1 007.1 mm[18]。大连市以石化化工、装备制造、船舶制造和电力热力等高碳密集型产业为主导,再叠加港口物流与城市扩张压力,区域排放呈现多源复合驱动特征。长兴岛位于大连市西北部,靠近海岸线,是大连重点发展的工业区之一,具有典型的滨海工业气象特征。岛上集中了石油化工、精细化工、能源动力及装备制造等高排放产业,是大连市的重要碳排放源。开展长兴岛地区CO2和CH4柱浓度观测,对于识别排放源分布、量化减排效果具有重要意义。这些数据不仅有助于精准评估大连及周边区域的碳排放情况,还能为制定更有针对性的减排政策提供科学依据,并支撑东北地区碳中和目标的实现。
分析EM27/SUN观测反演结果的时间序列之前,需要先确定EM27/SUN观测的数据精度[16]。选取2023年10月23日中午11∶00-13∶00的观测数据,计算其标准偏差作为仪器的观测精度(该时段天气晴朗无云且无明显的气流流动),如图5所示。由这段时间内的观测数据计算出XCO2的观测精度为0.12 ppm,XCH4的观测精度为0.9 ppb(1 ppb=1×10-9)。
基于PROFFAST反演算法,成功获得了大连长兴岛地区2023年2月、3月、9月、10月及11月部分有效观测时段大气XCO2及XCH4的时间序列。如图6、图7所示,异常值为小于QL-1.5IQR或大于QU+1.5IQR的值,其中QL为下四分位数,QU为上四分位数,IQR为四分位数间距[8]。观测期间XCO2平均值为(422.41±0.34) ppm,日平均最大值为(425.78±0.03) ppm,日平均最小值为(417.81±0.05) ppm;XCH4平均值为(1.915 2±0.001 8) ppm,日平均最大值为(1.940 2±0.000 3) ppm,最小值为(1.890 1±0.000 1) ppm。
以图中红色分隔线为界,将观测数据划分为冬末初春过渡期(2月下旬至3月)和秋季中后期(9月末至11月上旬)两个时段。分别计算了左右两侧的XCO2与XCH4平均数值。结果显示:冬末初春时段的XCO2平均值(422.99 ppm)高于秋季中后期的平均值(421.55 ppm)。这可能是因为:1)冬末初春北方供暖尚未结束,燃煤污染物在风力作用下被输送至观测区域,同时叠加了长兴岛石化园区炼化装置等工业点源的本地排放贡献;2)过渡期植被尚未进入生长旺季,光合固碳效率不及秋季;3)过渡期冷暖气团交替频繁,大气环流较为复杂,不利于CO2的稀释和扩散。
由于CO2和CH4的源与汇不同,两者的柱浓度变化表现出差异:冬末初春过渡时期的XCH4平均值(1.909 9 ppm)低于秋季中后期的平均值(1.923 2 ppm)。这一现象的原因可能是:过渡期温度较低,土壤微生物活性较弱,且植物处于生长初期,残留植物体较少,微生物分解的底物不足;同时,光照较为充足,生成了更多的•OH自由基,有助于高效氧化分解大气中的甲烷。而在秋季,植物生长旺季结束后,残留植物体的分解活动增加,土壤微生物的活性较冬末初春时期更强。此外,农田收割、秸秆焚烧和废弃物处理等人为活动也增加了甲烷的释放,加上反刍动物的甲烷排放水平较高,共同促进了甲烷的释放。
为进一步分析两个时段XCO2和XCH4的关系,如图8所示,对其进行几何回归分析。结果显示:尽管二者整体季节性变化趋势存在差异,但在划分的季节天数范围内XCH4与XCO2呈现正相关性,冬末初春相关系数为0.73,秋季中后期为0.69,二者具有共同的来源。长兴岛地区以石化和重工业为主,燃煤及天然气燃烧过程释放大量CO2与CH4,是主要的人为排放源。同时,秋冬季的农业活动,如秸秆焚烧,也可能在一定程度上加强了两者的同步排放趋势。
从观测结果可以看出,CO2、CH4气体分子柱浓度在3月6日、3月14日、10月25日等观测时段出现显著峰值,其原因与天气状况、局地气象条件、大气输送及人为排放等因素密切相关。综合气象条件与数据质量考虑,10月25日前后(包括当日)天气晴朗、风场稳定、观测数据连续性好,适合做轨迹追踪分析。因此选取该日期利用后向轨迹模型HYSPLIT[19]进行72 h气体分子后向输送轨迹分析,见图9(a)。结果显示:中高层大气气团移动速度较快,整体向东南方向移动,其中一条轨迹起源于新疆维吾尔自治区哈密市,自西北方向进入华北,依次途经内蒙古自治区、张家口市、北京市与唐山市,最终抵达至大连市;另一条轨迹起源于甘肃省酒泉市,途经乌海市、忻州市、石家庄市和天津市,随后将华北地区气体输送至大连市;低层气流移动速度较慢,起源于河南省信阳市,整体呈现东北方向移动趋势,后途径济南市和东营市,最终自西南方向抵达大连市。
观测期间,近地面气象站持续记录了风速与风向数据,利用测得的10月25日的气象站测量数据绘制了如图9(b)所示的风向玫瑰图。结果显示:观测期间风频最高的方位是西南西,这与HYSPLIT模型模拟的后向轨迹图结果一致。空气气流到达该区域将输送源气流与局地排放污染一起送达到观测站点,增加了观测站点的CO2和CH4含量。
为了进一步验证地基傅里叶变换光谱仪EM27/SUN的观测结果,将大连地区的测量结果与日本GOSAT卫星校正后的二级产品数据进行横向对比分析。GOSAT卫星可以监测全球温室气体浓度的时空分布及其变化,重访周期为3天,过境时间约为北京时间13∶00[20]。选取GOSAT卫星以大连观测站点为中心、经纬度±3°范围内的校正后的二级产品数据与同日EM27/SUN在卫星过境前后60 min内的同步观测数据进行配对比较。如图10所示,受限于空间和时间匹配标准,卫星与地基数据匹配到的样本量相对有限,但二者的XCO2、XCH4结果仍具有良好的一致性,且呈现较为明显的正相关关系(相关系数R分别达0.87和0.76)。其中,地基仪器观测的CO2柱浓度平均值为421.274 5 ppm,GOSAT卫星数据平均值为422.027 0 ppm,二者偏差(卫星数据减去地基数据)为+0.752 4 ppm;EM27/SUN观测到的CH4柱浓度平均值为1.917 6 ppm,卫星数据平均值为1.916 6 ppm,偏差为-0.001 0 ppm。便携式FTIR光谱仪可为卫星数据提供有效的地面校验支持,未来可进一步用于区域温室气体浓度探测及卫星数据质量控制。
为进一步分析大连地区CO2、CH4柱浓度的季节变化规律,研究提取了2021年12月至2024年11月份GOSAT卫星的每月平均值数据(12~2月为冬季;3~5月为春季;6~8月为夏季;9~11月为秋季)。由于GOSAT卫星傅里叶变换光谱仪(FTS)观测作业的暂停,2023年4月的观测数据出现缺失。后续采用比例插值法对该数据缺口进行填补,即根据2022年与2024年3~5月之间的变化规律推算2023年4月份的可能数值。
填补后的数据分析结果如图11所示:大连地区XCO2呈现出显著的季节性变化:春冬季节浓度较高,夏季最低,整体表现为“春季>冬季>秋季>夏季”。总体而言,XCO2呈现逐年上升的趋势。其最高月均值分别为421.200 ppm(2022年4月)、424.008 ppm(2023年4月)和426.380 ppm(2024年3月),年增长率分别为0.633%、0.567%。最低月均值分别为412.536 ppm(2022年8月)、414.148 ppm(2023年7月)、417.320 ppm(2024年7月),年增长率分别为0.039%、0.753%。此外,观测记录的季节性幅值(月平均最大值与月平均最小值之差)分别为8.664 ppm、9.860 ppm和9.060 ppm。
XCH4的季节性变化特征显著区别于XCO2:春季浓度相对较低,而夏秋季和秋季浓度较高,呈现“秋季>夏季>冬季>春季”的分布特征。总体而言,XCH4同样表现出逐年递增的态势。最高月均值由22年10月的1.918 6 ppm上升至23年8月的1.931 0 ppm,进一步增至24年9月的1.951 1 ppm,年增长率分别为0.65%、1.04%。最低月均值分别为1.888 ppm(2022年4月)、1.892 ppm(2023年4月)、1.907 ppm(2024年4月),年增长率分别为0.21%、0.79%。季节性幅值分别为0.030 6 ppm、0.039 0 ppm和0.044 1 ppm。
基于便携式FTIR光谱仪(EM27/SUN),在合肥和大连地区开展了大气CO2和CH4柱浓度的观测,利用TCCON高分辨率FTIR的测量数据和校正后的GOSAT卫星二级数据验证了观测结果的可靠性,并进一步分析了大连地区CO2、CH4柱浓度的季节变化特征。主要结果如下:
地基EM27/SUN与高分辨率IFS 125HR观测反演得到的XCO2日平均偏差为1.838 5 ppm,相关系数为0.77;XCH4日平均偏差为0.008 2 ppm,相关系数为0.91。经校正后,日平均偏差分别降低为1.259 0 ppm、0.003 4 ppm。基于大连观测点正午时段(11∶00~13∶00)10月23日的连续观测数据,计算了XCO2和XCH4的观测精度:XCO2的观测精度为0.12 ppm,XCH4的观测精度为0.9 ppb,满足地基遥感对温室气体监测的精度要求。
通过PROFFAST反演算法,获取了大连长兴岛地区2023年2月、3月、9 月、10月及11月部分日期的大气XCO2和XCH4信息。冬末初春时段的XCO2平均值(422.99 ppm)高于秋季中后期的平均值(421.55 ppm);而XCH4则呈现相反趋势,冬末初春过渡时期的XCH4平均值(1.909 9 ppm)低于秋季中后期的平均值(1.923 2 ppm)。尽管CO2和CH4的源汇机制有所不同,但在具体月份内,两者的浓度变化存在一定关联性:冬末初春时期的相关系数为0.73,秋季中后期为0.69,二者有共同的来源。
地基EM27/SUN的测量数据与GOSAT卫星矫正后的二级CO2和CH4柱浓度数据具有较好的相符性,表现出一定程度的正相关,变化趋势相似。两者XCO2和XCH4的相关系数分别为0.87和0.76。进一步提取了2021年12月至2024年11月期间的GOSAT卫星数据(每月平均值),结果表明XCO2和XCH4均呈现明显的季节性变化:XCO2在春冬季节较高,夏季较低(春季>冬季>秋季>夏季);XCH4在春季较低,而在夏秋季较高(秋季>夏季>冬季>春季)。二者总体趋势均为逐年递增。
本研究可为大连地区温室气体的源汇分析提供重要的数据支撑。便携式FTIR光谱仪EM27/SUN能准确观测大气CO2、CH4的柱浓度和变化,可用于卫星遥感数据在偏远地区的校验工作。

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doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265503.0301001
  • 接收时间:2025-09-01
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  • 出版时间:2026-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-01
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    1中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院安徽光学精密机械研究所,激光与物质相互作用全国重点实验室,合肥 230031
    2中国科学技术大学,合肥 230026
    3国防科技大学,南湖之光实验室,长沙 410073
    4航天绵阳室,绵阳 621000
    5532029部队,天津 310925

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