Article(id=1315741608822288630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315741514865689424, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3788/gzxb20265503.0355111, pmid=null, cstr=32255.14.gzxb20265503.0355111, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1763568000000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1767801600000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-08, onlineDate=1791626844839, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1774368000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791626844839, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791626844839, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791626844839, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315741514865689424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, year='2026', volume='55', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='378', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774368000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791626822438, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791626932547, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315741977111540218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315741514865689424, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315741977111540219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315741514865689424, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=169, endPage=179, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315741609308827895, articleId=1315741608822288630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=EN, title=Tunable High-order Subharmonic Injection-locked Optoelectronic Oscillator in K-band Based on a Dual-polarization Mach-Zehnder Modulator, columnId=1315741516451136338, journalTitle=Acta Photonica Sinica, columnName=Special Issue for Microwave Photonics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
The advancement of modern communication, radar, and electronic warfare systems imposes stringent requirements on microwave signal sources, including exceptional spectral purity, low phase noise, broad frequency tunability, and operation at high-frequency bands. Conventional electronic oscillators, such as quartz crystal oscillators, typically require multiple frequency-multiplication stages to generate high-frequency signals. This process inherently degrades phase noise by 20log N (where N is the multiplication factor), thereby limiting their applicability in high-frequency systems. In contrast, the optoelectronic oscillator employs an optoelectronic feedback loop to generate microwave signals, offering the distinctive advantage of low phase noise that is independent of oscillation frequency. This makes the optoelectronic oscillator a pivotal solution for high-frequency, high-stability microwave generation. Since its inception by YAO X S in 1996, research on high-frequency optoelectronic oscillators has advanced considerably. The K-band (18~27 GHz), with its broad available bandwidth, compact antenna size, and promising applications in satellite communications, high-resolution radar, and future fifth-generation and sixth-generation mobile systems, is regarded as an ideal frequency range for such investigations.
However, conventional optoelectronic oscillators operating at high frequencies are susceptible to multi-mode oscillation and frequency hopping due to the limited quality factor of available radio frequency filters, resulting in degraded side-mode suppression ratio and frequency instability. Injection locking is a well-established technique to suppress side modes and stabilize the output. Nevertheless, it requires an injection signal with a frequency close to the free-running oscillation frequency of the optoelectronic oscillator. At high frequencies, this typically depends on expensive and complex high-frequency signal sources, which hinders the adoption of injection locking in high-frequency optoelectronic oscillators.
This paper proposes and experimentally demonstrates a novel scheme for a fifth-order subharmonic injection-locked optoelectronic oscillator in the K-band, utilizing a dual-polarization Mach-Zehnder modulator. The system exploits the polarization independence of the two optical paths within the dual-polarization Mach-Zehnder modulator. An external, relatively low-frequency radio frequency signal is injected into the modulator that drives the X-polarization state, generating high-order optical sidebands. Following photodetection, the electrical spectrum contains harmonics of the injected signal. A subsequent bandpass filter then selects the fifth harmonic component. This filtered high-frequency signal, precisely at the target K-band frequency (five times the injection frequency), is injected into a conventional optoelectronic oscillator loop constructed using the Y-polarization state of the same dual-polarization Mach-Zehnder modulator. This architecture effectively integrates harmonic frequency multiplication with injection locking within a single, compact photonic configuration. Crucially, it eliminates the need for a dedicated high-frequency signal source for injection, as the high-frequency locking signal is internally generated from a low-frequency input.
An experimental system was implemented to validate the proposed concept. A 1 550 nm laser diode served as the optical source. The dual-polarization Mach-Zehnder modulator provided independent modulation paths for the X-and Y-polarization states. A low-frequency radio frequency signal from a signal generator was injected into the X-polarization modulator. A photodetector converted the modulated optical signal into an electrical signal. A broadband bandpass filter (24~26 GHz) selected the fifth harmonic, which was then amplified and fed into the optoelectronic oscillator loop formed by the Y-polarization path; this loop included an additional modulator bias point, a fiber delay line, an amplifier, and a filter. When an injection signal with a power of 17.5 dBm and a tunable frequency range of 4.8~5.2 GHz was applied, the system successfully achieved fifth-order subharmonic injection locking, producing stable single-mode oscillation outputs at 24.0 GHz, 24.5 GHz, 25.0 GHz, 25.5 GHz, and 26.0 GHz, respectively.
The performance of the injection-locked optoelectronic oscillator was thoroughly characterized. Output spectra at all five frequencies exhibited excellent spectral purity, with side-mode suppression ratio values consistently exceeding 70 dB—a significant improvement over free-running optoelectronic oscillators, which are prone to multi-mode oscillation. The output power variation across the 24-26 GHz tuning range was less than 1 dB, indicating good gain flatness. Phase noise measurements revealed outstanding performance: below -70 dBc/Hz at 10 Hz offset and below -129 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz offset for all output frequencies. The near-in phase noise is primarily determined by the quality of the low-frequency injection source, whereas the far-out phase noise retains the inherently low noise floor of the optoelectronic oscillator's long delay line, thereby effectively circumventing the 20log N degradation associated with pure electronic frequency multiplication. Frequency stability, assessed via Allan deviation measurements over averaging times (τ) from 1 μs to 10 s, demonstrated consistent behavior across the five output frequencies. For short averaging times (τ<1 s), the stability followed that of the injection source due to the locking effect. For longer τ, stability was influenced by environmental perturbations on the fiber delay.
In conclusion, this work successfully demonstrates a tunable, high-performance K-band optoelectronic oscillator based on a dual-polarization Mach-Zehnder modulator-enabled subharmonic injection-locking scheme. The system efficiently generates high-frequency (24~26 GHz), high-spectral-purity microwave signals using only a low-frequency radio frequency source, thereby overcoming key limitations of traditional approaches. The demonstrated performance in terms of side-mode suppression ratio (>70 dB) and phase noise (<-70 dBc/Hz at 10 Hz offset, <-129 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz offset) meets the requirements for advanced microwave systems. Although the current tuning range is constrained by the components employed (filter bandwidth, modulator response), the underlying principle is not inherently frequency limited. Utilizing devices with higher bandwidths or adopting cascaded modulation structures could potentially extend operation to even higher frequencies, including millimeter-wave and terahertz bands. This approach offers a promising and practical photonic pathway toward realizing compact, low-noise, and tunable high-frequency oscillators
, authors=Xiaopeng ZHAO
1, 2, Chongjia HUANG
1, 2, Peng HAO
1, 2, authorsList=Xiaopeng ZHAO, Chongjia HUANG, Peng HAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Peng HAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315741613519909129, articleId=1315741608822288630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=CN, title=基于双偏振马赫-曾德尔调制器的K波段可调谐高阶亚谐波注入锁定光电振荡器, columnId=1315741519718494875, journalTitle=光子学报, columnName=“微波光子学”专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
提出并实验验证了一种基于双偏振马赫-曾德尔调制器的亚谐波注入锁定光电振荡器系统。高阶亚谐波射频信号通过双偏振马赫-曾德尔调制器对光载波的X偏振态进行调制,调制后的光信号在光电探测器进行光电转换、经过带通滤波器滤出某一高阶谐波信号,产生与光电振荡器同频的射频信号。该射频信号注入基于光载波Y偏振态构建的光电振荡环路中,实现注入锁定,形成高阶亚谐波注入锁定光电振荡器。搭建实验系统,当注入亚谐波射频信号功率17.5 dBm、频率范围4.8 GHz~5.2 GHz时,光电振荡器的五次亚谐波注入锁定,实现了K波段24~26 GHz频率范围内可调谐输出,各输出信号的边模抑制比均优于70 dB,相位噪声10 Hz偏频处低于-70 dBc/Hz,10 kHz偏频处低于-129 dBc/Hz。
, authors=赵晓鹏
1, 2, 黄崇佳
1, 2, 郝鹏
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40(9): 2754-2762., articleTitle=Injection locking of optoelectronic oscillators with large delay, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1315741613767373067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741608822288630, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315741613779955980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741608822288630, companyId=1315741613767373067, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1Photonics Information Innovation Center, College of Physics and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315741613788344589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741608822288630, companyId=1315741613767373067, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1河北大学 物理科学与技术学院,光信息技术创新中心,保定 071002)]), AuthorCompany(id=1315741613847064846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741608822288630, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315741613855453455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741608822288630, companyId=1315741613847064846, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2Hebei Provincial Center for Optical Sensing Innovations, Baoding 071002, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315741613859647760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741608822288630, companyId=1315741613847064846, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2河北省光学感知技术创新中心,保定 071002)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1315741616707580206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741608822288630, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Principle of subharmonic generation and system schematic diagram. (a) Schematic diagram of a subharmonic injection-locked optoelectronic oscillator system; (b) Diagram of high harmonic generation: (1) Optical spectrum schematic of the RF-modulated X-polarization state in a Dpol-MZM; (2) Schematic diagram of the spectrum after PD conversion of the modulated optical signal; (3) Schematic of the high-order subharmonic after filtration by a broadband filter and amplification by an RF amplifier, figureFileSmall=9CrRLx1PJXx77Ginxv0UJg==, figureFileBig=/8kB0r61ibTtG9UIr/kO9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741616778883375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741608822288630, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
亚谐波产生原理及系统示意图。(a) 亚谐波注入锁定光电振荡器系统原理示意图; (b) 高阶亚谐波产生示意图: (1) 向Dpol-MZM中X偏振态调制器注入射频信号后X偏振态的光谱示意图; (2) 调制后的光信号在PD光电转换后的频谱示意图; (3) 经宽带滤波器滤波和射频放大器放大后的高阶亚谐波示意图LD: Laser Diode; PD: Photodetector; EC: Electronic Coupler; LNA: Low Noise Amplifier; BPF: Bandpass Filter; OSA: Optical Signal Analyzer; ESA: Electrical Signal Analyzer; 180°HC: 180° Hybrid 3 dB Coupler
, figureFileSmall=9CrRLx1PJXx77Ginxv0UJg==, figureFileBig=/8kB0r61ibTtG9UIr/kO9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741616996987185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741608822288630, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Photograph of the experimental setup for a subharmonic injection-locked optoelectronic oscillator, figureFileSmall=art1hfoledWVQ+FVh195UA==, figureFileBig=8DpmVExtZRteP+vsJJUr7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741617068290354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741608822288630, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
亚谐波注入锁定光电振荡器系统实验装置实物图, figureFileSmall=art1hfoledWVQ+FVh195UA==, figureFileBig=8DpmVExtZRteP+vsJJUr7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741617147982131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741608822288630, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Spectral analysis of a subharmonic injection-locked optoelectronic oscillator (a) X-polarization optical spectrum via PBS splitting with 17.5 dBm RF signal injection into X-polarization modulator; (b) Y-polarization optical spectrum via PBS splitting with 17.5 dBm RF signal injection into X-polarization modulator; (c) OEO spectrum measured via a 1∶99 coupler under fifth-order subharmonic injection locking, figureFileSmall=8OE1RdHQ03HCJ0R1oGfCSw==, figureFileBig=fcS4SRIaypdxdk5sHnwjBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741617227673908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741608822288630, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
亚谐波注入锁定光电振荡器光谱分析。 (a) 向X偏振态调制器注入17.5 dBm射频信号后经PBS分束得到的X偏振态光谱; (b) 向X偏振态调制器注入17.5 dBm射频信号后经PBS分束得到的Y偏振态光谱; (c) 五阶亚谐波注入锁定后通过1∶99耦合器测量得到的OEO光谱, figureFileSmall=8OE1RdHQ03HCJ0R1oGfCSw==, figureFileBig=fcS4SRIaypdxdk5sHnwjBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741617298977077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741608822288630, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Spectral analysis of a subharmonic injection-locked optoelectronic oscillator. (a) Spectrum obtained from optical beat note detection via a photodetector following 17.5 dBm RF signal injection into the X-polarization modulator; (b) Spectrum after amplification by an RF amplifier and filtering by a bandpass filter, figureFileSmall=35HvoSA2Ba+KTm6LnZI0Gg==, figureFileBig=rkudXqPxThNsSq2ZdCFMkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741617378668854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741608822288630, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
亚谐波注入锁定光电振荡器频谱分析。 (a) 向X偏振态调制器注入17.5 dBm射频信号后经光电探测器拍频所获得的频谱; (b) 该信号经射频放大器放大与宽带滤波器滤波后得到的频谱。, figureFileSmall=35HvoSA2Ba+KTm6LnZI0Gg==, figureFileBig=rkudXqPxThNsSq2ZdCFMkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741617454166327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741608822288630, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Output spectrum of the OEO at 24.0 GHz,24.5 GHz,25.0 GHz,25.5 GHz and 26.0 GHz under fifth-order subharmonic locking, figureFileSmall=4SlNjVvNF8yaASyAcrTQFA==, figureFileBig=IdiY2oNw+f3KdoTZ6+Y5fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741617546441016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741608822288630, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
五阶亚谐波注入锁定后OEO在24.0 GHz、24.5 GHz、25.0 GHz、25.5 GHz和26.0 GHz五个频率处的输出频谱图, figureFileSmall=4SlNjVvNF8yaASyAcrTQFA==, figureFileBig=IdiY2oNw+f3KdoTZ6+Y5fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741617621938489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741608822288630, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Fifth-order subharmonic injection-locked OEO output spectrum measured at (a) 24 GHz, (b) 24.5 GHz, (c) 25 GHz, (d) 25.5 GHz, (e) 26 GHz, figureFileSmall=feesk9aGjeRtAcwo3SS0/Q==, figureFileBig=Wo/CkvEYxrLcQk9VwZ4sQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741617697435962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741608822288630, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
五阶亚谐波注入锁定后OEO在(a) 24 GHz, (b) 24.5 GHz, (c) 25 GHz, (d) 25.5 GHz, (e) 26 GHz的输出频谱, figureFileSmall=feesk9aGjeRtAcwo3SS0/Q==, figureFileBig=Wo/CkvEYxrLcQk9VwZ4sQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741617777127739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741608822288630, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Phase noise characteristics of the output signal from a fifth-order subharmonic injection-locked optoelectronic oscillator. (a) Phase noise measurement of the OEO under fifth-order subharmonic injection locking; (b) Fifth-order subharmonic injection-locked phase noise performance, figureFileSmall=Au84a10sq8ruWekH6ax6Dg==, figureFileBig=mV2x0TogzXTNX8TCrUf7vQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741617856819517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741608822288630, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
五阶亚谐波注入锁定光电振荡器输出信号相位噪声特性。 (a) 五阶亚谐波注入锁定后OEO相位噪声测试曲线; (b) 五阶亚谐波注入锁定后相位噪声误差情况, figureFileSmall=Au84a10sq8ruWekH6ax6Dg==, figureFileBig=mV2x0TogzXTNX8TCrUf7vQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741617936511294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741608822288630, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Allan deviation of the OEO output signal measured at 24 GHz, 24.5 GHz, 25 GHz, 25.5 GHz, 26 GHz for time intervals from 1 μs to 10 s, under fifth-order subharmonic injection locking., figureFileSmall=hs+pKB41utktUx83NlwTjQ==, figureFileBig=HHSAlYSt6ckOu4btZVUpkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741618007814463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741608822288630, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
五阶亚谐波注入锁定后OEO输出信号在24 GHz、24.5 GHz、25 GHz、25.5 GHz、26 GHz五个频率处10-6 s-10 s内的艾伦方差测试曲线, figureFileSmall=hs+pKB41utktUx83NlwTjQ==, figureFileBig=HHSAlYSt6ckOu4btZVUpkQ==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1315120956596912254, delFlag=0, nameCn=光子学报, nameEn=Acta Photonica Sinica, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=1004-4213, eissn=null, cn=61-1235/O4, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=V4CYNtLUy6tkm8zxiX3hkw==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Acta Photonica Sinica, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1791478869821, updatedTime=1791802324400, createdBy=18614031015, 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