Article(id=1315741552253711202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315741514865689424, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3788/gzxb20265503.0355108, pmid=null, cstr=32255.14.gzxb20265503.0355108, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1763568000000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1767542400000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-05, onlineDate=1791626831352, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1774368000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791626831352, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791626831352, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791626831352, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315741514865689424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, year='2026', volume='55', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='378', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774368000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791626822438, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791626932547, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315741977111540218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315741514865689424, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315741977111540219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315741514865689424, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=126, endPage=135, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315741553075794788, articleId=1315741552253711202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=EN, title=Adaptive Programmable Integrated Microwave Photonic Signal Processor (Invited), columnId=1315741516451136338, journalTitle=Acta Photonica Sinica, columnName=Special Issue for Microwave Photonics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
With the explosive growth of next-generation information technologies, such as ultra-high-speed 5G/6G wireless communication networks, ultra-wideband radar systems, and quantum information processing, the requirements for the generation, transmission, and manipulation of high-frequency microwave signals have reached unprecedented levels. Facing the escalating challenges of bandwidth, speed, and energy efficiency, Integrated Microwave Photonics (IMWP) has emerged as a transformative solution. By leveraging the ultrawideband characteristics of photons propagating within integrated circuits, IMWP achieves high-precision modulation, distribution, and processing of microwave signals through interference and multiplexing across diverse optical paths, thereby surmounting the performance bottlenecks inherent in traditional electronic systems. Furthermore, on-chip programmable photonic-microwave signal processors provide a robust hardware foundation for next-generation high-performance microwave systems by reconfiguring their internal architectures to achieve multi-functionality and flexible configuration. Although various architectures based on interferometer arrays, such as finite impulse response filters with delay-line arms and cascaded ring resonators, have been demonstrated, a critical bottleneck hindering their engineering transition is the difficulty in balancing architectural reconfigurability with system scalability in complex application scenarios. Conventional designs often suffer from fixed interconnection topologies and a lack of directness in functional implementation, which constrains their practical deployment in diverse and dynamic environments.
Addressing these limitations, this work proposes and experimentally demonstrates an adaptive programmable integrated photonic signal processor based on a hexagonal waveguide mesh topology. The processor utilizes Mach-Zehnder Interferometers (MZIs) as fundamental tuning units, featuring an optimized physical-layer design to ensure high-fidelity functional mapping across the network. The device was fabricated on a 220 nm Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) platform, with a compact footprint of approximately 3 mm×1 mm, integrating 32 tunable MZIs, 32 thermo-optic phase shifters, and 24 optical I/O ports. Comprehensive characterization of the MZI test structures reveals excellent performance, including extinction ratios exceeding 20 dB and a half-wave heating power of 4.41 mW. A central innovation of this study is the implementation of a self-adaptive control framework driven by the Crested Porcupine Optimizer (CPO) algorithm. The operational logic of the CPO-based configuration is divided into three distinct phases: initialization, closed-loop evaluation, and strategy evolution. By generating a random population within the predefined voltage range and iteratively calculating fitness values based on real-time experimental spectral feedback, the system autonomously converges to the optimal voltage configuration. During the evolution process, the algorithm dynamically toggles between exploration and exploitation modes using four distinct evolutionary strategies, ensuring both global search coverage and local refinement precision. This self-adaptive framework enables the processor to achieve immediate operational readiness with minimal control complexity, establishing a highly stable hardware-software co-design for universal signal processing.
Experimentally, the fabricated processor was configured to demonstrate two representative microwave photonic functionalities: topological filtering and frequency measurement. In the topological filtering experiments, the mesh’s high degree of reconfigurability was leveraged to synthesize diverse spectral responses, including both Finite Impulse Response (FIR) and Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filters. By precisely controlling the power splitting ratios and phase shifts within the hexagonal units, we successfully realized Asymmetric MZIs (AMZIs) with tunable extinction ratios exceeding 25 dB and Free Spectral Ranges (FSR) ranging from 0.17 nm to 0.64 nm. Furthermore, Optical Ring Resonators (ORRs) with a 6-BUL (Basic Unit Length) cavity and two-stage Coupled Resonator Optical Waveguides (CROWs) were implemented, demonstrating the mesh's capability to synthesize complex recursive structures with flattened transmission spectra. For frequency measurement, a broadband frequency identification system was constructed using an Amplitude Comparison Function (ACF) based on a Carrier-Suppressed Single-Sideband (CS-SSB) modulation scheme. The system utilized the mesh's ability to switch between multi-stage frequency discrimination channels with different FSRs. By synergistically combining the results from a wideband coarse-measurement channel and a narrowband high-precision channel, the system achieved a broad frequency identification range from 0.01 GHz to 30 GHz with a significantly improved Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 131 MHz. This collaborative measurement scheme effectively eliminates the periodic ambiguity typical of narrowband discriminators while maintaining high resolution across the entire spectrum.
In summary, this work provides a viable and scalable pathway for realizing high-performance, low-complexity integrated microwave photonic systems. The hexagonal mesh architecture demonstrates exceptional functional adaptability and structural scalability, marking a paradigm shift from Application-specific Integrated Circuits (ASPICs) to software-defined universal photonic processors. Beyond the filtering and frequency measurement demonstrations, the architecture serves as a general-purpose hardware platform capable of supporting diverse tasks, including tunable delay lines for wideband beamforming, arbitrary waveform generation, and reconfigurable optoelectronic oscillators. Theoretical analysis and experimental validation suggest that this self-adaptive framework can be extended to larger-scale networks, providing a clear evolutionary path for multi-functional, adaptive measurement systems in complex electromagnetic environments. The successful implementation of these functionalities on a single programmable chip paves the way for the future deployment of integrated photonics in advanced radar systems, 5G/6G communication infrastructures, and high-dimensional optical signal manipulation.
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提出了一种基于六边形网格结构的自适应可编程光子信号处理器,其单元由马赫-曾德尔干涉仪组成。该处理器凭借其灵活的拓扑重构能力,通过冠豪猪优化算法,可以实现包括非对称马赫-曾德尔干涉仪、光学环形谐振腔在内的多种滤波响应。基于此,通过配置不同自由光谱范围的鉴频单元,实现了宽带粗测与窄带精测相结合的多级协同测量方案,显著提升了测频量程与精度。此架构非常适合构建可扩展的光子系统,为实现高性能、低复杂度的光学计算与互连提供了一种切实可行的解决方案。
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1State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Technology, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315741556238300025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741552253711202, companyId=1315741556225717111, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1浙江大学 光电学院 光及电磁波研究中心, 杭州 310058)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1315741560277414828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741552253711202, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
System architecture and calibration results of MZIs. (a) Schematic diagram of the processing engine; (b) Microscope image of the fabricated chip; (c) Measured extinction ratios of 10 MZI test structures; (d) Transmissions at the cross-and bar-ports as a function of the heating power; (e) Flowchart of the Crested Porcupine Optimizer algorithm, figureFileSmall=CB7F2NfRgvVrk9MG+5cg2A==, figureFileBig=G0s4NXb9f0JMf+8QTmmwNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741560331940781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741552253711202, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
系统架构图和马赫-曾德尔干涉仪标定结果。(a)处理引擎示意图;(b)制备芯片的显微照片;(c)10个MZI测试结构的消光比实测值;(d)交叉端口与直通端口透射率随加热功率的变化关系;(e)冠豪猪优化算法流程图, figureFileSmall=CB7F2NfRgvVrk9MG+5cg2A==, figureFileBig=G0s4NXb9f0JMf+8QTmmwNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741560646513583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741552253711202, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Experimental results of the topological structure filters. (a) a 2-BULs AMZI; (b) a 8-BULs AMZI; (c) a 6-BULs ORR; (d) a 6-BULs 2-CROWs, figureFileSmall=sesjj3d7ez7MwRL2izjIrQ==, figureFileBig=7uWm0SwZ8fek40M3jJaiyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741560709428144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741552253711202, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
拓扑结构滤波器的实验结果。(a)臂长差为2-BULs的非对称马赫-曾德尔干涉仪;(b)臂长差为8-BULs的非对称马赫-曾德尔干涉仪;(c)腔长为6-BULs的光学环形谐振腔;(d)腔长为6-BULs的二级耦合谐振光波导, figureFileSmall=sesjj3d7ez7MwRL2izjIrQ==, figureFileBig=7uWm0SwZ8fek40M3jJaiyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741560776537009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741552253711202, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Schematic diagram and principle of the frequency measurement system. (a) Experimental setup to perform the microwave frequency identification. VNA: Vector Network Analyzer, LM: Lightwave Multimeter, DSO: Digital Storage Oscilloscope; (b) represents the output spectra from the input laser, MZM, two AMZIs, and their corresponding ACF curves, respectively, figureFileSmall=MFQyelBg1yRwP4ZpBFedJg==, figureFileBig=2BC7r/PdUWwilyjFdDHjJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741560843645875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741552253711202, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
频率测量系统结构图及原理。(a)微波频率识别实验装置。VNA:矢量网络分析仪;LM:光波万用表;DSO:数字存储示波器;(b)输入激光器、MZM和两个AMZIs的输出光谱,及其对应的ACF曲线, figureFileSmall=MFQyelBg1yRwP4ZpBFedJg==, figureFileBig=2BC7r/PdUWwilyjFdDHjJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741561007223732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741552253711202, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Frequency measurement result analysis. (a) The ACF1 curve; (b) Estimated frequency based on ACF1; (c) The ACF2 curve; (d) Estimated frequency based on ACF2, figureFileSmall=dY2jl8wXhnlJqdunk0ye4w==, figureFileBig=leDQtbj428XOAE1jwsA+mA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741561116275637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741552253711202, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
频率测量结果分析。(a)ACF1曲线;(b)基于ACF1的估算频率;(c)ACF2曲线;(d)基于ACF2的估算频率, figureFileSmall=dY2jl8wXhnlJqdunk0ye4w==, figureFileBig=leDQtbj428XOAE1jwsA+mA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741561179190198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741552253711202, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Large-scale reconfigurable channelized frequency discriminator, figureFileSmall=+GaJP/Fujn8ICtq8LDqKmg==, figureFileBig=jV4WyoQ40OXXBGy0wfOhMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741561481180088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741552253711202, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
大规模可重构信道化鉴频器, figureFileSmall=+GaJP/Fujn8ICtq8LDqKmg==, figureFileBig=jV4WyoQ40OXXBGy0wfOhMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741561539900345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741552253711202, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Performance comparison of representative integrated microwave photonic frequency measurement systems
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Ref | Platform | Dynamic measurement | Measurement range/GHz | Error/MHz | FOM | Reconfigurability |
|---|
| [26] | Si3N4 | N | 0.5~4 | 93.6 | 2.674 | N |
| [27] | InP | N | 5~15 | <200 | <2 | N |
| [28] | As2S3 | N | 38 | 1 | 2.63e-3 | N |
| [29] | SOI | N | 0~40 | 318.9 | 0.797 | N |
| [30] | SOI | N | 1.6~40 | <60 | 0.156 | N |
| [31] | SOI | Y | 2~34 | 10.85 | 0.033 | N |
| [32] | SOI | Y | 10~20 | 409.4 | 4.094 | N |
| [33] | TFLN | Y | 2~67 | 123 | 0.189 | N |
| [34] | SOI | N | 20 | - | - | Y |
| This work | SOI | N | 30 | 131 | 0.437 | Y |
), ArticleFig(id=1315741561619592122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741552253711202, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
代表性集成微波光子频率测量系统的性能对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Ref | Platform | Dynamic measurement | Measurement range/GHz | Error/MHz | FOM | Reconfigurability |
|---|
| [26] | Si3N4 | N | 0.5~4 | 93.6 | 2.674 | N |
| [27] | InP | N | 5~15 | <200 | <2 | N |
| [28] | As2S3 | N | 38 | 1 | 2.63e-3 | N |
| [29] | SOI | N | 0~40 | 318.9 | 0.797 | N |
| [30] | SOI | N | 1.6~40 | <60 | 0.156 | N |
| [31] | SOI | Y | 2~34 | 10.85 | 0.033 | N |
| [32] | SOI | Y | 10~20 | 409.4 | 4.094 | N |
| [33] | TFLN | Y | 2~67 | 123 | 0.189 | N |
| [34] | SOI | N | 20 | - | - | Y |
| This work | SOI | N | 30 | 131 | 0.437 | Y |
), ArticleFig(id=1315741561846084539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741552253711202, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Summary of key functionalities in microwave photonic systems
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Functionality | Description | Application |
|---|
| Tunable RF filtering[35] | Channel selection in the RF domain & noise reduction | Mobile & satellite comms, IoT, sensing, radar, imaging |
| Tunable RF delay line[36] | Selective RF channel delay and time-delayed signal combination | Phased array antennas, radar, sensing, lidar |
| Frequency measurement[37] | Identification of the frequency of non-desired interfering signals | Radar, navigation systems, self-interference cancellation |
| Optoelectronic oscillator[36] | Ultrapure tunable RF tone generation | Avionics and satellite comms, navigation systems, time and frequency measurement |
| Arbitrary waveform generation[36] | Generation of RF wavepackets with arbitrary amplitude shapes | Radar, mobile communications, Microwave imaging, instrumentation |
| Optical generation of mm-wave CW signals[36] | Baseband and intermediate frequency conversion to/from the radio spectrum | Mobile, wearable & satellite comms, radar, imaging |
| Beamforming[35] | Broadband angular steering of a radiation pattern | Phased array antennas, 5-6G mobile & satellite comms, sensing, radar, imaging |
| Tunable beam splitting[38] | Signal distribution among different physical outputs | Mobile and satellite communications |
), ArticleFig(id=1315741561917387709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741552253711202, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
微波光子系统所需的关键功能汇总
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Functionality | Description | Application |
|---|
| Tunable RF filtering[35] | Channel selection in the RF domain & noise reduction | Mobile & satellite comms, IoT, sensing, radar, imaging |
| Tunable RF delay line[36] | Selective RF channel delay and time-delayed signal combination | Phased array antennas, radar, sensing, lidar |
| Frequency measurement[37] | Identification of the frequency of non-desired interfering signals | Radar, navigation systems, self-interference cancellation |
| Optoelectronic oscillator[36] | Ultrapure tunable RF tone generation | Avionics and satellite comms, navigation systems, time and frequency measurement |
| Arbitrary waveform generation[36] | Generation of RF wavepackets with arbitrary amplitude shapes | Radar, mobile communications, Microwave imaging, instrumentation |
| Optical generation of mm-wave CW signals[36] | Baseband and intermediate frequency conversion to/from the radio spectrum | Mobile, wearable & satellite comms, radar, imaging |
| Beamforming[35] | Broadband angular steering of a radiation pattern | Phased array antennas, 5-6G mobile & satellite comms, sensing, radar, imaging |
| Tunable beam splitting[38] | Signal distribution among different physical outputs | Mobile and satellite communications |
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