Article(id=1315741609703096776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315741514865689424, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3788/gzxb20265503.0355107, pmid=null, cstr=32255.14.gzxb20265503.0355107, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755964800000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1758556800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-23, onlineDate=1791626845049, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1774368000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791626845049, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791626845049, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791626845049, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315741514865689424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, year='2026', volume='55', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='378', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774368000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791626822438, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791626932547, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315741977111540218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315741514865689424, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315741977111540219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315741514865689424, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=114, endPage=125, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315741610013475273, articleId=1315741609703096776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=EN, title=Integration of Communication, Sensing, and Measurement Technology Based on Photonic Spread-spectrum Phase Encoding (Invited), columnId=1315741516451136338, journalTitle=Acta Photonica Sinica, columnName=Special Issue for Microwave Photonics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) has become a pivotal technology for 6G networks, addressing the increasing demands for data transmission and environmental awareness in advanced applications such as autonomous vehicles and smart IoT homes. However, conventional Radio Frequency (RF)-based ISAC systems face inherent challenges, including limited bandwidth, susceptibility to electromagnetic interference, and frequency-dependent losses, which constrain their ability to generate and process high-frequency broadband signals. Microwave Photonics (MWP) has emerged as a transformative solution that leverages optical technologies to overcome electronic bottlenecks, offering three key advantages: high-bandwidth signal processing capability, inherent immunity to RF interference, and a compact architecture with low power consumption. In communication systems, traditional multiplexing methods—such as Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM), and hybrid approaches—have been widely employed to enhance channel efficiency. Nevertheless, these methods exhibit limited resilience to interference. Code Division Multiplexing (CDM), a well-established wireless technology derived from spread spectrum communication, uses unique codes to differentiate user data, enabling simultaneous transmission over the same frequency band for multiple users. CDM provides three significant benefits: robust multiple-access capability, intrinsic resistance to multipath interference, and improved signal security. Although prior research has demonstrated the potential of CDM, the integration of photonic-based Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) with ISAC systems remains an underexplored area that warrants further investigation.

To address this research gap, we introduce a photonics-based ISAC system that combines spread spectrum coding, CDMA, and chirp waveform modulation. The proposed scheme features two main innovations: First, it achieves orthogonalization of user signals through specialized spread spectrum codes and scrambling sequences, effectively reducing random noise, inter-user interference, and multipath effects. This significantly enhances interference resistance and enables multi-user scalability. Second, the DC-biased spread spectrum encoding applied to Linear Frequency Modulation (LFM) signals generates integrated waveforms with unique chirp-phase characteristics and improved cross-correlation performance. This approach not only supports synchronization of communication sequences but also facilitates radar sensing via simplified photonic de-chirping processing, substantially lowering the Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) sampling rate requirements in radar receivers. For 3D positioning, we employ the Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) method combined with a Chan-Taylor hybrid algorithm, enabling accurate localization with smaller network overhead. This integration of communication, sensing, and measurement systems has been successfully realized. Simulation results demonstrate the system's robustness: even under negative Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR) conditions, spread spectrum phase coding sustains simultaneous multi-user communication and sensing. The system achieves decimeter-level distance resolution and high-precision near-field positioning. Parameter analysis evaluates the impact of DC bias, Voltage Peak-to-Peak (Vpp), Received Optical Power (ROP), and gain on communication performance in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER) and Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR).

This research provides valuable insights for designing high-performance, interference-resistant integrated sensing and communication systems applicable to areas such as UAV control and management, smart homes, and intelligent transportation.

, authors=Yemeng WANG1, Ningyuan ZHONG1, Wenlin BAI2, Tao HE1, Wei PAN1, Lianshan YAN1, Xihua ZOU1, authorsList=Yemeng WANG, Ningyuan ZHONG, Wenlin BAI, Tao HE, Wei PAN, Lianshan YAN, Xihua ZOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xihua ZOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315741612945293782, articleId=1315741609703096776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=CN, title=基于光子学扩频相位编码的通感测一体化技术(特邀), columnId=1315741519718494875, journalTitle=光子学报, columnName=“微波光子学”专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对通信感知一体化系统存在的抗多址、多径、窄带等能力弱的问题,提出一种基于光子学扩频相位编码的通感测一体化系统,该系统的关键是微波光子相位编码和扩频技术的结合。将每个用户的通信比特流扩频、扰频后加上直流偏置并编码到线性调频连续波上生成一体化信号,通过光子学去啁啾实现了雷达功能的同时辅助了通信同步,并利用阵列化系统实现了三维定位,有效实现实际场景中通感测一体化融合。仿真结果表明,在生成通信速率为12.5 Mb/s、扩频因子为256的一体化信号情况下,信干噪比为负时依然可以进行可靠通信;雷达的信干比可达33 dB,空间分辨率为12 cm,三维定位均方根误差为0.492 m。此外,灵活调节频率和扩频因子等参数,可以适应雷达和通信的不同需求。这是三维定位和光子学扩频码分多址ISAC系统的首次仿真演示。

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汪叶梦,

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Upper Saddle River: Pearson, 2013., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1315741613184369111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741609703096776, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315741613192757720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741609703096776, companyId=1315741613184369111, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1The Center for Information Photonics and Communications, School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315741613201146329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741609703096776, companyId=1315741613184369111, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1西南交通大学 信息科学与技术学院 信息光子与通信中心,成都 611756)]), AuthorCompany(id=1315741613285032410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741609703096776, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315741613293421019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741609703096776, companyId=1315741613285032410, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Microwave Photonics Technology Laboratory, Southwest China Research Institute of Electronic Equipment, Chengdu 610036, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315741613301809628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741609703096776, companyId=1315741613285032410, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2西南电子设备研究所 微波光子技术实验室,成都 610036)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1315741617303175693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741609703096776, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Schematic diagram of the proposed integration of communication, sensing, and measurement system based on photonic spread spectrum and code division multiple access, figureFileSmall=jK3q27UX9t8FoXFZR4ajLg==, figureFileBig=/Ls3LzdVbMi2SQhsU148Ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741617382867470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741609703096776, language=CN, label=图1, caption=提出的基于光子学直流扩频编码的通感测一体化示意图, figureFileSmall=jK3q27UX9t8FoXFZR4ajLg==, figureFileBig=/Ls3LzdVbMi2SQhsU148Ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741617584194063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741609703096776, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Autocorrelation and cross-correlation performance of random sequences, figureFileSmall=PDZBI9ugE3bh42fZT2P3TA==, figureFileBig=m8YFUMHq8OH/M+GkikiapQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741617655497232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741609703096776, language=CN, label=图2, caption=随机序列的自相关和互相关曲线, figureFileSmall=PDZBI9ugE3bh42fZT2P3TA==, figureFileBig=m8YFUMHq8OH/M+GkikiapQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741617894572561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741609703096776, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Signal spectrum of transmission and reception. (a) Spectrum of ISAC signal;(b) The signal collected by Comm Rx; (c) Communication synchronization; (d) The signal collected by Radar Rx, figureFileSmall=xaW536dP58wp1gDUJLBoJQ==, figureFileBig=5Pli3eo2BEdj5phgCmmPgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741617978458642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741609703096776, language=CN, label=图3, caption=发射和接收的信号频谱。(a)一体化信号的频谱图;(b)被Comm Rx模块接收得到的信号频谱图; (c)同步通信; (d)Radar Rx采集到的信号频谱, figureFileSmall=xaW536dP58wp1gDUJLBoJQ==, figureFileBig=5Pli3eo2BEdj5phgCmmPgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741618066539027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741609703096776, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=The impact of DC on communication performance and sensing performance, figureFileSmall=fvVdj4jQIFZGcinlST6OBQ==, figureFileBig=lYqZshdSM1N6P9INxvspfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741618146230804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741609703096776, language=CN, label=图4, caption=DC对通信性能与传感性能的影响, figureFileSmall=fvVdj4jQIFZGcinlST6OBQ==, figureFileBig=lYqZshdSM1N6P9INxvspfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741618251088405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741609703096776, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=The impact of Vpp, ROP, SNR, and Gain on communication and sensing performance. (a) BER and SIR performances versus different Vpp; (b) BER and SIR performances versus different ROP; (c) BER and SIR performances versus different SNR; (d )BER performances versus different Gain, figureFileSmall=F4VOKzNNnYSSkoNCnhTXTQ==, figureFileBig=28n0FIstWPMrgxOs413jlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741618355946006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741609703096776, language=CN, label=图5, caption=Vpp、ROP、SNR和Gain对系统通信和感知性能的影响。(a)不同信号情况下,峰峰值和接收光功率曲线; (b)通信信号的误比特率、传感信号的信干比与接收光功率的关系; (c)不同功率的高斯噪声下,峰峰值和接收光功率曲线; (d)误比特率与信噪比的关系, figureFileSmall=F4VOKzNNnYSSkoNCnhTXTQ==, figureFileBig=28n0FIstWPMrgxOs413jlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741618444026391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741609703096776, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Sensing results of radars and localization result of the Chan-Taylor joint algorithm. (a) Sensing results from each radar; (b) The estimated target positions obtained by the two algorithms; (c) Cumulative distribution function of location estimation error for two algorithms, figureFileSmall=BxWiThtMzazcwHxRsLfnpA==, figureFileBig=5VKn4FQFimCykE3SDNjufQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741618540495384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741609703096776, language=CN, label=图6, caption=雷达感知结果和Chan-Taylor联合算法的定位结果。 (a)不同接收天线的时延和时延差;(b)两种算法估算的目标位置; (c)两种算法下,误差累积分布, figureFileSmall=BxWiThtMzazcwHxRsLfnpA==, figureFileBig=5VKn4FQFimCykE3SDNjufQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741618628575769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741609703096776, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Parameter setting of ISAC signal

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Signal parameterValue
Baseband signal bandwidth12.5 MHz
Roll-off factor0.4
Spreading factor256
Number of communication users16
Feedback coefficient of LFSR6 263
m-sequence length215-1
f0,B9 GHz,2 GHz
), ArticleFig(id=1315741618729239066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741609703096776, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

一体化信号参数设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Signal parameterValue
Baseband signal bandwidth12.5 MHz
Roll-off factor0.4
Spreading factor256
Number of communication users16
Feedback coefficient of LFSR6 263
m-sequence length215-1
f0,B9 GHz,2 GHz
), ArticleFig(id=1315741618842485275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741609703096776, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Parameter setting of simulation link

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Simulation parameterParameter setting
Center frequency of laser193.1 THz
Laser power13 dBm
Transmitter antenna gain25 dBi
Gain of transmitting end amplifier25 dB
Free space loss during communication process55 dB
Free space loss during sensing process68 dB
Receiving antenna gain25 dBi
Gain of receiving end amplifier25 dB
), ArticleFig(id=1315741618955731484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741609703096776, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

仿真链路参数设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Simulation parameterParameter setting
Center frequency of laser193.1 THz
Laser power13 dBm
Transmitter antenna gain25 dBi
Gain of transmitting end amplifier25 dB
Free space loss during communication process55 dB
Free space loss during sensing process68 dB
Receiving antenna gain25 dBi
Gain of receiving end amplifier25 dB
), ArticleFig(id=1315741619106726429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741609703096776, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Simulation parameter setting of positioning

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ObjectReal location/m
Target(9,8,5)
User 1(0,0,0)
User 2(30,0,0)
User 3(0,30,0)
User 4(30,30,40)
), ArticleFig(id=1315741619215778334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741609703096776, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

定位仿真参数设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ObjectReal location/m
Target(9,8,5)
User 1(0,0,0)
User 2(30,0,0)
User 3(0,30,0)
User 4(30,30,40)
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基于光子学扩频相位编码的通感测一体化技术(特邀)
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汪叶梦 1 , 钟宁远 1 , 白文林 2 , 何韬 1 , 潘炜 1 , 闫连山 1 , 邹喜华 1
光子学报 | “微波光子学”专题 2026,55(3): 114-125
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光子学报 |“微波光子学”专题 2026 , 55 (3) : 114 -125
基于光子学扩频相位编码的通感测一体化技术(特邀)
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汪叶梦1 , 钟宁远1, 白文林2, 何韬1, 潘炜1, 闫连山1, 邹喜华1
作者信息
  • 1西南交通大学 信息科学与技术学院 信息光子与通信中心,成都 611756
  • 2西南电子设备研究所 微波光子技术实验室,成都 610036
通讯作者:
作者简介:
Integration of Communication, Sensing, and Measurement Technology Based on Photonic Spread-spectrum Phase Encoding (Invited)
Yemeng WANG1 , Ningyuan ZHONG1, Wenlin BAI2, Tao HE1, Wei PAN1, Lianshan YAN1, Xihua ZOU1
Affiliations
  • 1The Center for Information Photonics and Communications, School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
  • 2Microwave Photonics Technology Laboratory, Southwest China Research Institute of Electronic Equipment, Chengdu 610036, China
出版时间: 2026-03-25 doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265503.0355107
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针对通信感知一体化系统存在的抗多址、多径、窄带等能力弱的问题,提出一种基于光子学扩频相位编码的通感测一体化系统,该系统的关键是微波光子相位编码和扩频技术的结合。将每个用户的通信比特流扩频、扰频后加上直流偏置并编码到线性调频连续波上生成一体化信号,通过光子学去啁啾实现了雷达功能的同时辅助了通信同步,并利用阵列化系统实现了三维定位,有效实现实际场景中通感测一体化融合。仿真结果表明,在生成通信速率为12.5 Mb/s、扩频因子为256的一体化信号情况下,信干噪比为负时依然可以进行可靠通信;雷达的信干比可达33 dB,空间分辨率为12 cm,三维定位均方根误差为0.492 m。此外,灵活调节频率和扩频因子等参数,可以适应雷达和通信的不同需求。这是三维定位和光子学扩频码分多址ISAC系统的首次仿真演示。

微波光子  /  通感一体化  /  扩频  /  抗干扰  /  码分多址  /  三维定位

Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) has become a pivotal technology for 6G networks, addressing the increasing demands for data transmission and environmental awareness in advanced applications such as autonomous vehicles and smart IoT homes. However, conventional Radio Frequency (RF)-based ISAC systems face inherent challenges, including limited bandwidth, susceptibility to electromagnetic interference, and frequency-dependent losses, which constrain their ability to generate and process high-frequency broadband signals. Microwave Photonics (MWP) has emerged as a transformative solution that leverages optical technologies to overcome electronic bottlenecks, offering three key advantages: high-bandwidth signal processing capability, inherent immunity to RF interference, and a compact architecture with low power consumption. In communication systems, traditional multiplexing methods—such as Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM), and hybrid approaches—have been widely employed to enhance channel efficiency. Nevertheless, these methods exhibit limited resilience to interference. Code Division Multiplexing (CDM), a well-established wireless technology derived from spread spectrum communication, uses unique codes to differentiate user data, enabling simultaneous transmission over the same frequency band for multiple users. CDM provides three significant benefits: robust multiple-access capability, intrinsic resistance to multipath interference, and improved signal security. Although prior research has demonstrated the potential of CDM, the integration of photonic-based Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) with ISAC systems remains an underexplored area that warrants further investigation.

To address this research gap, we introduce a photonics-based ISAC system that combines spread spectrum coding, CDMA, and chirp waveform modulation. The proposed scheme features two main innovations: First, it achieves orthogonalization of user signals through specialized spread spectrum codes and scrambling sequences, effectively reducing random noise, inter-user interference, and multipath effects. This significantly enhances interference resistance and enables multi-user scalability. Second, the DC-biased spread spectrum encoding applied to Linear Frequency Modulation (LFM) signals generates integrated waveforms with unique chirp-phase characteristics and improved cross-correlation performance. This approach not only supports synchronization of communication sequences but also facilitates radar sensing via simplified photonic de-chirping processing, substantially lowering the Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) sampling rate requirements in radar receivers. For 3D positioning, we employ the Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) method combined with a Chan-Taylor hybrid algorithm, enabling accurate localization with smaller network overhead. This integration of communication, sensing, and measurement systems has been successfully realized. Simulation results demonstrate the system's robustness: even under negative Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR) conditions, spread spectrum phase coding sustains simultaneous multi-user communication and sensing. The system achieves decimeter-level distance resolution and high-precision near-field positioning. Parameter analysis evaluates the impact of DC bias, Voltage Peak-to-Peak (Vpp), Received Optical Power (ROP), and gain on communication performance in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER) and Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR).

This research provides valuable insights for designing high-performance, interference-resistant integrated sensing and communication systems applicable to areas such as UAV control and management, smart homes, and intelligent transportation.

Microwave photonics  /  Integrated sensing and communication  /  Spread-spectrum  /  anti-interference  /  Code division multiple access  /  Three dimensional positioning
汪叶梦, 钟宁远, 白文林, 何韬, 潘炜, 闫连山, 邹喜华. 基于光子学扩频相位编码的通感测一体化技术(特邀). 光子学报, 2026 , 55 (3) : 114 -125 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265503.0355107
Yemeng WANG, Ningyuan ZHONG, Wenlin BAI, Tao HE, Wei PAN, Lianshan YAN, Xihua ZOU. Integration of Communication, Sensing, and Measurement Technology Based on Photonic Spread-spectrum Phase Encoding (Invited)[J]. Acta Photonica Sinica, 2026 , 55 (3) : 114 -125 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265503.0355107
面向自动驾驶[1]、智能家居[2]、物联网[3]等新兴应用,6G智能网络架构引入了通信与感知融合新范式,通信感知一体化(Integrated Sensing and Communications,ISAC)技术应运而生。ISAC通过共享资源(如频谱、硬件设施等),将通信与感知功能深度协同融合,同时完成了数据传输和环境信息的感知,提升了频谱利用效率和硬件资源利用率,推动了跨领域的协同应用[4-6],具有广阔的研究与应用前景。然而,传统的电学ISAC系统受到工作频带和带宽的限制,存在带宽受限、可调性差和易受电磁干扰等固有劣势,使得高频宽带无线信号的产生和处理变得困难[7-9]。此外,对距离分辨率和通信速率也造成了限制。微波光子(Microwave Photonics,MWP)是微波射频与光子学的交叉学科,通过光学手段处理微波信号以突破电子器件的技术瓶颈。近年来,MWP技术以其大带宽处理能力、电磁干扰免疫、低功耗、轻量化等独特优势进一步拓宽了ISAC技术的发展道路[10-12]。
ISAC系统首先需要考虑信号设计。在实践中,通常使用如时分复用(Time Division Multiplexing,TDM)、频分复用(Frequency Division Multiplexing,FDM)、码分复用(Code Division Multiplexing,CDM)以及多种混合复用等方式提高信道利用率。ZHANG Fangzheng等提出了一种基于光子学的TDM多输入多输出雷达系统,通过微波光子倍频和光学TDM技术生成宽带线性调频(Linear Frequency Modulation,LFM)信号,结合改进的宽带后向投影算法,实现了高分辨率成像[13]。ZHONG Ningyuan等提出并实验验证了一种高谱效的光子学FDM毫米波ISAC系统,并基于粒子群优化(Particle Swarm Optimization,PSO)算法辅助稀疏线性调频信号子带融合,实现了18 Gbps通信速率和2.14 cm距离分辨率。进一步地,通过两个1.5 GHz线性调频信号子带获得了16 GHz等效带宽和0.97 cm等效距离分辨率[14]。DONG Boyu等为了解决当前基于TDM或FDM光子的毫米波ISAC系统灵活性不足的问题,设计了用于时频分复用(Time Frequency Division Multiplexing,TFDM)的集成波形,可在数据速率、距离分辨率和探测距离之间进行灵活的权衡,自适应接入速率可达15~60 Gbit/s,距离分辨率可达1.53~4.39 cm[15]。这些复用方式虽然提高了信道利用率,但是抗干扰能力有限。而CDM是在扩频通信技术上发展起来的一种崭新而成熟的无线通信技术,通过编码区分不同用户信息,实现不同用户同频、同时传输,具有多址接入能力强、抗多径干扰、保密性好等优势[16]。沈炳声等采用互补码作为扩频码,设计一种ISAC信号,通过CDM的方式实现多用户通信和雷达探测的无扰共存。在通信端,扩频后再加入保护间隔,从而提高用户通信速率。在雷达端,利用Golay互补对分配给雷达互补码,进而实现用户间无干扰通信,同时可以保证雷达探测性能[17]。针对ISAC系统存在的干扰问题,LIU Xiqing等提出了一种可适用于多用户多目标的波形设计方法,通过码域的扩频(三维完全互补码)技术提高了系统通信和感知性能以及抗干扰能力[18]。然而基于光子学的ISAC系统中,融合扩频和码分多址技术的研究鲜有报道。与此同时,微波信号到达角(Angle of Arrival,AOA)和到达时间差(Time Difference of Arrival,TDOA)的测量在电子战和雷达相关系统中同样具有重要意义[19-23],其中TDOA定位技术凭借其简单高效的架构和优异的定位性能,得到了广泛研究与应用[24]。相比于其他技术,TDOA仅依赖基站间的时间同步,能够实现高精度的定位。此外,该技术对硬件设备的要求较低、易于组网,适合在复杂场景下使用[25]。以上技术均可以实现二维或三维定位,但仅涉及雷达的感测功能,对于通感测一体化系统的实现还尚待进一步研究。
鉴于上述问题,在总结前人的研究基础上[26, 27],本文提出了一种基于光子学直流扩频编码和时差定位技术结合的通感测一体化系统。通过扩频编码技术,使各个用户数据正交化,显著降低各个用户之间的相互干扰,为码分复用提供条件并系统提高抗干扰性能。此外,使用含有直流(Direct Current,DC)偏置的扩频信号对线性调频信号进行编码,使一体化信号具有独特啁啾相位和良好的互相关性能,不仅可以辅助通信序列同步,还能通过光子学去啁啾处理实现各个接收雷达对距离感知,并基于此雷达阵列和感知结果测量目标三维位置,系统简单且大大降低雷达接收模块中对模数转换器的速率要求。通信接收模块与传感接收模块的分离设计,可以摆脱通信用户位置制约,满足更加灵活、合理、远距离的雷达布控需求,具备更高的测量精度。该方案将光子相位编码、扩频和码分复用技术融合用于一体化信号的生成,使系统具备了多用户通信功能并提高了系统的抗干扰能力,并利用TDOA相关算法让雷达获得三维定位功能,实现通感测一体化。
图1展示了所提出的光子扩频ISAC系统的示意图,该系统主要由三个部分组成:ISAC信号生成模块、雷达接收机(Radar Rx)和通信接收机模块(Comm Rx)。首先通过互相关性能良好的Walsh序列进行扩频,再使用具有更好自相关特性的m序列进行加扰处理,以改善其自相关特性[28]。通过对不同用户的通信信号进行扩频和加扰获得的信号可以表示为
ckpct=ck(t)⋅Skp(t)⋅Skc(t)
式中,ck(t)表示用户k的通信信号;Skpt和Skct分别表示用户k的扩频序列和扰频序列。Walsh序列选自哈达玛矩阵中的一行或一列,其行数或列数数值上等于扩频因子,该矩阵的行与行或列与列之间是严格正交的。m序列是由线性反馈移位寄存器(Linear Feedback Shift Register,LFSR)生成的,n阶LFSR可以生成单周期长度为2n-1的m序列,其值由反馈系数决定。每个用户拥有独特的扩频序列和扰频序列,即同一用户扩频扰频和解扰解扩所使用的随机码必须是相同的,否则无法正确解调出所需的通信信号。生成的含直流偏置的ISAC信号可以表示为
SISACt=∑k=1Nckpct+ND·cos2πf0t+12μt2
式中,N为通信总用户数量,D是直流偏移量。,f0和μ分别是线性调频信号的初始频率和啁啾斜率,斜率μ=B/T由信号的带宽B和脉冲持续时间T直接决定。
如图1所示,窄线宽激光器产生的连续光进入马赫曾德尔调制器(Mach Zehnder Modulator,MZM),经过一体化信号调制后的光信号被光耦合器1分为上下两路光。上路作为雷达探测光,经过回波信号调制后进入光电探测器2~5,从而解析出目标位置信息。下路作为通信链路,信号直接进入光电探测器1,将光信号转化为电信号后,通过数字信号处理得到各个用户的通信信息。
从窄线宽激光器发射的连续光载波注入马赫曾德尔调制器,调整其直流偏置电压,使马赫曾德尔调制器在其正交传输点工作,以实现含载波的双边带调制。在小信号调制下,马赫曾德尔调制器的输出光场可以表示为
ES(t)∝∑k=1Nckpc(t)+ND⋅cos2πf0t+12μt2⋅ELO(t)
式中,ELO(t)=expj2πfLt,fL为激光器的中心频率,调制后的光信号经过光耦合器1分为上、下两路。
下路光信号经过光电探测器1后转变为电信号,其表达式为
IPD1t∝ES(t)⋅ELO(t)*=∑k=1Nckpc(t)+ND⋅cos2πf0t+12ut2
经过下变频和低通滤波后得到
ILPt∝∑k=1Nckpc(t)+ND+n(t)
式中,n(t)为高斯噪声。最后通过对上述信号去直流和解扰解扩处理,得到用户k的通信信息。
Ikt∝ck(t)+∑j≠kNcj(t)Sjp(t)Sjc(t)Skc(t)Skp(t)+n(t)Skc(t)Skp(t)=ck(t)+MAIk(t)+nk(t)
式中,cj(t)为用户j的通信信息,Sjp(t)为用户j的扩频序列,Sjc(t)为用户j的扰频序列,MAIk(t)为用户k收到的其他用户的干扰信号,nk(t)为用户k收到的高斯白噪声。
从式(6)可以看出,线性调频对通信信号的干扰完全被消除,成功地将直流偏置的二相键控(Binary Phase Shift Keying,BPSK)信号下变频到基带,再通过取平均的方法消除直流偏置,最后利用解扰解扩处理,使噪声、用户干扰的影响大大降低,实现对基带二相键控信号的解调。此外,在接收信号的时候,难免会收到包括直达路径之外的干扰信号,收到的多径信号可以表示为
IkRsc(t)∝∑m=0M∑k=1Nckpc(t-τm)+ND⋅cos2πf0(t-τm)+12μ(t-τm)2+n(t)
式中,n(t)为接收到的噪声干扰。经过去直流和解扰解扩可得[29]
IkR(t)∝ck(t)+∑m=1M∑k=1Nck(t-τm)Skp(t-τm)Skc(t-τm)Skc(t)Skp(t)⋅cos2πf0τm+12μτm2+ncp(t)=ck(t)+MPIk(t)+ncp(t)
式中,第一项为直达用户k的通信信息,第二项MPIk(t)为M条多径信号形成的干扰,其大小是由时延非0的扩频和扰频码的自相关函数值决定,第三项ncp(t)为解调后的噪声干扰。在信号带宽范围内,解扩操作会将窄带干扰信号的频谱扩展,从而将窄带干扰转化为能量密度极低的宽带干扰,显著降低其对有用信号的干扰。
光子学ISAC系统目前大多采用的是单发单收或者是多发多收架构,而利用扩频技术带来的码分多址功能,可以实现单发多收,在保持单用户的发射带宽不变的情况下显著提升总用户数量。然而加入的扰频、信道噪声等影响会轻微破坏扩频序列的严格正交性。此外如果用户数目较多,来自其他用户信号的干扰影响也变得不可忽略,所以一般情况下,用户数量小于扩频因子。
如图1所示,上路光信号经过光耦合器2经过相位调制器(Phase Modulator,PM)1~4,被接收到的4路雷达信号调制,得到的调制光经过光带通滤波器(Optical Bandpass Filter,OBPF)1~4滤出一阶边带信号,天线i,i=1,2,3,4的光信号表达式为
ESi(t)∝ES(t)⋅expjπ∑k=1Nckpc(t)+ND⋅cos2πf0t+τi+12μt+τi2Vπ
式中,τi为各个接收天线收到的回波信号的延迟,Vπ为相位调制器的半波电压。
光信号分别进入光电探测器2~5后转变为电信号,由于高频分量将被低采样率的模数转换器阻隔,因此仅有差频光电流被采集,其表达式为[27]
Ii(t)∝∑k=1Nckpc(t)+ND⋅cos2πf0t+12μt2×∑k=1Nckpc(t+τk)+ND⋅cos2πf0t+τi+12μt+τi2=ND∑k=1Nckpc(t)+∑k=1Nckpc(t+τi)+∑k=1Nckpc⋅∑k=1Nckpc(t+τi)×cos2πμτit+f0t+12μτi2+N2D2cos2πμτit+f0t+12μτi2
第一项是被通信序列、通信延迟序列以及二者乘积调制的去啁啾载波。由于频谱被调制后展宽,导致去啁啾载波被淹没在展宽的频谱中。第二项为去啁啾载波与直流相关量的乘积,是单频载波分量。通过进一步优化直流偏置,让其在频域中占主导地位,可以准确地从此单频载波分量提取与时延相关的频率,从而精确算出目标离用户的空间直线距离。由于多个用户的时延得以精准测量,利用无线定位技术即可测得目标的三维坐标。在实际情况中,由于难以计算信号在空中的传输时间,因此难以实现两端时间的精准同步,所以TDOA定位使用目标到基站的时间差作为观测量,利用无线电传播速度将时间差转化为距离差,然后建立几何关系方程,解算出的交点坐标作为目标坐标。目前,Chan算法和Taylor算法是2种常用的时差定位算法[30],基于2种算法优势及特点,本研究使用Chan-Taylor联合算法[31],其思路是将Chan算法解算出的目标坐标作为初始估计坐标值赋给Taylor算法进行迭代运算,得到较高精度的目标估计位置。即使获取的时差值存在一定误差,使Chan算法初始估计坐标的精度不高,也可以通过Taylor的迭代来提高定位坐标的精度。
在单发多收的场景中,来自发射天线的一体化信号在空间中传播,经目标反射后被四个用户的天线接收器接收。使用笛卡尔坐标系,设置了目标坐标x,y,z和4个接收天线(4个用户)的坐标xi,yi,zi,用户1为主接收天线,其他3个用户为从接收天线,计算每个用户信号接收延迟,以接收天线1(用户1)的时延τ1作为参考时延,可以获得其他三个接收天线的到达时间差为τ1i=τi-τ1,i=2,3,4,从天线到目标的距离与主天线到目标距离的平方差可写为[32]
Ri2-R12=Ki-K1+2xi1yi1zi1xyz,i=2,3,4
式中,Ri=x-xi2+y-yi2+z-zi2,R1=x-x12+y-y12+z-z12,Ki=xi2+yi2+zi2,xi1=xi-x1,yi1=yi-y1,zi1=zi-z1。
式(11)中描述了三个以x1,y1,z1T为公共焦点,以xi,yi,ziT,i=2,3,4分别为另外一个焦点,形成空间任意点到两个焦点距离差为定值的点的集合,即目标反射回波到达接收天线1和分别到达接收天线2、接收天线3、接收天线4的距离之差为定值的点集合,在几何上为双曲面相交形成的空间曲线。当这空间曲线有一个交点时,交点就是估计的目标位置。现在假设x,y,z,R1均是不相关的变量,令Za=xyzR1T,测量误差向量用Ψ表示,式(11)的矩阵形式可以写为
Ψ=h-GZa0
式中,G为系数矩阵,Za0为目标真实目标位置。如果测量误差Ψ服从高斯分布,则可运用两次加权最小二乘法求解式(12),得到目标Chan算法的估计值x0,y0,z0。
依据TDOA定位的几何模型,将Taylor算法中函数定义为
fix,y,z=Ri2-R12
真实坐标与Chan算法估计坐标的关系可表示为
x=x0+σxy=y0+σyz=z0+σz
式中,σx、σy和σz为各个坐标的估计误差。在x0,y0,z0处利用Taylor级数展开式(14),并忽略二阶以上项[33]
di=dix0,y0,z0+σx∂di∂xx0,y0,z0+σy∂di∂yx0,y0,z0+σz∂di∂zx0,y0,z0+εi=dix0,y0,z0+σxx0-xiRi+σyy0-yiRi+σzz0-ziRi+εi
令误差εi=0,根据加权最小二乘法,得出迭代优化坐标x0+σx,y0+σy,z0+σz,并验证σx+σy+σz≤σ0是否成立,如果不成立则继续迭代,直至不等式成立或者达到规定迭代次数后强制退出。
扩频和扰频序列的特性决定了系统的抗干扰性能,选择自相关性和互相关性良好的序列可以提高系统的抗干扰和通信保密性。本文选择严格正交的Walsh序列和m序列分别作为扩频和扰频序列,其与解扰解扩序列之间具有良好的自相关和互相关性能,多址干扰MAIk(t)和多径干扰MPIk(t)显著降低。如图2所示,其中红色曲线为用户k扩频扰频序列与用户k的解扰解扩序列的自相关结果,多径干扰(时延不为0)对已同步序列影响非常低,最大值约为直接接收路径的0.687%,所以多径效应对直接接收信号的影响较小,抗多径干扰能力较强;靛色曲线为用户k扩频扰频序列与用户j的解扰解扩序列的互相关结果,从图中可以看出用户j对用户k解扰解扩后信号最大功率约为本用户解扰解扩的0.925%,说明只有使用对应的解扰解扩码才能成功解调出该用户的通信信息,体现了码分多址通信的保密性。
根据以上分析,利用Matlab软件和VPI Transmission Maker软件联合仿真。为了在ISAC系统中演示多用户通信、空间定位并考虑系统的复杂度,仅用1个通信接收天线(对应16个用户)和4个雷达接收天线的架构作仿真分析。但所提出的方法具有良好的可扩展性,可满足更多用户通信及对更高精度三维定位的双重需求。结合实际实验条件,一体化信号生成的参数如表1所示。
生成的一体化信号通过任意信号发生器转换为模拟信号并加载到马赫曾德尔上,用于调制窄线宽激光器产生的连续光载波。调制光信号经过光耦合器1分为上下两路,上路光经过相位调制器被回波信号调制,通过光电探测器转换出的电信号用于雷达定位。下路光则直接进入光电探测器生成电信号并被示波器采集,经过数字信号处理后与各个用户的扩频、扰频序列运算获取对应用户的通信信号。信道中存在的噪声也以高斯白噪声的形式加入系统中,以验证系统的抗噪声性能。VPI Transmission Maker软件中链路的仿真参数如表2所示。其中接收自由空间损耗设置依据公式[34]
(LFS)dB=20⋅log4πdλdB
式中,λ代表信号的中心波长,d为发射和接收端的直线距离。设置发射天线和接收天线间距均为1.2 m,发射天线经过目标反射被接收天线接收,经实验验证,通信发送和接收端之间的信号功率在自由空间损耗约为55 dB,与理论相符。雷达发送和接收端之间的信号功率在自由空间损耗约为68 dB,这是由于目标反射时会产生一定的损耗导致测量值偏大。
图3(a)为产生的频率范围约为7 GHz至13 GHz的一体化信号的频谱图,信号总带宽约为6 GHz,由1个带宽为2 GHz的线性调频信号和经频谱搬移的扩频基带信号组成。经过下支路传输后直接被Comm Rx模块接收,得到的信号频谱图如图3(b)所示。由于ISAC信号是通过在线性调频连续波(Linear Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave, LFMCW)上编码含直流偏置的扩频BPSK信号生成的,所以Comm Rx接收的信号与发射端的原始线性调频连续波信号高度相关,将两者进行互相关运算,结果如图3(c)所示,在序列对齐处出现峰值,从而实现通信序列同步和后续通信解调。在对雷达的感知功能仿真中设置了两个相距12 cm目标,得到两个与时延相关单频信号。Radar Rx采集到的信号频谱如图3(d)所示,可见雷达能分辨间距为12 cm的两个目标,信干比(Signal to Interference Ratio,SIR)可达33 dB。
一体化信号中加入的直流偏置大小决定了线性调频信号在一体化信号中的能量占比,直接影响通信误比特率(Bit Error Rate,BER)和雷达信号的信干比,所以首先需要确定直流的大小。从16个用户中任意选取4个用户验证其通感性能,仿真结果如图4所示,可以看出,直流量为0时,信干比为0,且在比较大的范围内,误比特率均小于误码率阈值;当直流超过1.6后,通信误比特率随着直流的增大而增大;雷达信号的信干比随着直流的增大而增大,直流≥0.4达到稳定,所以接下来选择在直流为0.4的条件下进行仿真验证。
发送的ISAC信号峰峰值(Voltage Peak-to-Peak,Vpp)和光电探测器前的接收光功率(Received Optical Power,ROP)是影响链路功率的重要参数。在信号不同峰峰值和接收光功率下对系统的通感性能影响进行了验证,如图5(a)所示,误比特率在满足7%前向纠错误差的前提下,信号峰峰值动态范围超过4 V,同时雷达也获得超过16 dB的信干比;图5(b)展示的是通信信号的误比特率、传感信号的信干比与接收光功率的关系曲线,当接收光功率处于5~10 dBm时,误比特率与信干比均达到最优取值区间。此外,还验证了系统的抗干扰性能,我们保持信号功率不变,添加不同功率的高斯噪声,并以信噪比(Signal to Noise Ratio,SNR)来量化噪声的功率量级。如图5(c)所示,当所加噪声(与一体化信号的SNR)大于12 dB,单用户通信的信干噪比(Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio,SINR)≥-18.75 dB的情况下,系统仍然可以正常通信和传感。最后验证了扩频因子对通信BER的影响,图5(d)显示了误比特率与信噪比的关系曲线,误比特率随着扩频因子的增大而减小,说明扩频因子越大对通信误比特率改善越明显。
为了验证Chan-Taylor联合算法的有效性,在近场视距环境下展开仿真验证。假设系统中仅存在时间测量误差且各个接收天线的测量时间标准误差为1 ns,定位仿真参数具体设置表3所示。
各个接收天线收到的时延和时延差如图6(a)所示,将时延差作为Chan-Taylor联合算法的输入进行目标位置估计。图6(b)展示了在1 000次蒙特卡洛模拟中,Chan算法和Chan-Taylor联合算法每次估计的目标位置。Chan算法的均方根误差为0.819 m,而Chan-Taylor联合算法的均方根误差为0.492 m。图6(c)是以误差累积分布为评价标准,进一步对比Chan算法和Chan-Taylor联合算法在三维空间中定位性能。Chan-Taylor联合算法定位精度平均定位误差在0.6 m以内的概率为78.2%,而Chan算法是3.8%,所以联合算法较单一的Chan算法和Taylor算法具有更高的定位精度、稳定性和实用性。如果提高测量时间的精度,可以进一步减小两种算法的定位误差。
本文提出了一种基于光子学直流扩频相位编码的ISAC系统,通过对信号的加直流偏置和扩频处理,利用光子学去啁啾大大降低对模数转换器速率的需求,同时简化系统方案;利用码分多址技术实现了16个用户同频同时通信和抗干扰能力的提升。此外,利用光子学阵列化系统实现了时差三维精准定位。仿真结果表明,低通信误码率情况下,雷达信干比可达33 dB,空间分辨率高,具有一定的研究意义。

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2026年第55卷第3期
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doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265503.0355107
  • 接收时间:2025-08-24
  • 首发时间:2026-10-10
  • 出版时间:2026-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-24
  • 录用日期:2025-09-23
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    1西南交通大学 信息科学与技术学院 信息光子与通信中心,成都 611756
    2西南电子设备研究所 微波光子技术实验室,成都 610036

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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