Article(id=1315741619542938071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315741514865689424, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3788/gzxb20265503.0355106, pmid=null, cstr=32255.14.gzxb20265503.0355106, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1763308800000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1766332800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineDate=1791626847395, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1774368000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791626847395, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791626847395, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791626847395, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315741514865689424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, year='2026', volume='55', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='378', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774368000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791626822438, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791626932547, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315741977111540218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315741514865689424, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315741977111540219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315741514865689424, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=102, endPage=113, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315741619853316569, articleId=1315741619542938071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=EN, title=Research on Temporal Self-Imaging Effect and Its Applications in Microwave Photonics (Invited), columnId=1315741516451136338, journalTitle=Acta Photonica Sinica, columnName=Special Issue for Microwave Photonics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The temporal Talbot effect represents the time domain counterpart to the classical spatial self-imaging phenomenon, strictly governed by the fundamental physical principle of space-time duality. This coherent interference effect occurs when a periodic optical pulse train propagates through a dispersive medium, such as a standard single mode optical fiber or a chirped Bragg grating, where the group velocity dispersion acts as a quadratic phase filter on the optical signal. Depending on the precise relationship between the pulse repetition period and the accumulated dispersion, the system exhibits two primary behaviors: integer order self imaging, where the original waveform is perfectly reproduced, or fractional order self imaging, which results in the generation of pulse trains with multiplied repetition rates. Furthermore, the dispersive propagation inherently functions as a real-time Fourier transform, mapping the frequency spectrum of an imposed modulation directly into its temporal intensity profile at the output. This review systematically explores these mechanisms, emphasizing their utility as passive, linear, and energy efficient tools for high speed signal processing in the field of microwave photonics.

A significant portion of this review addresses the manipulation of pulse repetition frequencies. While early approaches relied on fixed dispersion values, recent advancements allow for flexible multiplication factors. We discuss techniques such as phase pre-coding, which modifies the input phase to transition between fractional Talbot orders without energy loss, and binary intensity modulation, which offers a simpler implementation but suffers from optical power loss. A comparative analysis highlights that complex amplitude pre-coding scheme offers a balanced trade-off between energy efficiency and control complexity. By utilizing a Mach-Zehnder modulator to sculpt the spectrum into a flat profile, this method overcomes the bandwidth limitations of arbitrary waveform generators required for phase coding and the high extinction ratio constraints typical of intensity modulation schemes.

In contrast to multiplication, the paper examines passive amplification and weak signal recovery via the inverse temporal Talbot effect. By reversing the dispersion process, distributed energy from a continuous wave or a high-rate pulse train can be coherently focused into high peak power pulses. This concept, realized as a temporal Talbot array illuminator, effectively converts continuous wave light into high-quality pulse trains with tunable parameters. Crucially, this enables noiseless amplification where random, non-coherent noise does not sum up constructively, thereby significantly enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio. Experimental results have demonstrated amplification gains exceeding one hundred and ten times, allowing for the recovery of weak signals that are otherwise submerged below the noise floor of the photodetector.

The review further details the application of the real time Fourier transform in real-time spectrum analysis. Standard real-time spectrum analysis faces an inherent trade-off between measurement bandwidth and frequency resolution. To address this, the authors introduce a resolution enhanced architecture using the inverse temporal Talbot effect to temporally stretch the output observation window, effectively magnifying the resolution. Conversely, a bandwidth-enhanced architecture utilizing fractional-order multiplication is proposed to increase the effective sampling rate and measurement range. These innovations successfully decouple the resolution bandwidth constraint, enabling gap free analysis of wideband dynamic radio frequency signals. Additionally, the paper explores arbitrary waveform generation and pulse position control. By manipulating the spectral content via multi-tone modulation, complex temporal waveforms can be synthesized through frequency to time mapping. Similarly, precise control over pulse timing is achieved by modulating the carrier with a frequency modulated signal. This technique effectively converts instantaneous frequency shifts into temporal delays. This capability is applied to non-uniform sampling systems, such as the photonic Nyquist folding receiver, to significantly extend signal reception bandwidth beyond the traditional aliasing limits.

Finally, the review outlines emerging applications in other domains, such as temporal cloaking which hides events within dispersion induced time gaps, and prime number factorization via Gaussian sum calculation. The paper concludes by identifying critical challenges for future implementation. These include the precise management of high order dispersion to achieve perfect self imaging and the mitigation of Kerr non-linearities at high optical power levels. Furthermore, the review emphasizes the need for on-chip integration, noting the engineering difficulties in realizing sufficient dispersion on photonic integrated circuits while maintaining a compact Size, Weight, Power, and Cost (SWaP-C) footprint. Despite these hurdles, the temporal Talbot effect remains a versatile and promising foundation for next generation all optical signal processing networks.

, authors=Hao CHI, Chenyu SANG, Bo YANG, Shuna YANG, authorsList=Hao CHI, Chenyu SANG, Bo YANG, Shuna YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315741623103902192, articleId=1315741619542938071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=CN, title=时域自成像效应及在微波光子学中的应用研究(特邀), columnId=1315741519718494875, journalTitle=光子学报, columnName=“微波光子学”专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

时域自成像(Talbot)效应是空间Talbot效应在时域中的对偶形式。该效应在不同色散条件下或可实现脉冲序列的精确再现、或产生重复率倍增的脉冲序列;同时,其内在的实时傅立叶变换性质,能够将调制信号的频谱直接映射至输出的时域波形。本文系统梳理了时域Talbot效应的主要现象和基本原理,重点介绍其在微波光子学中应用的研究进展,包括脉冲重复率控制、脉冲无源放大与微弱信号恢复、实时频谱分析、任意波形生成等关键应用。结合我们近期的相关成果,进一步展示了该效应在非均匀采样、光计算、无间隙频谱分析及宽带信号处理等方面的潜在应用。时域Talbot效应以其无源、线性的特点,为光通信与微波光子学中的高速信号处理提供了丰富而高效的实现途径。

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Optica, 2016, 3: 1-8., articleTitle=Optical real time Fourier transformation with kHz resolutions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1315741636005581415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741619542938071, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=7, issue=5, pageStart=434, pageEnd=447, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=45, rfOrder=45, authorNames=ROMERO CORTES L, ONORI D, GUILLET DE CHATELLUS H, journalName=Optica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ROMERO CORTES L, ONORI D, GUILLET DE CHATELLUS H, et al. Towards on-chip photonic-assisted radio-frequency spectral measurement and monitoring[J]. 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(a) Pulse position control scheme based on real-time Fourier transform; (b) Spectrogram by the NYFR, figureFileSmall=7Ymj8TuKc1I0GrE9HwpGtg==, figureFileBig=Lo/Z2nwmuYlIjiz/v0jdPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741628447445540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741619542938071, language=CN, label=图6, caption=基于时域Talbot效应中实时傅立叶变换的脉冲位置控制方案及奈奎斯特折叠接收信号的时频图[28]。(a)实时傅立叶变换的脉冲位置控制方案 ;(b)奈奎斯特折叠接收信号的时频图, figureFileSmall=7Ymj8TuKc1I0GrE9HwpGtg==, figureFileBig=Lo/Z2nwmuYlIjiz/v0jdPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741628585857573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741619542938071, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Scheme for dynamic spectrum analysis based on the inverse temporal Talbot effect and the experimental results[29]. (a) Dynamic waveform spectrum analysis scheme based on the Inverse temporal Talbot effect; (b) Experimental verification diagram of the scheme, figureFileSmall=4YfExLhM6R6d4p5Odf3iiw==, figureFileBig=r++0uRHmAnx5OWYq5Mw3dQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741628682326567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741619542938071, language=CN, label=图7, caption=基于逆时域Talbot效应的动态波形频谱分析方案及实验验证图[29]。(a)基于逆时域Talbot效应的动态波形频谱分析方案;(b)实验验证图, figureFileSmall=4YfExLhM6R6d4p5Odf3iiw==, figureFileBig=r++0uRHmAnx5OWYq5Mw3dQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741628753629736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741619542938071, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Photonic arbitrary waveform generation scheme based on real-time Fourier transform within the temporal Talbot effect and the experimental results of spectrum-to-time mapping [12], figureFileSmall=Vmjdi4UhXWJZLGCjTfBH7g==, figureFileBig=Y41b7CHRWv0+tABkeXWyNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741628833321514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741619542938071, language=CN, label=图8, caption=基于时域Talbot效应中实时傅立叶变换的光子任意波形生成方案及频时映射实验结果[12], figureFileSmall=Vmjdi4UhXWJZLGCjTfBH7g==, figureFileBig=Y41b7CHRWv0+tABkeXWyNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741629009482283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741619542938071, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of pulse repetition rate multiplication schemes based on the temporal Talbot effect

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Scheme nameEnergy efficiencyControl signal complexityKey performance limitationReference
Phase pre-coding schemeHighestHighestBandwidth of AWG[18]
Intensity pre-coding schemeLowestLowestExtinction ratio of MZM[20]
Complex amplitude pre-coding schemeHighLowBias stability of MZM[21]
), ArticleFig(id=1315741629093368365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741619542938071, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基于时域 Talbot 效应的多种脉冲重复频率倍增方案对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Scheme nameEnergy efficiencyControl signal complexityKey performance limitationReference
Phase pre-coding schemeHighestHighestBandwidth of AWG[18]
Intensity pre-coding schemeLowestLowestExtinction ratio of MZM[20]
Complex amplitude pre-coding schemeHighLowBias stability of MZM[21]
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时域自成像效应及在微波光子学中的应用研究(特邀)
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池灏 , 桑晨宇 , 杨波 , 杨淑娜
光子学报 | “微波光子学”专题 2026,55(3): 102-113
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光子学报 |“微波光子学”专题 2026 , 55 (3) : 102 -113
时域自成像效应及在微波光子学中的应用研究(特邀)
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池灏 , 桑晨宇, 杨波, 杨淑娜
作者信息
  • 1杭州电子科技大学 通信工程学院,杭州 310018
作者简介:
Research on Temporal Self-Imaging Effect and Its Applications in Microwave Photonics (Invited)
Hao CHI , Chenyu SANG, Bo YANG, Shuna YANG
Affiliations
  • 1School of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
出版时间: 2026-03-25 doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265503.0355106
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时域自成像(Talbot)效应是空间Talbot效应在时域中的对偶形式。该效应在不同色散条件下或可实现脉冲序列的精确再现、或产生重复率倍增的脉冲序列;同时,其内在的实时傅立叶变换性质,能够将调制信号的频谱直接映射至输出的时域波形。本文系统梳理了时域Talbot效应的主要现象和基本原理,重点介绍其在微波光子学中应用的研究进展,包括脉冲重复率控制、脉冲无源放大与微弱信号恢复、实时频谱分析、任意波形生成等关键应用。结合我们近期的相关成果,进一步展示了该效应在非均匀采样、光计算、无间隙频谱分析及宽带信号处理等方面的潜在应用。时域Talbot效应以其无源、线性的特点,为光通信与微波光子学中的高速信号处理提供了丰富而高效的实现途径。

时域Talbot效应  /  微波光子学  /  全光信号处理  /  脉冲重复率倍增  /  任意波形生成

The temporal Talbot effect represents the time domain counterpart to the classical spatial self-imaging phenomenon, strictly governed by the fundamental physical principle of space-time duality. This coherent interference effect occurs when a periodic optical pulse train propagates through a dispersive medium, such as a standard single mode optical fiber or a chirped Bragg grating, where the group velocity dispersion acts as a quadratic phase filter on the optical signal. Depending on the precise relationship between the pulse repetition period and the accumulated dispersion, the system exhibits two primary behaviors: integer order self imaging, where the original waveform is perfectly reproduced, or fractional order self imaging, which results in the generation of pulse trains with multiplied repetition rates. Furthermore, the dispersive propagation inherently functions as a real-time Fourier transform, mapping the frequency spectrum of an imposed modulation directly into its temporal intensity profile at the output. This review systematically explores these mechanisms, emphasizing their utility as passive, linear, and energy efficient tools for high speed signal processing in the field of microwave photonics.

A significant portion of this review addresses the manipulation of pulse repetition frequencies. While early approaches relied on fixed dispersion values, recent advancements allow for flexible multiplication factors. We discuss techniques such as phase pre-coding, which modifies the input phase to transition between fractional Talbot orders without energy loss, and binary intensity modulation, which offers a simpler implementation but suffers from optical power loss. A comparative analysis highlights that complex amplitude pre-coding scheme offers a balanced trade-off between energy efficiency and control complexity. By utilizing a Mach-Zehnder modulator to sculpt the spectrum into a flat profile, this method overcomes the bandwidth limitations of arbitrary waveform generators required for phase coding and the high extinction ratio constraints typical of intensity modulation schemes.

In contrast to multiplication, the paper examines passive amplification and weak signal recovery via the inverse temporal Talbot effect. By reversing the dispersion process, distributed energy from a continuous wave or a high-rate pulse train can be coherently focused into high peak power pulses. This concept, realized as a temporal Talbot array illuminator, effectively converts continuous wave light into high-quality pulse trains with tunable parameters. Crucially, this enables noiseless amplification where random, non-coherent noise does not sum up constructively, thereby significantly enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio. Experimental results have demonstrated amplification gains exceeding one hundred and ten times, allowing for the recovery of weak signals that are otherwise submerged below the noise floor of the photodetector.

The review further details the application of the real time Fourier transform in real-time spectrum analysis. Standard real-time spectrum analysis faces an inherent trade-off between measurement bandwidth and frequency resolution. To address this, the authors introduce a resolution enhanced architecture using the inverse temporal Talbot effect to temporally stretch the output observation window, effectively magnifying the resolution. Conversely, a bandwidth-enhanced architecture utilizing fractional-order multiplication is proposed to increase the effective sampling rate and measurement range. These innovations successfully decouple the resolution bandwidth constraint, enabling gap free analysis of wideband dynamic radio frequency signals. Additionally, the paper explores arbitrary waveform generation and pulse position control. By manipulating the spectral content via multi-tone modulation, complex temporal waveforms can be synthesized through frequency to time mapping. Similarly, precise control over pulse timing is achieved by modulating the carrier with a frequency modulated signal. This technique effectively converts instantaneous frequency shifts into temporal delays. This capability is applied to non-uniform sampling systems, such as the photonic Nyquist folding receiver, to significantly extend signal reception bandwidth beyond the traditional aliasing limits.

Finally, the review outlines emerging applications in other domains, such as temporal cloaking which hides events within dispersion induced time gaps, and prime number factorization via Gaussian sum calculation. The paper concludes by identifying critical challenges for future implementation. These include the precise management of high order dispersion to achieve perfect self imaging and the mitigation of Kerr non-linearities at high optical power levels. Furthermore, the review emphasizes the need for on-chip integration, noting the engineering difficulties in realizing sufficient dispersion on photonic integrated circuits while maintaining a compact Size, Weight, Power, and Cost (SWaP-C) footprint. Despite these hurdles, the temporal Talbot effect remains a versatile and promising foundation for next generation all optical signal processing networks.

Temporal Talbot effect  /  Microwave photonics  /  All-optical signal processing  /  Pulse repetition rate multiplication  /  Arbitrary waveform generation
池灏, 桑晨宇, 杨波, 杨淑娜. 时域自成像效应及在微波光子学中的应用研究(特邀). 光子学报, 2026 , 55 (3) : 102 -113 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265503.0355106
Hao CHI, Chenyu SANG, Bo YANG, Shuna YANG. Research on Temporal Self-Imaging Effect and Its Applications in Microwave Photonics (Invited)[J]. Acta Photonica Sinica, 2026 , 55 (3) : 102 -113 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265503.0355106
自成像效应,又称为Talbot效应,是指光通过周期性结构物体后形成自身像的现象,该现象的发现已有近二百年的历史[1-4]。基于空间时间对偶性,空间上的自成像现象,也会在时域上有类似的呈现,具体表现为:周期性光信号经过色散传输后,会得到与输入信号类似的周期性波形,此即时域自成像效应。其背后的空时对偶性机理[5-6],来自于空间域中的菲涅尔衍射与时间域中色散传播具有完全类似的数学表达式。
时域自成像效应,其本身蕴含着多种现象,例如整数阶/分数阶效应[7]、离散/实时傅立叶变换[8-10]等,可应用在脉冲重复频率倍增、脉冲无源放大、脉冲位置控制、任意波形产生、实时频谱分析等领域,为超快光学、高速光通信、微波光子学等提供有效技术手段和解决方案。时域自成像效应,本质上就是周期性光信号通过色散介质后产生的一种现象,是线性、无源的物理过程,因而无需复杂的有源器件或非线性效应。近年来,时域自成像效应及其各类应用的研究,受到了广泛的重视。本文旨在系统性地梳理该效应的主要现象和基本原理,以及其在微波光子学等领域的应用,包含脉冲重复频率控制、脉冲无源放大、任意波形产生等,同时结合本课题组的工作,我们还将探讨时域自成像效应在脉冲位置控制、实时频谱分析等领域应用的可行性。
自成像效应由TALBOT H F于1836年发现[1]。如图1(a)所示,当一个周期性物体(例如光栅)受到单色平面波的垂直照射时,在沿传播方向的一系列特定距离上,将会再现出该物体自身的清晰图像。19世纪后期,RAYLEIGH L首次解释了Talbot效应是由于相干光透过光栅衍射后相互干涉产生的,是菲涅尔衍射的结果[2],同时他给出了光栅图样复现的所在位置计算公式,即Talbot距离表达式。基于空间时间对偶性理论,自成像效应的研究由空间域延伸至时间域,即时域自成像(Talbot)效应。空时对偶性揭示了光束在空间中的衍射过程与光脉冲在色散介质中的传播过程在数学描述上具有相似性,为时域自成像效应的引入奠定了理论基础[5]。
如图1(b)所示,当一周期为T的光脉冲信号在色散介质中传播时,其波形会展现出一种规律性的演化现象。在传播初期,脉冲在时域上发生展宽,导致相邻脉冲相互交叠,使原始波形产生显著畸变。然而,当传播色散量累积到达Φ¨0=T2/(2π)或其整数倍时,初始的脉冲序列波形会得到精确的复现,这一过程被称为整数阶时域Talbot效应[5]。此外,当色散量累积到Φ¨0的分数倍时,系统会呈现更为复杂的分数阶效应,在这些位置,生成脉冲序列的重复频率相较于输入信号有整数倍的提升,例如,在Φ¨0/2时,脉冲重复频率会二倍增[6]。
时域Talbot效应,还伴随着一种将信号频谱映射到时域的独特现象[11-13]。具体表现为,在输出端所观测到的时域光强分布,直接对应于输入信号的功率谱。这一过程将输入光信号的频谱映射为输出信号的时间波形,从而在物理层面实现了频谱的可视化,此即时域Talbot效应中蕴含的傅立叶变换现象。此过程是在光场于介质中传播时自然完成,因而具备良好的实时性,为实时频谱分析等应用提供了潜在解决方案。
假设输入的周期脉冲信号的电场表达式为[14-15]
a1t=∑n=-∞∞a0t-nT
式中,a0(t)表示的是一单周期理想脉冲,T为周期,其频谱表示为A1(ω)=ℱa1(t),其中F表示傅立叶变换。经过色散量为Φ¨(其单位是ps2)的色散介质后,输出光的频谱可表示为
A2(ω)=A1(ω)⋅H(ω)=ω0∑n=-∞∞expjn2ω02Φ¨/2)A0(ω)δ(ω-nω0)
式中,ω0=2π/T,H(ω)=exp(jΦ¨ω2/2)是色散介质的频率响应,A0(ω)表示单周期脉冲a0(t)的频谱。
首先讨论整数阶时域Talbot效应。假设上述色散量满足整数阶Talbot条件,即Φ¨=NΦ¨0,其中N为整数;则输出频谱式(2)可以简化为
A2(ω)=ω0∑n=-∞∞(-1)NA0(ω)δ(ω-nω0)
对应的时域输出表达式为
a2(t)=a1t-NT2
显然,当发生整数阶时域Talbot效应时,输出脉冲信号与输入脉冲信号相同。当N为奇数时,相较于偶数情况还会有额外的相对时延T/2。
而对于分数阶时域Talbot效应[16]。假设色散量满足分数阶Talbot条件,即Φ¨=pΦ¨0/q,其中重复率倍增因子q与整数p互质。式(2)输出信号可以简化表示为
a2(t)=1q∑n=-∞∞a0t-nTq-pqT2exp-jπsqn2+c
式中,c为固定相移,s是由p与q共同决定的输出相位因子,具体值由[16]给出。当发生分数阶效应时,输出信号会发生重复频率倍增,具体表现为输入脉冲信号经色散后,重复频率提升q倍、光功率降至输入信号的1/q。但这种倍增是有限制的,需要输入周期T与脉冲宽度的比值不小于倍增因子q,否则相邻脉冲互相重叠产生干涉,这种干涉效应会引发输出信号的幅度波动与基底抬升,降低所产生脉冲串的质量。与整数阶效应类似,当p×q为奇数时,输出信号会产生半个周期的相对时延T/2。同时每个脉冲都附带一个随n变化的二次相位偏移,该相移揭示出在发生时域自成像效应时的脉冲相位变化,为后续的脉冲重复率控制,脉冲无源放大等应用提供理论基础。
此外,经过调制的输入脉冲信号在通过满足整数阶条件的色散介质时,会发生实时傅立叶变换现象[11-12],将调制信号的频谱映射为输出信号的时间波形。经过调制的脉冲序列可表示为
xT(t)=x(t)⋅a1(t)=∑n=-∞∞x(t)a0(t-nT)
式中,x(t)为调制信号。为了避免不必要的相对时延,假设xT(t)经过的色散量Φ¨为Φ¨0的偶数倍,输出信号可表示为
s(t)=xT(t) * h(t)=xT(t) * expj2Φ¨t2=expj2Φ¨t2∫-∞+∞dτ⋅ xT(τ)expj2Φ¨τ2exp-jtΦ¨τ
式中,h(t)为色散介质的脉冲响应。显然,式中积分项与傅立叶变换结构一致,是以exp-jtΦ¨τ为傅立叶变换核,对xT(τ)⋅expj2Φ¨τ2执行的傅立叶变换。因而,(7)可写为
s(t)=12πexpj2Φ¨t2 ⋅ℱ{xT(t) expj2Φ¨t2}ω=t/Φ¨=C(t)⋅∑  k=-∞∞XtΦ¨-k2πT
由式(8)可见,输出信号在一个周期内的波形是调制信号频谱X(ω)=ℱ{x(t)}的频时映射的结果,该映射可表示为:ω→t/Φ¨,该式中C(t)表示一线性啁啾项。因此,时域Talbot效应可被理解为二次相位滤波作用于未调制脉冲序列时,所呈现的特殊映射结果。当一信号被调制到脉冲序列上时,输出结果便不再是输入周期脉冲的简单复现,而是对调制信号执行实时傅立叶变换操作。当色散量Φ¨是Φ¨0的奇数倍时,输出结果与式(8)类似,只是会有T/2的相对延迟。在此傅立叶变换推导中,我们使用理想脉冲简化了推导过程,而实际系统中,最终输出结果s(t)需要与输入脉冲包络进行卷积获得。
近年来,有关时域Talbot效应的研究取得了长足的进步,主要体现在对整数阶/分数阶效应及其脉冲相位分布的理解逐渐深入,以及蕴含在时域Talbot效应当中的傅立叶变换特性的理论和应用等。时域Talbot效应为脉冲重复率控制、无源信号放大、实时频谱分析、任意波形产生等具体应用提供了新的思路。有关应用研究主要围绕其两大核心特性展开:一是基于分数阶效应中的脉冲相位分布,实现脉冲重复周期的操控;二是效应中的实时傅立叶变换性质,实现频时映射。研究工作首先聚焦于脉冲重复率倍增,随后利用逆向机制实现脉冲重复频率的下降和脉冲功率的放大;进而利用其频时映射特性,将其拓展至实时频谱分析、脉冲位置的精细控制以及任意波形生成等领域。
高重复频率的光脉冲序列是高速光通信系统与微波光子信号处理的重要载体,上文的分数阶时域Talbot效应可以用于提升输入脉冲的重复率。例如,2010年,NEUMANN N等通过改变色散量以满足不同分数阶的条件,从而达到所需的重复率倍增[17]。在他们的实验中,以重复频率10 GHz的锁模半导体激光器作为光脉冲源,最高实现了90 GHz重复频率的脉冲输出。但是,应用该方法来提升脉冲重复频率,重复率倍增因子与色散量相关,难以灵活改变输出脉冲的重复率。因此,如何基于固定色散介质实现倍增因子的灵活可调,成为了后续研究的重点。
为了解决这一灵活性难题,研究者引入了相位预调制技术。在分数阶效应中,在输入脉冲序列实现重复频率倍增的同时,脉冲会发生如式(5)中的相移,即exp(-jφn)=exp(-js/qπn2),(n=0, 1, 2, …, q-1)。基于这种相位特点,通过在色散介质前引入相位预调制,结合一定的色散量,可以实现从某一个分数阶到另外一个分数阶的转换,从而实现倍增因子的灵活调控,同时色散量大小无需改变。例如,从1/2阶到3/4阶可以实现脉冲的二倍频,而从1/3阶到4/9阶则可以实现三倍频,但这两种不同情况使用的色散量却相同。2016年,AZANA J团队演示了这种通过相位预编码,利用固定色散量,实现了脉冲重复频率的灵活倍增[18-19],其倍增因子由相位预编码信号决定,其系统结构和原理如图2所示。在实验当中,他们通过改变相位信号,成功将一个初始重复率为9.7 GHz的光脉冲序列,基于固定色散实现了2倍、3倍和4倍的速率倍增,分别获得19.4 GHz、29.1 GHz和38.8 GHz的高重复率的输出脉冲序列。这种脉冲重复频率倍增方法的另一个好处是基于相位调制,若不考虑色散传输损耗,该过程不损失脉冲的能量。
除了前述的基于相位调制方法,利用强度调制也可以实现固定色散下的脉冲重复率灵活倍增。在该方法中,通过二进制强度调制降低脉冲序列的重复频率,使得脉冲重复率和固定的色散量在某一分数阶效应下匹配,从而利用分数阶效应实现重复频率的倍增。2017年,香港中文大学研究团队演示了这种方法[20],在他们的实验中,输入脉冲序列的重复频率为 9.72 GHz,经过不同的二进制强度调整码型和固定色散后,成功实现了将原始脉冲重复率的2倍、4倍和8倍增加。该方法的主要缺点是强度调制会引入脉冲能量的损失,另外,该方法对强度调制器的消光比也有较高的要求。
上述两种方法分别存在驱动信号复杂或能量损耗大的局限。为此,利用时域Talbot效应中蕴含的傅立叶变换性质也可以实现基于固定色散的灵活重复率倍增。首先,通过强度调制对输入脉冲序列进行调制,目的是得到均匀加密的谱线,相当于对频谱进行雕琢,然后通过一满足Talbot条件的色散介质,利用实时傅立叶变换特性(即频域到时域映射特性),实现脉冲重复频率的倍增。LI Zijian等于2024年设计的可编程脉冲重复率倍增系统[21]如图3所示,利用预先设计的一周期为q的二进制调制信号{bn},对输入光脉冲序列进行强度调制。由于该系数序列的离散傅立叶变换满足幅度恒定的条件,调制后的光信号的频谱呈现平坦特性,且频率间隔缩小了q倍,通过色散介质后,由于频时映射特性,加密的谱线也反映到输出信号上,因而实现了脉冲重复频率q倍的增加。在该方案中,调制信号的正负值,可通过将马赫-曾德尔调制器(Mach-Zehnder Modulator, MZM)偏置于零点并施加正负驱动电压来实现。相比于前述方案,该方案显著改善了能量效率,还降低了对调制器消光比的要求。
为了更直观地展示上述不同脉冲重复率倍增技术的性能差异,表1对文中提到的三种主要方案进行了详细对比。相位预编码方案虽然能量效率最高,但由于需要生成多电平信号,对驱动信号通常会有较高时速率要求;二进制强度调制方案驱动最简便,却因压制脉冲导致系统能效最低;复振幅编码方案则实现了二者的折衷,在保持低驱动复杂度的同时显著改善了系统能效。在硬件限制方面,三种方案各有瓶颈。相位方案的性能受限于任意波形发生器(Arbitrary Waveform Generator, AWG)的带宽,强度预编码方案则对调制器的消光比提出较高要求,而复振幅编码方案则MZM的直流偏置稳定性最为敏感,工作点的漂移将直接影响倍增质量。
与脉冲重复率倍增的过程互逆,利用时域Talbot效应不仅可以将脉冲能量分散,也可以将分散的能量重新聚焦。前述的时域Talbot分数阶效应当中,从整数阶到分数阶可以实现脉冲重复频率的倍增;而从分数阶到整数阶则可实现重复率的倍减,由于脉冲串总的能量守恒,输出单个脉冲的能量会相应倍增,这可用于脉冲的无源放大。为此,可对一脉冲序列进行相位调制,使其在相位分布上呈现出在特定分数阶效应处才具有的相位关系[22],再经过剩余的分数阶色散后,会实现从分数阶到整数阶的转换,脉冲重复频率下降,来自多个脉冲的能量会汇聚到单个脉冲上,从而实现了脉冲无源放大[23]。在该方案中,为实现q倍的脉冲放大,需要实现q倍的脉冲重复频率下降,为此,可以选择从(q-1)/q阶到1阶的转换,所需的色散量相当于Φ¨=T2/(2πq)。由于该放大过程无有源器件的参与,不会增加额外的噪声,此外,脉冲原有的非相干噪声因相位随机而无法有效叠加,可使得输出脉冲的信噪比得以提升。
基于此聚焦特性,该技术可将处理对象从脉冲序列延伸至连续光。上述从分数阶到整数阶的转化可称之为逆时域Talbot效应,该效应的一个有趣应用是将一输入的连续光信号转化为脉冲光输出。输入的连续光可视为前后接续的方波脉冲,将连续光调制上一阶梯状相位信号后,使连续光的相位分布上呈现出在某一分数阶处的相位分布,再经过一定色散量的色散介质,可实现从分数阶到整数阶的转换,从而出现周期性的光脉冲,脉冲周期等于调制相位信号的周期,脉冲宽度则由相位信号单比特的宽度决定。该系统原理如图4所示,该系统实际上是空间Talbot光束汇聚器的时域等效物,FERNANDEZ-POUSA C R等将该系统称之为时域Talbot Array Illuminator(T-TAI)。该系统实际上就是利用逆Talbot效应对一个相位周期内的连续波进行无源放大,将其高效地转换为无啁啾、大消光比的高质量脉冲串。在较低倍增系数下,实验展现出超过70%的能量转换效率和灵活可调的重复频率与脉冲宽度,突破了传统时间透镜方案在能量效率与脉冲质量上的瓶颈[24-25]。
随着对能量聚焦效应研究的深入,研究者开始尝试将其应用于极端条件下的信号恢复。在上述的连续光转换成脉冲串的过程中,因能量守恒,脉冲串的幅度会远大于连续波的幅度。利用这种无源放大的过程,加拿大AZANA J团队2022年提出了基于T-TAI的微弱信号放大技术[26]。如图5所示,输入为一低信噪比的光信号,通过T-TAI系统后,输出的脉冲信号相当于原输入信号采样后的脉冲序列,由于无源放大的作用,脉冲幅度远高于原信号的幅度,而原有的噪声因随机性而无法有效叠加,因而输出的是一经过放大且信噪比远高于输入信号的脉冲采样信号。由于相位信号的周期决定了输出脉冲时间间隔,为满足奈奎斯特采样定理,相位信号的周期必须小于输入信号最快变化特征的时间宽度。在实验中,成功实现超过110倍的无源放大增益,从被噪声淹没的输入信号中有恢复出了高信噪比的信号。该技术甚至能够恢复功率低于探测器灵敏度的微弱信号,相比于带通滤波去噪,该方案同时具备噪声抑制和信号放大功能。该技术在微弱信号放大、识别和提取等应用中将有良好的潜力。
除了间隔均匀的脉冲序列外,生成非均匀脉冲序列也是一些微波光子信号处理领域的重要需求。前文所述的应用基于分数阶Talbot效应,而整数阶Talbot效应也有很有意思的相关应用,例如Talbot激光器[27]。Talbot激光器可以通过一光移频环实现,在环路中利用整数阶Talbot效应实现主动锁相,引入额外的相位调制精确控制光学脉冲的产生时刻。只有在调相信号的过零点时刻,才满足各光场分量同相叠加条件,进而在该瞬间形成脉冲。通过控制一个周期内过零点的数量与位置,即可自由定义非均匀的脉冲序列码型。2023年,电子科技大学研究团队提出了这种基于Talbot激光器的脉冲位置控制方案[27],在实验中,通过向移频环内施加频率约为7.2 MHz的相位信号,成功实现了对输出光脉冲在时间位置上的灵活编程。不仅生成了脉冲间隔呈线性、二次函数和正弦规律变化的光脉冲序列,通过加载二进制编码信号,还可精确生成具有特定脉冲位置的脉冲序列。该方案的优势是通过低频驱动波形,即可控制输出光脉冲的位置。尽管对光源的相干性和稳定性提出较高的要求,但该方案能生成背景干净、对比度高的线性啁啾、二进制编码等非均匀脉冲序列。
不同于上述需要复杂腔体设计的生成方案,本课题组提出了另一种实现脉冲位置控制的思路。其主要机理是利用时域Talbot效应当中的实时傅立叶变换现象,并结合调频信号的调制,实现输出脉冲序列脉冲位置的控制[28]。如图6(a)所示,输入一均匀脉冲序列,经电光调制器以载波抑制单边带调制的方式注入一调频信号,所需的脉冲位置信号预先编码到调频信号的瞬时频率当中,已调脉冲串通过一满足整数阶Talbot效应的色散介质后,由于实时傅立叶变换特性(即频率到时间映射),脉冲处的瞬时频率转化为输出脉冲的时间位置,即ω→t/Φ¨0,从而实现了脉冲时间位置的调控。理论和实验结果表明,该方法可将均匀的输入脉冲序列转化为位置可调控的非均匀序列,输入和输出脉冲列的平均重复率保持不变。在实验中,针对输入重频为7.88 GHz、脉宽约20 ps的光脉冲序列,成功实现了峰峰值约为32 ps的脉冲位置正弦调制。实验测得的脉冲位置偏移随时间变化的轨迹与理论模型高度吻合[28],验证了该方案具有极高的调控精准度。该方法的一个好处是可处理极高重频的脉冲串,且输出脉冲串可保持窄脉宽特性。我们还将产生的位置调制脉冲串作为非均匀采样脉冲应用于光子奈奎斯特折叠接收机系统,显著提升了系统的信号接收带宽。在实验中,运用平均重频为7.88 GHz的非均匀采样脉冲,实现了对最高频率达34 GHz的多音信号的采样和接收,通过对混叠成分的时频图分析,如图6(b)所示,完美实现了信号的恢复和重构。该工作表明,由Talbot脉冲位置调控方式可产生高重频、窄脉宽的高质量非均匀脉冲串,并可用于大幅提高非均匀采样系统的信号带宽并改善信号接收和恢复性能。
时域Talbot效应中蕴含的实时傅立叶变换现象,是对宽带微波毫米波信号进行实时频谱分析的工具。一脉冲序列,首先通过电光调制器调制上待测信号,然后经过一满足Talbot条件的色散介质,每个周期内的输出脉冲信号会在时域上反映出待测信号的瞬时频谱特性,由于该过程是连续不断的,可应用于高速动态信号的实时频谱分析[13]。2020年,AZANA J团队对此进行了进一步的理论与实验工作,他们指出,上述过程,可理解为对待测信号的短时傅立叶变换,相当于系统在每个脉冲周期都对信号进行了一次短时傅立叶变换,而时间窗口大小是由单个脉冲经色散展宽后的时宽决定。由于连续的分析窗口之间存在极高的重叠率,确保了对高速动态信号的完全无间隙覆盖,从而实现无间隙的实时频谱分析[13]。由于在一个脉冲周期内所允许最大的脉冲偏离为T/2,根据频时映射关系ω→t/Φ¨,系统可测量的最高频率为fs /2,即输入脉冲重频fs的一半。系统的频率分辨率可写为δf=δt/(2πΦ¨)=δt/T2=δt⋅fs2,其中δt为脉冲宽度。由此可以看出,为了获得更大测量带宽fs,会不可避免使频率分辨率δf增大,从而导致分辨率恶化。在实际系统中,需要在电域进行定量分析,而在带宽有限的接收系统中(光电探测器、处理电路等),脉冲宽度δt被拉伸,更会加重这一点,所以改善其频谱分辨率成为亟待解决的问题。
针对上述频谱分辨率受限的问题,本课题组提出引入逆时域Talbot效应来时域放大输出窗口宽度的方法予以改善[29]。通过在调制前对输入脉冲序列施加p/q分数阶的脉冲相位关系,让光脉冲序列在特定色散量中发生分数阶到整数阶的转换,使得输出脉冲序列的重复率倍减q倍,从而输出时间窗口宽度拉伸q倍。与此同时,在被拉伸的输出窗口内,调制信号的映射结果也被等比拉伸,使得系统的频谱分辨率提升到δf=δt⋅fs2/q。我们所提的分辨率增强型动态频谱分析方法如图7(a)所示,通过在信号调制前对脉冲串进行相位预编码,该方法在保持系统频谱分析宽带保持不变的前提下,成功将系统的频谱分辨率提升了q倍,有效解耦了测量范围与频谱分辨率这两个相互制约的性能指标,显著提升了在实际复杂环境下的频谱分辨率。实验结果如图7(b)所示,通过测量吉赫兹范围不同输入频率下的输出脉冲时间间隔,进而根据频时映射关系反推出的调制信号频率,其结果与理论模型高度一致,也证实了该方法的有效性。
除了测量分辨率,测量带宽是限制该技术应用的另一障碍。具体而言,为了改善测量频率范围B受限于输入光脉冲重复率的瓶颈(即B≤fs),本课题组进一步提出利用分数阶效应提升脉冲重复率的方法予以解决[30]。在该方案中,将满足整数阶时域Talbot效应所需的总色散量分解为两段级联的色散。其中,第一段色散精确满足(q-1)/q阶的分数阶条件,在待测射频信号被调制前,输入光脉冲序列经历第一段色散,由于分数阶效应,实现q倍的重复率倍增。经过倍频的高速脉冲序列,经电光调制器对宽带射频信号进行采样,并经由第二段色散补全总相位演变,确保整个系统依然遵循整数阶效应以完成实时傅立叶变换。基于此方案可实现带宽增强型实时频谱分析,该方法可将脉冲重复频率与测量频率范围提升q倍,即B≤q⋅fs。实验中,以6.6 GHz光脉冲序列作为输入光源,通过对比整数阶、1/3阶及1/9阶的分数阶Talbot效应,证明了频谱分析带宽会随分数阶的阶数成倍的增加。在实验中,利用1/9阶效应,频率测量范围被提升至29.7 GHz,并成功对15 GHz单音和7 GHz与21 GHz的双音信号进行了实时分析。
利用时域Talbot效应中蕴含的实时傅立叶变换性质,也可以用于高速任意波形的生成。例如,一较低重复频率光脉冲序列首先通过电光调制器,其幅度被一个周期为q的多电平信号序列{mn}进行幅度编码,编码值由对需要的任意波形进行逆离散傅立叶变换计算得出,该脉冲序列被注入色散量满足Talbot效应的色散介质,一方面,输出脉冲的幅度{Ak}由{mn}的离散傅立叶变换的模确定,即Ak∝∑nmn⋅exp(-j2πnk/q),(n, k=0, 1, 2, …, q-1, …),另一方面,脉冲重复频率也增加至原先的q倍[31]。香港中文大学SHU C研究团队理论和实验验证了该方法用于高速任意波形生成的可行性,实验中,他们以9.76 GHz光脉冲为基础,实现了对重复频率高达78.08 GHz的高速脉冲包络的灵活调控,生成二进制、抛物线形、方形和三角形等多种复杂波形。该方法不仅降低了对大带宽电子器件的依赖,也提供了一种高效,易于控制的任意波形生成方法。
上述生成方法依赖于离散傅立叶变换,需要注入高速多电平信号,对信号发生器的性能有较高要求。我们为此提出了另一种思路,利用模拟信号在频域上构建目标波形,然后利用频时映射产生所需要的时域波形[12]。首先,输入脉冲序列被一多音射频信号调制,该多音信号包含的射频频率和功率根据波形需要设计,因而其频谱X(ω)经由调制过程被编码到光信号的光学边带上,在频域上构造出目标波形包络。当此调制光信号通过满足整数阶条件的色散介质时,该调制脉冲串的频谱被映射为输出时域包络,从而生成所需的目标波形。该系统结构如图8所示,输出脉冲的时间位置与其对应的调制频率依旧满足线性的映射关系t=Φ¨0×ω,意味着该过程将不同频率的光学边带成分在时间轴上线性地分离和排列开来,而每个子脉冲的幅度由多音射频信号的对应频率分量的功率决定。图8验证了射频频率与脉冲时间位置以及射频功率与脉冲幅度的映射关系,当单音射频调制信号的功率从-14 dBm降低至-17 dBm时,输出时域波形中的边带子脉冲幅度也随之显著减小。该方法通过选择不同的调制方式,可以灵活控制生成波形的对称性,采用标准的双边带调制可生成对称性波形,而采用单边带调制则能生成锯齿波等非对称性波形。相比于前述基于离散傅立叶变换的任意波形产生方法,该方法无需调制信号与光脉冲间的同步,仅需控制射频信号的频率、功率就可以产生高速任意波形,另外,如果在方案中采用分数阶的效应,还可以实现重复频率的倍增,即可以在时域上压缩生成的波形,进一步提高信号带宽。值得注意的是,该方案所产生波形的保真度与调制器的非线性特性相关,较大的调制深度会引入谐波和互调失真,在目标频谱之外产生杂散边带,这些杂散边带经频时映射后会在时域上形成不必要的脉冲噪声,因而在实际系统中需要控制射频信号调制时的调制深度以抑制杂散脉冲的产生。
除了前文详述的脉冲重复率倍增、无源放大、脉冲位置调控、实时频谱分析及任意波形生成等关键应用,时域Talbot效应还在其他方面具有实际价值,进一步拓展了其在微波光子学、光通信、光计算等领域的应用。
首先是在时域隐身方面的应用,前述的T-TAI技术,可将连续波转换为脉冲波形输出,相当于在时间轴上大幅缩窄了载波的持续时间,这为时域上的事件隐身提供可能[32]。例如,可利用逆分数阶Talbot效应,连续波调相后并经历色散后,可自然演变出的窄时宽的脉冲序列,从而打开了所谓的时间间隙,需要隐身的事件操作可在此间隙进行,从而避免了事件对原载波的影响,在事件发生过后,再经历特定分数阶色散,脉冲载波再转换为连续波载波,在此载波上,无法观察到任何事件的发生。LUKENS J M等利用此原理[32],在电信数据传输速率下将时间间隙(即隐身窗口)提升至46%。
本课题组还尝试将时域Talbot效应中的实时傅立叶变换特性应用于微波信号的频率测量中[33]。我们利用了实时傅立叶变换的频时映射机理,通过输出波形的时域特征实时提取待测信号的瞬时频率,结合双平行马赫-曾德尔调制器引入的脉冲干涉,将由到达角产生的信号相位差映射到输出脉冲的相对幅度上,从而实现了频率与到达角的同时精准测量。我们还基于时域Talbot效应,设计了具有复数输出功能的离散傅立叶变换系统[34],旨在为光计算提供新途径。
论文[35]则指出了时域Talbot效应在大数质因数分解上的应用,其主要利用了高斯和在质因数分解方面的潜力,而分数阶Talbot效应当中输出的各脉冲本质上就是相邻脉冲色散展宽后叠加的结果,也表现为高斯和的形式。通过调制飞秒脉冲序列的相位与时间延迟,实现多脉冲干涉以直接计算高斯和。这一工作将光学干涉与数论计算结合,展示了利用经典光场进行模拟计算的潜力,为基于光学的因数分解与信息处理提供了新途径[36]。
本文系统回顾了时域自成像(Talbot)效应相关的现象、原理及其在微波光子学等领域的关键应用,其中也包含了作者所在课题组近期的有关工作。大多数应用都与脉冲重频的增减、脉冲位置调控以及实时傅立叶变换特性相关,这些应用也逐渐受到重视。利用分数阶效应可实现脉冲重复率倍增,而更高的脉冲重复率可以用于实现多种多样的功能,例如2021年报道的高性能波长组播系统[37],以及在双梳测量领域的应用[38]。而通过对脉冲进行相位预编码,结合色散可实现逆分数阶效应,可用于降低脉冲的重复频率,其中重要的应用是光脉冲的无源放大以及微弱信号放大。时域Talbot效应蕴含的实时傅立叶变换现象,来源于色散傅立叶变换效应,会将调制的连续信号或者离散信号反映到输出波形上,可用于实时频谱分析、任意波形生成、光计算等领域。该效应的实时傅立叶变换特性也为脉冲位置控制,或者非均匀脉冲串的产生,提供了可行途径,有望用于高速通信的脉冲位置调制、面向超宽带信号接收的非均匀采样等领域。除了这些,时域Talbot效应在大数质因数分解、时域隐身中的有关应用也非常具有科学价值。由于篇幅限制,时域Talbot效应相关的分数阶傅立叶变换[39-40]、Talbot激光器[41]等值得研究的领域,本文并未过多着墨。时域Talbot效应的实际应用目前仍面临诸多挑战。首先是对传输介质的高阶色散与非线性效应的精确管控,实际应用中需消除破坏自成像的高阶色散以构建所谓完美自成像效应[38],同时也需注意高功率下克尔非线性的干扰[42]。其次是片上集成问题,为了满足未来光子系统对尺寸、重量、功耗和成本(Size, Weight, Power and Cost, SWaP-C)的严苛要求,亟需在有限芯片尺寸内实现时域Talbot效应所需巨大色散。虽然波导光栅或移频环等方案可模拟等效色散,但仍需克服加工误差敏感、热稳定性差及高耦合损耗等工程瓶颈[43-45]。
综上所述,时域Talbot效应展现出丰富而独特的物理特性,通过色散介质对周期性光脉冲序列进行相位调控,可实现无源、线性的高速信号处理功能。随着新型色散器件工艺的进步和光子集成技术的发展,相信上述瓶颈将逐步被突破,时域Talbot效应将为微波光子学、光通信以及光信号处理等领域开辟新的技术途径。

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2026年第55卷第3期
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doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265503.0355106
  • 接收时间:2025-11-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-10
  • 出版时间:2026-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-17
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    1杭州电子科技大学 通信工程学院,杭州 310018
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