Article(id=1315741569601352696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315741514865689424, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3788/gzxb20265503.0355104, pmid=null, cstr=32255.14.gzxb20265503.0355104, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1764432000000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1768838400000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-20, onlineDate=1791626835489, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1774368000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791626835489, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791626835489, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791626835489, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315741514865689424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, year='2026', volume='55', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='378', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774368000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791626822438, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791626932547, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315741977111540218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315741514865689424, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315741977111540219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315741514865689424, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=71, endPage=86, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315741569983034362, articleId=1315741569601352696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=EN, title=Photonic-enabled Microwave/millimeter-wave Phased Array Antennas: A Review of Three Typical Architectures (Invited), columnId=1315741516451136338, journalTitle=Acta Photonica Sinica, columnName=Special Issue for Microwave Photonics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Phased array antennas, renowned for their capability to flexibly control spatially radiated electromagnetic waves, are widely used in fields such as communications, detection, and electronic warfare. As system demands for higher gain and broader operating bandwidth continue to increase, phased array antennas are evolving toward larger scales and higher operating frequencies.

Photonics technology exhibits notable advantages including strong resistance to electromagnetic interference, low transmission loss, and large operating bandwidth, offering new possibilities for further enhancing the performance of phased array antennas. By integrating optical and electromagnetic waves and leveraging the flexible control of optical parameters such as delay and intensity, it has become an important direction for the development of microwave and millimeter-wave phased array antennas. Within the framework of optoelectronic integration, relevant technical approaches can be categorized into three typical implementations: optical true-time-delay phased arrays, laser-space-fed phased arrays, and optically controlled metasurface antennas. The first two focus on providing high-precision time delay in the optical domain or through optical links, while the latter employs optical means to dynamically control the electromagnetic response of metasurface units.

Specifically, optical true-time-delay phased arrays utilize the large tuning range and low-loss characteristics of optical delay lines to achieve real-time delay control in the optical domain, effectively mitigating beam squint issues during wideband, large-angle scanning, thereby supporting beamforming and steering of wideband signals. Laser-space-fed phased arrays leverage the low-crosstalk nature of laser carriers to transmit optically carried microwave and millimeter-wave signals to radiating elements via free-space optical links, offering the potential to simplify complex electrical interconnections in large-scale arrays and providing a new technical pathway for implementing high-frequency, large-scale phased arrays. Optically controlled metasurface antennas retain the advantages of electronic metasurfaces, such as low cost and easy integration, while introducing light as an additional control dimension to enhance flexible beam manipulation. Moreover, thanks to the good penetration of light in underwater environments, this technology shows potential for future integrated space-air-ground-sea systems. It is worth noting that the rapid development of optoelectronic integration technology is driving continuous improvements in the performance, integration level, and cost-effectiveness of photonic devices. This lays a solid foundation for the miniaturization, integration, and weight reduction of optoelectronically integrated phased array systems, and also points to important technical directions for addressing the limitations in array scale.

This paper focuses on optoelectronically integrated microwave and millimeter-wave phased array antenna technology, with emphasis on the three typical architectures mentioned above: optical true-time-delay phased arrays, laser-space-fed phased arrays, and optically controlled metasurface antennas. It outlines their key technologies and development trajectories, reviews representative research progress, and, on this basis, analyzes and prospects the future application potential of optoelectronic integration technology in the field of optoelectronically converged phased arrays.

, authors=Hao JIANG1, 2, Yuqian TANG1, 2, Xinyi ZHANG1, 2, Guoxiong SHEN1, 2, Fan YANG1, 2, Feiliang CHEN1, 2, Yang LIU1, 2, Haiquan ZHAO1, 2, Mo LI1, 2, Jian ZHANG1, 2, authorsList=Hao JIANG, Yuqian TANG, Xinyi ZHANG, Guoxiong SHEN, Fan YANG, Feiliang CHEN, Yang LIU, Haiquan ZHAO, Mo LI, Jian ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Mo LI, Jian ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315741577172070423, articleId=1315741569601352696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=CN, title=光电融合微波毫米波相控阵天线技术:三类典型架构综述(特邀), columnId=1315741519718494875, journalTitle=光子学报, columnName=“微波光子学”专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

相控阵天线波束可控性强,调控速度快,是雷达、通信等无线电系统的关键技术之一。随着无线电系统向高频率和大带宽方向发展,相控阵天线面临通道串扰加剧、高频段电磁波损耗增加、波束倾斜严重等挑战。相较于传统电子学技术,光子学技术具有抗干扰性强、损耗低、带宽大等显著特点,通过光域调控电磁波有望突破传统电子学相控阵的性能瓶颈。与此同时,硅基光电子集成技术的发展进一步促进了光子技术在微波、毫米波相控阵中的应用。本文重点围绕光延时相控阵、激光空馈相控阵及光控超表面天线三种典型光电融合微波毫米波相控阵天线,分析其中关键技术,并综述其相关研究进展。最后,对光电集成技术在光电融合相控阵天线领域的发展前景进行了展望。

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(a) Work in Ref. [15]; (b) Work in Ref. [16]; (c) Work in Ref. [20]; (d) Work in Ref. [21], figureFileSmall=rkVkkPo2p8J1KG3SM2feOQ==, figureFileBig=ueGxYzaWgxaOy3MWg3cIHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741588458942587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741569601352696, language=CN, label=图2, caption=毫米波光延时相控阵相关工作。(a)文献[15]工作;(b)参考文献[16]工作;(c)参考文献[20]工作;(d)参考文献[21]工作, figureFileSmall=rkVkkPo2p8J1KG3SM2feOQ==, figureFileBig=ueGxYzaWgxaOy3MWg3cIHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741588530245756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741569601352696, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Principle of laser spatial-feed phased array. (a) Collimating property of Fourier lens; (b) Laser spatial-feed array antenna with a fourier lens; (c) Laser spatial-feed array antenna integrated with phase shifters, figureFileSmall=lmEpquwP/vNPSJK7+fn9dA==, figureFileBig=XBPr1ssFyRtU/ZEPdS5rRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741588639297662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741569601352696, language=CN, label=图3, caption=空馈相控阵原理。(a)傅里叶透镜准直特性;(b)基于傅里叶透镜的激光空馈相控阵;(c)移相器加载的激光空馈相控阵, figureFileSmall=lmEpquwP/vNPSJK7+fn9dA==, figureFileBig=XBPr1ssFyRtU/ZEPdS5rRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741588710600831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741569601352696, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Related works on laser-fed phased arrays. (a) Work in Ref. [23]; (b) Work in Ref. [24]; (c) Work in Ref. [25]; (d) Work in Ref. [27], figureFileSmall=AmAZEbeHNxV+TMr+cLrkCA==, figureFileBig=/JujAEIV92q+mMPdovO5cw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741590371545216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741569601352696, language=CN, label=图4, caption=激光空馈相控阵相关工作。(a)文献[23]工作;(b)参考文献[24]工作;(c)参考文献[25]工作;(d)参考文献[27]工作, figureFileSmall=AmAZEbeHNxV+TMr+cLrkCA==, figureFileBig=/JujAEIV92q+mMPdovO5cw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741590488985730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741569601352696, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Operating principle of an optically controlled metasurface, figureFileSmall=bHfzyumDLP8moI58WjOjng==, figureFileBig=kTwzc09WKR3xOALGNEdcfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741590560288899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741569601352696, language=CN, label=图5, caption=光控超表面工作原理, figureFileSmall=bHfzyumDLP8moI58WjOjng==, figureFileBig=kTwzc09WKR3xOALGNEdcfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741592644857989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741569601352696, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Optically controlled metasurface based on a photodiode. (a) Work in Ref. [35]; (b) Work in Ref. [36]; (c) Work in Ref. [37]; (d) Work in Ref. [38], figureFileSmall=I1gfejOEIe/4BhebmXDF6Q==, figureFileBig=MMH6OQV+6ACkwsHbi63qAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741592753909894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741569601352696, language=CN, label=图6, caption=基于光电二极管的光控超表面相关工作。(a)文献[35]工作;(b)参考文献[36]工作;(c)参考文献[37]工作;(d)参考文献[38]工作, figureFileSmall=I1gfejOEIe/4BhebmXDF6Q==, figureFileBig=MMH6OQV+6ACkwsHbi63qAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741592829407367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741569601352696, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Principle of tunable optical delay lines. (a) Wavelength-selective tunable optical delay line; (b) switched-type tunable optical delay line, figureFileSmall=Uohg6OJMT1DDJTP+vdaG8A==, figureFileBig=GsxyTZmSj3Y5a4vEsptqmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741592921682056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741569601352696, language=CN, label=图7, caption=可调光延时线原理。(a)波长选择型可调光延时线;(b)开关切换型可调光延时线, figureFileSmall=Uohg6OJMT1DDJTP+vdaG8A==, figureFileBig=GsxyTZmSj3Y5a4vEsptqmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741593009762442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741569601352696, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Multi-channel on-chip optical time delay network. (a) Work in Ref. [53]; (b) Work in Ref. [54]; (c) Work in Ref. [55], figureFileSmall=KcRVvrtgl5QA4nq/Yw/V4Q==, figureFileBig=CihiWDVyOGlLnsiHWgDoRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741593118814347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741569601352696, language=CN, label=图8, caption=片上集成多通道光延时网络。(a)文献[53]工作;(b)参考文献[54]工作;(c)参考文献[55]工作, figureFileSmall=KcRVvrtgl5QA4nq/Yw/V4Q==, figureFileBig=CihiWDVyOGlLnsiHWgDoRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741594972696718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741569601352696, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=On-chip optically generated microwave/millimeter-wave antenna. (a) Work in Ref. [17]; (b) work in Ref. [27]; (c) work in Ref. [61]; (d) work in Ref. [64]; (e) Work in Ref. [65]; (f) Work in Ref. [67], figureFileSmall=xfzOcBM43lWCCEVRhL3M8Q==, figureFileBig=vD/tCqfqAxHJjCTE0tnJpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741595048194191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741569601352696, language=CN, label=图9, caption=片上集成光生微波毫米波天线。(a)文献[17]工作;(b)参考文献[27]工作;(c)参考文献[61]工作;(d)参考文献[64]工作;(e)参考文献[65]工作;(f)参考文献[67]工作, figureFileSmall=xfzOcBM43lWCCEVRhL3M8Q==, figureFileBig=vD/tCqfqAxHJjCTE0tnJpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741595148857489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741569601352696, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Representative works on optical true-time-delay phased array

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
FrequencyArrar scaleSteering rangeResearch institutionYearReference
2/9 GHz1×4±28°Hughes Research Laboratories1991[6]
2.5~3.5 GHz4×418°Thales Group1996[7]
0.35~2.1 GHz1×16±45°Westinghouse Electric Corporation1994[8]
40 GHz\\National Laboratory of Photonic Networks2014[9]
2~4 GHz1×460°University of Electronic Science and Technology of China2006[10]
0.01~12 GHz1×440°Shanghai Jiao Tong University2014[11]
0~12 GHz1×N\Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics2015[12]
2~10 GHz4×4\University of Twente2014[13]
24~29 GHz2×840°University of Pennsylvania2023[14]
93 GHz1×46 fixed anglesUniversity of California2019[15]
300 GHz1×430°Kyushu University2022[16-17]
280~330 GHz1×488°University of Duisburg-Essen2022[18]
26.5~29.5 GHz1×4±51.8°Ghent University2022[19]
210 GHz1×460°Universidad Carlos Ⅲ de Madrid2024[20]
110~145 GHz1×4±35°University of Electronic Science and Technology of China2025[21]
), ArticleFig(id=1315741595396321426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741569601352696, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

光延时相控阵代表性成果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
FrequencyArrar scaleSteering rangeResearch institutionYearReference
2/9 GHz1×4±28°Hughes Research Laboratories1991[6]
2.5~3.5 GHz4×418°Thales Group1996[7]
0.35~2.1 GHz1×16±45°Westinghouse Electric Corporation1994[8]
40 GHz\\National Laboratory of Photonic Networks2014[9]
2~4 GHz1×460°University of Electronic Science and Technology of China2006[10]
0.01~12 GHz1×440°Shanghai Jiao Tong University2014[11]
0~12 GHz1×N\Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics2015[12]
2~10 GHz4×4\University of Twente2014[13]
24~29 GHz2×840°University of Pennsylvania2023[14]
93 GHz1×46 fixed anglesUniversity of California2019[15]
300 GHz1×430°Kyushu University2022[16-17]
280~330 GHz1×488°University of Duisburg-Essen2022[18]
26.5~29.5 GHz1×4±51.8°Ghent University2022[19]
210 GHz1×460°Universidad Carlos Ⅲ de Madrid2024[20]
110~145 GHz1×4±35°University of Electronic Science and Technology of China2025[21]
), ArticleFig(id=1315741595476013204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741569601352696, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Representative works on laser spatial-feed array antennas

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
FrequencyArray scaleNumber of deflection anglesResearch institutionYearReference
2 GHz1×5N.A.Defence Evaluation and Research Agency1999[22]
20~40 GHz1×1515University of Delaware2023[23]
10~20 GHz2×82×5University of Delaware2025[25]
28 GHz2×2±30°
Two-dimensional continuous
beam steering
University of Pennsylvania2025[27]
), ArticleFig(id=1315741595547316373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741569601352696, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

激光空馈相控阵代表性成果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
FrequencyArray scaleNumber of deflection anglesResearch institutionYearReference
2 GHz1×5N.A.Defence Evaluation and Research Agency1999[22]
20~40 GHz1×1515University of Delaware2023[23]
10~20 GHz2×82×5University of Delaware2025[25]
28 GHz2×2±30°
Two-dimensional continuous
beam steering
University of Pennsylvania2025[27]
), ArticleFig(id=1315741595643785366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741569601352696, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Representative works on optically controlled metasurface

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Array scaleFrequencyResearch institutionYearReference
1×243.0~5.0 GHzAustralian National University2012[33]
36×363.7~4.1 GHzSoutheast University2018[35]
25×275.6 GHzShanghai University of Electric Power2020[30]
20×204.9~5.2 GHzSoutheast University2022[36]
10×106.35 GHzXidian University2022[31]
20×205.95 GHzShanghai University of Electric Power2022[32]
20×103.9~4.4 GHzSoutheast University2025[38]
), ArticleFig(id=1315741595870277784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741569601352696, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

光控超表面代表性成果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Array scaleFrequencyResearch institutionYearReference
1×243.0~5.0 GHzAustralian National University2012[33]
36×363.7~4.1 GHzSoutheast University2018[35]
25×275.6 GHzShanghai University of Electric Power2020[30]
20×204.9~5.2 GHzSoutheast University2022[36]
10×106.35 GHzXidian University2022[31]
20×205.95 GHzShanghai University of Electric Power2022[32]
20×103.9~4.4 GHzSoutheast University2025[38]
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姜昊 1, 2 , 唐玉倩 1, 2 , 张心怡 1, 2 , 申国雄 1, 2 , 杨帆 1, 2 , 陈飞良 1, 2 , 刘洋 1, 2 , 赵海全 1, 2 , 李沫 1, 2 , 张健 1, 2
光子学报 | “微波光子学”专题 2026,55(3): 71-86
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光电融合微波毫米波相控阵天线技术:三类典型架构综述(特邀)
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2Center for Electronics-Photonics Converged Millimeterwave and Terahertz Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1315741578258395174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741569601352696, authorId=1315741577889296417, language=CN, stringName=姜昊, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1电子科技大学 电子科学与工程学院, 成都 611731
2电子科技大学 光电融合毫米波太赫兹重点学科与技术研究中心, 成都 611731, bio={"content":"

姜昊,

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姜昊1, 2 , 唐玉倩1, 2, 张心怡1, 2, 申国雄1, 2, 杨帆1, 2, 陈飞良1, 2, 刘洋1, 2, 赵海全1, 2, 李沫1, 2 , 张健1, 2
作者信息
  • 1电子科技大学 电子科学与工程学院, 成都 611731
  • 2电子科技大学 光电融合毫米波太赫兹重点学科与技术研究中心, 成都 611731
通讯作者:
作者简介:
Photonic-enabled Microwave/millimeter-wave Phased Array Antennas: A Review of Three Typical Architectures (Invited)
Hao JIANG1, 2 , Yuqian TANG1, 2, Xinyi ZHANG1, 2, Guoxiong SHEN1, 2, Fan YANG1, 2, Feiliang CHEN1, 2, Yang LIU1, 2, Haiquan ZHAO1, 2, Mo LI1, 2 , Jian ZHANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
  • 2Center for Electronics-Photonics Converged Millimeterwave and Terahertz Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
出版时间: 2026-03-25 doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265503.0355104
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相控阵天线波束可控性强,调控速度快,是雷达、通信等无线电系统的关键技术之一。随着无线电系统向高频率和大带宽方向发展,相控阵天线面临通道串扰加剧、高频段电磁波损耗增加、波束倾斜严重等挑战。相较于传统电子学技术,光子学技术具有抗干扰性强、损耗低、带宽大等显著特点,通过光域调控电磁波有望突破传统电子学相控阵的性能瓶颈。与此同时,硅基光电子集成技术的发展进一步促进了光子技术在微波、毫米波相控阵中的应用。本文重点围绕光延时相控阵、激光空馈相控阵及光控超表面天线三种典型光电融合微波毫米波相控阵天线,分析其中关键技术,并综述其相关研究进展。最后,对光电集成技术在光电融合相控阵天线领域的发展前景进行了展望。

光电融合  /  相控阵  /  光延时  /  激光空馈  /  超表面

Phased array antennas, renowned for their capability to flexibly control spatially radiated electromagnetic waves, are widely used in fields such as communications, detection, and electronic warfare. As system demands for higher gain and broader operating bandwidth continue to increase, phased array antennas are evolving toward larger scales and higher operating frequencies.

Photonics technology exhibits notable advantages including strong resistance to electromagnetic interference, low transmission loss, and large operating bandwidth, offering new possibilities for further enhancing the performance of phased array antennas. By integrating optical and electromagnetic waves and leveraging the flexible control of optical parameters such as delay and intensity, it has become an important direction for the development of microwave and millimeter-wave phased array antennas. Within the framework of optoelectronic integration, relevant technical approaches can be categorized into three typical implementations: optical true-time-delay phased arrays, laser-space-fed phased arrays, and optically controlled metasurface antennas. The first two focus on providing high-precision time delay in the optical domain or through optical links, while the latter employs optical means to dynamically control the electromagnetic response of metasurface units.

Specifically, optical true-time-delay phased arrays utilize the large tuning range and low-loss characteristics of optical delay lines to achieve real-time delay control in the optical domain, effectively mitigating beam squint issues during wideband, large-angle scanning, thereby supporting beamforming and steering of wideband signals. Laser-space-fed phased arrays leverage the low-crosstalk nature of laser carriers to transmit optically carried microwave and millimeter-wave signals to radiating elements via free-space optical links, offering the potential to simplify complex electrical interconnections in large-scale arrays and providing a new technical pathway for implementing high-frequency, large-scale phased arrays. Optically controlled metasurface antennas retain the advantages of electronic metasurfaces, such as low cost and easy integration, while introducing light as an additional control dimension to enhance flexible beam manipulation. Moreover, thanks to the good penetration of light in underwater environments, this technology shows potential for future integrated space-air-ground-sea systems. It is worth noting that the rapid development of optoelectronic integration technology is driving continuous improvements in the performance, integration level, and cost-effectiveness of photonic devices. This lays a solid foundation for the miniaturization, integration, and weight reduction of optoelectronically integrated phased array systems, and also points to important technical directions for addressing the limitations in array scale.

This paper focuses on optoelectronically integrated microwave and millimeter-wave phased array antenna technology, with emphasis on the three typical architectures mentioned above: optical true-time-delay phased arrays, laser-space-fed phased arrays, and optically controlled metasurface antennas. It outlines their key technologies and development trajectories, reviews representative research progress, and, on this basis, analyzes and prospects the future application potential of optoelectronic integration technology in the field of optoelectronically converged phased arrays.

Optoelectronically converged  /  Phased array  /  Optical time delay  /  Laser-fed phased array  /  Metasurface
姜昊, 唐玉倩, 张心怡, 申国雄, 杨帆, 陈飞良, 刘洋, 赵海全, 李沫, 张健. 光电融合微波毫米波相控阵天线技术:三类典型架构综述(特邀). 光子学报, 2026 , 55 (3) : 71 -86 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265503.0355104
Hao JIANG, Yuqian TANG, Xinyi ZHANG, Guoxiong SHEN, Fan YANG, Feiliang CHEN, Yang LIU, Haiquan ZHAO, Mo LI, Jian ZHANG. Photonic-enabled Microwave/millimeter-wave Phased Array Antennas: A Review of Three Typical Architectures (Invited)[J]. Acta Photonica Sinica, 2026 , 55 (3) : 71 -86 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265503.0355104
相控阵天线凭借其对空间辐射电磁波灵活调控的特性,在通信、探测、电子对抗等领域拥有广泛的应用。随着系统对更高增益与更宽工作带宽的需求不断提升,相控阵天线正朝着更大规模和更高频率的方向发展。然而,阵面规模的增加不仅显著提高了设计复杂度,也使通道间的串扰抑制更为困难;同时,工作频率向毫米波乃至太赫兹频段的拓展,也因传输损耗的增加而面临严峻挑战。
在这一背景下,光子学技术展现出抗电磁干扰能力强、传输损耗低、工作带宽大等突出优势,为相控阵天线性能的进一步提升提供了新的可能[1-3]。通过光波与电磁波的融合,利用光在延时、强度等参数上的灵活调控能力,已成为微波与毫米波相控阵天线发展的重要方向之一。相控阵实现波束扫描的核心在于为各天线单元提供可控的附加相位或延时,使辐射电磁波在指定方向上实现相干叠加。传统实现方式主要依赖于电子学移相器或延时器,或通过调控天线单元自身的相位响应(如超表面天线)。在光电融合的框架下,相关技术路径可归纳为三类典型实现方式:光延时相控阵、激光空馈相控阵以及光控超表面天线。前两者侧重于在光域或光链路中提供高精度延时,后者则通过光控手段直接动态调控超表面单元的电磁响应。
具体来说,光延时相控阵利用光子延时线的大调谐范围与低损耗特性,在光域实现实时延时控制,能够有效缓解宽带大角度扫描时的波束倾斜问题,从而支持大带宽信号的波束形成与扫描。激光空馈相控阵则借助激光载波的低串扰特性,通过空间光链路传输光载微波毫米波信号至辐射单元,有望简化大规模阵列中复杂的电互连布线,为高频段大规模相控阵的实现提供了新的技术路径。而光控超表面天线在保留电子学超表面低成本、易集成优点的基础上,引入光作为调控维度,增强了对波束的灵活调控能力;同时,得益于光波在水下的良好穿透性,该技术在未来空天地海一体化系统中展现出潜在应用前景。值得指出的是,光电集成技术的快速发展[4,5]正推动光电子器件在性能、集成度与成本等方面的持续优化,这为实现光电融合相控阵系统的小型化、集成化与轻量化奠定了坚实基础,也为解决其阵面规模受限的问题指明了重要技术方向。
本文围绕光电融合微波毫米波相控阵天线技术,重点针对上述光延时相控阵、激光空馈相控阵与光控超表面天线三类典型架构,梳理其关键技术与发展脉络,评述代表性研究进展,并在此基础上对光电集成技术在光电融合相控阵领域的未来应用前景进行分析与展望。
针对宽带波束扫描应用场景,为避免天线孔径渡越效应,常常需要在天线射频链路中加载可调实时延时器来解决波束扫描过程中的空间色散问题。相比于传统的电子学延时相控阵,光延时相控阵利用了光子学延时器所具备的延时调谐带宽大、损耗低、高分辨率高等特性,受到了国内外学者的广泛关注。
典型的光延时相控阵的组成如图1所示,该天线主要由三部分组成,分别为光延时波束形成网络、光电转换阵列和实现导行电磁波与空间电磁波相互转换的终端天线阵面。
光延时波束形成网络对阵列中各通道的光延时量进行调控。在硬件实现方面,光延时波束形成网络的延时调控方式包括基于光路选择的延时控制和基于谐振微环的延时控制等方法。在延时量调控需求方面,以图1中的一维线阵为例,假设波束指向角为θ,阵列间距为d,则第k个通道所需提供的延时量为kd×sin(θ)。对于微波频段的光延时阵列天线,由于阵列间距较大,光延时分辨率需求一般为皮秒量级。而随着频率提升,阵列间距减小,毫米波频段光延时阵列天线往往需要亚皮秒量级的延时分辨率,以满足波束指向精度的需求。
光电转换阵列普遍采用如基于PIN结构的光电二极管(P-I-N Photodiode, PIN-PD)或单载流子光电二极管(Uni-Traveling-Carrier Photodiode, UTC-PD)等光电探测器实现。近年来,基于新型二维材料(如石墨烯等)的光电探测器也见诸报道。光电探测器一般存在偏振敏感,光电转换效率较低等问题。因此,在天线设计中,往往需要在光电探测器前级和后级分别增加偏振控制器及微波、毫米波频段放大器,以提升光电转换效率和输出信号功率。
光延时相控阵面向宽带应用场景,因此终端天线阵列需具备宽带特性,即在宽频段内驻波比低,增益波动小、方向图一致性高。同时,天线阵面还需要具备高效率、低损耗的特性,将尽可能多的电磁波能量通过天线向自由空间中辐射。此外,天线单元还需要具备较小电尺寸,以满足半波长布阵的需求。
自20世纪90年代起,美国、法国等西方国家即已开展光延时相控阵的相关研究。美国休斯研究所研究人员基于激光分路开关切换光载微波传输路径,分别在2 GHz和9 GHz频段实现了±28°波束扫描,扫描间隔为4°[6]。法国泰勒斯公司利用空间光调制器和偏振分束器进行空间光延时调控,在2.5~3.5 GHz实现了最大波束扫描角度为18°的一维阵列[7]。进一步地,为扩展扫描角度,美国西屋公司采用波分复用光时延网络,在0.35~2.1 GHz频段实现了16通道的一维扫描阵列,波束扫描范围覆盖±45°[8]。在带宽扩展方面,意大利PAOLO G等利用机械反射镜式光延时器,实现了工作在40 GHz的光延时相控阵[9]。
国内方面,2006年,电子科技大学的何子述教授团队提出了一种基于磁光开关的光延时相控阵,其工作频段为2~4 GHz波束最大指向角度能够达到60°[10]。2014年上海交通大学的陈建平教授团队提出了一种多通道多比特可编程的光延时相控阵[11],该系统由基于级联密集波分复用器和多个并联光延时子网组成,每个子网能够为天线阵列单元提供多比特的延时,该系统工作频率为0.01~12 GHz,最大扫描角度为40°。南京航天航空大学的潘时龙教授团队实现了基于可调色散光器件的光延时相控阵,并通过该阵列实现了在雷达系统上的高分辨率微波成像[12]。
在二维波束形成网络方面,当前普遍共用延时单元和波分复用的方法来减少延时单元和延时线的数量。BURLA M等提出一种基于波分复用和微环谐振器相结合的多波长集成波束形成网络。该工作利用不同波长的激光器、波分复用和解复用器件,将N×N天线阵列所需的微环延时器减少为log2N×N,有效降低了二维波束形成网络的复杂度,并在2~10 GHz设计了4×4通道的波束形成网络[13]。由于采用波分复用技术,系统中还需要加入N+1个波分复用/解复用器件。虽然波分复用/解复用器件可以采用无源器件实现,但也增加了芯片的整体尺寸。2023年,美国宾夕法尼亚大学提出了一种二维光延时相控阵天线,利用一种光子矩阵结构将延时单元数量从M×N减少至M+N个,降低了阵列芯片的功率及面积要求[14]。该团队实现了一个2×8的相控阵天线阵列,在24~29 GHz工作范围内,具有40°的二维波束扫描范围。
近年来,随着对通信速率需求的不断提升,毫米波及太赫兹频段的光延时相控阵也引起了学术界的广泛关注。2019年,美国加利福尼亚大学的LIU Y等提出了一个工作在93 GHz的1×4的光控相控阵天线阵列,并基于此阵列实现了无线通信[15],如图2(a)所示。2022年,日本九州大学的KATO K教授团队实现了一种能够工作在300 GHz的光延时相控阵天线,如图2(b)所示,最大波束调控调控角度为30°[16,17]。2022年,杜伊斯堡-埃森大学LU P等提出了一种采用漏波天线与磷化铟衬底UTC-PD集成的光延时相控阵,其工作带宽为280~330 GHz,最大扫描角度能够达到88°[18]。2022年,比利时根特大学提出了一种工作在26.5~29.5 GHz频段的光延时相控阵,天线阵列采用介质集成波导(SIW)结构,其最大扫描角度能够达到±51.8°[19]。2024年,CARPINTERO G也提出了采用1×4 UTC-PD和介质棒天线相组装的光延时相控阵,图2(c)展示了该天线的实现架构,测试结果表明天线可工作于210 GHz,最大扫描角度约为60°[20]。2025年,电子科技大学光电融合毫米波太赫兹技术团队实现了工作频率110~140 GHz,波束扫描范围覆盖±35°的1×4光延时阵列天线,如图2(d)所示,并提出了基于频差反演法的通道校准方案,以解决通道不一致导致的波束指向误差[21]。
光延时相控阵天线的代表性研究成果如表1所示。经过数十年来国内外科研人员的不断研究及发展,光延时相控阵的相关研究已覆盖低频、微波、毫米波频段,并展现出良好的宽带和大角度波束扫描性能。但是,光延时相控阵的阵面规模依然受限,当前研究成果集中于小规模的性能验证,如何实现更大规模的阵列,是光延时相控阵天线亟需突破的瓶颈。
相控阵天线需要分配参考信号以实现阵列单元相位同步,从而形成相干波束。随着频率提升以及阵面规模增加,高频电气互连线路布设愈发复杂,阵列单元的同步控制难度会显著增加。通道间串扰、欧姆损耗与基底损耗也会造成天线性能下降。
光子技术可辅助实现信号的生成与分配,因此基于激光空馈的相控阵天线引起了国内外研究人员的关注。与传统相控阵天线相比,激光空馈阵列天线通过引入自由空间光学技术,采用自由空间光路调控代替电子学移相器,并通过电光调制和光外差拍频等技术取代电子学相控阵天线中用于本振和信号合成的高频电路,一方面降低系统复杂度,另一方面也可以有效避免电磁耦合与干扰。与采用光纤互连实现单元同步的相控阵相比,激光空馈阵列天线在物理布线不适用的场景中更具灵活性。尤其是对于大规模阵列而言,当需要均匀分光且必须将等长光纤芯线与不同单元对准时,激光空馈阵列天线技术的优势更为明显。
激光空馈阵列天线较为常用的实现方法是利用傅里叶透镜的准直特性实现波束调控。傅里叶透镜的工作原理如图3(a)所示,假设一个点光源放置在透镜的前焦面(物面)上,其坐标为(x1, y1),根据惠更斯-菲涅耳原理,这个点光源会向前发射发散的球面波。当这些光线到达透镜表面时,它们的波前是一个以点光源为球心的球面。透镜的本质是一个相位调制器,理想薄透镜的透射函数表示为tl(x, y)=exp(-j×(π/(λf))×(x²+y²))。其中,λ是光波长,f是透镜焦距。透镜引入的二次相位因子exp(-jπr²/(λf))恰好与傍轴近似条件下入射球面波的发散相位exp(jπr²/(λf))相互抵消。抵消之后,透镜还会输出一个新的线性相位因子exp(-j×(2π/(λf))×(x1×x+y₁×y))。经过透镜的相位调制后,从透镜出射的光波,其等相面不再是球面,而是变成了平面。此平面波的传播方向,即(θx,θy),由新引入的线性相位因子的斜率决定。在傍轴近似下,θx≈x1/f,θy≈y1/f。
基于傅里叶透镜的相控阵天线系统架构如图3(b)所示。加载数据的光信号经放大后输入至M×N无阻塞光开关阵列,开关根据所需波束控制角度,选择一路信号输出,接入光纤阵列。光纤阵列辐射光源在经过傅里叶透镜后,形成线性斜率的等相位面,经过准直的光信号由接收端光纤阵列接收,经掺铒光纤放大器(Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier, EDFA)放大后,通过光电二极管下变频至毫米波频段。产生的下变频毫米波信号经功率放大后馈入天线单元进行空间辐射。根据傅里叶透镜的工作原理,位于光纤阵列上坐标为(x1, y1)的透镜,经过傅里叶透镜准直后,形成出射角为(θx,θy)的平面波。该角度信息经过接收光纤阵列与光混频器下变频后,保留在了辐射的毫米波信号中,因而可以实现毫米波波束指向的调控。基于傅里叶光学的波束成形技术在模拟光域实现,能显著减少相位调控、倍频等功能所需的射频组件和控制电路数量,且具备零功耗特点。同时,由于光波的大带宽特性,此方案为系统设计者提供了更大的自由度。只需调整光载射频信号的频率,并将前端组件(天线、放大器)匹配所需频率,即可实现不同频段的波束扫描。
早在1998年,来自英国国防评估与研究局电子部门的研究人员就在2 GHz频段验证了利用傅里叶透镜实现波束调控的可行性[22]。随着光电子器件工作频段的不断提升,在2023年,美国特拉华大学的研究人员将激光空馈阵列天线的工作频段扩展至了Ka(35 GHz)和W波段(77 GHz及86 GHz),如图4(a)和图4(b)所示[23,24]。在二维波束调控方面,该团队在2025年采用渐变槽天线作为辐射单元,设计了2×8的发射阵列,在水平方向和垂直方向均实现了10~20 GHz的超宽带波束扫描,如图4(c)所示[25,26]。
基于傅里叶透镜的激光空馈阵列天线仅能实现离散的波束,调控灵活性受限。为解决此问题,研究人员提出将毫米波移相器集成在辐射阵列中,以实现连续的波束调控,其工作原理如图3(c)所示。与使用傅里叶透镜进行波束调控不同,此方案的激光源从傅里叶透镜的轴心位置入射。激光源辐射的信号经傅里叶透镜准直后,馈入接收端的光纤阵列。经过EDFA放大后,送入光电混频器变频为毫米波信号,再通过移相器进行波束指向的调控。2025年,宾夕法尼亚大学的POURIA S等使用1 550 nm激光作为载波,在28 GHz设计了移相器加载的激光空馈相控阵[27]。天线阵面集成了2×2个可独立调控相位的子阵,每个子阵包含4个贴片天线单元,可实现方位、俯仰二维约±30°的波束扫描,如图4(d)所示。该团队研究人员基于此相控阵在0.45 m的距离下,实现了32 QAM调制,2 Gb/s的通信实验验证。
激光空馈相控阵天线的代表性成果如表2所示。得益于光子学技术的大带宽优势,激光空馈相控阵天线可以实现数十GHz的工作带宽,并且相较于光延时阵列天线,此项技术在阵面规模的扩展性和二维波束扫描实现方面具备较为突出的优势。
近年来,二维新材料技术的发展,为激光空馈相控阵提供了一种新的实现手段。其中,石墨烯凭借其超高载流子迁移率、宽光谱响应和室温工作等优势,有望突破传统半导体探测器的性能瓶颈。当激光信号照射于石墨烯表面,光子被石墨烯中的已有载流子吸收,使其变为高能热载流子,通过增强散射导致迁移率和电导率下降,从而产生可探测的电信号[28]。意大利光子网络技术实验室的ALBERTO M等实验验证了石墨烯取代传统UTC-PD等器件实现毫米波频段超宽带光电探测的可行性,并分析了基于石墨烯光电探测进行波束扫描的前景[29]。但是受石墨烯加工制备工艺的影响,杂质掺杂会导致石墨烯载流子迁移率降低,影响光电转换效率,当前基于石墨烯实现光电探测效率还需进一步提升。
超表面(metasurface)由周期排布的亚波长尺度微单元构成,通过调节微单元的幅度、相位响应特性,可实现对电磁波极化、波束指向、轨道角动量等宏观性能的调控。电控方式通常需要物理导线连接外部电源与控制电路,易引发直流与射频信号串扰,影响天线性能,并增加系统体积,此问题在大规模、功能复杂的场景下尤为明显。作为超表面天线技术的重要延伸,光控超表面天线融合了超表面的精准调控能力与光控技术的远程操控优势,形成了一种跨物理域的新型天线。
其工作原理如图5所示。其核心设计思想是:以光信号(可见光、红外激光等)作为控制媒介,替代传统的电导线控制方式,通过集成光电转换模块(如光电二极管阵列、光伏单元)将光信号的强度、频率或空间分布转化为相应的电信号(电压或电流),再利用这些电信号驱动超表面单元中加载的有源器件(如变容二极管、PIN二极管、微机电系统开关等),最终动态调整超表面的电磁特性,实现对天线辐射特性(波束方向、幅度、相位、极化模式等)的远程、非接触式控制。
从结构上看,光控方式省去了传统电调控中复杂的导线布线,避免了直流偏置信号与微波信号的串扰,同时减少了导线引入的损耗和电磁干扰,尤其适用于毫米波、太赫兹等高频段,因为这些频段对信号损耗更为敏感;从功能上看,光信号的空间调制能力(如通过投影实现不同区域的独立控制)让超表面天线可实现更复杂的动态功能。例如,通过激光束的空间扫描,可实时调整超表面不同区域的相位分布,实现波束的连续扫描或多波束的动态切换;从应用场景上看,非接触式光控使其能在诸如高温、强电磁干扰、水下等恶劣环境中稳定工作。例如在航天器上,可通过激光远程调控超表面天线的波束指向,避免了导线连接在真空环境下的可靠性问题;在跨介质通信中(如空-水界面),光控超表面可同时接收空气中的电磁波信号和水下的激光信号,通过光-电磁波的协同调控实现跨域信息转换。
光控超表面主要可分为以下两种实现方式:其一,是基于光电二极管的光控超表面,通过可见光照射光电二极管,为超表面单元的可调元器件提供偏压,从而实现超表面对电磁波的调控。第二是基于氧化钒(VO2)等光敏材料,通过泵浦光诱导超表面单元中光敏材料的相变特性,实现对电磁波的调控。
基于光电二极管的超表面,其核心是将光电二极管与诸如变容二极管、PIN管等可调谐器件集成于超表面中,通过设定光强梯度分布,可实现反射波束偏转、聚焦及散焦等功能[30-32]。2012年,澳大利亚国立大学KIVSHAR Y教授及其合作者提出并设计了一种基于光电二极管和变容管的光控超材料[33],通过调节光照射强度,实现对超表面的非接触式远程控制,并实现反射波束偏转、聚焦及散焦等功能。由于其采用单片拼接组阵的方式进行设计,KIVSHAR Y教授所设计的天线并未实现平面化集成,但也为后续平面化的工作提供了技术基础。东南大学研究人员通过改变入射光强度,实现了透射窗口频率调谐、相位与幅度控制等功能,并应用于波束切换、轨道角动量调控、电磁隐身、二进制频移键控(Binary Frequency-Shift Keying, BFSK)通信等多个领域[34-37]。2025年,该团队基于光控超表面实现了空间与水下的一体化传输[38],如图6(d)所示。该超表面通过将亚波长电磁波谐振结构、金属-半导体结与光电PN结元件异质集成,正面的肖特基二极管实现电磁波能量的吸收与整流,驱动激光二极管发光;背面集成的光电二极管则通过光电容效应,将激光强度变化转化为电磁波反射特性的调制。该研究团队基于此超表面构建全双工无线通信系统,在1.0 m水箱中模拟的水下信道中,成功实现了双向实时数据传输与交换。
表3总结了基于光电二极管的光控超表面代表性研究。该表表明,光控超表面凭借其在大规模集成方面的优势,能够实现较大规模的阵列结构。目前,国内外相关研究尚处于起步阶段,工作频率主要集中于微波频段。为提升光控超表面的工作频率,研究人员正探索利用光敏材料来实现这一目标。当前常见方法是将石墨烯、VO2等新型材料集成于超表面单元中,通过泵浦光激发材料表面阻抗、折射率等特性的变化,进而实现宏观尺度上的电磁波调控。2018年西北工业大学研究人员利用激光泵浦增强石墨烯超表面的磁共振[39],通过改变准费米能级实现对电磁波幅度高达90%的调控深度。希腊与俄罗斯研究人员合作,基于石墨烯实现了电磁波幅度调控,通过泵浦光激发,将电磁波吸收率从75%降至45%[40]。YANG Maosheng等将石墨烯与钙钛矿材料结合,通过光泵浦信号调制石墨烯导电性,实现超宽带和多维调制,调制深度高达200%,共振频率偏移达800 GHz[41]。在光控VO2耦合结构调控太赫兹相位方面,2018年,电子科技大学研究人员提出基于VO2的相位调控超表面,利用其光诱导相变特性,实现了高达138°的相位偏移[42],通过调控波束实现毫米波成像、通信等功能。
光电集成技术是推动光电融合相控阵从实验室原理验证迈向工程应用的核心驱动力。首先,光电集成技术为实现集成化相控阵提供了技术途径。例如,基于硅基光电子平台,可以单片集成几十甚至上百通道的延时控制单元与光电探测器,为实现大规模、轻量化的相控阵奠定了基础。其次,光电集成极大增强了天线收发通道的鲁棒性与一致性,可以有效抑制环境振动与温度波动对光程的影响,从而保障了大规模通道间相位与延时控制的稳定与精确。当前国内外在片上集成的光延时波束形成网络与光生微波毫米波天线领域均取得了一系列的成果,这些进展标志着光电融合相控阵的核心技术路径正从分立系统原理验证向单片集成平台发生转变。
对于光延时相控阵,其控制波束指向的核心是通过光延时波束形成网络调节光载波的延时,使其承载的信号随之产生相同的延时变化。随着近年来硅基光电子集成技术的迅猛发展,片上集成光延时技术得到了国内外研究学者的广泛关注[43],主要的实现方式包括波长选择型、开关切换型和谐振微环型三种类型。
1)波长选择型光延时网络
波长选择型光延时网络利用布拉格光栅等波长选择器件实现延时量的调节[44-46]。将波长选择器件与不同长度的光波导结合,基于光信号延时量与光波长的相关性,通过控制输入光信号的波长改变光载微波信号的延时量,进而实现对波束偏转角度的调节[47],如图7(a)所示。由于波长选择器件多为无源器件,因此波长选择型光延时控制技术在功耗和波束形成网络的设计复杂度上具备一定优势,但是在实际使用中由于要改变光载波波长以调节延时量,因此对激光器的调谐性要求较高。2013年,FAN Chao等提出了一种基于光栅双向反射的紧凑型光延时波束形成网络[48],通过让光从两个相反方向入射同一组光栅来产生正负延时,将系统所需延时线数量和激光器调谐带宽要求降低了一半。文献[49]中提出利用线性啁啾光栅(LCFBG)的色散效应,通过控制光信号在环路中的循环次数以产生高精度和大范围的延时调控,可实现-60°至60°的宽角度波束扫描。
2)开关切换型光延时网络
开关切换型光延时网络采用光开关对光路进行选择,从而实现不同光延时量。其实现方式如图10所示,N级开关切换型延时线由N个2×2光开关和N对延时波导级联组成。每对延时波导包含一个长波导和一个短波导,长波导与短波导延时差即为该级可调的最大延时量[10,51,52]。图7(b)中第1级,第2级,…,第N级表示N组2×2光开关,控制光开关的状态可以选择光载微波信号在长波导还是短波导传输,从而实现延时量调节。对于此m级开关切换型可调延时线,其最小延时步进为τ,最大可调延时量为(2m-1)τ。开关切换型可调延时线的调谐速度主要取决于光开关的工作机制(如热光或电光效应),分别对应约微秒和纳秒的切换时间。由于未采用谐振组件,开关切换型可调延时线的温度敏感性主要由所用波导材料决定,温度敏感性较低。因此,开关切换型可调延时线具有宽带宽和低延时抖动的特点。开关切换型可调延时线的主要缺陷在于只能实现离散延时调谐而无法连续调节延时。此外,由于需要大量光开关来实现高分辨率和大延时动态范围,导致损耗增加、延时抖动加剧[47],并且其体积和驱动功耗也相对较大。
上海交通大学的LIU Yuanbin设计了一种基于SOI的4通道5 bit光延时波束形成网络,实现了16.5 ps的延时步进和511.5 ps的延时动态范围,该4通道网络在50 kHz~20 GHz频段范围内都展现了高度一致的延时特性,在18 GHz实测延时误差小于±1 ps[52]。该团队还报道了一款基于SOI的单片集成的光延时相控阵芯片。该芯片集成马赫曾德尔调制器、8通道波束形成网络和8个光电探测器于一体,如图8(a)所示。该波束形成网络工作带宽达8~18 GHz,延时范围0~496 ps,可支持-75.51°~75.64°范围内31个可区分角度的波束转向,波束切换响应时间56 µs[53]。文献[50]提出了一种基于预补偿延时结构的8通道5 bit波束形成网络,如图8(b)所示。该网络可实现延时步进0.92 ps,最大延时228.2 ps,支持10~30 GHz,-61.87°~55.7°范围内波束扫描,波束指向角数量为32个[54]。
开关切换延时控制技术由于只能提供离散延时量,导致生成波束的转向角度不连续。为解决这一问题,浙江大学的XIE Yiwei等提出通过光开关延时技术调谐波导螺旋结构,如图8(c)所示。该波导螺旋作为连续的延时调谐单元,加热该波导螺旋结构会导致基模群折射率发生变化,以提供0~6.3 ps的连续可调延时。所设计的波束形成网络由1×4可调光功率分配器、螺旋结构延时波导、四通道5 bit硅基光开关延时线和锗硅光电二极管组成。借助螺旋结构微调延时波导,实现了5.68 ps的延时步进和高达176 ps的延时范围,在12~21 GHz频段范围内可支持大于±60°的波束扫描能力[55]。
3)谐振微环型光延时网络
谐振微环型光延时网络的基本元件为微环谐振器(Micro-ring Resonator, MRR)。得益于共振效应,这种谐振微环光延时器体积小巧、功耗低,并且能够实现连续调谐。但这种共振效应也存在明显缺陷:对温度和驱动电压较为敏感。实际应用中需要精密的温度控制,以及复杂的波长跟踪与反馈调节系统。虽然微环谐振器可实现的延时量远超同长度的直波导,但在延时与带宽之间存在固有折衷,因此难以满足宽带延时调谐需求。尽管通过级联多个微环谐振器可以缓解这一限制,但功耗和控制复杂度将大幅增加。谐振微环型光延时网络延时调谐速度主要取决于微环延时器的工作原理:基于热光效应的微环延时器调节速度通常为微秒级,而基于电光效应的微环延时器调节速度通常为纳秒级。
荷兰特温特大学的ZHUANG L等在2007年报道了基于级联微环型延时线的1×8波束形成网络[56],该网络基于CMOS工艺,集成了12个MRR作为延时单元,并利用7个可调光分束器作为节点连接上下级的可调延时线。从输出通道1到通道8,通道路径上微环的数量线性增加,实现了延时量线性增加的一维波束形成网络。2018年,CHOO G等报道了基于微环谐振器的4通道光延时波束形成网络,利用监控器的信息对微加热器进行控制,实现了36~200 ps的连续延时调节。并基于该网络在30 GHz、实现了带宽2 GHz、-30°~30°的一维波束扫描[57]。2021年,TSOKOS C等通过将InP与Si3N4芯片进行混合集成,设计出4通道波束成形网络芯片。该网络集成了InP-Si3N4外腔激光器、InP相位调制器、Si3N4全载波单边带滤波器、4通道级联微环谐振器延时阵列以及InP光电混频器,可实现大于40 GHz带宽的波束调节。该团队在5 GHz和10 GHz进行了波束扫描实验验证,波束偏转角覆盖45°~135°[58]。
光电融合相控阵的核心在于实现光信号向电信号的高效转换与辐射。在这一过程中,如何将基于UTC-PD等光电探测器所输出的微波、毫米波信号以低损耗、高效率的方式辐射至自由空间,成为影响天线整体性能的关键因素。在频率较低的微波波段,传统上可采用金丝键合等工艺实现芯片间的互联,具备较好的可行性与较低的损耗。然而,随着工作频率不断提升至毫米波甚至更高频段,金丝键合等传统互联方式的传输损耗显著增加,已难以满足系统对效率与集成度的要求。因此,将光电探测器与辐射阵面实现同片集成,便成为进一步提升器件性能必须攻克的核心技术难题。
微带天线由于其结构紧凑,效率较高,是光电融合相控阵较常采用的实现方式[59,60]。日本九州大学的KATO K教授团队将UTC-PD与缝隙激励微带天线结合,在300 GHz频段实现了4通道的光生毫米波阵列[17]。该阵列包含4×4个单元,每个通道由1×4阵列组成,如图9(a)所示。宾夕法尼亚大学的POURIA S等在其所设计的空馈相控阵中使用了矩形微带天线。天线阵面集成了16个贴片天线单元,构成2×2的子阵,实现方位、俯仰二维约±30°的波束扫描[27],如图9(b)所示。2023年,ALPER K等也利用U型槽加载的微带天线,在D波段(110~170 GHz)实现了带宽大于27 GHz的收发集成相控阵,并实现了高达200 Gbit/s的通信速率[61]。
偶极子以及其变形的领结天线具备结构紧凑的优势,也成为了片上集成光生微波毫米波天线的主要实现方法[62]。ZHU Ning等在GaAs衬底上加工了一款领结天线,并通过集成硅基透镜和人工磁导体来增强方向性特性[63]。2010年,ROUVALIS E等将领结天线、平面对数周期天线等结构与行波UTC-PD同片集成,得益于天线良好的辐射性能,该设计在输出功率及品质因数方面在当年具备国际领先水平[64];2017年,ITO H等人开发了与共振领结天线集成的UTC-PD,通过弱谐振设计在保持宽带宽的同时增强了输出功率,在峰值频率下的输出功率是非谐振领结天线集成器件的约3倍[65];2021年,NELLEN S等通过优化领结天线的馈电点设计,显著改善了方向图旁瓣电平、波束宽度和极化纯度[66]。
为了提升片上天线增益,ALI M等设计了一种锥形槽天线,可实现50~120 GHz宽带辐射,天线增益达到15.9 dBi,通过两路合成,在75 GHz处与UTC-PD集成后的辐射功率达到-6.4 dBm[67]。
这些研究共同展示了光生微波毫米波天线从单元素谐振设计向宽带阵列化、从基本耦合向精细化阻抗匹配的演进,为光电融合相控阵天线在未来高速无线通信和传感中的应用奠定了技术基础。
光电融合微波毫米波相控阵天线技术是当前高速无线通信与雷达探测领域的重要前沿方向。本文主要围绕光延时相控阵、激光空馈相控阵和光控超表面等典型实现方案,综述了其技术原理与国内外代表性进展,并对光电集成技术在该领域中的应用前景进行了探讨。从整体上看,光电融合相控阵技术目前正处于从实验室原理验证迈向工程化应用的快速探索阶段。国际上在光延时与激光空馈相控阵等方向起步较早,在基础理论、天线设计和与集成等方面形成了一系列研究积累。与此同时,国内相关研究也正日益受到重视,近年来在关键技术与原理系统验证等方面也取得了显著进展。
尽管技术潜力巨大,但光电融合相控阵从实验室走向广泛工程应用仍面临一系列核心瓶颈。对于光延时相控阵而言,由于其通常依赖延时线阵列构建波束赋形网络,大规模的延时网络结构复杂,成为制约光延时相控阵大规模实际应用的关键障碍。将光子器件、微波电路与天线阵列进行三维异构集成时,存在的互连、散热和封装问题,也极大地挑战着系统的可靠性与制造成本。第二是工作效率问题,不论是光延时相控阵还是激光空馈相控阵,光生微波毫米波信号的转换效率、传输过程中的互联损耗以及通道间的一致性问题,共同限制了系统整体的工作效率与输出功率。第三是调控精度问题:大规模阵列对光延时与相位调制的精度提出了极高要求。环境温度波动等因素易引起光路参数漂移,如何实现大规模通道的快速、高精度校准与稳定控制,是维持波束性能必须解决的难题。
随着光电集成技术的持续突破,特别是在多通道光延时网络、光生微波毫米波阵列以及大规模阵列异构集成等关键方向上的进展,当前制约光电融合相控阵天线性能的若干瓶颈问题正逐步得到缓解。这些技术的推进,有望加速光电融合相控阵天线从实验室研究阶段走向工程化与实用化应用。

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  • 接收时间:2025-11-30
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    1电子科技大学 电子科学与工程学院, 成都 611731
    2电子科技大学 光电融合毫米波太赫兹重点学科与技术研究中心, 成都 611731

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