Article(id=1315741623510741352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315741514865689424, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3788/gzxb20265503.0326001, pmid=null, cstr=32255.14.gzxb20265503.0326001, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762617600000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1767456000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-04, onlineDate=1791626848341, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1774368000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791626848341, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791626848341, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791626848341, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315741514865689424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, year='2026', volume='55', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='378', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774368000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791626822438, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791626932547, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315741977111540218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315741514865689424, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315741977111540219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315741514865689424, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=217, endPage=229, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315741623783371114, articleId=1315741623510741352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=EN, title=Polarization Characteristics of Non-polarizing Beam Splitter under Forward and Reverse Incidence Conditions, columnId=1315741623712067945, journalTitle=Acta Photonica Sinica, columnName=Physical Optics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Non-polarizing beam splitter is an optical component widely used for beam splitting. It is primarily designed to divide incident light into two beams with specified reflection and transmission ratios while maintaining the original polarization state of the input light. Thanks to its low polarization discrimination, minimal stress birefringence, and strong polarization-maintaining capability, non-polarizing beam splitters are extensively employed in optical systems such as space remote sensing, projectors, and Michelson interferometers. Although an ideal non-polarizing beam splitter is designed to preserve the polarization state of the incident light, practical non-polarizing beam splitters exhibit certain non-ideal polarization characteristics due to inherent limitations in materials and coating designs. Moreover, these polarization properties are highly sensitive to both the angle and direction of the incident light. In some complex optical systems, a non-polarizing beam splitter may need to simultaneously process light incident from both forward and reverse directions, inevitably operating under reverse incidence. Therefore, a systematic study of the polarization properties of the non-polarizing beam splitter under reverse incidence is of great significance for high-precision optical measurement and polarization-sensitive systems. Currently, most research focuses on the influence of factors such as temperature and angular deviation on the polarization performance of the non-polarizing beam splitter, while studies on polarization characteristics under reverse incidence remain limited. This paper addresses scenarios in complex optical systems where the non-polarizing beam splitter must be used in reverse. We systematically analyze the polarization properties of the non-polarizing beam splitter under different incident directions from three perspectives: fundamental principles, simulation analysis, and experimental validation. The variations in polarization characteristics of both reflected and transmitted channels with respect to incident wavelength are analyzed and compared, and the mechanism underlying the influence of incident direction on the polarization properties of the non-polarizing beam splitter is revealed.

To achieve this objective, a combined theoretical, numerical, and experimental approach was adopted. Numerical simulations were performed using Essential Macleod thin-film design software to construct a realistic model of a non-polarizing beam splitter coating stack. The model enabled quantitative calculation of wavelength-dependent polarization parameters, including diattenuation and phase retardation, for both reflected and transmitted channels under forward and reverse incidence conditions. The simulations covered the visible spectral range and assumed identical angles of incidence for both illumination directions to isolate the effect of direction reversal. To validate the simulation results, high-precision experimental measurements were conducted using Mueller matrix ellipsometer. Commercial non-polarizing beam splitter samples (models CCM1-BS013/M and CCM5-BS016/M) were selected as representative specimens. The complete 4×4 Mueller matrices of the samples were measured over a wavelength range from 380 nm to 800 nm under both forward and reverse illumination. Subsequently, the Lu-Chipman decomposition method was applied to the measured Mueller matrices to extract key polarization parameters, specifically diattenuation and phase retardation, for the reflected and transmitted channels. Multiple measurements were performed to ensure repeatability and to assess sample-to-sample consistency.

The simulation results reveal a pronounced dependence of polarization characteristics on the direction of incident light, particularly for the reflected channel of the non-polarizing beam splitter. Under forward and reverse incidence, substantial discrepancies were observed in both diattenuation and phase retardation of the reflected beam. Specifically, the maximum change in phase retardation between the two incidence conditions reached approximately 53.64°, with an average variation on the order of 29.49°, while the maximum difference in diattenuation was approximately 0.321, with an average difference of about 0.027 3. These findings indicate that reversing the illumination direction significantly alters the polarization behavior of the reflected channel. In contrast, the transmitted channel exhibited negligible variation in both diattenuation and phase retardation across the same conditions. Experimental measurements corroborated these trends with strong qualitative and quantitative agreement. Mueller matrix ellipsometry data showed that, for the reflected channel, the maximum difference in diattenuation between forward and reverse incidence was approximately 0.11, with an average difference of around 0.03, while the maximum difference in phase retardation reached approximately 51.5°, with an average difference of about 28.76°. Importantly, repeated experiments on different non-polarizing beam splitter samples consistently demonstrated the same directional dependence: significant polarization variation in the reflected channel and nearly identical polarization behavior in the transmitted channel under both illumination directions.

, authors=Yanan TONG1, Ningrui LV2, Jingyi LI1, Xingda CHEN2, Ping GONG1, Chenhao MA1, Jing LUO2, authorsList=Yanan TONG, Ningrui LV, Jingyi LI, Xingda CHEN, Ping GONG, Chenhao MA, Jing LUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chenhao MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315741628594237827, articleId=1315741623510741352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=CN, title=正向与反向入射条件下非偏振分光棱镜偏振特性研究, columnId=1315741623934366059, journalTitle=光子学报, columnName=物理光学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对复杂光学系统中存在非偏振分光棱镜必须反向使用的情况,对其在不同入射方向下的偏振特性进行了分析和试验测试。在仿真研究中,基于Essential Macleod软件构建了非偏振分光棱镜的分光膜层结构,定量计算了正向与反向入射时各个通道的二向衰减和相位延迟。在此基础上,利用高精度穆勒矩阵椭偏仪对非偏振分光棱镜进行测量,进而得到其偏振特性参数,测量结果与仿真分析基本一致。结果表明,对于非偏振分光棱镜的透射通道,其偏振性质在光线正向入射和反向入射时基本一致。然而对于反射通道,光线正向入射和反向入射时非偏振分光棱镜的偏振特性差异显著,在整个波长范围内,二向衰减最大差值(即反向入射结果减去正向入射结果)约为0.11,平均差值约为0.03;相位延迟最大差值约为51.5°,平均差值约为28.76°。显然,非偏振分光棱镜的偏振性质与光线的入射方向密切相关。本文定量分析和实测了不同入射方向下非偏振分光棱镜的偏振特性,对于提升含非偏振分光棱镜精密光学系统、优化非偏振分光棱镜设计和使用等均具有重要意义。

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佟雅楠,

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(a) Positive direction; (b) Opposite direction, figureFileSmall=G13J871vi0mpeEs8mzf6EA==, figureFileBig=3eVc1lE3irwNQsxgwV33VQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741637024788929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741623510741352, language=CN, label=图2, caption=NPBS结构示意图。(a)正向入射;(b)反向入射, figureFileSmall=G13J871vi0mpeEs8mzf6EA==, figureFileBig=3eVc1lE3irwNQsxgwV33VQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741637104480706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741623510741352, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Non-polarizing beam splitter beamsplitter coating structure diagram. (a) Positive direction; (b) Opposite direction, figureFileSmall=RUrIhyor+Ojx0aTt5cYpSw==, figureFileBig=7KfUwMIJaOCPBT/Hemtw6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741637347750339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741623510741352, language=CN, label=图3, caption=NPBS分光膜层结构。(a)正向入射;(b)反向入射, figureFileSmall=RUrIhyor+Ojx0aTt5cYpSw==, figureFileBig=7KfUwMIJaOCPBT/Hemtw6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741637427442116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741623510741352, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Non-polarizing beam splitter reflectance curve, figureFileSmall=aGLLVNnkoLfsEDTsahA7iQ==, figureFileBig=yYh0Qb3L+X6RuVnw+7ZEKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741637519716805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741623510741352, language=CN, label=图4, caption=NPBS反射率曲线, figureFileSmall=aGLLVNnkoLfsEDTsahA7iQ==, figureFileBig=yYh0Qb3L+X6RuVnw+7ZEKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741637809123782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741623510741352, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Polarization parameter relationship diagram, figureFileSmall=2Bx0m17k2EX6Dv/hY5BZHA==, figureFileBig=UFTEmwHt1VW68DaQ6kLxjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741637867844039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741623510741352, language=CN, label=图5, caption=偏振参数关系, figureFileSmall=2Bx0m17k2EX6Dv/hY5BZHA==, figureFileBig=UFTEmwHt1VW68DaQ6kLxjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741637947535816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741623510741352, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Polarization characteristics of NPBS at different incident directions. (a) Diattenuation of reflection; (b) Retardance of reflection; (c) Diattenuation of transmission; (d) Retardance of transmission, figureFileSmall=WlgfwhZ5RXQqN9xqLzueOg==, figureFileBig=FGa3hXOzpcYgBNfQ99ebAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741639683977674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741623510741352, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同入射方向NPBS的偏振特性。(a)反射-二向衰减;(b)反射-相位延迟;(c)透射-二向衰减;(d)透射-相位延迟, figureFileSmall=WlgfwhZ5RXQqN9xqLzueOg==, figureFileBig=FGa3hXOzpcYgBNfQ99ebAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741639763669451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741623510741352, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Schematic diagram and figure of the reflection channel. (a) Schematic diagram; (b) Figure, figureFileSmall=BoTFqJunmo4Aowxwh9pm4Q==, figureFileBig=lHrklKaDbK00uBAqXmmIwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741639855944140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741623510741352, language=CN, label=图7, caption=反射通道原理图及实物图。(a)原理图;(b)实物图, figureFileSmall=BoTFqJunmo4Aowxwh9pm4Q==, figureFileBig=lHrklKaDbK00uBAqXmmIwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741639935635917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741623510741352, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Schematic diagram and figure of the transmission channel. (a) Schematic diagram; (b) Figure, figureFileSmall=vj04Kk5WvsII4EHxRzo4Vg==, figureFileBig=czc9iRukTETuDMjLpAhyXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741640023716302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741623510741352, language=CN, label=图8, caption=透射通道原理图及实物图。(a)原理图;(b)实物图, figureFileSmall=vj04Kk5WvsII4EHxRzo4Vg==, figureFileBig=czc9iRukTETuDMjLpAhyXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741640095019471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741623510741352, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Measurement results of the Mueller matrix for the NPBS (model CCM5-BS016/M). (a) Measurement results of the Mueller matrix for the reflection channel; (b) Measurement results of the Mueller matrix for the transmission channel, figureFileSmall=ttRbv17rVUBbrhTYKw1sLg==, figureFileBig=icUDHvlO4/8rA3SKpCiW1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741640166322640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741623510741352, language=CN, label=图9, caption=CCM5-BS016/M型号NPBS的穆勒矩阵测量结果。(a)反射通道穆勒矩阵测量结果;(b)透射通道穆勒矩阵测量结果, figureFileSmall=ttRbv17rVUBbrhTYKw1sLg==, figureFileBig=icUDHvlO4/8rA3SKpCiW1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741640225042897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741623510741352, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Measurement results of the polarization characteristics for the NPBS. 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Main performance parameters of the ellipsometer

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ParameterSpecification
Measurement parameters16 Mueller matrix elements
Incident angle range/(°)45~90
Spectral range/nm380~1 650
Film thickness repeatability/nm0.005 nm(100 nm SiO₂/Si,30 repeats,1σ)
Refractive index repeatability0.000 2 (n @ 632.8 nm,100 nm SiO₂/Si,30 repeats,1σ)
Measurement error of Mueller matrix elements ≤±0.005
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椭偏仪主要性能参数

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ParameterSpecification
Measurement parameters16 Mueller matrix elements
Incident angle range/(°)45~90
Spectral range/nm380~1 650
Film thickness repeatability/nm0.005 nm(100 nm SiO₂/Si,30 repeats,1σ)
Refractive index repeatability0.000 2 (n @ 632.8 nm,100 nm SiO₂/Si,30 repeats,1σ)
Measurement error of Mueller matrix elements ≤±0.005
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正向与反向入射条件下非偏振分光棱镜偏振特性研究
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佟雅楠 1 , 吕凝睿 2 , 李静怡 1 , 陈兴达 2 , 宫平 1 , 马辰昊 1 , 罗敬 2
光子学报 | 物理光学 2026,55(3): 217-229
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光子学报 |物理光学 2026 , 55 (3) : 217 -229
正向与反向入射条件下非偏振分光棱镜偏振特性研究
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佟雅楠1 , 吕凝睿2, 李静怡1, 陈兴达2, 宫平1, 马辰昊1 , 罗敬2
作者信息
  • 1长春理工大学 光电工程学院,长春 130022
  • 2中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所, 长春 130022
通讯作者:
马辰昊,
作者简介:
Polarization Characteristics of Non-polarizing Beam Splitter under Forward and Reverse Incidence Conditions
Yanan TONG1 , Ningrui LV2, Jingyi LI1, Xingda CHEN2, Ping GONG1, Chenhao MA1 , Jing LUO2
Affiliations
  • 1College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
  • 2Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
出版时间: 2026-03-25 doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265503.0326001
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针对复杂光学系统中存在非偏振分光棱镜必须反向使用的情况,对其在不同入射方向下的偏振特性进行了分析和试验测试。在仿真研究中,基于Essential Macleod软件构建了非偏振分光棱镜的分光膜层结构,定量计算了正向与反向入射时各个通道的二向衰减和相位延迟。在此基础上,利用高精度穆勒矩阵椭偏仪对非偏振分光棱镜进行测量,进而得到其偏振特性参数,测量结果与仿真分析基本一致。结果表明,对于非偏振分光棱镜的透射通道,其偏振性质在光线正向入射和反向入射时基本一致。然而对于反射通道,光线正向入射和反向入射时非偏振分光棱镜的偏振特性差异显著,在整个波长范围内,二向衰减最大差值(即反向入射结果减去正向入射结果)约为0.11,平均差值约为0.03;相位延迟最大差值约为51.5°,平均差值约为28.76°。显然,非偏振分光棱镜的偏振性质与光线的入射方向密切相关。本文定量分析和实测了不同入射方向下非偏振分光棱镜的偏振特性,对于提升含非偏振分光棱镜精密光学系统、优化非偏振分光棱镜设计和使用等均具有重要意义。

非偏振分光棱镜  /  偏振特性  /  穆勒矩阵  /  薄膜仿真  /  精密光学系统

Non-polarizing beam splitter is an optical component widely used for beam splitting. It is primarily designed to divide incident light into two beams with specified reflection and transmission ratios while maintaining the original polarization state of the input light. Thanks to its low polarization discrimination, minimal stress birefringence, and strong polarization-maintaining capability, non-polarizing beam splitters are extensively employed in optical systems such as space remote sensing, projectors, and Michelson interferometers. Although an ideal non-polarizing beam splitter is designed to preserve the polarization state of the incident light, practical non-polarizing beam splitters exhibit certain non-ideal polarization characteristics due to inherent limitations in materials and coating designs. Moreover, these polarization properties are highly sensitive to both the angle and direction of the incident light. In some complex optical systems, a non-polarizing beam splitter may need to simultaneously process light incident from both forward and reverse directions, inevitably operating under reverse incidence. Therefore, a systematic study of the polarization properties of the non-polarizing beam splitter under reverse incidence is of great significance for high-precision optical measurement and polarization-sensitive systems. Currently, most research focuses on the influence of factors such as temperature and angular deviation on the polarization performance of the non-polarizing beam splitter, while studies on polarization characteristics under reverse incidence remain limited. This paper addresses scenarios in complex optical systems where the non-polarizing beam splitter must be used in reverse. We systematically analyze the polarization properties of the non-polarizing beam splitter under different incident directions from three perspectives: fundamental principles, simulation analysis, and experimental validation. The variations in polarization characteristics of both reflected and transmitted channels with respect to incident wavelength are analyzed and compared, and the mechanism underlying the influence of incident direction on the polarization properties of the non-polarizing beam splitter is revealed.

To achieve this objective, a combined theoretical, numerical, and experimental approach was adopted. Numerical simulations were performed using Essential Macleod thin-film design software to construct a realistic model of a non-polarizing beam splitter coating stack. The model enabled quantitative calculation of wavelength-dependent polarization parameters, including diattenuation and phase retardation, for both reflected and transmitted channels under forward and reverse incidence conditions. The simulations covered the visible spectral range and assumed identical angles of incidence for both illumination directions to isolate the effect of direction reversal. To validate the simulation results, high-precision experimental measurements were conducted using Mueller matrix ellipsometer. Commercial non-polarizing beam splitter samples (models CCM1-BS013/M and CCM5-BS016/M) were selected as representative specimens. The complete 4×4 Mueller matrices of the samples were measured over a wavelength range from 380 nm to 800 nm under both forward and reverse illumination. Subsequently, the Lu-Chipman decomposition method was applied to the measured Mueller matrices to extract key polarization parameters, specifically diattenuation and phase retardation, for the reflected and transmitted channels. Multiple measurements were performed to ensure repeatability and to assess sample-to-sample consistency.

The simulation results reveal a pronounced dependence of polarization characteristics on the direction of incident light, particularly for the reflected channel of the non-polarizing beam splitter. Under forward and reverse incidence, substantial discrepancies were observed in both diattenuation and phase retardation of the reflected beam. Specifically, the maximum change in phase retardation between the two incidence conditions reached approximately 53.64°, with an average variation on the order of 29.49°, while the maximum difference in diattenuation was approximately 0.321, with an average difference of about 0.027 3. These findings indicate that reversing the illumination direction significantly alters the polarization behavior of the reflected channel. In contrast, the transmitted channel exhibited negligible variation in both diattenuation and phase retardation across the same conditions. Experimental measurements corroborated these trends with strong qualitative and quantitative agreement. Mueller matrix ellipsometry data showed that, for the reflected channel, the maximum difference in diattenuation between forward and reverse incidence was approximately 0.11, with an average difference of around 0.03, while the maximum difference in phase retardation reached approximately 51.5°, with an average difference of about 28.76°. Importantly, repeated experiments on different non-polarizing beam splitter samples consistently demonstrated the same directional dependence: significant polarization variation in the reflected channel and nearly identical polarization behavior in the transmitted channel under both illumination directions.

Non-polarizing beam splitter  /  Polarization characteristics  /  Muller matrix  /  Thin-film simulation  /  Precision optical system
佟雅楠, 吕凝睿, 李静怡, 陈兴达, 宫平, 马辰昊, 罗敬. 正向与反向入射条件下非偏振分光棱镜偏振特性研究. 光子学报, 2026 , 55 (3) : 217 -229 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265503.0326001
Yanan TONG, Ningrui LV, Jingyi LI, Xingda CHEN, Ping GONG, Chenhao MA, Jing LUO. Polarization Characteristics of Non-polarizing Beam Splitter under Forward and Reverse Incidence Conditions[J]. Acta Photonica Sinica, 2026 , 55 (3) : 217 -229 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265503.0326001
非偏振分光棱镜(Non-Polarizing Beam Splitter,NPBS)是一种广泛使用的光学元件,主要用于将入射光按照指定的反射和透射比例分成两束光,同时保持入射光的原始偏振态,具有对偏振态的分离度低、应力小和保偏能力强等优点,被广泛应用于空间遥感、投影仪、迈克尔逊干涉仪等光学系统[1-4]。NPBS通常由一对高精度直角棱镜胶合而成,并在其中一个棱镜的斜面上镀制特定的分光膜。当光入射到该棱镜上时,分光膜会根据光的波长、入射角等因素,将光按照一定的比例进行反射和透射,从而实现分光[5-6]。与偏振分光棱镜不同,NPBS理论上不会改变入射光的偏振态,即无论入射光是自然光、部分偏振光还是线偏振光,出射光的偏振态均与入射光保持一致。
尽管理想NPBS的设计目标是维持入射光的偏振态不变,但在实际应用中,受其固有属性的限制,NPBS会表现出一定的非理想偏振特性。研究表明,膜层界面相移差异等因素均可能引入偏振误差,导致出射光的偏振态偏离理想状态。高珊等[7-8]设计并搭建了相移测量实验装置,研究发现NPBS反射相移量随温度变化并且反射相位差对入射角度的变化更为敏感。邓元龙[9]等提出用透/反射比、反射相移与透射相移共同表征NPBS退偏效应,并分析了其非线性误差模型,发现NPBS的退偏效应及方位角误差会引入非线性误差,且误差大小受激光源偏振态的椭圆率与非正交角显著影响。此外,NPBS中多层分光膜的设计结果会显著影响其分光比和偏振相关性。史金辉等[10]基于布儒斯特条件设计了多层膜系结构,并深入分析了膜系参数对消偏振特性的影响。王国超等[11]设计了消偏振分光膜系,并镀制了750-810 nm波段的消偏振分光片,所得到的消偏振片具有良好的性能。JASEM N A[12]设计了0°正入射和45°斜入射时适用于可见光区域的非偏振分光膜,该设计实现了600 nm~720 nm(45°斜入射)和600 nm~1 000 nm(0°正入射)消偏振分光效果。AL-HAMDANI A H等[13]利用ZEMAX软件和针优化/隧道合成方法设计了用于NPBS的非偏振分光膜,实现了1 500~1 600 nm光谱范围内接近50/50的分束比。BELOSLUDTSEV A等[14]设计一种新型含超薄铜层的金属-介质非偏振分光膜用于立方体分束器,实现了宽角度范围内s与p偏振光相近的透射和反射性能。显然,现有NPBS偏振特性研究主要聚集于温度、入射角度偏差、多层分光膜设计及膜层参数等因素的影响。
不改变入射光的偏振态,是NPBS的关键特征和重要属性。因此,NPBS的分光膜在设计和制备时均着重控制了其对不同偏振态入射光的透射率和反射率。然而,NPBS的偏振特性与光线入射方向密切相关。特别地,若光线未按照NPBS指定的方向入射,则可能导致NPBS表现出较大的非理想偏振特性[15-17]。因此,商用NPBS均会标注建议的入射面,避免错误使用而引起较大的偏振测量误差。
综上,在多个复杂光学系统中,NPBS需同时接收来自正向与反向的入射光束,即不可避免地工作于反向状态。因此,明确NPBS在反向入射条件下的非理想偏振特性对于实现高精度测量非常必要。然而,现有研究主要聚焦于不同温度、不同分光膜设计以及入射角度偏差等导致的NPBS偏振特性变化,针对反向入射条件下NPBS偏振特性的研究较少。本文将从基本原理、仿真分析和试验验证三方面系统性地分析光线沿不同方向入射时NPBS的偏振特性,分析和对比NPBS反射通道与透射通道的偏振特性随入射光波长的变化规律,并揭示光线入射方向对NPBS偏振特性的影响机理。本文的研究结果对于提升含NPBS精密光学系统、优化NPBS设计和使用等均具有重要参考意义。
在很多复杂光学系统中,受光路结构约束迫使NPBS存在反向使用,即采用的入射面与建议的入射面不同。东京工艺大学的KIIRE T[15]提出了一种双波长同步相移干涉仪,其系统结构如图1所示。该系统为实现双波长同步相移,采用了包含波片、衍射光栅及双波长激光器等的复杂光路,导致光路中的NPBS需同时处理来自两个相反方向的入射光,即NPBS存在反向入射。清华大学GUO Jihua等[16]设计了一种新型外差干涉仪,在干涉仪之前放置相位补偿器以补偿激光的非偏振正交化。为满足系统需求,在光路中使用NPBS将输入激光束分成两路,这两束光经反射后又反向入射回NPBS。显然,该光路中的NPBS也存在反向入射。西安光机所GUO Rongli等[17]提出了一种基于迈克尔逊结构的反射点衍射显微干涉仪,其中NPBS将测量光束分成两束,参考光经过针孔掩膜镜进行低通滤波后与物光束再次汇合后,最后在CCD像面上形成干涉,这里面的NPBS同样存在反向使用的情况。
光线沿不同方向入射到NPBS的示意图如图2所示。NPBS通常由两块高精度直角棱镜胶合而成,其中一块棱镜的斜面镀有分光膜。正向使用时,如图2(a)所示,入射光依次穿过棱镜、分光膜后分成反射光和透射光,其中反射光反射回玻璃后出射到空气中;透射光继续传播,经过胶合层、另一块棱镜最终出射到空气中。反向使用时,如图2(b)所示,入射光依次穿过玻璃、胶合层、分光膜后再分成反射和透射两束光,反射光被再次反射到胶合层,经过玻璃后射出;透射光继续传播经过玻璃后进入空气。
NPBS的核心部分是由多层介质薄膜(有时辅以金属层)组成的消偏振分光膜,其设计目标是在目标波长范围实现特定比例的光强分光。显然,消偏振分光膜是NPBS实现分光的关键,因此有必要深入分析分光膜的相关特性。
根据薄膜光学原理,多层膜的性质可以通过膜层特征矩阵连乘来计算,有
BC=∏k=1mcosδkiηksinδkiηksinδkcosδk1ηk+1
式中,BC是由膜系和基底参数决定的二阶矩阵,被称为该膜层与基底组合的特征矩阵;δk为膜层的相位厚度,表示为
δk=2πλnkdkcosθk
式中,λ为入射光波长,nk为第k层材料的折射率,dk为第k膜层的厚度,θk为光线在第k层的传播角度,由Snell定律确定n0sinθ0=nksinθk,ηk为光学有效导纳,其公式为
ηk=nkcosθk,s波nkcosθk,p波
多层膜和基片的组合导纳Y为
Y=CB
根据式(1)~(4)可以计算出s光和p光分别的膜系组合导纳Ys=CsBs、Yp=CpBp,则膜系s光和p光的反射系数rs和rp分别为
rs=η0s-Ysη0s+Ysrp=η0p-Ypη0p+Yp
式中,Ys为s光的组合导纳,η0s为s光入射介质的有效导纳;Yp为p光的组合导纳,η0p为p光入射介质的有效导纳。
同理,膜系s光和p光的透射系数ts和tp分别为
ts=2η0sη0sBs+Cstp=2η0pη0pBp+Cp⋅cosθ0cosθg
式中,θg为光线在基底的传播角度;Bs、Cs为式(1)中的s分量特征矩阵计算得到;Bp、Cp为式(1)中的p分量特征矩阵计算得到。
根据菲涅尔公式,当光波以θ0角入射到折射率为n的介质时,根据(3)式s偏振光和p偏振光会呈现出不同的有效导纳[18]ηs、ηp,偏振分离[19]∆n,其表达式为
Δn=ηpηs=ncosθncosθ=1cos2θ=11-n02sin2θ0n2
由式(5)~(6)可知,当光倾斜入射时,由于反射系数(透射系数)是η的函数,两组分量导纳的差异必然引起膜系出现偏振差异。由式(7)容易看出,∆n是恒大于1的量,所以单层膜不可能实现消偏振分光。因此,必须采用多层膜系。根据上述原理,结合式(5)和式(6)可以发现,进行消偏振多层膜系设计,采用一定的材料匹配和特定的膜系结构,调控每层膜的厚度以及折射率,可以使得整个薄膜系统rs=rp及ts=tp,从而实现消偏振分光[20-21]。
前文提到,要实现消偏振分光,必须是多层膜,而多层膜往往是非对称堆叠的。因此,从不同方向入射的光线经过非对称堆叠膜层结构时,如图2所示,通过各个膜层的先后顺序不同,会形成不同的相位积累,进而导致额外的二向衰减和相位延迟。下面,将通过光学薄膜理论来详细说明。
由式(5)和(6)可以计算出光线在正向与反向两种入射情况下的反射系数及透射系数,根据式(1)中的特征矩阵
M=m11m12m21m22=∏k=1mcosδkiηksinδkiηksinδkcosδk
正向入射情况下,每一层膜的特征矩阵连乘得到总矩阵,有
M正向=M1M2⋯MN=m11m12m21m22
由于式(1)中的特征矩阵为对角相等的矩阵,可根据归纳法证明:反向入射情况下连乘矩阵所得的结果是把正向入射情况下连乘所得的结果主对角线元素互换,副对角线元素不变。因此得到反向入射情况下,总矩阵
M反向=MNMN-1⋯M1=m22m12m21m11
根据反射系数计算公式[22],在正向入射时,s光反射系数为
rs=η0sm11-m22ηgs+m12η0sηgs-m21η0sm11+m22ηgs+m12η0sηgs+m21
反向入射时,s光反射系数为
rs'=ηgsm22-m11η0s+m12ηgsη0s-m21ηgsm22+m11η0s+m12ηgsη0s+m21
式中,η0s、ηgs分别为入射介质和出射介质的有效导纳。由于NPBS入射介质和出射介质均为玻璃,且两种入射情况下光线都是以45°入射,根据式(3)可以得到η0s=ηgs。每一层膜的相位厚度不同,通过计算可得m11≠m22,进而由式(11)、(12)可得rs≠rs',同理可得rp≠rp'。因此,根据二向衰减和相位延迟的定义[23]可知,在正向入射和反向入射两种情况下,反射通道的二向衰减和相位延迟是不相等的,这表明反向使用NPBS会导致其反射通道偏振特性发生改变。
同理计算透射系数,在正向入射时,s光透射系数为
ts=2η0sη0sm11+m22ηgs+m12η0sηgs+m21
反向入射时,s光透射系数为
ts'=2ηgsηgsm22+m11η0s+m12ηgsη0s+m21
由η0s=ηgs,可得ts=ts',即正向入射和反向入射两种情况下计算得到透射相关的二向衰减和相位延迟是相等的,这表明光线反向入射至NPBS时不会导致其透射通道偏振特性变化。
基于上述光学薄膜理论推导可知,当光线从不同方向入射至消偏振分光膜时,透射通道的偏振特性基本保持不变,而反射通道的偏振特性则会发生一定变化。为验证该结论,基于Essential Macleod光学薄膜设计软件开展了进一步的仿真分析。
基于现有典型NPBS的特性构建非偏振分光膜系[24],使用Essential Macleod设计软件进行辅助仿真,基础膜系为Sub|L H J H L|Sub,其中H为ZnS,L为Al2O3,J为Ag,Sub为N-BK7基底,选取参考波长为550 nm,入射角为45°。膜层结构为Sub|0.235 L 0.119 94 H 0.002 3 J 0.282 72 H 0.139 1 L| Sub。其中H,L和J分别代表ZnS、Al2O3和Ag在入射光45°倾斜入射时对应参考波长550 nm的λ/4厚度,中间胶合层采用折射率为1.562 6的NOA61光学胶,其膜层结构如图3所示,其中图3(a)为光线正向入射时的膜层结构图,图3(b)为反向入射时的膜层结构图。
根据上述多层膜的设计结果,采用Essential Macleod软件计算得到s、p光的反射率曲线,如图4所示。可以看到,该分光膜在400~700 nm波段s光和p光的反射率基本相同,且均约为50%,基本达到了NPBS分光的要求。
为探究不同入射方向时NPBS的偏振特性,利用Essential Macleod光学薄膜设计软件分别计算了正向使用和反向使用两种情况下NPBS各个通道偏振特性(二向衰减和相位延迟)随波长的变化曲线。共有8个偏振参数,其相互关系如图5所示,计算结果如图6所示。图6(a)和(b)分别展示了反射通道在两种入射条件下的二向衰减与相位延迟变化;图6(c)和(d)则对应展示了透射通道的二向衰减与相位延迟变化。结果表明,反射通道与透射通道在两种入射条件下的偏振特性变化存在显著差异。
图6中黄色虚线表示两种入射条件下偏振特性参数的差值。由图6(a)和(b)中的黄色曲线可以发现,反射通道的二向衰减在两种入射条件下最大改变量为0.321,平均改变量为0.027 3;相位延迟在两种入射条件下最大改变量为53.64°,平均改变量为29.49°。显然,入射方向对NPBS反射通道的偏振特性具有显著影响。相比之下,如图6(c)和(d)所示,透射通道的二向衰减与相位延迟差值曲线(黄色)在整个350-800 nm波段内始终为零。仿真结果表明,无论光线是正向入射还是反向入射,NPBS透射通道的偏振特性几乎不变。
为了验证仿真结果的正确性,进一步开展了实验对比测试。本文实验使用ME-L型穆勒矩阵椭偏仪[25]作为测量分析仪器,该仪器主要性能参数如表1所示。使用椭偏仪对NPBS的偏振特性进行定量表征,实验采用的入射光波长范围为380 nm~800 nm,其反射通道原理图与实物图如图7所示(入射角为45°),透射通道原理图与实物图如图8所示(入射角为0°)。
本文实验选用型号为CCM1-BS013/M和CCM5-BS016/M的商用NPBS作为测试样件,在400~700 nm波长范围下,两种NPBS均采用50∶50分光比,四个光学表面镀有抗反射涂层,棱镜材料为N-BK7,两块棱镜间的胶合层材料为NOA61光学胶。实验所用NPBS的结构参数均与仿真设置一致,确保单个元件的仿真分析与实验测试在物理模型层面具有可对比性。为确保测量结果的可靠性和准确性,对两种型号的NPBS进行了多次重复实验。
以下结果以CCM5-BS016/M型号的NPBS为例进行展示,图9为实验测得的该NPBS的穆勒矩阵16个分量随波长的变化曲线。其中图9(a)中的蓝色实线为反射通道在正向入射条件下的结果,红色虚线为反射通道在反向入射条件下的结果。可以看到在反向使用条件下分量M12发生一定偏离,说明反向使用情况下二向衰减增大;而M33、M34、M43、M44四个分量存在显著差异,根据穆勒矩阵元素与二向衰减和相位延迟相互关系[26],说明该NPBS在两种使用条件下对入射光s分量和p分量的相位延迟存在显著差异,该结果表明NPBS反射通道的偏振特性与光线的入射方向密切相关。图9(b)为透射通道正向和反向入射条件下的穆勒矩阵结果,所有16个穆勒矩阵分量变化曲线在两种入射条件下均高度重合,在整个测量波段内无明显偏离。显然,透射通道的偏振特性对NPBS的入射方向无显著依赖性。
根据上述实验测得的穆勒矩阵数据,采用Lu-Chipman算法[27]将穆勒矩阵分解为二向衰减矩阵(MD)、相位延迟矩阵(MR)以及退偏矩阵(Md),可以得到不同通道在正向和反向入射条件下的二向衰减和相位延迟随波长变化的实测曲线,上述八个偏振分量之间的关联如图5所示,结果如图10所示。其中,图10(a)和(b)为NPBS在正向与反向使用条件下,反射通道的二向衰减和相位延迟随波长变化的情况,可以发现曲线在400~800 nm整个波段内呈现显著分离。图10中黄色虚线为两种使用条件下偏振特性参数差值,反射通道的二向衰减差值最大值约为0.11,平均值约为0.03;相位延迟差值最大值约为51.5°,平均值约为28.76°。显然,NPBS反射通道的偏振特性在该波段对光线的入射方向具有高度敏感性。图10(c)和(d)呈现了NPBS在正向与反向使用条件下,透射光的二向衰减和相位延迟随波长变化的情况。与反射通道不同,在透射通道上无论正向或反向入射,两条曲线走势基本重合,代表二者差值的黄色虚线始终为零,这表明NPBS透射通道二向衰减几乎不受入射方向影响。
对多个样品进行了重复性测试,不同NPBS的实测结果与图10所示结果基本保持一致。NPBS在正向与反向入射两种条件下,其反射通道的偏振特性有明显差异,而透射通道偏振特性的变化可以忽略不计。显然,试验结果与仿真结果基本一致,表明NPBS的偏振特性与光线的入射方向密切相关。
NPBS是最常用光学元件之一,在多个复杂光学系统中,NPBS需同时接收来自正向与反向的入射光束,即不可避免地工作于反向状态。因此,研究不同入射方向条件下NPBS的偏振特性具有重要意义。本文首次从基本原理、仿真分析和试验验证三方面系统性地分析光线沿不同方向入射时NPBS的偏振特性,分析和对比NPBS反射通道与透射通道的偏振特性随入射光波长的变化规律,并揭示光线入射方向对NPBS偏振特性的影响机理。通过Essential Macleod软件对消偏振分光膜进行仿真分析,发现NPBS的偏振特性对光线的入射方向高度敏感,反射通道的偏振特性呈现显著差异,而透射通道的偏振特性几乎没有变化。通过高精度的穆勒矩阵椭偏仪,对多个商用NPBS进行试验测试,测得NPBS反射通道在光线正向入射和反向入射条件下的二向衰减最大差值(即反向入射结果减去正向入射结果)约为0.11,平均差值约为0.03;相位延迟最大差值约为51.5°,平均差值约为28.76°,实测结果与仿真分析基本一致。
本文的研究结果对于提升含NPBS的精密光学系统、优化NPBS设计和使用等均具有重要参考意义。显然,在实际系统中要尽量避免反向使用NPBS,以规避偏振特性差异引发的问题。对于必须双向使用NPBS的复杂光学系统,需定量评估反射通道引入的偏振像差及其对系统性能的影响。此外,可针对NPBS优化其分光膜系设计,以降低反射通道对的入射方向的依赖性,或者在光学系统中引入偏振补偿机制等措施。

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doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265503.0326001
  • 接收时间:2025-11-09
  • 首发时间:2026-10-10
  • 出版时间:2026-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-09
  • 录用日期:2026-01-04
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    1长春理工大学 光电工程学院,长春 130022
    2中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所, 长春 130022

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