Article(id=1315741745258803291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315741514865689424, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3788/gzxb20265503.0323001, pmid=null, cstr=32255.14.gzxb20265503.0323001, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760025600000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1766332800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineDate=1791626877368, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1774368000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791626877368, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791626877368, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791626877368, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315741514865689424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, year='2026', volume='55', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='378', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774368000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791626822438, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791626932547, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315741977111540218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315741514865689424, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315741977111540219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315741514865689424, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=354, endPage=365, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315741746886193246, articleId=1315741745258803291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=EN, title=Light-trapping Performance of Double-layer Conformal Grating Silicon Thin-film Solar Cells, columnId=1315741672168866743, journalTitle=Acta Photonica Sinica, columnName=Optical Devices, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

High-efficiency solar cells based on nanostructures are a research hotspot in the photovoltaic field today. On the one hand, there is the research on new types of solar cells such as perovskite cells. On the other hand, silicon-based solar cells remain the most widely studied and applied type of cell. How to further improve the efficiency of silicon-based solar cells and reduce their cost still requires in-depth research. Silicon is an indirect bandgap semiconductor material, and its absorption of incident light in the near-infrared band is very weak. Only when the thickness of the absorption layer exceeds 200 µm can the cell achieve full absorption in a wide band (300~1 100 nm). Reasonable light-trapping nanostructure design can enhance the light absorption performance of silicon thin-film solar cells. The morphology, size, material and spatial layout of these light-trapping nanostructures have a significant impact on the surface anti-reflection characteristics and light-trapping performance of silicon thin-film solar cells.

In this paper, a double-layer conformal grating silicon thin-film solar cell structure was designed. The influence of different grating shapes on the light-trapping performance of silicon thin-film solar cells was systematically studied by using the concept of super-quadratic subwavelength gratings. By changing the degree of the grating’s profile function, the profile shape of the grating can be adjusted. Five representative grating profile curves (n=1, 2, 4, 10, ∞) were selected. As n increases, the grating profile shape can be gradually changed from triangular (n=1), parabolic (n=2), to rectangular (n→∞). The silicon thin-film solar cells with the above five grating structures were optimized by using the finite-difference time-domain method. By comparing and analyzing the short-circuit current density, absorption spectrum, and light absorption enhancement spectrum of the five grating structures and the planar structure, the light-trapping effect law of the double-layer conformal grating silicon thin-film solar cell was explored. The internal light-trapping mechanism was analyzed using the electromagnetic field intensity distribution diagrams. In addition to qualitatively analyzing the light-trapping performance of each grating structure silicon thin-film solar cell, the concept of integral absorption was also introduced to quantitatively analyze their light absorption characteristics over the entire wavelength range. Moreover, the optimization calculation of the silicon thin-film solar cells with four types of bottom metal grating materials (Ag, Au, Cu, and Al) was carried out. A comparative analysis was conducted on the short-circuit current densities and absorption spectra of four types of bottom metal grating structures, and the light absorption enhancement effect of different bottom metal grating materials was explored. The mechanism was analyzed from the perspective of optical constants.

The research results indicate that as n increases, the overall light-trapping performance of silicon thin-film solar cells decreases as the grating profile shape transforms from triangular (n = 1) to rectangular (n→∞). Among them, the parabolic (n = 2) grating structure has superior light absorption performance in both the 300~750 nm and 750~1 100 nm bands. Because the n = 2 grating structure has excellent anti-reflection performance in the visible light band, and the LSPRs mode is excited on the surface of the bottom Ag grating in the near-infrared band, while optical waveguide mode coupling is achieved in the c-Si absorption layer. The triangular (n = 1) grating structure has better light-trapping performance in the 750~1 100 nm band, but its light absorption performance in the 300~750 nm band is poor. The results also show that the Jsc values of the silicon thin-film solar cells with the bottom metal gratings of Ag, Au, Cu and Al decrease in sequence, among which the bottom Ag grating structure has the best light-trapping performance and the bottom Al grating structure has the worst. The research results of this paper can provide theoretical guidance for the structural design of thin-film solar cells based on nano-grating structures.

, authors=Rui WU1, 2, Ke CHEN2, Hongmei ZHENG2, Huaimeng LI1, Ling Wang1, Xinyue HU3, authorsList=Rui WU, Ke CHEN, Hongmei ZHENG, Huaimeng LI, Ling Wang, Xinyue HU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ke CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315741748807184498, articleId=1315741745258803291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=CN, title=双层共形光栅硅薄膜太阳能电池陷光性能分析, columnId=1315741672370193337, journalTitle=光子学报, columnName=光学器件, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于纳米结构的太阳能电池陷光研究,设计了双层共形光栅硅薄膜太阳能电池结构,利用时域有限差分法和超二次亚波长光栅的概念系统性模拟分析了不同光栅形状对硅薄膜太阳能电池陷光性能的影响,同时分析了不同材质底层金属光栅的光吸收增强效应。结果表明,随着次数n的增大,光栅形状从三角形(n=1)转变成矩形(n→∞)的过程中硅薄膜太阳能电池的陷光性能整体呈下降趋势,其中抛物线形(n=2)光栅结构在300~750 nm和750~1 100 nm两个波段的光吸收性能均表现优越,三角形(n=1)光栅结构在750~1 100 nm波段具有更好的陷光性能,但在300~750 nm波段的光吸收性能较差。另外,Ag、Au、Cu和Al四种材质底层金属光栅硅薄膜太阳能电池的陷光性能依次减弱,从光学常数的角度对其进行了机理分析。

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吴睿,

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(a) Planar structures; (b) n=1 grating structures; (c) n=2 grating structures; (d) n=4 grating structures; (e) n=10 grating structures; (f) Rectangular grating structures for n→∞; (g) 1D SQSWGs, figureFileSmall=wG3/Z8HdWMgNsKC1G/g6sQ==, figureFileBig=AKPMSoLIskdAaUEFEECL+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741753953595563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741745258803291, language=CN, label=图1, caption=硅薄膜太阳能电池及一维超二次亚波长光栅结构模型[16,18]。(a)平板结构; (b) n=1光栅结构; (c) n=2光栅结构; (d) n=4光栅结构; (e) n=10光栅结构; (f) n→∞矩形光栅结构; (g)一维超二次亚波长光栅结构, figureFileSmall=wG3/Z8HdWMgNsKC1G/g6sQ==, figureFileBig=AKPMSoLIskdAaUEFEECL+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741754159116460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741745258803291, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Optical absorption characteristics of grating structures for n=1 and n=2. (a) Absorption spectra of the n=1 and planar structures; (b) Absorption spectra of the n=2 and planar structures; Absorption enhancement spectra of the n=1 and n=2 structures under (c) TE-and (d) TM-polarized light, figureFileSmall=VVcs8XydVRzx0cRoKOdNhw==, figureFileBig=TIramYVmKQRyqPDiedm5OQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741754226225325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741745258803291, language=CN, label=图2, caption=n=1与n=2光栅结构的光吸收特性。(a) n=1和平板结构的吸收光谱; (b) n=2和平板结构的吸收光谱; n=1和n=2光栅结构在(c) TE偏振光和(d) TM偏振光条件下的光吸收增强谱, figureFileSmall=VVcs8XydVRzx0cRoKOdNhw==, figureFileBig=TIramYVmKQRyqPDiedm5OQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741754293334190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741745258803291, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Electromagnetic field intensity distributions of grating structures for n=1 and n=2. (a) Electric field intensity distributions; (b) Magnetic field intensity distributions, figureFileSmall=CYgxLuIK1sDlY8VniXtFTw==, figureFileBig=YZJ54xRjkPQrRxs31ZcUlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741754373025968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741745258803291, language=CN, label=图3, caption=n=1与n=2光栅结构的电磁场强度分布。(a)电场强度分布; (b)磁场强度分布, figureFileSmall=CYgxLuIK1sDlY8VniXtFTw==, figureFileBig=YZJ54xRjkPQrRxs31ZcUlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741754456912049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741745258803291, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Optical absorption characteristics of grating structures for n=4、n=10 and n→∞. Absorption spectra of the n=4, n= 10, and n→∞ structures under (a) TE-and (b) TM-polarized light; Absorption enhancement spectra of the n=4, n= 10, and n→∞ structures under (c) TE-and (d) TM-polarized light, figureFileSmall=69PAhloRV1mWBeqchl3nFA==, figureFileBig=dXGAAUKzjw3q/RA2U4SUGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741754532409522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741745258803291, language=CN, label=图4, caption=n=4、n=10和n→∞光栅结构的光吸收特性。n=4、n=10和n→∞光栅结构在(a) TE偏振光和(b) TM偏振光条件下的吸收光谱; n=4、n=10和n→∞光栅结构在(c) TE偏振光和(d) TM偏振光条件下的光吸收增强谱, figureFileSmall=69PAhloRV1mWBeqchl3nFA==, figureFileBig=dXGAAUKzjw3q/RA2U4SUGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741754595324083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741745258803291, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Electromagnetic field intensity distributions of grating structures for n = 4、n = 10 and n→∞. (a) Electric field intensity distributions; (b) Magnetic field intensity distributions, figureFileSmall=pAa/XALAUSiwjnLyOmBvrw==, figureFileBig=fQwuTOo9dZJSbF5ibsOMQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741754662432948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741745258803291, language=CN, label=图5, caption=n=4、n=10和n→∞光栅结构的电磁场强度分布。(a)电场强度分布; (b)磁场强度分布, figureFileSmall=pAa/XALAUSiwjnLyOmBvrw==, figureFileBig=fQwuTOo9dZJSbF5ibsOMQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741754725347509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741745258803291, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Optimized short circuit-current densities of c-Si TFSCs with different grating materials and structures, figureFileSmall=546dkoORgLy+Tlxu34lhTw==, figureFileBig=PxIX+7+aysthR3oSeUI3rA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741754784067766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741745258803291, language=CN, label=图6, caption=优化的不同光栅材质及结构硅薄膜太阳能电池的短路电流密度, figureFileSmall=546dkoORgLy+Tlxu34lhTw==, figureFileBig=PxIX+7+aysthR3oSeUI3rA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741754846982327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741745258803291, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Absorption spectra of bottom metal grating (n=2) structures made of different materials. Absorption spectra of the Ag and Au grating structures under (a) TE-and (b) TM-polarized light; Absorption spectra of the Au and Cu grating structures under (c) TE-and (d) TM-polarized light; Absorption spectra of the Cu and Al grating structures under (e) TE- and (f) TM-polarized light, figureFileSmall=Lpa09jDzv3uRsDTtT5lKOA==, figureFileBig=hOf5m00jGP3o2xNArAtW5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741754905702584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741745258803291, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同材质底层金属光栅(n = 2)结构的吸收光谱。Ag和Au光栅结构在(a) TE偏振光和(b) TM偏振光条件下的吸收光谱; Au和Cu光栅结构在(c) TE偏振光和(d) TM偏振光条件下的吸收光谱; Cu和Al光栅结构在(e) TE偏振光和(f) TM偏振光条件下的吸收光谱, figureFileSmall=Lpa09jDzv3uRsDTtT5lKOA==, figureFileBig=hOf5m00jGP3o2xNArAtW5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741754972811449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741745258803291, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Refractive indices and extinction coefficients of different metal materials[24]. 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Optimization results of structural parameters for c-Si TFSCs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TFSCsH/nmQ/nmwdcTAZO/nmJsc/(mA·cm-2)
Planar///6014.50
n=11206000.68021.69
n=2805000.48021.69
n=4606000.46021.31
n=10405000.46020.83
n→∞605000.26020.80
), ArticleFig(id=1315741755270607036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741745258803291, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

硅薄膜太阳能电池的结构参数优化结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TFSCsH/nmQ/nmwdcTAZO/nmJsc/(mA·cm-2)
Planar///6014.50
n=11206000.68021.69
n=2805000.48021.69
n=4606000.46021.31
n=10405000.46020.83
n→∞605000.26020.80
), ArticleFig(id=1315741755341910205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741745258803291, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Integral absorption of c-Si TFSCs with n=1 and n=2 grating structures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TFSCs300~750 nm750~1 100 nm
Atot_TEAtot_TMAaveAtot_TEAtot_TMAave
Planar56.80%56.80%56.80%9.13%9.13%9.13%
n=175.99%67.62%71.81%26.37%24.25%25.31%
n=275.40%70.85%73.13%24.79%23.97%24.38%
), ArticleFig(id=1315741755409019070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741745258803291, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

n=1和n=2光栅结构硅薄膜太阳能电池的积分吸收

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TFSCs300~750 nm750~1 100 nm
Atot_TEAtot_TMAaveAtot_TEAtot_TMAave
Planar56.80%56.80%56.80%9.13%9.13%9.13%
n=175.99%67.62%71.81%26.37%24.25%25.31%
n=275.40%70.85%73.13%24.79%23.97%24.38%
), ArticleFig(id=1315741755471933631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741745258803291, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Integral absorption of c-Si TFSCs with n=4、n=10 and n→∞ grating structures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TFSCs300~750 nm750~1 100 nm
Atot_TEAtot_TMAaveAtot_TEAtot_TMAave
n=473.95%71.29%72.62%23.38%22.63%23.01%
n=1073.47%70.42%71.95%20.89%23.15%22.02%
n→∞73.80%68.28%71.04%26.23%20.23%23.23%
), ArticleFig(id=1315741755572596929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741745258803291, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

n=4、n=10和n→∞光栅结构硅薄膜太阳能电池的积分吸收

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TFSCs300~750 nm750~1 100 nm
Atot_TEAtot_TMAaveAtot_TEAtot_TMAave
n=473.95%71.29%72.62%23.38%22.63%23.01%
n=1073.47%70.42%71.95%20.89%23.15%22.02%
n→∞73.80%68.28%71.04%26.23%20.23%23.23%
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双层共形光栅硅薄膜太阳能电池陷光性能分析
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吴睿 1, 2 , 陈科 2 , 郑红梅 2 , 李怀蒙 1 , 王玲 1 , 胡欣岳 3
光子学报 | 光学器件 2026,55(3): 354-365
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光子学报 |光学器件 2026 , 55 (3) : 354 -365
双层共形光栅硅薄膜太阳能电池陷光性能分析
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吴睿1, 2 , 陈科2 , 郑红梅2, 李怀蒙1, 王玲1, 胡欣岳3
作者信息
  • 1合肥职业技术学院 机电工程学院, 合肥 230012
  • 2合肥工业大学 机械工程学院, 合肥 230009
  • 3安徽大学 电子信息工程学院, 合肥 230601
通讯作者:
作者简介:
Light-trapping Performance of Double-layer Conformal Grating Silicon Thin-film Solar Cells
Rui WU1, 2 , Ke CHEN2 , Hongmei ZHENG2, Huaimeng LI1, Ling Wang1, Xinyue HU3
Affiliations
  • 1School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hefei Technology College, Hefei 230012, China
  • 2School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
  • 3School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
出版时间: 2026-03-25 doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265503.0323001
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基于纳米结构的太阳能电池陷光研究,设计了双层共形光栅硅薄膜太阳能电池结构,利用时域有限差分法和超二次亚波长光栅的概念系统性模拟分析了不同光栅形状对硅薄膜太阳能电池陷光性能的影响,同时分析了不同材质底层金属光栅的光吸收增强效应。结果表明,随着次数n的增大,光栅形状从三角形(n=1)转变成矩形(n→∞)的过程中硅薄膜太阳能电池的陷光性能整体呈下降趋势,其中抛物线形(n=2)光栅结构在300~750 nm和750~1 100 nm两个波段的光吸收性能均表现优越,三角形(n=1)光栅结构在750~1 100 nm波段具有更好的陷光性能,但在300~750 nm波段的光吸收性能较差。另外,Ag、Au、Cu和Al四种材质底层金属光栅硅薄膜太阳能电池的陷光性能依次减弱,从光学常数的角度对其进行了机理分析。

共形光栅  /  超二次亚波长光栅  /  硅薄膜太阳能电池  /  时域有限差分法  /  陷光性能  /  短路电流密度

High-efficiency solar cells based on nanostructures are a research hotspot in the photovoltaic field today. On the one hand, there is the research on new types of solar cells such as perovskite cells. On the other hand, silicon-based solar cells remain the most widely studied and applied type of cell. How to further improve the efficiency of silicon-based solar cells and reduce their cost still requires in-depth research. Silicon is an indirect bandgap semiconductor material, and its absorption of incident light in the near-infrared band is very weak. Only when the thickness of the absorption layer exceeds 200 µm can the cell achieve full absorption in a wide band (300~1 100 nm). Reasonable light-trapping nanostructure design can enhance the light absorption performance of silicon thin-film solar cells. The morphology, size, material and spatial layout of these light-trapping nanostructures have a significant impact on the surface anti-reflection characteristics and light-trapping performance of silicon thin-film solar cells.

In this paper, a double-layer conformal grating silicon thin-film solar cell structure was designed. The influence of different grating shapes on the light-trapping performance of silicon thin-film solar cells was systematically studied by using the concept of super-quadratic subwavelength gratings. By changing the degree of the grating’s profile function, the profile shape of the grating can be adjusted. Five representative grating profile curves (n=1, 2, 4, 10, ∞) were selected. As n increases, the grating profile shape can be gradually changed from triangular (n=1), parabolic (n=2), to rectangular (n→∞). The silicon thin-film solar cells with the above five grating structures were optimized by using the finite-difference time-domain method. By comparing and analyzing the short-circuit current density, absorption spectrum, and light absorption enhancement spectrum of the five grating structures and the planar structure, the light-trapping effect law of the double-layer conformal grating silicon thin-film solar cell was explored. The internal light-trapping mechanism was analyzed using the electromagnetic field intensity distribution diagrams. In addition to qualitatively analyzing the light-trapping performance of each grating structure silicon thin-film solar cell, the concept of integral absorption was also introduced to quantitatively analyze their light absorption characteristics over the entire wavelength range. Moreover, the optimization calculation of the silicon thin-film solar cells with four types of bottom metal grating materials (Ag, Au, Cu, and Al) was carried out. A comparative analysis was conducted on the short-circuit current densities and absorption spectra of four types of bottom metal grating structures, and the light absorption enhancement effect of different bottom metal grating materials was explored. The mechanism was analyzed from the perspective of optical constants.

The research results indicate that as n increases, the overall light-trapping performance of silicon thin-film solar cells decreases as the grating profile shape transforms from triangular (n = 1) to rectangular (n→∞). Among them, the parabolic (n = 2) grating structure has superior light absorption performance in both the 300~750 nm and 750~1 100 nm bands. Because the n = 2 grating structure has excellent anti-reflection performance in the visible light band, and the LSPRs mode is excited on the surface of the bottom Ag grating in the near-infrared band, while optical waveguide mode coupling is achieved in the c-Si absorption layer. The triangular (n = 1) grating structure has better light-trapping performance in the 750~1 100 nm band, but its light absorption performance in the 300~750 nm band is poor. The results also show that the Jsc values of the silicon thin-film solar cells with the bottom metal gratings of Ag, Au, Cu and Al decrease in sequence, among which the bottom Ag grating structure has the best light-trapping performance and the bottom Al grating structure has the worst. The research results of this paper can provide theoretical guidance for the structural design of thin-film solar cells based on nano-grating structures.

Conformal grating  /  Super-quadratic subwavelength gratings  /  Silicon thin-film solar cells  /  Finite-difference time-domain method  /  Light-trapping performance  /  Short-circuit current density
吴睿, 陈科, 郑红梅, 李怀蒙, 王玲, 胡欣岳. 双层共形光栅硅薄膜太阳能电池陷光性能分析. 光子学报, 2026 , 55 (3) : 354 -365 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265503.0323001
Rui WU, Ke CHEN, Hongmei ZHENG, Huaimeng LI, Ling Wang, Xinyue HU. Light-trapping Performance of Double-layer Conformal Grating Silicon Thin-film Solar Cells[J]. Acta Photonica Sinica, 2026 , 55 (3) : 354 -365 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265503.0323001
基于纳米结构的高效太阳能电池是当今光伏领域的研究热点,一方面是以钙钛矿电池为代表的新型太阳能电池的研究,另一方面是研究和应用最广泛的硅基太阳能电池,如何进一步提高硅基太阳能电池的效率并降低其成本仍需深入研究[1-2]。硅薄膜太阳能电池(Crystalline Silicon Thin-Film Solar Cells, c-Si TFSCs)的吸收层厚度一般为几微米,有效地减少了硅材料的消耗,同时具有生产工艺难度较低、柔性和轻质等特点。但是硅是一种间接带隙半导体材料,在近红外波段对入射光的吸收很微弱,只有吸收层厚度达到200 µm以上,电池才能实现宽波段(300~1 100 nm)上的充分吸收[3]。合理的陷光纳米结构设计可以增强硅薄膜太阳能电池的光吸收性能,例如周期性纳米光栅、金属纳米颗粒、光子晶体、非周期性结构、纳米线、抗反射层和背反射层等[3-8]。这些陷光纳米结构的形貌尺寸、材质和空间布局都会对硅薄膜太阳能电池的表面抗反射特性和陷光性能有很大的影响[9-10]。
陷光效应的实质是增加入射光在太阳能电池吸收层内的光程,周期性纳米光栅是硅薄膜太阳能电池中普遍应用的陷光纳米结构[9-10]。周期性纳米光栅通过衍射和散射效应来增加入射光在电池内部的有效光程,在一定条件下周期性纳米光栅能将入射光耦合成光波导模式[4,9]。另外,周期性纳米光栅可基于相消干涉原理来减少入射光在电池表面的反射损失[10-11]。2020年,PANDA A等[10]在硅薄膜太阳能电池前后界面应用不同类型的陷光纳米光栅结构,并通过优化计算得到最佳的陷光方案,对于该厚度为2 µm的硅薄膜太阳能电池,其短路电流密度达到29.27 mA/cm2。2024年,ESKANDARI M[11]设计了一种前表面具有矩形结构的二维高斯光栅非晶硅薄膜太阳能电池,该光栅结构增强了0.5 µm厚的电池吸收层对可见光和近红外波段的光吸收,其最大平均光吸收效率达到84.8%,比平板结构太阳能电池提高90%。金属纳米光栅与半导体界面的自由电子和电磁场相互作用产生传播型表面等离激元(Surface Plasmon Polaritons, SPPs),表面电磁场激发增强存在于金属纳米光栅几何表面产生局域表面等离激元共振(Localized Surface Plasmon Resonances, LSPRs)[12-14]。2020年,SUBHAN F E等[13]提出了一种具有双层等离子体双金属(Al-Cu)纳米光栅的非晶硅薄膜太阳能电池,该电池结构的顶层双金属光栅与抗反射层共同减少前表面反射损失并增强吸收层在短波段可见光谱的光吸收,底层双金属光栅主要增强吸收层在长波段的光吸收,从而实现了该薄膜太阳能电池在670~1 060 nm宽波段的平均光吸收效率超过70%,光电流密度达到22.30 mA/cm2。2023年,SAMINEZHAD S等[14]提出在薄膜太阳能电池的背电极上应用三角形和矩形Ag金属光栅,进行了基于金属纳米光栅结构的太阳能电池陷光性能研究。相对于平板结构太阳能电池,具有最优Ag光栅结构的晶体硅薄膜太阳能电池的效率和短路电流密度分别从8.87%和16.81 mA/cm2提高到13.34%和24.78 mA/cm2。对于非晶硅薄膜太阳能电池,其效率和短路电流密度分别从14.75%和28.74 mA/cm2提高到15.22%和29.6 mA/cm2。近几年来,具有前后界面光栅的硅薄膜太阳能电池陷光性能研究也取得一系列成果[10,13,15]。前后界面光栅具有不同的陷光效应,前界面光栅既有表面抗反射作用,也能将入射光耦合到电池吸收层中,后界面光栅则将吸收层中的入射平面波相位匹配耦合成光波导模式[16]。研究人员利用薄膜沉积制备共形纳米结构的技术优势,设计了双层共形陷光纳米结构来提高薄膜太阳能电池的光吸收性能[17]。
在以上研究成果的基础上,本文以双层共形光栅硅薄膜太阳能电池为研究模型,利用超二次亚波长光栅的概念[18]系统性模拟分析了不同光栅形状对硅薄膜太阳能电池陷光性能的影响,同时分析了不同材质(Ag、Au、Cu和Al)底层金属光栅的光吸收增强效应。从而探索出双层共形光栅硅薄膜太阳能电池的陷光效应规律,并对该研究现象及其规律进行了机理分析。
图1为所设计的双层共形光栅硅薄膜太阳能电池结构和一维超二次亚波长光栅(One-dimensional Super-quadratic Subwavelength Gratings, 1D SQSWGs)结构模型[16,18]。图1(a)是平板结构硅薄膜太阳能电池,图1(b)~(f)是双层共形光栅硅薄膜太阳能电池结构,该结构从上到下依次由AZO(ZnO∶Al)抗反射层(厚度记为TAZO)、c-Si吸收层(500 nm)、SiO2钝化层(50 nm)和Ag背反射层(200 nm)组成,其中AZO层与顶层Si光栅共形,同时作为电池的透明电极。双层共形光栅硅薄膜太阳能电池的顶层Si光栅和底层Ag光栅分别排列在c-Si层的前后界面上,且具有相等的高度H、周期Q和宽度W(W=wdc×Q),wdc为光栅的占空比。Ag背电极内嵌在SiO2钝化层中,并与底层Ag光栅保持等宽接触。
图1(g)为一维超二次亚波长光栅的几何示意图,通过改变光栅轮廓函数的次数可以调节光栅的轮廓形状,x-y平面坐标系中光栅的轮廓函数如式(1)所示[16,18]。本文选取了五条代表性的光栅轮廓曲线(n=1,2, 4,10,∞),随着n的增大,光栅轮廓形状从三角形(n=1)、抛物线形(n=2),逐渐转变成矩形(n→∞)。图1(b)~(f)所示的双层共形光栅硅薄膜太阳能电池分别应用了以上五种光栅结构,从而创建了基于纳米光栅结构的硅薄膜太阳能电池陷光性能研究的结构模型。此外,将对该结构模型中四种材质(Ag、Au、Cu和Al)底层金属光栅的光吸收增强效应进行对比分析,图1中电极的金属材质与底层金属光栅一致。
y=-(H/An) xn+H
式中,H是光栅的高度;A是光栅宽度的一半,即A=W/2;n是光栅轮廓函数的次数。
采用时域有限差分法(Finite-Difference Time-Domain, FDTD)对设计的电池结构进行模拟分析。图1(e)为软件FDTD Solutions中硅薄膜太阳能电池的二维仿真单元设置,x方向采用周期性边界条件,y方向采用完全匹配层(PML)吸收边界条件。为了保证较高的计算精度,设置计算区域网格大小为2 nm,计算时间为1 000 fs。在AM1.5光谱条件下,仿真光源采用沿着y轴负方向垂直入射的平面波源,计算波长范围为300~1 100 nm,且计算步长设置为2 nm。硅薄膜太阳能电池的光吸收效率是在c-Si吸收层内对单位面积上的位置相关吸收进行积分得到的,有效地避免了Ag材料的寄生吸收,确保了结果的可靠性[4]。因此通过模拟分析得到硅薄膜太阳能电池精确的短路电流密度,以及TE和TM偏振光条件下的光吸收效率,并将其平均值作为非偏振光条件下的数值计算结果。由于本文侧重于电池的光学性能研究,假设一个入射光子只能产生一个电子空穴对,且所有光生载流子均被电极收集,电池中无复合损失[16]。硅薄膜太阳能电池的短路电流密度计算式为[19]
Jsc=∫300 nm1100 nmqλℏcΦAM1.5(λ)ηabs(λ)dλ
式中,q为电子的电荷量,ħ为普朗克常数,c为真空中的光速,λ为入射光的波长,ΦAM1.5(λ)是AM1.5标准下的太阳光谱辐照度,ηabs(λ)是太阳能电池的光吸收效率,其计算式为[20]
ηabs(λ)=Pabs(λ)ΦAM1.5(λ)×S
其中,光吸收功率Pabs(λ)表示为[20]
Pabs(λ)=0.5ωIm(εrε0)∫ΩE02dΩ
式中,ω=2π/λ,ε0为真空介电常数,εr为c-Si材料的相对介电常数,E0是局部电场振幅,Ω是整个半导体区域的体积,S是吸收体被太阳光辐照的面积。
首先,对图1(a)~(f)所示的硅薄膜太阳能电池结构进行优化计算,通过参数扫描优化光栅周期Q(200~800 nm)、占空比wdc(0.2~1.0)、高度H(0~200 nm)和AZO层的厚度TAZO(10~100 nm),使得短路电流密度Jsc的值最大化,从而得到各电池结构的优化结果,如表1所示。
从表1可以看出,n=1和n=2光栅结构硅薄膜太阳能电池的Jsc值相等,两种光栅结构在全波段上的光吸收特性如图2所示。从图2(a)和(b)可以看出,在可见光和近红外波段(470~1 100 nm)n=1和n=2光栅结构的光吸收效率明显高于平板结构,这是由光栅结构的陷光效应所致。但在短波段(350~470 nm)平板结构的光吸收效率反而高于光栅结构,这是由底层金属光栅引起谐振腔中的共振峰红移所致[21]。如图2(c)和(d)所示,在近红外波段(900~1 100 nm)n=1光栅结构比n=2光栅结构的光吸收增强效果更好,在TE和TM偏振光条件下的光吸收增强因子、光吸收增强峰的数量和展宽均具有一定的优势。在图2(c)中取1 008 nm和1 024 nm两个波长点(符号标记)来分析其电场强度分布;在图2(d)中取1 012 nm和1 044 nm两个波长点(符号标记)来分析其磁场强度分布。图3为n=1和n=2光栅结构硅薄膜太阳能电池在部分波长点的电磁场强度分布图。
如图3(a)所示,n=2光栅结构在1 008 nm波长点的光吸收增强主要来自衍射效应,其中部分电磁场能量分布在c-Si层以外,入射光没被完全耦合成光波导模式[4];n=1光栅结构在1 024 nm波长点的光吸收增强来自光波导模式和光学谐振腔模式的杂化效应[22],其光吸收增强因子达到24.51(如图2(c))。如图3(b)所示,在1 044 nm波长点n=2光栅结构的底层Ag光栅表面激发了LSPRs模式,且c-Si吸收层中有明显的光波导模式耦合。同样在1 012 nm波长点n=1光栅结构的底层Ag光栅表面也激发了LSPRs模式,入射光在周期性纳米光栅的作用下被耦合成光波导模式。以上两种光栅结构的光吸收增强机理分析表明,n=1光栅结构在多种光学效应的协同作用下,在近红外波段(900~1 100 nm)具有更好的陷光性能。为了进一步定量分析每种光栅结构硅薄膜太阳能电池在全波段上的光吸收特性,引用了积分吸收的概念,并定义为[23]
Atot=∫λ1λ2ηabs(λ)ΦAM1.5(λ)dλ∫λ1λ2ΦAM1.5(λ)dλ
式中,λ是入射光的波长,ηabs(λ)是光吸收效率谱,ΦAM1.5(λ)是AM1.5标准下的太阳光谱辐照度。
利用式(5)分别计算了n=1和n=2光栅结构硅薄膜太阳能电池在300~750 nm和750~1 100 nm两个波段的积分吸收,并计算了TE和TM偏振光条件下积分吸收Atot的平均值,得到平均积分吸收Aave,计算结果如表2所示。可以看出,在300~750 nm波段n=2光栅结构比n=1光栅结构的平均积分吸收Aave值大,这是由n=2光栅结构在可见光波段具有更好的抗反射性能所致[18]。相反,在750~1 100 nm波段n=1光栅结构的平均积分吸收Aave值较大,这也印证了前文的分析结果,即n=1光栅结构在近红外波段具有更好的陷光性能。
从表1可以看出,n=4、n=10和n→∞光栅结构硅薄膜太阳能电池的Jsc值依次减小,三种光栅结构在全波段上的光吸收特性如图4所示。图4(a)和(b)是三种光栅结构在TE和TM偏振光条件下的吸收光谱,并在全波段上计算其光吸收效率与平板结构光吸收效率的比值,分别得到TE和TM偏振光条件下的光吸收增强谱,如图4(c)和(d)所示。从光吸收增强谱中可以看出,在近红外波段(900~1 100 nm)n=4光栅结构比n=10和n→∞光栅结构的光吸收增强效果更好,其光吸收增强因子、光吸收增强峰的数量和展宽均具有明显优势。在图4(c)中取836 nm、994 nm和1 034 nm三个波长点(符号标记)来分析其电场强度分布;在图4(d)中取982 nm、986 nm和1 056 nm三个波长点(符号标记)来分析其磁场强度分布。图5为n=4、n=10和n→∞光栅结构硅薄膜太阳能电池在部分波长点的电磁场强度分布图。
如图5(a)所示,n=4光栅结构在994 nm波长点的光吸收增强主要来自衍射效应;n=10光栅结构在836 nm波长点激发了一种低品质因子的光波导模式;n→∞光栅结构在1 034 nm波长点的光吸收增强主要来自衍射效应,入射光的部分能量分布在c-Si层以外,没完全实现光波导模式耦合[4]。如图5(b)所示,n= 4、n=10和n→∞三种光栅结构的底层Ag光栅表面均激发了LSPRs模式,并且这种共振与c-Si吸收层中的光波导模式产生了杂化效应。其中n=4光栅结构在986 nm波长点的磁场强度分布显示,底层Ag光栅表面激发的LSPRs模式比另外两种光栅结构的范围广且强度更高。以上分析了n=4、n=10和n→∞三种光栅结构在近红外波段的光吸收增强机理,在多种物理机制的协同作用下,n=4光栅结构表现出更好的陷光性能。为了定量分析三种光栅结构在全波段上的光吸收特性,利用式(5)分别计算了n=4、n=10和n→∞光栅结构硅薄膜太阳能电池在300~750 nm和750~1 100 nm两个波段的积分吸收,计算结果如表3所示。
从表1、表2和表3可以看出,光栅轮廓形状从三角形(n=1)转变成矩形(n→∞)的过程中硅薄膜太阳能电池的陷光性能整体呈下降趋势。其中,抛物线形(n=2)光栅结构在300~750 nm和750~1 100 nm两个波段的光吸收性能均表现较好,短路电流密度Jsc也最大。三角形(n=1)光栅结构在750~1 100 nm波段具有较好的陷光性能,但在300~750 nm波段的平均积分吸收Aave相对较小。表3中的数据显示在750~1 100 nm波段,矩形(n→∞)光栅结构在TE偏振光条件下的陷光性能明显优于n=10光栅结构;而在300~750 nm和750~1 100 nm波段矩形(n→∞)光栅结构在TM偏振光条件下的陷光性能均比n=10光栅结构差。这是因为矩形(n→∞)光栅结构在光波导模式耦合效率上更具优势,但在底层Ag光栅表面激发LSPRs模式方面处于劣势[4]。
如图1所示,对四种材质(Ag、Au、Cu和Al)底层金属光栅的硅薄膜太阳能电池进行结构参数优化计算,优化计算方法与图1和表1中阐述一致,优化后硅薄膜太阳能电池的短路电流密度如图6所示。可以看出,四种材质底层金属光栅硅薄膜太阳能电池的Jsc曲线均呈现整体下降趋势,其中Ag、Au和Cu三种材质的Jsc曲线变化趋势更相近,n=2光栅结构硅薄膜太阳能电池的Jsc值相对较大,这与n=2光栅结构在全波段上的较好光吸收性能有关。另外,Ag、Au、Cu和Al四种材质的Jsc曲线数值依次减小,底层Ag光栅结构的陷光性能最佳,底层Al光栅结构最差。
为了分析不同光栅材质对硅薄膜太阳能电池陷光性能的影响,以n=2光栅结构为例,分别计算了四种材质底层金属光栅硅薄膜太阳能电池的吸收光谱。为了便于观察分析,通过四种材质底层金属光栅(n=2)结构吸收光谱的两两比较,图6中Jsc值①~④对应的吸收光谱分别如图7(a)~(f)所示。从图7(a)和(b)可以看出,在可见光波段底层Ag光栅结构的光吸收效率明显高于底层Au光栅结构,所以前者的Jsc值较大。如图7(c)和(d)所示,在TE偏振光条件下底层Au光栅结构相对于底层Cu光栅结构在可见光波段的光吸收效率较高;在TM偏振光条件下底层Au光栅结构相对于底层Cu光栅结构在可见光和近红外波段的光吸收效率均较高。如图7(e)和(f)所示,在550~1 100 nm波段底层Cu光栅结构的光吸收性能比底层Al光栅结构具有明显优势,而在300~550 nm波段底层Al光栅结构的光吸收效率略高,整体上底层Cu光栅结构的Jsc值明显高于底层Al光栅结构。
图8为软件FDTD Solutions中设置的金属折射率和消光系数数据[24]。如图8(a)所示,在300~650 nm波段c-Si层与金属Ag的折射率相差很大,使得底层Ag光栅结构在该波段对入射光的反射率较高,有利于增加c-Si吸收层内的光程,所以图7(a)和(b)中显示在可见光波段底层Ag光栅结构的光吸收效率明显高于底层Au光栅结构。由于金属Au比金属Cu在可见光和近红外波段的SPPs共振表现优异[25-26],因此在该波段底层Au光栅结构的光吸收性能优于底层Cu光栅结构,如图7(c)和(d)所示。从图8可以看出,金属Al的折射率色散曲线走势与其它金属材质区别很大,且金属Al的消光系数相对较高,使得底层Al光栅结构与底层Cu光栅结构的吸收光谱特征基本不同,如图7(e)和(f)所示。由于金属Al具有高消光系数且金属Al的SPPs共振主要分布在300~500 nm波段[27],因此底层Al光栅结构在550~1 100 nm波段的光吸收性能较差。
本文设计了双层共形光栅硅薄膜太阳能电池结构,并利用超二次亚波长光栅的概念系统性模拟分析了不同光栅形状对硅薄膜太阳能电池陷光性能的影响,进而分析了不同材质(Ag、Au、Cu和Al)底层金属光栅的光吸收增强效应。结果表明,随着n的增大,光栅轮廓形状从三角形(n=1)转变成矩形(n→∞)的过程中硅薄膜太阳能电池的陷光性能整体呈下降趋势,其中抛物线形(n=2)光栅结构在300~750 nm和750~1 100 nm两个波段的光吸收性能均表现优越。因为n=2光栅结构在可见光波段具有良好的抗反射性能,并且在近红外波段底层Ag光栅表面激发了LSPRs模式,同时c-Si吸收层中实现了光波导模式耦合。而三角形(n=1)光栅结构在750~1 100 nm波段具有更好的陷光性能,但在300~750 nm波段的光吸收性能较差。结果还表明,Ag、Au、Cu和Al四种材质底层金属光栅硅薄膜太阳能电池的Jsc数值依次减小,其中底层Ag光栅结构的陷光性能最佳,底层Al光栅结构最差。研究结果可为基于纳米光栅结构的薄膜太阳能电池的结构设计提供理论参考。

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doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265503.0323001
  • 接收时间:2025-10-10
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  • 出版时间:2026-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-10
  • 录用日期:2025-12-22
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    1合肥职业技术学院 机电工程学院, 合肥 230012
    2合肥工业大学 机械工程学院, 合肥 230009
    3安徽大学 电子信息工程学院, 合肥 230601

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