Article(id=1315741722676671437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315741514865689424, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3788/gzxb20265503.0306001, pmid=null, cstr=32255.14.gzxb20265503.0306001, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1759766400000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1767110400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-12-31, onlineDate=1791626871985, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1774368000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791626871985, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791626871985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791626871985, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315741514865689424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, year='2026', volume='55', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='378', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774368000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791626822438, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791626932547, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315741977111540218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315741514865689424, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315741977111540219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315741514865689424, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=263, endPage=272, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315741724492805072, articleId=1315741722676671437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=EN, title=Low-complexity DSP Scheme Based on Baud-rate Clock Recovery and Adaptive Equalization for Short-reach Optical Interconnects, columnId=1315741724413113295, journalTitle=Acta Photonica Sinica, columnName=Fiber Optics and Optical Communications, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the rapid development of cloud computing and large language models, global mobile data traffic has experienced exponential growth, imposing higher demands on data center interconnection technologies. To achieve high-speed data transmission at 800 Gbit/s, coherent optical communication with high spectral efficiency and support for advanced modulation formats has emerged as a key solution for short-reach optical interconnects. However, traditional coherent receivers are hindered by high Digital Signal Processing (DSP) complexity, which makes it difficult to meet stringent power and cost requirements. To address this, this paper proposes a low-complexity DSP scheme based on baud-rate sampling, which reduces computational complexity while maintaining performance for short-reach coherent optical communications.

The proposed DSP architecture integrates a baud-rate clock recovery module with a two-stage adaptive equalizer, both designed for low complexity. The clock recovery module employs a split-path design comprising four independent units, each utilizing a sign-MM Timing Phase Error Detection (TPED) algorithm. Operating at the symbol rate, this module uses a sign function to extract timing errors from signal polarity changes. This approach enables robust compensation of Sampling Clock Offsets (SCO) and In-phase/Quadrature (I/Q) skew without requiring carrier recovery. Subsequently, a Two-stage Real-valued Multiple Input Multiple Output (RV-MIMO) adaptive equalizer is applied. Its tap configuration is flexible: the first stage uses N1 main taps to mitigate intra-polarization impairments, such as chromatic dispersion and inter-symbol interference, while the second stage includes N2 cross-term taps and a 4×4 RV-MIMO with N3 taps to handle residual inter-polarization crosstalk and polarization demultiplexing. This tunable structure allows the equalizer's complexity to be dynamically adjusted based on channel conditions, thereby optimizing the performance-complexity balance.

Simulation results under a 56 GBaud dual-polarization 16QAM transmission over 2 km standard single-mode fiber demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. The sign-MM TPED exhibits robust performance against impairments such as carrier frequency offset and phase noise, with timing jitter remaining below -45 dB under various conditions. The two-stage equalizer reliably achieves Bit Error Rate (BER) performance below the hard-decision forward error correction threshold, even in the presence of IQ skew. Compared to conventional oversampling-based DSP schemes, the proposed approach reduces the number of real multipliers required in the equalizer by approximately 50%. This complexity reduction is achieved with only minor penalties of 0.4 dB in Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio(OSNR) tolerance and 1.1 dB in Received Optical Power(ROP) sensitivity.

In summary, this work presents a low-complexity DSP solution for short-reach coherent optical interconnects, using baud-rate sampling to significantly reduce computational complexity while maintaining performance. The integrated architecture, which combines I/Q-independent clock recovery with a configurable-tap adaptive equalizer, enhances robustness against I/Q skew and sampling offsets, making it suitable for data center applications. These attributes collectively make the scheme a practical and efficient candidate for high-speed, power-and cost-sensitive applications such as intra-data center interconnects.

, authors=Zhitao ZHANG1, 2, 3, Benyao ZOU4, 5, Peng HOU1, 2, 3, Jinyang YE1, 2, 3, Zhensen GAO1, 2, 3, Fan LI4, 5, Yuwen QIN1, 2, 3, authorsList=Zhitao ZHANG, Benyao ZOU, Peng HOU, Jinyang YE, Zhensen GAO, Fan LI, Yuwen QIN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhensen GAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315741729341420518, articleId=1315741722676671437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=CN, title=基于波特率采样时钟恢复与自适应均衡的低复杂度短距光互连DSP研究, columnId=1315741724673160145, journalTitle=光子学报, columnName=光纤光学与光通信, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

提出一种基于波特率采样的低复杂度接收端数字信号处理方案,通过分路式时钟恢复与可配置抽头两级自适应均衡器级联实现。时钟恢复采用改进型时钟恢复算法,在有效矫正采样偏差的同时,自然地补偿同相/正交支路偏移;随后在准确时钟同步的基础上,使用两级实数值多输入多输出自适应均衡,通过灵活配置均衡器抽头数从而进一步降低计算复杂度。仿真结果表明,在存在同相/正交支路偏移的条件下,该方案仍能保持稳定的误码率性能,并将均衡器所需的实数乘法器数量减少约50%。与传统两倍过采样方案相比,本方案以微小的接收光功率灵敏度为代价,显著降低了系统计算复杂度。

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Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315741730062840815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741722676671437, companyId=1315741729861514221, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3广东工业大学 广东省信息光子技术重点实验室, 广州 510006)]), AuthorCompany(id=1315741730134143984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741722676671437, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315741730142532593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741722676671437, companyId=1315741730134143984, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315741730150921202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741722676671437, companyId=1315741730134143984, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4中山大学 电子与信息工程学院, 广州 510275)]), AuthorCompany(id=1315741730222224372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741722676671437, xref=5, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315741730234807285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741722676671437, companyId=1315741730222224372, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing Chips and Systems, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315741730243195894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741722676671437, companyId=1315741730222224372, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5中山大学 广东省光电信息处理芯片与系统重点实验室, 广州 510275)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1315741735947448368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741722676671437, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Loop structure of the clock recovery algorithm, figureFileSmall=DL/kQ71FsA8ifHdGXREprg==, figureFileBig=caf9B8PvnGjxWFxTeO8M7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741736324935729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741722676671437, language=CN, label=图1, caption=时钟恢复算法环路, figureFileSmall=DL/kQ71FsA8ifHdGXREprg==, figureFileBig=caf9B8PvnGjxWFxTeO8M7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741738111709234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741722676671437, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Conventional AEQ structure, figureFileSmall=wOIdktERSkvkAXEEdoC3QQ==, figureFileBig=g/MRh0x2fmrQHlBQc4nJWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741738170429491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741722676671437, language=CN, label=图2, caption=传统AEQ结构, figureFileSmall=wOIdktERSkvkAXEEdoC3QQ==, figureFileBig=g/MRh0x2fmrQHlBQc4nJWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741738426282036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741722676671437, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Proposed DSP scheme, figureFileSmall=RSNLqboTJexbbMUncArwXA==, figureFileBig=78z5x2Fda/v0pQGoBiqD/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741738489196598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741722676671437, language=CN, label=图3, caption=所提DSP方案, figureFileSmall=RSNLqboTJexbbMUncArwXA==, figureFileBig=78z5x2Fda/v0pQGoBiqD/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741738585665592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741722676671437, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=The setup of the simulation system., figureFileSmall=ZPKst7Yfe/ikGYqeaI9QHA==, figureFileBig=WifcpQ4/+G8Yty+mReZg0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741738661163065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741722676671437, language=CN, label=图4, caption=仿真系统配置, figureFileSmall=ZPKst7Yfe/ikGYqeaI9QHA==, figureFileBig=WifcpQ4/+G8Yty+mReZg0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741738719883322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741722676671437, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Fractional interval variation of NCO output under different SCO conditions. (a) At 100 ppm sampling clock offset; (b) At 200 ppm sampling clock offset, figureFileSmall=+Czv3VScVyNbItYcuTkF5A==, figureFileBig=J9caDdxuhc0e/LWYr1PYgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741738795380795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741722676671437, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同SCO下NCO输出分数间隔的变化。(a)100 ppm SCO条件下;(b)200 ppm SCO条件下, figureFileSmall=+Czv3VScVyNbItYcuTkF5A==, figureFileBig=J9caDdxuhc0e/LWYr1PYgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741738862489661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741722676671437, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=S-curves of sign-MM TPED under different conditions. (a) FO=0 GHz, LW=0 kHz, ROF=0.1; (b) FO=1 GHz, LW=100 kHz, ROF=0.1; (c) FO=1 GHz, LW=100 kHz, ROF=0.01, figureFileSmall=B+6yQoQlLaFnXxiOiPjcYw==, figureFileBig=BCFydRM0rzS+JbpAjtv11g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741738925404222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741722676671437, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同条件下sign-MM TPED的S曲线图。(a)在FO=0 GHz, LW=0 kHz, ROF=0.1条件下;(b)在FO=1 GHz, LW=100 kHz, ROF=0.1条件下;(c)在FO=1 GHz, LW=100 kHz, ROF=0.01条件下, figureFileSmall=B+6yQoQlLaFnXxiOiPjcYw==, figureFileBig=BCFydRM0rzS+JbpAjtv11g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741738984124479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741722676671437, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Timing jitter performance comparison of different TPEDs. (a) Impact of OSNR on timing jitter for different TPEDs with ROF=0.2; (b) Impact of OSNR on timing jitter for different TPEDs with ROF=0.01, figureFileSmall=8E9uzXfX5LNgMHSFRFQANA==, figureFileBig=muXLzwrlDEq2Cpm7YlzGjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741739059621952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741722676671437, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同TPED的定时抖动性能对比。(a) ROF=0.2时,OSNR对不同TPED定时抖动的影响;(b) ROF=0.01时,OSNR对不同TPED定时抖动的影响, figureFileSmall=8E9uzXfX5LNgMHSFRFQANA==, figureFileBig=muXLzwrlDEq2Cpm7YlzGjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741739265142849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741722676671437, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Impairment compensation capability comparison of different AEQs. (a) Output constellations of the 2×2 CV-MIMO without SCO; (b) Output constellations of the 4×4 RV-MIMO without SCO; (c) Output constellations of the Two-stage RV-MIMO without SCO; (d) Output constellations of the 2×2 CV-MIMO with 50 ppm SCO; (e) Output constellations of the 4×4 RV-MIMO with 50 ppm SCO; (f) Output constellations of the Two-stage RV-MIMO with 50 ppm SCO, figureFileSmall=RHoIxCMdw4SdcPedL4+BKg==, figureFileBig=X8pWrBJhpqluddKcJv1Jvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741739323863106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741722676671437, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同自适应均衡器的损伤补偿能力对比。(a) 无SCO时,2×2 CV-MIMO输出星座图;(b) 无SCO时,4×4 RV-MIMO输出星座图;(c)无SCO时,Two-stage RV-MIMO输出星座图;(d) SCO=50 ppm时,2×2 CV-MIMO输出星座图;(e) SCO=50 ppm时,4×4 RV-MIMO输出星座图;(f) SCO=50 ppm时,Two-stage RV-MIMO输出星座图, figureFileSmall=RHoIxCMdw4SdcPedL4+BKg==, figureFileBig=X8pWrBJhpqluddKcJv1Jvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741739416137795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741722676671437, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=BER performance comparison between the conventional oversampling scheme and the baud-rate sampling scheme. (a) BER versus OSNR; (b) BER versus ROP, figureFileSmall=iXrIg4s3wB3FaRhuLiYNXg==, figureFileBig=R72rihHi8aLrW8CnbzTpjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741739684573252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741722676671437, language=CN, label=图9, caption=传统两倍过采样方案与波特率采样方案BER性能对比。(a) BER随OSNR的变化曲线;(b) BER随ROP的变化曲线, figureFileSmall=iXrIg4s3wB3FaRhuLiYNXg==, figureFileBig=R72rihHi8aLrW8CnbzTpjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315741739755876421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741722676671437, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of different DSP schemes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SchemesAlgorithm compositionInput sampling rateReal multiplications required
Clock recoveryAdaptive equalization
1Two CR units2×2 CV-MIMOTwo SPS16N
2Four CR units 4×4 RV-MIMOOne SPS16N
ProposedFour CR unitsTwo-stage RV-MIMOOne SPS4N1+4N2+16N3(N2 and N3 can be selected)
), ArticleFig(id=1315741739843956806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315741722676671437, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同DSP方案的对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SchemesAlgorithm compositionInput sampling rateReal multiplications required
Clock recoveryAdaptive equalization
1Two CR units2×2 CV-MIMOTwo SPS16N
2Four CR units 4×4 RV-MIMOOne SPS16N
ProposedFour CR unitsTwo-stage RV-MIMOOne SPS4N1+4N2+16N3(N2 and N3 can be selected)
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基于波特率采样时钟恢复与自适应均衡的低复杂度短距光互连DSP研究
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张志涛 1, 2, 3 , 邹本尧 4, 5 , 侯鹏 1, 2, 3 , 叶锦洋 1, 2, 3 , 高震森 1, 2, 3 , 李凡 4, 5 , 秦玉文 1, 2, 3
光子学报 | 光纤光学与光通信 2026,55(3): 263-272
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光子学报 |光纤光学与光通信 2026 , 55 (3) : 263 -272
基于波特率采样时钟恢复与自适应均衡的低复杂度短距光互连DSP研究
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张志涛1, 2, 3 , 邹本尧4, 5, 侯鹏1, 2, 3, 叶锦洋1, 2, 3, 高震森1, 2, 3 , 李凡4, 5, 秦玉文1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1广东工业大学 信息工程学院 先进光子技术研究院, 广州 510006
  • 2广东工业大学 通感融合光子技术教育部重点实验室, 广州 510006
  • 3广东工业大学 广东省信息光子技术重点实验室, 广州 510006
  • 4中山大学 电子与信息工程学院, 广州 510275
  • 5中山大学 广东省光电信息处理芯片与系统重点实验室, 广州 510275
通讯作者:
作者简介:
Low-complexity DSP Scheme Based on Baud-rate Clock Recovery and Adaptive Equalization for Short-reach Optical Interconnects
Zhitao ZHANG1, 2, 3 , Benyao ZOU4, 5, Peng HOU1, 2, 3, Jinyang YE1, 2, 3, Zhensen GAO1, 2, 3 , Fan LI4, 5, Yuwen QIN1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Advanced Photonics Technology, School of Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Photonic Technology for Integrated Sensing and Communication, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
  • 3Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Information Photonics Technology, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
  • 4School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
  • 5Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing Chips and Systems, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
出版时间: 2026-03-25 doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265503.0306001
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提出一种基于波特率采样的低复杂度接收端数字信号处理方案,通过分路式时钟恢复与可配置抽头两级自适应均衡器级联实现。时钟恢复采用改进型时钟恢复算法,在有效矫正采样偏差的同时,自然地补偿同相/正交支路偏移;随后在准确时钟同步的基础上,使用两级实数值多输入多输出自适应均衡,通过灵活配置均衡器抽头数从而进一步降低计算复杂度。仿真结果表明,在存在同相/正交支路偏移的条件下,该方案仍能保持稳定的误码率性能,并将均衡器所需的实数乘法器数量减少约50%。与传统两倍过采样方案相比,本方案以微小的接收光功率灵敏度为代价,显著降低了系统计算复杂度。

波特率采样  /  时钟恢复  /  自适应均衡  /  数字信号处理  /  相干光通信

With the rapid development of cloud computing and large language models, global mobile data traffic has experienced exponential growth, imposing higher demands on data center interconnection technologies. To achieve high-speed data transmission at 800 Gbit/s, coherent optical communication with high spectral efficiency and support for advanced modulation formats has emerged as a key solution for short-reach optical interconnects. However, traditional coherent receivers are hindered by high Digital Signal Processing (DSP) complexity, which makes it difficult to meet stringent power and cost requirements. To address this, this paper proposes a low-complexity DSP scheme based on baud-rate sampling, which reduces computational complexity while maintaining performance for short-reach coherent optical communications.

The proposed DSP architecture integrates a baud-rate clock recovery module with a two-stage adaptive equalizer, both designed for low complexity. The clock recovery module employs a split-path design comprising four independent units, each utilizing a sign-MM Timing Phase Error Detection (TPED) algorithm. Operating at the symbol rate, this module uses a sign function to extract timing errors from signal polarity changes. This approach enables robust compensation of Sampling Clock Offsets (SCO) and In-phase/Quadrature (I/Q) skew without requiring carrier recovery. Subsequently, a Two-stage Real-valued Multiple Input Multiple Output (RV-MIMO) adaptive equalizer is applied. Its tap configuration is flexible: the first stage uses N1 main taps to mitigate intra-polarization impairments, such as chromatic dispersion and inter-symbol interference, while the second stage includes N2 cross-term taps and a 4×4 RV-MIMO with N3 taps to handle residual inter-polarization crosstalk and polarization demultiplexing. This tunable structure allows the equalizer's complexity to be dynamically adjusted based on channel conditions, thereby optimizing the performance-complexity balance.

Simulation results under a 56 GBaud dual-polarization 16QAM transmission over 2 km standard single-mode fiber demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. The sign-MM TPED exhibits robust performance against impairments such as carrier frequency offset and phase noise, with timing jitter remaining below -45 dB under various conditions. The two-stage equalizer reliably achieves Bit Error Rate (BER) performance below the hard-decision forward error correction threshold, even in the presence of IQ skew. Compared to conventional oversampling-based DSP schemes, the proposed approach reduces the number of real multipliers required in the equalizer by approximately 50%. This complexity reduction is achieved with only minor penalties of 0.4 dB in Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio(OSNR) tolerance and 1.1 dB in Received Optical Power(ROP) sensitivity.

In summary, this work presents a low-complexity DSP solution for short-reach coherent optical interconnects, using baud-rate sampling to significantly reduce computational complexity while maintaining performance. The integrated architecture, which combines I/Q-independent clock recovery with a configurable-tap adaptive equalizer, enhances robustness against I/Q skew and sampling offsets, making it suitable for data center applications. These attributes collectively make the scheme a practical and efficient candidate for high-speed, power-and cost-sensitive applications such as intra-data center interconnects.

Baud-rate sampling  /  Clock recovery  /  Adaptive equalization  /  DSP  /  Coherent optical communication
张志涛, 邹本尧, 侯鹏, 叶锦洋, 高震森, 李凡, 秦玉文. 基于波特率采样时钟恢复与自适应均衡的低复杂度短距光互连DSP研究. 光子学报, 2026 , 55 (3) : 263 -272 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265503.0306001
Zhitao ZHANG, Benyao ZOU, Peng HOU, Jinyang YE, Zhensen GAO, Fan LI, Yuwen QIN. Low-complexity DSP Scheme Based on Baud-rate Clock Recovery and Adaptive Equalization for Short-reach Optical Interconnects[J]. Acta Photonica Sinica, 2026 , 55 (3) : 263 -272 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265503.0306001
随着全球数据流量的爆发式增长,数据中心互连技术面临更高容量和更低功耗的迫切需求[1-3]。为实现800 Gbit/s乃至1.6 Tbit/s的高速传输,具有高频谱效率并支持高阶调制格式的相干光通信技术已经成为短距离光互连的重要解决方案[4-6]。然而,传统相干接收机中数字信号处理(Digital Signal Processing, DSP) 模块的高复杂度,难以满足对功耗和成本敏感的短距离光互连场景需求。为此,波特率采样相干光技术应运而生,有效推动了相干技术在短距光互连中的商用进程[4]。为降低相干光通信系统接收端DSP功耗,目前主要有两种路径:一是减少每符号采样数以降低计算复杂度;二是采用自零差检测(Self-Homodyne Detection, SHD)结合自适应偏振控制以简化载波恢复[7],从而简化DSP处理。
自适应均衡器通过动态调节滤波器系数,可有效补偿同相/正交(In-phase/Quadrature, IQ)支路失衡、器件带宽限制及码间干扰(Inter-symbol Interference, ISI)等线性损伤,但该算法功耗约占系统DSP功耗的50%[8]。在短距离传输场景中,偏振模色散(Polarization Mode Dispersion, PMD)和色散(Chromatic Dispersion, CD)的影响通常可忽略,这为简化DSP架构创造了条件。已有研究表明,简化的多输入多输出(Multiple Input Multiple Output, MIMO)均衡算法可有效降低DSP功耗[9]。为进一步优化功耗,将自适应均衡器的采样率降至波特率是一种有效方案,但需确保准确时钟同步以实现波特率均衡。时钟恢复算法(Clock Recovery Algorithm, CRA)的核心作用正是校正发送端与接收端之间的采样偏差,使接收信号能在最佳采样点被检测,其性能直接影响后续DSP算法性能与系统稳定性[10-11]。然而,常用的时域Gardner时钟恢复算法[12-13]需两倍过采样,频域Godard时钟恢复算法[14]则需非整数倍过采样,二者均依赖高速模数转换器(Analog-to-Digital Converter, ADC),在100 GBaud及更高速率下会带来显著的功耗与成本开销。相比之下,Mueller Müller(MM)时钟恢复算法及其改进版本仅需波特率采样即可实现时钟同步[15-16]。但当系统存在同相/正交支路偏移(In-phase/Quadrature skew, IQ skew)时,现有波特率采样时钟恢复算法难以矫正采样偏差,从而导致波特率自适应均衡失效,这是当前面临的一个主要挑战。
针对上述挑战,本文提出一种适用于高速短距离相干光传输系统的低复杂度DSP方案,该方案的核心在于:采用同相/正交分路时钟恢复设计,可有效补偿采样时钟偏差与接收端IQ skew;其次,引入可配置抽头两级自适应均衡器,进一步降低系统计算复杂度。仿真结果表明:与传统基于两倍过采样的方案相比,本方案在保持相近系统性能的前提下,将接收端DSP的计算复杂度降低了约50%,同时提升了对IQ skew的容限。
本文基于全数字反馈式时钟恢复算法进行研究,其结构如图1所示,主要由以下四个核心模块构成:时钟相位误差检测器(Timing Phase Error Detector, TPED)、环路滤波器(Loop Filter, LF)、数控振荡器(Numerically Controlled Oscillator, NCO)和数字插值滤波器(Digital Interpolator Filter, DIF)。各模块通过闭环反馈机制协同工作:TPED实时检测输入信号的时钟相位偏差;LF对检测到的误差信号进行噪声抑制;NCO依据滤波后的误差信号生成时钟校正信号;最终由DIF完成信号的准确重采样。
图1中x(t)为输入信号,经ADC以1/Ts速率采样后得到x(mTs);DIF对其进行重采样,输出y(mTi)。mk为插值基点,μk为分数间隔,𝒲为LF输出的控制字,ε为TPED进行误差估计后得到的误差,K1与K2是LF的增益参数。在相干光通信系统中,考虑采样偏差与IQ偏移,ADC采样第k个接收信号可表示为[17]
Ek=sIkTs+τ+Δt2+jsQkTs+τ-Δt2
式中,s为理想发射信号,Ts表示符号周期,τ表示采样相位误差,Δt表示IQ skew,下标I和Q分别对应复数信号的实部(即同相分量I)和虚部(即正交分量Q)。然而,传统的时钟恢复算法难以直接补偿IQ skew所带来的损伤,过采样系统中的实数值多输入多输出(Real Valued-Multiple Input Multiple-Output, RV-MIMO)均衡器虽可补偿IQ skew,但在波特率采样条件下,其性能会因IQ偏移破坏时钟同步条件而严重受限,导致均衡器无法稳定工作。在偏振复用系统中,传统时钟恢复算法直接对X/Y偏振态分别进行采样偏差校正,在存在IQ偏移时同样会失效。因此,本文采用分路时钟恢复方案,即I/Q支路使用独立时钟恢复算法,既能有效跟踪采样偏差,还能自然补偿IQ skew。采用的sign-MM算法数学表达式为[18]
εsign-MM=∑k=0M-2∑m=r,ixm(k)sgnxm(k+1)-xm(k+1)sgnxm(k)
式中,xm(k)表示波特率采样的复信号分量,m=r为复信号实部,m=i为复信号虚部,M为估计误差样本数,sgn(·)为符号函数。其与MM时钟恢复算法的核心区别在于引入了符号函数sgn(·),称为sign-MM时钟恢复算法。sign-MM TPED具备两大优势:一是无需载波恢复即可处理复数值信号;二是每符号仅需一个采样点即可完成,相较于需要两倍过采样的Gardner等算法,显著降低了计算复杂度。
自适应均衡算法是补偿信道线性损伤的关键技术。如图2所示,当前普遍采用MIMO蝶形滤波器结构。该结构通过四个有限脉冲响应(Finite Impulse Response, FIR)滤波器单元可补偿色散、偏振模色散和码间干扰等线性损伤,并实现正交偏振态的解复用。其核心优势在于能够通过实时更新滤波器系数,动态跟踪信道变化并补偿信道变化引入的损伤。
在相干光通信系统中,经过时钟恢复算法后的信号表示为
Eout=z⊗h⊗Jej(2πΔfk+θk)+ξ
式中,z为理想信号,h为信道响应,J为光纤链路的传输矩阵,∆f和θk分别为载波频率偏移(Frequency Offset, FO)和相位噪声,ξ表示加性高斯白噪声,⊗表示卷积运算。本文采用两级级联均衡器结构:第一级均衡器由两个2×2 RV-MIMO构成,采用可配置抽头结构,其中N1为主抽头,N2为交叉项抽头,用于补偿色散、码间干扰以及器件带宽受限等损伤。考虑到短距传输中色散较弱,可适当减少交叉项抽头数,即使N2<N1,以降低计算复杂度。第二级均衡器是一个4×4 RV-MIMO,主要用于偏振解复用。鉴于光纤中偏振态的变化相对缓慢,采用单抽头滤波器即可有效补偿。以X偏振态为例,2×2 RV-MIMO滤波器系数更新公式为
Hx,pp=Hx,pp+μ⋅εx⋅Xout,r⋅Wxx,rp+Xout,i⋅Wxx,ip⋅Xin,pHx,pq=Hx,pq+μ⋅εx⋅Xout,r⋅Wxx,rp+Xout,i⋅Wxx,ip⋅Xin,q',p∈r,i,q∈r,i,q≠p
式中,Hx,pp为第一级均衡器的权重系数,下标x表示X偏振态,p和q表示I/Q分量,μ为更新步长,Xin,q'是输入信号的共轭,Wxx,rp和Wxx,ip表示4×4 RV-MIMO均衡器的权重系数,εx为自适应均衡器输出符号的瞬时功率与理想符号目标功率的差值,用于驱动所有滤波器系数的更新。当ADC采样率降至波特率时,色散和偏振模色散引起的频谱混叠及偏振混合效应理论上会对均衡器性能构成挑战,但在短距离传输场景中,这些影响可忽略不计。因此,波特率采样MIMO均衡器的性能主要取决于时钟恢复的准确度。
本文提出的低复杂度DSP方案如图3所示。时钟恢复模块采用分路式设计,其中包含四个独立的CR单元,每个单元均基于图1所示的反馈结构独立工作。各CR单元独立估计并调控对应支路的采样相位,从而同步补偿采样时钟偏移(Sampling Clock Offset, SCO)与IQ skew。由于各支路在传输过程中所受损伤可能不一致,四个CR单元输出的重采样序列长度不同,因此需要进行对齐处理。通过比较四路CR单元输出的mk,计算出每个CR单元丢弃的样本数并舍弃相同数量的样本,使四个重采样序列对齐。
对齐后的信号进入AEQ模块,AEQ采用两级级联设计,以补偿色散、偏振模色散与码间干扰等线性损伤。第一级均衡器为损伤补偿的主体,采用可配置抽头结构,包含N1个主抽头与N2个交叉项抽头。主抽头用于补偿偏振内的码间干扰与主要色散,交叉项抽头用于处理偏振间的弱耦合与串扰。这种主、交叉抽头分离且独立配置的设计,是优化计算复杂度的关键。第二级均衡器为4×4 RV-MIMO,其抽头数为N3,用于消除经第一级补偿后残余的偏振旋转与串扰,完成精细的偏振解复用。该自适应均衡器具备高度可配置性,如图3所示,虚线部分表示此处可灵活配置或移除,所有抽头数均可依据实际条件调整。当N2与N3设为零时,系统可化为最简结构。在理想自零差系统中,仅需保留CR模块和脉冲幅度调制(Pulse Amplitude Modulation, PAM)均衡器即可构成最小化DSP架构,其系数更新公式可简化为:Hx,pp=Hx,pp+μ·εx·Xin,p。最终,对均衡后的信号进行符号判决与误码率(Bit Error Rate, BER)计算。
仿真系统配置如图4所示。采用自零差相干检测架构对56 GBaud 16QAM信号进行传输与接收性能评估。发射端激光器线宽为100 kHz,输出光功率为1 mW,其输出经3 dB耦合器分为两路,一路用于信号调制,输入到DP-IQM模块;另一路经过2 km标准单模光纤传输到达Coherent Receiver模块作为本振参考。在发送端,DSP模块首先生成伪随机二进制序列(Pseudo-Random Binary Sequence, PRBS),经16QAM符号映射与奈奎斯特脉冲整形并重采样以生成两路56 GBaud的基带信号。随后,这两路信号驱动DP-IQM完成电光转换,将信号调制到光载波上。调制后的光信号通过标准单模光纤(Single Mode Fiber, SMF)传输,并经由可变光衰减器(Variable Optical Attenuator, VOA)控制其到达接收机的功率。仿真中通过光信噪比(Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio, OSNR)模块来调整系统的OSNR。在接收端,光信号由相干接收机转换为电信号。为模拟实际系统的损伤,在信号进入接收端DSP模块前,人为引入了IQ skew与幅度不平衡等损伤。最后,接收端DSP模块对信号依次进行重采样、时钟恢复与自适应均衡处理,并最终通过符号判决与误码率计算来评估系统性能。
为验证所采用的时钟相位误差检测器算法性能,首先对采样时钟偏移(Sampling Clock Offset, SCO)容限进行评估。仿真采用56 GBaud 16QAM信号,在OSNR为30 dB、滚降因子(Roll-Off Factor, ROF)为0.2的条件下进行。在相干光通信系统中,因收发端时钟不同步而产生的采样误差称为SCO,其单位为百万分之一(parts per million, ppm)。
如图5所示,在100 ppm和200 ppm两种采样偏差条件下,所采用的时钟恢复算法在收敛后呈现出稳定的周期响应特性:数控振荡器输出的分数间隔μk在[0,1)区间内呈现周期性振荡,其周期分别约为10 000和5 000个采样点,符合1/SCO理论模型预测的周期特性。这一结果验证了此TPED在常规场景下[19](SCO<100 ppm)稳定的收敛能力。进一步地,通过S曲线分析其稳定性。TPED计算得到的TPE估计值与真实值之间的关系曲线称为S曲线。TPED的关键性能指标是定时抖动,其定义为S曲线归一化过零点位置的方差,过零点的稳定性决定了算法的性能,定时抖动以dB为单位,可用Jitter=20 log10δ(t)表示。其中δ(t)表示按照符号周期TB归一化的过零位置的标准差。
图6展示了sign-MM TPED在不同载波频偏、激光器线宽(LineWidth, LW)及滚降因子条件下计算得到的S曲线。每条S曲线基于256个符号的序列计算得到,每个子图包含250条独立曲线,其对应的定时抖动值已标注在曲线旁。对比图6(a)与(b)可见,当载波频偏从0 GHz增加至1 GHz,激光器线宽从0 kHz增至100 kHz时,定时抖动仅从-51.96 dB恶化至-46.15 dB,仍远低于影响接收机灵敏度的-20 dB阈值[19]。这表明sign-MM TPED对载波频率偏移与相位噪声具有较强的鲁棒性。对比图6(b)与(c)可知,当滚降因子从0.1减小至0.01时,sign-MM TPED的定时抖动几乎无变化,证明了sign-MM TPED在较小滚降系数的情况下定时抖动也能保持稳定。sign-MM TPED性能稳定的核心在于引入了符号函数sgn(·),此时算法仅关注采样点的极性与相邻符号间极性的变化关系。当信号过零点及符号判决点存在明确的极性变化,sign-MM TPED则可提取出相应的定时误差信息。
图7(a)比较了在ROF=0.2条件下,OSNR在5至25 dB范围内变化时,几种时域TPED的定时抖动性能,结果表明,Gardner TPED、MM TPED及sign-MM TPED的定时抖动均随OSNR降低而增大。然而,MM TPED与sign-MM TPED表现出更优的噪声鲁棒性,其定时抖动始终稳定在-45 dB以下。相比之下,Gardner TPED对OSNR变化较为敏感,当OSNR降至5 dB时,其定时抖动已恶化至-28 dB。图7(b)展示了在ROF=0.01时的测试结果。在此条件下,MM TPED与sign-MM TPED仍能保持-45 dB以下的稳定性能。而Gardner TPED在OSNR低于15 dB时,定时抖动迅速恶化至-20 dB以下,这意味着时钟信息几乎被噪声淹没,将严重影响接收端DSP对信号的恢复能力。综合分析表明,在存在载波频率偏移、相位噪声,以及ROF和OSNR波动等多种不利条件下,sign-MM TPED均能展现出良好且稳定的定时抖动性能。
为评估不同结构自适应均衡器对采样时钟偏移的补偿能力,对2×2 CV-MIMO、4×4 RV-MIMO以及两级级联实数值MIMO进行了性能对比分析。图8仿真结果表明,在无SCO的情况下,三种均衡器的性能差异显著:2×2 CV-MIMO均衡器的输出星座图呈现明显的三重同心圆环结构;4×4 RV-MIMO均衡器则打破了环状分布,在四个象限形成了较为对称的独立点簇;而两级级联实数值MIMO均衡器性能最优,其输出星座图完全打破了环状模式,形成了四个象限高度对称的独立点簇。这验证了该级联结构在抑制相位噪声方面的显著优势。然而,当引入50 ppm的SCO时,三种均衡器的性能均急剧恶化,其输出星座图出现严重混叠,幅度层次完全消失。上述现象表明,现有MIMO结构的自适应均衡算法对SCO的补偿能力存在固有局限。因此,须将其与时钟恢复结合进行协同处理,才能实现有效的损伤补偿。
为评估时钟恢复与自适应均衡协同工作的性能,本节对不同DSP方案的计算复杂度进行对比分析。本文对比了三种DSP方案:方案1采用传统两倍过采样时钟恢复算法与2×2 CV-MIMO均衡器级联;方案2采用四单元时钟恢复与4×4 RV-MIMO均衡器级联;所提方案采用四单元时钟恢复与改进型两级MIMO均衡器级联。在接收端DSP中,自适应均衡算法通常占据最主要的运算资源,所以本文将其处理每符号所需的实数乘法次数作为核心复杂度指标。如表1所示,方案1的2×2 CV-MIMO结构因复数运算导致所需乘法次数较多;方案2的4×4 RV-MIMO自适应均衡的结构虽能区分I/Q支路并补偿I/Q支路的损伤,但其乘法次数并未显著减少;相比之下,所提方案通过采用抽头数可配置的两级均衡器结构,实现了复杂度的优化,将每符号所需的乘法次数从16N降至4N1+4N2+16N3,在保持系统相近性能的前提下,大幅降低了系统计算复杂度。
图9(a)对比了传统两倍过采样方案与所提波特率采样方案的BER随OSNR的变化曲线。仿真基于2 km标准单模光纤链路,图中红色实线代表sign-MM算法结合可配置抽头两级自适应均衡算法方案,黑色实线代表传统Gardner算法结合相同自适应均衡的两倍过采样方案。图中水平虚线标示了硬判决前向纠错(Hard Decision-Forward Error Correction, HD-FEC)的典型阈值,两种方案在OSNR高于22 dB时均能满足纠错要求,且BER性能接近,传统两倍过采样方案具有约0.4 dB的OSNR优势。图9(b)展示了误码率随接收光功率(Received Optical Power, ROP)的变化曲线,当ROP高于-26 dB时,两种方案均能满足HD-FEC阈值要求,且性能相近,传统方案在此条件下展现出约1.1 dB的ROP优势。结果表明,所提波特率采样方案在显著降低系统复杂度的同时,仍可保持良好的系统性能。
针对短距离相干光互连系统中DSP模块功耗过高的问题,本文提出了一种基于波特率采样的低复杂度DSP方案,通过分路时钟恢复架构与可配置抽头两级自适应均衡器级联实现。56 GBaud DP-16QAM传输仿真结果表明,该方案在误码性能和IQ skew容限方面具有更好的优势。时钟恢复采用sign-MM算法,在有效矫正采样偏差的同时自然地补偿IQ skew;同时,通过灵活配置两级自适应均衡结构中的抽头数量,与传统AEQ结构相比,将均衡器所需的实数乘法器数量减少了约50%。与传统两倍过采样DSP方案相比,所提方案仅引入了0.4 dB的OSNR容限与1.1 dB的ROP灵敏度损失,在保持相近系统性能的同时显著降低了系统计算复杂度,为数据中心等短距离光互连应用提供了一种高效能解决方案。

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2026年第55卷第3期
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doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265503.0306001
  • 接收时间:2025-10-07
  • 首发时间:2026-10-10
  • 出版时间:2026-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-07
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    1广东工业大学 信息工程学院 先进光子技术研究院, 广州 510006
    2广东工业大学 通感融合光子技术教育部重点实验室, 广州 510006
    3广东工业大学 广东省信息光子技术重点实验室, 广州 510006
    4中山大学 电子与信息工程学院, 广州 510275
    5中山大学 广东省光电信息处理芯片与系统重点实验室, 广州 510275

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