Article(id=1315743694796477275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743622176288781, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3788/gzxb20265502.0222007, pmid=null, cstr=32255.14.gzxb20265502.0222007, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1756656000000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1764518400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-12-01, onlineDate=1791627342174, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791627342174, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791627342174, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791627342174, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315743622176288781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, year='2026', volume='55', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791627324861, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791627390701, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315743898396381488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743622176288781, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315743898396381489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743622176288781, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=136, endPage=146, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315743695064912732, articleId=1315743694796477275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=EN, title=Satellite-borne Far-Ultraviolet Aurora Imager with Large Dynamic Range and Low Stray Light, columnId=1315743623623332133, journalTitle=Acta Photonica Sinica, columnName=Optical Design and Fabrication, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Intense solar activities (such as coronal mass ejections and solar flares) release a large number of high-energy charged particles. When these particles reach Earth, they interact with the magnetosphere and trigger magnetic storms through processes like particle precipitation. The duration of magnetic storms can range from several hours to days. During this period, they cause ionospheric disturbances and drastic changes in the geomagnetic field, leading to disruptions in on-orbit satellite communications and shortwave broadcasting, significant degradation or even loss of lock in the positioning accuracy of global navigation satellite systems, and an increased risk of accelerated orbital decay for low-orbit satellites due to sudden increases in atmospheric drag.

During magnetic storms, precipitating particles collide with the upper atmosphere at the poles along magnetic field lines, exciting the generation of auroras. The radiation characteristics of auroras are directly related to the flux and energy of the incident particles. Therefore, detecting the morphology of auroras in specific wavelength bands has become a key method for studying solar activities.During magnetic storms, precipitating high-energy particles collide with neutral atmospheric components (such as atomic oxygen and nitrogen molecules) above Earth's poles. Through excitation and ionization processes, these collisions produce auroral radiation covering wavelengths from visible light to the far ultraviolet. Among this radiation, the emission intensity of the LBH band of nitrogen molecules (N₂)—located in the far ultraviolet range of 160~180 nm—has a direct and sensitive quantitative relationship with the energy flux of the precipitating particles.

Far ultraviolet radiation is effectively absorbed by the upper atmosphere, enabling its observation even in sunlight. However, achieving high-precision imaging of N₂ LBH band auroral radiation faces two core technical challenges. Firstly, the dynamic range of auroral brightness under natural conditions is extremely wide. Imaging across a range from approximately 100 Rayleigh (R) to over 30 000 Rayleigh (30 kR) during intense activity periods requires the instrument to have an extremely high linear dynamic range. Secondly, in the far ultraviolet band, stray light interference from non-target sources (such as the Sun and geocoronal background) is extremely strong, which can easily overwhelm weak auroral signals. This places extremely stringent requirements on the system's internal stray light suppression capability.

To capture the full dynamic range (100 R~30 kR) of N₂ LBH band (160~180 nm) auroral radiation and overcome the challenges of weak far ultraviolet signals and strong background interference, this study developed an optical system based on a coaxial four-reflection structure. The core of the instrument's performance lies in its large dynamic range detection capability and high stray light suppression level. Through targeted optical design, simulation, and testing, the system ultimately achieved a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) > 1.5 for extremely weak signals (100 R), ensuring the reliable extraction and detectability of weak signals. For strong signals (30 kR), the SNR reached > 30, guaranteeing measurement accuracy and the upper limit of dynamic range during intense auroral activity. Meanwhile, the stray light suppression level reached 10-3 within the 160~180 nm operating band and exceeded 10-9 in the non-operating band of 200~1 000 nm, thereby effectively extracting real auroral signals from complex optical backgrounds.

This instrument can continuously monitor the spatiotemporal evolution of the position, morphology, scale, and intensity distribution of the auroral oval. Through inversion and analysis of these high-quality image data, we can quantitatively obtain core parameters such as information on precipitating particles and their energy flux. This deepens the scientific understanding of magnetic storm triggering mechanisms, energy coupling processes, and evolution laws. It provides crucial data support and technical backing for accurate magnetic storm forecasting, space weather modeling, and ensuring the stable operation of on-orbit satellites and ground communication systems, boasting significant scientific value and broad application prospects.

, authors=Pengda LI1, 2, 3, Yongmei WANG1, 2, 4, 5, Jinghua MAO1, 2, Fei WEI1, 2, Xiaohong LIU1, 2, Ziyue WANG1, 2, Weipeng HUANG1, 2, authorsList=Pengda LI, Yongmei WANG, Jinghua MAO, Fei WEI, Xiaohong LIU, Ziyue WANG, Weipeng HUANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yongmei WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315743699749950337, articleId=1315743694796477275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=CN, title=星载大动态范围低杂光远紫外极光成像仪, columnId=1315743623807881511, journalTitle=光子学报, columnName=光学设计与制造, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为满足远紫外极光探测中对微弱信号(低至100 R)与高强度信号(高达30 kR)的高精度成像需求,针对极光N₂ LBH波段(160~180 nm)的成像特点,提出一种兼顾大动态范围与低杂散光的光学系统。通过采用同轴四反式光学结构,并结合多层膜技术抑制强背景的干扰等杂散光抑制技术,对系统性能进行了优化设计与仿真验证。测试结果表明,该系统在100 R至30 kR的动态范围内,其信噪比在100 R时优于1.5,在30 kR时优于30。在带内160~180 nm波段,杂光抑制水平达到10-3,在带外200~1 000 nm波段,杂光抑制水平优于10-9。结论证明所提出的光学系统成功实现了设计目标。

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李鹏达,

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Optical parameters

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Index nameDesign indicators
Orbit altitude5 000~121 000 km
Wavelength160~180 nm
Field10°
Spatial resolution≤150 km@19Re(Re: Earth radius)
Dynamic range100 R~30 kR
Entrance pupilφ65 mm
Focal103.6 mm
ICCD image plane sizeφ18.1 mm
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光学参数

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Index nameDesign indicators
Orbit altitude5 000~121 000 km
Wavelength160~180 nm
Field10°
Spatial resolution≤150 km@19Re(Re: Earth radius)
Dynamic range100 R~30 kR
Entrance pupilφ65 mm
Focal103.6 mm
ICCD image plane sizeφ18.1 mm
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Stray light test results

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Indicator name and valueTest results
FUV light source(R@170 nm)Far ultraviolet aurora imaging instrument @DNSensitivity @(counts/R·min)
61.7510.70.17
Integral sphere total radiation(R@250~100 nm)Far ultraviolet aurora imaging instrument @DNMiscellaneous light suppression ratio
1.895 4×1012683.59×10-11
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杂散光测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Indicator name and valueTest results
FUV light source(R@170 nm)Far ultraviolet aurora imaging instrument @DNSensitivity @(counts/R·min)
61.7510.70.17
Integral sphere total radiation(R@250~100 nm)Far ultraviolet aurora imaging instrument @DNMiscellaneous light suppression ratio
1.895 4×1012683.59×10-11
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MTF test results

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Field No.MTF @ 9.6 lp/mm
10.226
20.21
30.23
40.214
50.25
60.211
70.201
80.224
90.211
100.24
110.203
120.215
130.207
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MTF测试结果

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Field No.MTF @ 9.6 lp/mm
10.226
20.21
30.23
40.214
50.25
60.211
70.201
80.224
90.211
100.24
110.203
120.215
130.207
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星载大动态范围低杂光远紫外极光成像仪
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李鹏达 1, 2, 3 , 王咏梅 1, 2, 4, 5 , 毛靖华 1, 2 , 韦飞 1, 2 , 刘晓红 1, 2 , 王子跃 1, 2 , 黄伟鹏 1, 2
光子学报 | 光学设计与制造 2026,55(2): 136-146
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光子学报 |光学设计与制造 2026 , 55 (2) : 136 -146
星载大动态范围低杂光远紫外极光成像仪
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李鹏达1, 2, 3 , 王咏梅1, 2, 4, 5 , 毛靖华1, 2, 韦飞1, 2, 刘晓红1, 2, 王子跃1, 2, 黄伟鹏1, 2
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院国家空间科学中心,北京 100190
  • 2中国科学院国家空间科学中心环境探测室,北京 100190
  • 3中国科学院大学,北京 101408
  • 4天基环境探测北京重点实验室,北京 100190
  • 5中国科学院大学 天文与空间科学学院,北京 100049
通讯作者:
王咏梅,
作者简介:
Satellite-borne Far-Ultraviolet Aurora Imager with Large Dynamic Range and Low Stray Light
Pengda LI1, 2, 3 , Yongmei WANG1, 2, 4, 5 , Jinghua MAO1, 2, Fei WEI1, 2, Xiaohong LIU1, 2, Ziyue WANG1, 2, Weipeng HUANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190,China
  • 2Laboratory Of Space Environment Expldration, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 3University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
  • 4Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China
  • 5School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
出版时间: 2026-02-25 doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265502.0222007
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为满足远紫外极光探测中对微弱信号(低至100 R)与高强度信号(高达30 kR)的高精度成像需求,针对极光N₂ LBH波段(160~180 nm)的成像特点,提出一种兼顾大动态范围与低杂散光的光学系统。通过采用同轴四反式光学结构,并结合多层膜技术抑制强背景的干扰等杂散光抑制技术,对系统性能进行了优化设计与仿真验证。测试结果表明,该系统在100 R至30 kR的动态范围内,其信噪比在100 R时优于1.5,在30 kR时优于30。在带内160~180 nm波段,杂光抑制水平达到10-3,在带外200~1 000 nm波段,杂光抑制水平优于10-9。结论证明所提出的光学系统成功实现了设计目标。

大动态范围  /  低杂光抑制  /  同轴四反  /  极光  /  弱光探测

Intense solar activities (such as coronal mass ejections and solar flares) release a large number of high-energy charged particles. When these particles reach Earth, they interact with the magnetosphere and trigger magnetic storms through processes like particle precipitation. The duration of magnetic storms can range from several hours to days. During this period, they cause ionospheric disturbances and drastic changes in the geomagnetic field, leading to disruptions in on-orbit satellite communications and shortwave broadcasting, significant degradation or even loss of lock in the positioning accuracy of global navigation satellite systems, and an increased risk of accelerated orbital decay for low-orbit satellites due to sudden increases in atmospheric drag.

During magnetic storms, precipitating particles collide with the upper atmosphere at the poles along magnetic field lines, exciting the generation of auroras. The radiation characteristics of auroras are directly related to the flux and energy of the incident particles. Therefore, detecting the morphology of auroras in specific wavelength bands has become a key method for studying solar activities.During magnetic storms, precipitating high-energy particles collide with neutral atmospheric components (such as atomic oxygen and nitrogen molecules) above Earth's poles. Through excitation and ionization processes, these collisions produce auroral radiation covering wavelengths from visible light to the far ultraviolet. Among this radiation, the emission intensity of the LBH band of nitrogen molecules (N₂)—located in the far ultraviolet range of 160~180 nm—has a direct and sensitive quantitative relationship with the energy flux of the precipitating particles.

Far ultraviolet radiation is effectively absorbed by the upper atmosphere, enabling its observation even in sunlight. However, achieving high-precision imaging of N₂ LBH band auroral radiation faces two core technical challenges. Firstly, the dynamic range of auroral brightness under natural conditions is extremely wide. Imaging across a range from approximately 100 Rayleigh (R) to over 30 000 Rayleigh (30 kR) during intense activity periods requires the instrument to have an extremely high linear dynamic range. Secondly, in the far ultraviolet band, stray light interference from non-target sources (such as the Sun and geocoronal background) is extremely strong, which can easily overwhelm weak auroral signals. This places extremely stringent requirements on the system's internal stray light suppression capability.

To capture the full dynamic range (100 R~30 kR) of N₂ LBH band (160~180 nm) auroral radiation and overcome the challenges of weak far ultraviolet signals and strong background interference, this study developed an optical system based on a coaxial four-reflection structure. The core of the instrument's performance lies in its large dynamic range detection capability and high stray light suppression level. Through targeted optical design, simulation, and testing, the system ultimately achieved a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) > 1.5 for extremely weak signals (100 R), ensuring the reliable extraction and detectability of weak signals. For strong signals (30 kR), the SNR reached > 30, guaranteeing measurement accuracy and the upper limit of dynamic range during intense auroral activity. Meanwhile, the stray light suppression level reached 10-3 within the 160~180 nm operating band and exceeded 10-9 in the non-operating band of 200~1 000 nm, thereby effectively extracting real auroral signals from complex optical backgrounds.

This instrument can continuously monitor the spatiotemporal evolution of the position, morphology, scale, and intensity distribution of the auroral oval. Through inversion and analysis of these high-quality image data, we can quantitatively obtain core parameters such as information on precipitating particles and their energy flux. This deepens the scientific understanding of magnetic storm triggering mechanisms, energy coupling processes, and evolution laws. It provides crucial data support and technical backing for accurate magnetic storm forecasting, space weather modeling, and ensuring the stable operation of on-orbit satellites and ground communication systems, boasting significant scientific value and broad application prospects.

Large dynamic range  /  Low impurity light suppression  /  Coaxial four-reflection  /  Aurora  /  Low light detection
李鹏达, 王咏梅, 毛靖华, 韦飞, 刘晓红, 王子跃, 黄伟鹏. 星载大动态范围低杂光远紫外极光成像仪. 光子学报, 2026 , 55 (2) : 136 -146 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265502.0222007
Pengda LI, Yongmei WANG, Jinghua MAO, Fei WEI, Xiaohong LIU, Ziyue WANG, Weipeng HUANG. Satellite-borne Far-Ultraviolet Aurora Imager with Large Dynamic Range and Low Stray Light[J]. Acta Photonica Sinica, 2026 , 55 (2) : 136 -146 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265502.0222007
太阳剧烈活动如日冕物质抛射、太阳耀斑等会释放大量高能带点粒子(主要为质子、电子)进入地球大气层。这些粒子在行星际空间传播,当抵达地球附近时,在地球磁场的引导下沿磁力线向两极运动。在此过程中,高能粒子流与地球磁层相互作用,通过粒子沉降等机制突破磁层保护,进入高层大气,从而显著扰动电离层结构,并引起全球地磁场的剧烈不规则变化,这一系列地球空间环境的响应过程即为磁暴。磁暴期间,电离层扰动会干扰甚至中断无线电通信与卫星信号传输,影响持续时间可从数小时至数天,对在轨卫星的运行安全构成直接威胁。因此,对太阳活动进行实时监测与预报具有重要应用价值。在磁暴发生期间,高能带电粒子沿地球磁力线沉降至两极区域的高层大气,与氧原子、氮分子等大气成分发生碰撞激发,产生极光现象,由于地球磁场的构型,极区是磁扰最强区域,极光也在此最为常见和显著[1-3]。
紫外极光成像仪的探测阈值和动态范围由极光特性驱动,针对在大椭圆轨道紫外极光成像仪在11RE以上即可捕获极光全貌,即在同一图像中观测较弱的极光结构和相对较亮的极光结构,由此可实现在同一极光图像中识别极光特征和较弱的边界,这对仪器提出了高灵敏度和大动态的设计需求。
另外,为了实现对极光连续探测,需有效抑制日侧太阳反照率所产生的背景干扰,高杂散光抑制能力是保证在日侧和夜侧均可实现全天时探测的关键条件,该成像仪需在大椭圆轨道上连续探测能量范围覆盖100 R至30 kR的极光辐射,因此系统的动态范围及杂散光抑制水平直接决定了仪器的整体探测性能。
本文提出了一种具备大动态范围和低杂光特性的远紫外极光成像仪,可用于对N2LBH段极光辐射进行连续探测。该仪器能够准确获取极光卵的位置、尺度及辐射强度分布等关键形态参数,从而有效追踪极光随时间和空间演变的动态过程。通过对极光图像的定量分析,还可进一步反演得到沉降粒子的通量、能量等重要物理参量。该探测手段为研究太阳活动与磁暴之间的关系、深入理解磁层-电离层耦合过程提供了有效数据支撑,对空间天气预警、保障卫星通信安全以及防范磁暴的负面影响具有重大意义。
太阳风-磁层相互作用全景成像卫星(Solar Wind-magnetosphere-lonosphere Link Explorer,SMILE)紫外极光成像仪运行在5 000~121 000 km的大椭圆轨道,其目的是实现对弱信号极光形态高空间分辨率探测,这就要求仪器具有尽可能高的集光效率,由于远紫外波段的特殊性,要满足仪器高灵敏度的要求,需要光学系统有尽可能高的光学效率以及低杂光等特性。通常光学系统的设计可选用透射式和反射式两种,与透射式相比,反射式结构可避免材料吸收,可实现轻量化、高光学系统效率。基于反射式结构研制的紫外极光成像仪采用同轴四反结构对紫外极光进行成像。同轴四反光学系统如图1所示,光学参数如表1所示。
根据优化结果,M1和M2为二次曲面,M3和M4为球面,探测器选用ICCD,采用MgF2作为探测器窗口玻璃,焦距为103.6 mm。设计结果MTF如图2所示,在50 lp/mm,MTF大于0.4,在截止频率9.6 lp/mm,MTF大于0.9。点列图如图3所示,最大光斑为边缘视场,光斑半径约为12 μm。渐晕曲线如图4所示,在渐晕曲线可计算出遮拦比大于0.2小于0.3。
经过像质评价,根据物像关系,如式(1)所示,可计算出空间分辨率约为0.039°,光学系统设计满足空间角分辨率≤150 km @19Re的设计要求,实际空间分辨率82 km@19Re。
Y=ftan (θ)
远紫外极光成像仪通过一次成像,将视场内最强和最弱的信号一次成像在像面内,还需对日测极光进行探测,相比国内外其他型号如TIMED卫星GUVI[4]、风云三号D星广角极光成像仪[5]、DMSP卫星SSUSI[6]等,均为扫描成像仪,对不同空间区域的极光可通过调节增益和积分时间等实现大动态探测。与本仪器特点不同,文中所设计的仪器要求极光全貌同时探测,即需要保证对最强极光信号不饱和,也能满足对极弱信号的识别,通过一次曝光可获取100 R~30 kR动态范围的图像。
远紫外极光成像仪探测N2 LBH带(160~180 nm)极光时,需突破日气辉以及太阳后向散射杂散光的干扰,因此杂散光是大动态范围的主要干扰源,强光散射至暗区会导致对比度下降,太阳后向散射的能量远高于目标谱线。400~1 000 nm波段的强度比气辉高约5个量级,如图5所示。因此仪器的大动态范围在很大程度上取决于滤光片的带外截止能力以及带内波长的反射能力。在该系统中,采用多层膜技术[7-8]抑制强背景干扰来实现对强弱信号的有效捕捉。组合滤光片编号如图6所示,以LBH160~180 nm带通滤光片为例,带内平均反射率:>85%;120~160 nm:<20%;180~190 nm:<20%;190~1 000 nm:<8%。四个反射滤光片加一个透射130 nm以下截止滤光片可实现200 nm以上长波小于0.000 1的反射率,短波121.6 nm、130.4 nm与135.6 nm辐射谱线被完全截止。组合后的滤光片在长波波段可实现10-4的反射率,短波波段完全截止,再结合ICCD[9]探测器中CsI阴极在长波小于10-5的响应,这样整体在长波的抑制可以小于10-9。
在杂散光分析中介质表面的散射特性是非常关键的因素。BSDF与表面粗糙度有关,常用的BSDF模型有Harvey-Shack模型、ABg模型、朗伯散射模型等。
仪器结构内部涂有黑漆(SCB-1),对400~1 100 nm波段太阳吸收比>98%,半球发射率为0.91±0.02,为更能反映仪器杂散光来源,将吸收率拉偏。将同轴四反光学系统三维光机模型导入到光学仿真软件Tracepro中,将结构的材料表面的散射特性设置成ABg模型,A、B、g是ABg散射模型的三个散射特性参数,B和g一起决定了散射的角分布,A是尺度常数,表示散射强度。A、B、g共同决定了BRDF散射率。具体各材料表面的散射特性参数如下:
1)透镜设置为对应材料,表面反射率设置为90%。
2)机械壳体:吸收率=94.72%,A=0.007,B=0.1,g=2。
运用蒙特卡洛方法,追迹光线小于追迹阈值杂散光分析不准确,如若追迹光线大于追迹阈值范围,软件运行速度慢并且杂散光分析结果不变。本次入射光源采用Tracepro格点光源模拟入射光,口径为65 mm,杂散光分析10°视场的光线追击,杂散光三维样机分析模型如图7所示。
现阶段点源透射比(Point Source Transmittance,PST)是对杂散光评价标准中最常用的一种方法[10]。点源透射比主要针对点光源的杂散光分析,主要体现的是经过光学系统对点源杂散光的衰减程度,表示为
PSTθ=Ed(θ)Ei(θ)
式中,Edθ为探测器表面上接收的照度,Eiθ为光源在入瞳处的照度,θ为杂散光点光源的离轴角度。在上式中点源透过比越小,光学系统中的杂散光水平就越低。
用tracepro模拟像面照度,如图8所示,设置测试波长为160 nm、170 nm、180 nm,追迹110 265条光线,每条光线0.01 W,追迹光线阈值为0.000 5。
根据式(2)计算同轴四反光学系统点源透射比,绘制以1°为步长±45°PST曲线,如图9所示,结果显示带内杂散光抑制水平优于10-4。
基于标准探测器对光源的校准以及远紫外极光成像仪的光学响应,光源能量分布如图10所示,得到带内波长响应如图11所示。曲线的不同颜色代表不同的视场点,120~220 nm范围内的杂散光抑制比例优于10-3。
对于250~1 000 nm波长范围,杂散光截止值约为3.59×10-11级。图12展示了散射辐射及测试所用光源,表2为测试结果及光源辐射强度。
根据同轴四反四片滤光片的反射率,以及遮拦比,计算100 R~30 kR到达像面的在像平面接收到的光子通量(photons/s)。光学系统将具有辐亮度L的极光成像到焦平面上,物距远大于焦距且环境折射率为1时焦平面辐照度ET可表示为
ET=T·π·LR·NAT2
光学系统的数值孔径用NAT表示,总反射率用T表示,总反射率T可表示为
T=R4·OF
式中,R表示四片镜片带内波长反射率,由于光学系统采用同轴反射式结构,因此存在遮拦比,本系统遮拦比用下限进行计算约为8∶2,用OF表示。
日盲型紫外探测器像面尺寸D=18.1 mm,入射到像面有效直径的光子通量PT可表示为
PT=ET·π·D22
由以上公式可计算出100 R~30 kR的辐照强度到达像面有效直径内的光子数,100 R到达像面的光子通量为6.006 3×105 photons/s;30 kR到达像面的光子通量为6.006 3×108 photons/s。结合日盲型紫外探测器的综合效率将光子通量转化为电子信号,可计算信噪比SNR,表示为
SNR=SsignalNnoise
本文所研制的远紫外极光成像仪近仿真计算在100 R的亮度信噪比可优于1.5;在30 kR的亮度信噪比可优于30,可实现大动态范围高灵敏度探测。
成像仪完成装调后,对整机性能在真空中进行了测试验证,分别测试了杂光、视场、MTF、信噪比。使用真空紫外平行光管对不同视场角下的PSF进行了测试[11],评估仪器的视场内杂散光水平。如图13将视场内不同位置的PSF进行叠加得到视场内杂散光抑制比约为2.1×10-3。图14为不同视场角的组合点扩散函数,图15为实际光斑尺寸,像元尺寸为13.3 μm,半宽以上X方向占2个像元,Y方向约占2.5个像元。
视场测试图如图15,由测试结果可知视场≥9.97°。
MTF通过使用线对靶标测量,如图16所示,ICCD的MTF为0.6。
靶标线宽设计根据仪器的焦距和空间分辨率计算得出,T1用于针对截止频率为9.6 lp/mm,T2用于针对截止频率为7 lp/mm。T1指标高于T2,T1满足要求T2亦能满足,使用T1进行测试,目标被放置在平行光管的物方焦点处,并使用仪器进行成像。计算出亮暗线对,进而计算MTF。
MTF=DNMAX-DNMINDNMAX+DNMIN
如图17测试完成后,可以计算出在9.6 lp/mm的MTF,如果MTF>0.15@9.6 lp/mm,空间分辨率为82 km@19Re,优于150 km@19Re设计要求。
经过计算,得到不同视场的MTF测试结果如表3所示。
从结果可以看出,MTF满足指标要求。
辐射定标和灵敏度测试采用美国Mcpherson公司的McPHERSON 234/302真空紫外单色仪和专用氘灯作为单色光源。120 W氘灯提供160~180 nm波段的光辐射,经过单色仪后输出单色光。单色仪输出的光经准直仪准直成直径为150 mm的均匀光,辐射定标不确定度为0.148,其中包含光源均匀性表征误差、光源稳定度、漫反射板双向反射分布函数(Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function)的测量不确定度、仪器的非线性度。
首先,使用NIST标准检测器,通过单色器测量特定波长的光的辐照度,然后调节转盘使平行光垂直照射到传递标准漫反射板上,从漫反射板反射的辐射以小于30°的入射角进入仪器入光口,测试获得的信号DN与标准强度的比即为仪器的灵敏度。
在辐射定标测试中,光源强度约为61.8 R,测试了不同积分时间及高压的灵敏度,作为对仪器在100 R@1 min时计数的评估,仪器的SNR分布如图18所示。
从测试结果可以看出,在100 R强度下,测试数据的信噪比均大于1.5,满足指标的要求。
本研究提出了一种可实现大动态范围低杂光抑制的同轴四反光学系统,对同轴四反多层膜技术、杂散光特性如何实现设计目标进行了深入剖析并计算了信噪比。性能测试结果与计算信噪比高度符合,最终实现信噪比>1.5@100 R(>30@30 kR);带内杂光抑制水平10-3@160~180 nm,带外杂光抑制水平10-9@200~1 000 nm;空间分辨率可实现82 km@19 Re。可实现在大椭圆轨道对极光大动态范围连续成像探测,观测极光卵/极盖的位置、大小、强度分布等,为大动态弱信号目标探测提供有效方法。

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doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265502.0222007
  • 接收时间:2025-09-01
  • 首发时间:2026-10-10
  • 出版时间:2026-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-01
  • 录用日期:2025-12-01
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    1中国科学院国家空间科学中心,北京 100190
    2中国科学院国家空间科学中心环境探测室,北京 100190
    3中国科学院大学,北京 101408
    4天基环境探测北京重点实验室,北京 100190
    5中国科学院大学 天文与空间科学学院,北京 100049

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