Article(id=1315743744733860030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743622176288781, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3788/gzxb20265502.0213002, pmid=null, cstr=32255.14.gzxb20265502.0213002, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755619200000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1763395200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-18, onlineDate=1791627354081, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791627354081, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791627354081, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791627354081, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315743622176288781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, year='2026', volume='55', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791627324861, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791627390701, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315743898396381488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743622176288781, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315743898396381489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743622176288781, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=261, endPage=273, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315743745270730943, articleId=1315743744733860030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=EN, title=Study on Polarization Compatibility of Ultra-low-loss Waveguides for the Full Visible Spectrum, columnId=1315743686898597913, journalTitle=Acta Photonica Sinica, columnName=Integrated Optics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In recent years, visible-light integrated photonics has undergone rapid development, demonstrating significant applications across various fields. In biosensing, integrated optical waveguide sensors based on the evanescent wave effect enable high-sensitivity real-time monitoring of analytes by detecting optical parameter variations induced by changes in analyte properties. For consumer electronics, miniaturized on-chip spectrometers provide real-time spectral analysis capabilities for smart devices, supporting applications such as food safety testing and health monitoring. In optical computing, metasurfaces and diffractive neural network technologies have facilitated the development of low-power intelligent sensing chips with ultra-fast parallel processing capabilities, capable of performing tasks such as image recognition and object tracking.

Extending the operational wavelength range of these devices to cover the entire visible spectrum holds considerable importance, as it can enhance the detection accuracy and applicability of miniaturized spectrometers, broaden the bandwidth of visible-light communication systems, and enable biosensors to simultaneously detect multiple biomolecules in complex samples. As fundamental components of integrated photonic devices, waveguides serve as the core elements for directional photon transport and device interconnections in most on-chip systems. However, current research on full-visible-spectrum waveguides remains incomplete, with most studies focusing on waveguide dimension design for specific narrow bands. The investigation of low-loss transmission across the entire visible spectrum in single waveguide structures remains insufficient, which may limit their applications in on-chip full-visible-spectrum devices. Therefore, this study proposes a waveguide design that supports the entire visible spectrum (435~760 nm).

Generally, single-mode waveguides exhibit superior performance compared to multimode waveguides. However, research has revealed conflicting requirements for single-mode operation across different wavelengths: shorter wavelengths require smaller dimensions to suppress higher-order modes, while longer wavelengths necessitate larger dimensions to prevent energy leakage. Consequently, none of the three commonly used waveguide structures (rectangular waveguides, rib waveguides, and slab waveguides) can achieve single-mode operation across the entire visible spectrum. As an alternative approach, this study systematically investigates key parameters for minimizing propagation loss under multimode transmission conditions.

Considering the respective advantages and research value of polarization-sensitive and polarization-insensitive waveguide platforms, dimension designs were completed for both TE-polarized thin waveguides and polarization-insensitive thick waveguides based on silicon nitride platforms with thicknesses of 500 nm and 1 μm, respectively: For thin waveguides, the thickness was optimized at 0.5 μm after comprehensive consideration of loss and fabrication challenges, while thick waveguides were designed with 1 μm thickness to achieve polarization-insensitive low-loss transmission. The width of thin strip waveguides was selected as 1.5 μm for lower loss, whereas thick waveguides were designed with 2 μm width to mitigate scattering loss induced by sidewall roughness. Regarding spatial configuration, thin waveguides require minimum waveguide spacing of 0.6 μm and minimum bending radius of 15 μm, while thick waveguides permit tighter configurations with 0.4 μm spacing and 10 μm bending radius. For both waveguide types, fabrication dimensional tolerances exhibit negligible impact on optical transmission. Additionally, thin waveguides demonstrate high sensitivity to sidewall roughness, whereas thick waveguides maintain relatively low transmission loss when the root-mean-square roughness is ≤10 nm.

Comparative analysis of the two waveguide configurations reveals distinct advantages thin waveguides offer easier fabrication and higher integration density, though they are limited to TE-mode operation; thick waveguides feature comparable effective refractive indices for TE and TM modes, making them suitable for polarization-insensitive applications in systems employing broadband LED sources (e.g., biosensors and color imaging), despite requiring specialized stress-control processes during fabrication. Both configurations present unique advantages that can be selected based on specific device requirements.

In summary, this study analyzes propagation loss and mode distribution in waveguides to determine optimal parameters for low-loss transmission, including waveguide dimensions, bending radii, and spacing. Furthermore, it evaluates the impact of fabrication tolerances on waveguide performance, providing valuable references for the design and manufacturing of on-chip photonic devices operating across the full visible spectrum.

, authors=Jingchen ZOU1, 2, Hang ZHANG1, 2, Peng LUO1, 2, Yihui ZHAO1, 2, authorsList=Jingchen ZOU, Hang ZHANG, Peng LUO, Yihui ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yihui ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315743748831695062, articleId=1315743744733860030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=CN, title=全谱段可见光超低损耗波导偏振兼容性研究, columnId=1315743687099924507, journalTitle=光子学报, columnName=集成光学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

系统研究了氮化硅波导在可见光全谱段(435~760 nm)的传输特性。针对偏振敏感和偏振不敏感的两种应用场景,分别设计了薄波导和厚波导平台。通过数值仿真方法,分析了两种波导设计的尺寸、弯曲半径及波导间距等关键参数对传输损耗的影响,并探讨了波导性能对制造误差和侧壁粗糙度的敏感性,为未来片上全谱段可见光器件的设计与制造提供理论依据。

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IEEE Photonics Journal, 2024, 16(5): 1-7., articleTitle=Visible to Near-infrared light integrated photonic components on PECVD and LPCVD SiN platform, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1315743749091741911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315743749104324824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, companyId=1315743749091741911, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Optoelectronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315743749116907737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, companyId=1315743749091741911, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1北京理工大学 光电学院,北京 100081)]), AuthorCompany(id=1315743749175627994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315743749184016603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, companyId=1315743749175627994, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Imaging Technology and System, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315743749200793820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, companyId=1315743749175627994, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2光电成像技术与系统教育部重点实验室,北京 100081)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1315743752828866815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic diagram of the waveguide structures. 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(a) Transmittance (b) Electric field distribution, figureFileSmall=WdZNcpKcJjMze+RXMg+eyw==, figureFileBig=nRV89hZ/PmS/e72LVOWmSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743753218937090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同厚度下平板波导的透射率和厚度为500 nm的平板波导在传输过程中的电场分布及输出端的透射电场图案。 (a) 透射率; (b) 电场图案, figureFileSmall=WdZNcpKcJjMze+RXMg+eyw==, figureFileBig=nRV89hZ/PmS/e72LVOWmSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743753290240259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Transmittance of stripides with diff waveguerent widths, figureFileSmall=3On2mXH7yhjCxh+vW08+YQ==, figureFileBig=v4FAT+7vrt+Mx8llHKAF6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743753365737732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同宽度条形波导的透射率, figureFileSmall=3On2mXH7yhjCxh+vW08+YQ==, figureFileBig=v4FAT+7vrt+Mx8llHKAF6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743753462206725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Transmittance of the strip waveguide with varying bending radii and Electric field distribution During transmission and the output electric field pattern for the waveguide with a radius of 15 µm. (a) Transmittance (b) Electric field distribution, figureFileSmall=GbqHE8p0TyHmePtjWn4B+A==, figureFileBig=e9x46cLr8P+50ObJZ+eIrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743753575452934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同弯曲半径下条形波导的透射率和半径为15 µm的波导在传输过程中的电场分布及输出端电场图案。 (a) 透射率; (b) 电场图案, figureFileSmall=GbqHE8p0TyHmePtjWn4B+A==, figureFileBig=e9x46cLr8P+50ObJZ+eIrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743753680310535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Electric field propagation in waveguides. (a) gaps of 0.2 µm and (b) 0.6 µm, respectively;(c) Transmittance curves of adjacent waveguides as a function of gap separation, figureFileSmall=wD43evSgbfSnjrZTPV6YJw==, figureFileBig=hR0mkCv5XtWzPLOYn0pFrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743753772585224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=CN, label=图5, caption=波导中电场传播情况。(a) 间隙为0.2 µm; (b) 间隙为0.6 µm; (c) 相邻波导的透射率随间隙距离变化的关系曲线, figureFileSmall=wD43evSgbfSnjrZTPV6YJw==, figureFileBig=hR0mkCv5XtWzPLOYn0pFrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743753839694089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Transmittance spectra of waveguides with thickness variations of ±20 nm and transmittance of waveguides with different sidewall roughness levels. (a) Transmittance spectra; (b) Transmittance, figureFileSmall=Jv21BZMQAgqCiZ5WXEEPEg==, figureFileBig=puV5GxCCZqp1cKzyfT4u0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743753927774474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=CN, label=图6, caption=厚度变化±20 nm的波导透射谱和不同侧壁粗糙度水平的波导透射率。(a) 透射谱;(b) 透射率, figureFileSmall=Jv21BZMQAgqCiZ5WXEEPEg==, figureFileBig=puV5GxCCZqp1cKzyfT4u0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743754238152971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effective refractive indices of the TE₀ and TM₀ modes at the central wavelength as a function of slab waveguide thickness, figureFileSmall=PvZ2h5b4s2kxk7dhsSrhFQ==, figureFileBig=6YCXwktpMM4Fb/ksM8qDTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743754330427660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=CN, label=图7, caption=TE₀和TM₀模式在中心波长处的有效折射率随平板波导厚度变化的关系, figureFileSmall=PvZ2h5b4s2kxk7dhsSrhFQ==, figureFileBig=6YCXwktpMM4Fb/ksM8qDTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743754414313741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Transmittance of slab waveguides with thicknesses of 1 µm and 500 nm, figureFileSmall=qCKnwsPe09YlUwnSU121fQ==, figureFileBig=aTnIq4+Z+fsivIChvbjlUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743754485616910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=CN, label=图8, caption=厚度为1 µm和500 nm的平板波导的透射率, figureFileSmall=qCKnwsPe09YlUwnSU121fQ==, figureFileBig=aTnIq4+Z+fsivIChvbjlUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743756146561295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Transmittance of strip waveguides with widths of 1.6 µm, 1.8 µm, 2 µm and 2.2 µm under two roughness conditions: RMS = 0 and RMS = 10 nm, figureFileSmall=QomeNCpW/jNsJ4KfqShwNA==, figureFileBig=YJWMf+23DjhQQ/ULj5j8ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743756222058768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=CN, label=图9, caption=宽度分别为1.6 µm、1.8 µm、2 µm和2.2 µm的条形波导在两种粗糙度条件 (RMS = 0和RMS = 10 nm) 下的透射率, figureFileSmall=QomeNCpW/jNsJ4KfqShwNA==, figureFileBig=YJWMf+23DjhQQ/ULj5j8ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743756305944849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Simulation results. (a) Transmittance of strip waveguides with varying bending radii; (b) Transmittance of adjacent waveguides at different separation distances from the source-loaded waveguide; (c) Transmittance of waveguides with different sidewall roughness levels; (d) Transmittance variation under waveguide thickness deviations of ±50 nm, figureFileSmall=LkD24RxWBWAe16gVoXzrVg==, figureFileBig=1PiCiXFscfV7MkCcnn7YSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743756419191058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=CN, label=图10, caption=仿真结果。(a)不同弯曲半径下条形波导的透射率;(b)相邻波导与源加载波导在不同分离距离下的透射率;(c)不同侧壁粗糙度水平的波导透射率;(d)波导厚度存在±50 nm偏差时的透射率变化, figureFileSmall=LkD24RxWBWAe16gVoXzrVg==, figureFileBig=1PiCiXFscfV7MkCcnn7YSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743756490494227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Transmittance variation of the waveguide. (a) the distance between the PML and the waveguide edge; (b) the number of PML layers; (c) the mesh refinement level; (d) the waveguides length, figureFileSmall=lpXsnzA9rJEluC+0b6T8aQ==, figureFileBig=MdwzePk33vIRnLvLGYTIOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743756553408788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=CN, label=图11, caption=波导透射率变化。(a) PML与波导边缘的距离;(b)PML层数;(c)网格细化级别;(d)波导长度, figureFileSmall=lpXsnzA9rJEluC+0b6T8aQ==, figureFileBig=MdwzePk33vIRnLvLGYTIOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743756624711957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Geometric parameters of Si₃N₄ waveguides across the full visible spectrum

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Slab waveguide thicknessStrip waveguide width (thickness=0.5 μm)Waveguide spacingBending radius
Thin waveguide≥ 0.5 μm≥ 1.5 μm≥ 0.6 μm≥ 15 μm
Thick waveguide≥ 1 μm≥ 2 μm≥ 0.4 μm≥ 10 μm
), ArticleFig(id=1315743756696015126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

全可见光谱段Si3N4波导尺寸参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Slab waveguide thicknessStrip waveguide width (thickness=0.5 μm)Waveguide spacingBending radius
Thin waveguide≥ 0.5 μm≥ 1.5 μm≥ 0.6 μm≥ 15 μm
Thick waveguide≥ 1 μm≥ 2 μm≥ 0.4 μm≥ 10 μm
), ArticleFig(id=1315743756767318295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Si3N4 waveguide parameters in different operations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Ref.Wavelength/nmWidth/nmThickness/nmMinimum bending radius/μmPolarization
[8]4611 30020330TE
[8]674~6982 300202 300TE
[26]466~55034013580TM
[26]552~64852013580TE
[27]63340040060TE
[28]458~634250~50010020TE
[29]532~673360~510180100TE
[15]1 490~1 58080080050TE, TM
[25]1 5501 500850~1 350/TE, TM
This work (Thin waveguide)435~7601 50050015TE
This work (thick waveguide)435~7602 0001 00010TE, TM
), ArticleFig(id=1315743756830232856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同工作中的Si3N4波导参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Ref.Wavelength/nmWidth/nmThickness/nmMinimum bending radius/μmPolarization
[8]4611 30020330TE
[8]674~6982 300202 300TE
[26]466~55034013580TM
[26]552~64852013580TE
[27]63340040060TE
[28]458~634250~50010020TE
[29]532~673360~510180100TE
[15]1 490~1 58080080050TE, TM
[25]1 5501 500850~1 350/TE, TM
This work (Thin waveguide)435~7601 50050015TE
This work (thick waveguide)435~7602 0001 00010TE, TM
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全谱段可见光超低损耗波导偏振兼容性研究
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邹景晨 1, 2 , 张航 1, 2 , 罗鹏 1, 2 , 赵益辉 1, 2
光子学报 | 集成光学 2026,55(2): 261-273
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光子学报 |集成光学 2026 , 55 (2) : 261 -273
全谱段可见光超低损耗波导偏振兼容性研究
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邹景晨1, 2 , 张航1, 2, 罗鹏1, 2, 赵益辉1, 2
作者信息
  • 1北京理工大学 光电学院,北京 100081
  • 2光电成像技术与系统教育部重点实验室,北京 100081
通讯作者:
作者简介:
Study on Polarization Compatibility of Ultra-low-loss Waveguides for the Full Visible Spectrum
Jingchen ZOU1, 2 , Hang ZHANG1, 2, Peng LUO1, 2, Yihui ZHAO1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Optoelectronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Imaging Technology and System, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China
出版时间: 2026-02-25 doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265502.0213002
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系统研究了氮化硅波导在可见光全谱段(435~760 nm)的传输特性。针对偏振敏感和偏振不敏感的两种应用场景,分别设计了薄波导和厚波导平台。通过数值仿真方法,分析了两种波导设计的尺寸、弯曲半径及波导间距等关键参数对传输损耗的影响,并探讨了波导性能对制造误差和侧壁粗糙度的敏感性,为未来片上全谱段可见光器件的设计与制造提供理论依据。

光学器件  /  波导  /  可见光  /  低损耗  /  氮化硅

In recent years, visible-light integrated photonics has undergone rapid development, demonstrating significant applications across various fields. In biosensing, integrated optical waveguide sensors based on the evanescent wave effect enable high-sensitivity real-time monitoring of analytes by detecting optical parameter variations induced by changes in analyte properties. For consumer electronics, miniaturized on-chip spectrometers provide real-time spectral analysis capabilities for smart devices, supporting applications such as food safety testing and health monitoring. In optical computing, metasurfaces and diffractive neural network technologies have facilitated the development of low-power intelligent sensing chips with ultra-fast parallel processing capabilities, capable of performing tasks such as image recognition and object tracking.

Extending the operational wavelength range of these devices to cover the entire visible spectrum holds considerable importance, as it can enhance the detection accuracy and applicability of miniaturized spectrometers, broaden the bandwidth of visible-light communication systems, and enable biosensors to simultaneously detect multiple biomolecules in complex samples. As fundamental components of integrated photonic devices, waveguides serve as the core elements for directional photon transport and device interconnections in most on-chip systems. However, current research on full-visible-spectrum waveguides remains incomplete, with most studies focusing on waveguide dimension design for specific narrow bands. The investigation of low-loss transmission across the entire visible spectrum in single waveguide structures remains insufficient, which may limit their applications in on-chip full-visible-spectrum devices. Therefore, this study proposes a waveguide design that supports the entire visible spectrum (435~760 nm).

Generally, single-mode waveguides exhibit superior performance compared to multimode waveguides. However, research has revealed conflicting requirements for single-mode operation across different wavelengths: shorter wavelengths require smaller dimensions to suppress higher-order modes, while longer wavelengths necessitate larger dimensions to prevent energy leakage. Consequently, none of the three commonly used waveguide structures (rectangular waveguides, rib waveguides, and slab waveguides) can achieve single-mode operation across the entire visible spectrum. As an alternative approach, this study systematically investigates key parameters for minimizing propagation loss under multimode transmission conditions.

Considering the respective advantages and research value of polarization-sensitive and polarization-insensitive waveguide platforms, dimension designs were completed for both TE-polarized thin waveguides and polarization-insensitive thick waveguides based on silicon nitride platforms with thicknesses of 500 nm and 1 μm, respectively: For thin waveguides, the thickness was optimized at 0.5 μm after comprehensive consideration of loss and fabrication challenges, while thick waveguides were designed with 1 μm thickness to achieve polarization-insensitive low-loss transmission. The width of thin strip waveguides was selected as 1.5 μm for lower loss, whereas thick waveguides were designed with 2 μm width to mitigate scattering loss induced by sidewall roughness. Regarding spatial configuration, thin waveguides require minimum waveguide spacing of 0.6 μm and minimum bending radius of 15 μm, while thick waveguides permit tighter configurations with 0.4 μm spacing and 10 μm bending radius. For both waveguide types, fabrication dimensional tolerances exhibit negligible impact on optical transmission. Additionally, thin waveguides demonstrate high sensitivity to sidewall roughness, whereas thick waveguides maintain relatively low transmission loss when the root-mean-square roughness is ≤10 nm.

Comparative analysis of the two waveguide configurations reveals distinct advantages thin waveguides offer easier fabrication and higher integration density, though they are limited to TE-mode operation; thick waveguides feature comparable effective refractive indices for TE and TM modes, making them suitable for polarization-insensitive applications in systems employing broadband LED sources (e.g., biosensors and color imaging), despite requiring specialized stress-control processes during fabrication. Both configurations present unique advantages that can be selected based on specific device requirements.

In summary, this study analyzes propagation loss and mode distribution in waveguides to determine optimal parameters for low-loss transmission, including waveguide dimensions, bending radii, and spacing. Furthermore, it evaluates the impact of fabrication tolerances on waveguide performance, providing valuable references for the design and manufacturing of on-chip photonic devices operating across the full visible spectrum.

Optical devices  /  Waveguides  /  Visible light  /  Low-loss  /  Silicon nitride
邹景晨, 张航, 罗鹏, 赵益辉. 全谱段可见光超低损耗波导偏振兼容性研究. 光子学报, 2026 , 55 (2) : 261 -273 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265502.0213002
Jingchen ZOU, Hang ZHANG, Peng LUO, Yihui ZHAO. Study on Polarization Compatibility of Ultra-low-loss Waveguides for the Full Visible Spectrum[J]. Acta Photonica Sinica, 2026 , 55 (2) : 261 -273 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265502.0213002
片上集成可见光器件已成为光电领域的前沿研究方向,在诸多领域有着重要应用,如基于倏逝波效应的集成光波导生物传感器、电子产品中的微型片上光谱仪以及基于超构表面与衍射神经网络技术的智能感知芯片等[1-3]。令片上可见光器件的工作波段覆盖全可见光谱具有重要意义。例如,可见光通信(LiFi)利用400~800 THz室内光源进行高速无线数据传输,有望支撑未来人工智能驱动的移动宽带连接,光子技术的集成可有效扩展其带宽并实现器件微型化[4];将生物传感器工作波段扩展至全可见光谱段,可实现对复杂样本中多种生物分子的同步检测,从而突破单波长选择固有的灵敏度局限[5]。此外,微型光谱仪的宽谱响应能显著提升检测精度与应用广度[6]。作为集成光子器件的核心基础元件,多数片上器件需借助波导实现定向光子传输与器件互连,目前研究人员已在可见光波导领域取得重要进展。CORATO-ZANARELLA M等通过精确测量波导中的吸收与散射损耗,系统分析了损耗与波长、薄膜特性及波导参数的关联规律,并针对不同可见光波长分别设计了超低损耗的Si3N4波导[7]。CHAUHAN N等则开发了一种基于20 nm厚Si₃N₄波导的集成光子平台,针对不同波长优化波导宽度,实现了可见光至近红外波段的超低损耗波导和高品质因数谐振器[8]。值得指出的是,现有的可见光波导设计虽然实现了超低损耗传输,但主要是针对不同窄波段设计特定尺寸的波导,在单一波导结构中实现全可见光谱低损耗传输的研究仍显不足,这会限制波导在片上全可见光器件中的应用。
在光子集成器件中,偏振模式的选择直接影响器件的性能、设计复杂性和应用场景。偏振敏感的器件(一般仅传输TE模式)的优点在于设计与制造工艺简单以及低串扰,但其偏振敏感性要求额外的偏振控制,如保偏光纤、偏振分束器等器件,并且限制了在随机偏振光环境中的应用。而偏振不敏感设计通过支持TE/TM双模式,兼容任意偏振输入,但需通过特殊方法实现,可能牺牲结构紧凑度或增加工艺难度。因此,传输模式的选择需根据器件的具体应用权衡。
全可见光的超宽光谱范围会导致短波长与长波长对波导尺寸的需求产生矛盾:短波长需要小尺寸抑制高阶模,而长波长需要大尺寸以避免能量泄漏,这一矛盾使波导无法实现单模传输。因此,本文在多模传输的前提下,系统研究了氮化硅波导在可见光全谱段的传输特性。由于偏振敏感与偏振不敏感波导平台各有优势和研究价值,本文分别基于厚度500 nm和1 µm的氮化硅平台,完成了针对TE偏振的薄波导和偏振不敏感的厚波导的尺寸设计。研究揭示了波导厚度、宽度、弯曲半径及波导间距对传输损耗的影响,并分析了其性能对制造误差与侧壁粗糙度的敏感性。对比发现:薄波导在紧凑布局和加工简易性上占优,适用于偏振敏感场景;而厚波导能实现偏振不敏感传输,支持更小弯曲半径与间距,对侧壁粗糙度容忍度更高。这两种设计为不同应用需求提供了灵活选择,建立了全可见光谱波导的设计框架,为开发高度紧凑、低损耗的光子集成器件提供了理论指导。
设计波导首先应选择合适的材料。在可见光波段范围内,可选材料主要包括:氮化硅(Si3N4)、氧化铝(Al2O3)、氧化钛(TiO2)等。其中,氮化硅材料由于具有从可见光到中红外的宽透明范围、低本征损耗以及与互补金属氧化物半导体(CMOS)工艺的兼容性的优势被更广泛地使用[9]。因此,本研究基于Si3N4平台进行波导的设计。对于片上器件常用的条形波导和平板波导,本文使用Si3N4材料作为波导芯层,SiO2材料作为包层,Si作为衬底,两种波导结构如图1所示。图中为了更清楚地展示,未显示波导的SiO2上包层。
单模波导是指仅支持TE0、TM0两种基模光传输的波导结构,使用单模波导能够避免不同模式间传播路径差异引起的模式串扰问题[10],传损耗较低,因此对于片上光电器件一般会优先考虑令其单模传输。然而,由于全可见光波段很宽,短波长与长波长对波导尺寸的需求存在矛盾:短波长需要更小的尺寸以抑制高阶模式,而长波长则需要更大的尺寸以避免能量泄漏,这使得在单一波导结构中无法实现单模传输。另外,因为TE偏振模式在波导中具有更高的限制因子和更低的传输损耗,片上光子器件通常针对TE偏振模式设计,这样可以使用更薄的波导,在提高紧凑性、集成度和加工难度方面很有优势。
因此本节在多模传输的前提下,通过分析传输损耗、模式分布等参数研究了全可见光谱段在偏振敏感(TE偏振模式)的薄氮化硅波导中的低损耗传输,设计了平板波导的厚度以及条形波导的尺寸、弯曲半径和最小波导间距等参数,并对波导制造误差和侧壁粗糙度进行了分析。
平板波导是一种宽度远大于厚度的波导结构,其传输特性主要受厚度参数影响。在常规制造工艺条件下,氮化硅波导的厚度通常限制在500 nm以内[11],虽然增加波导厚度能够显著降低传输损耗,但过厚的Si₃N₄薄膜会面临严重的应力问题,可能导致薄膜破裂。实现更厚的Si₃N₄波导通常需要特殊的工艺处理。因此,对于偏振敏感的薄氮化硅波导,将厚度范围限定在上述工艺可行区间内。
为评估波导性能,采用时域有限差分法(Finite-Difference Time-Domain, FDTD)对平板波导的透射率和能量传输特性进行仿真分析。Si₃N₄和SiO₂的折射率分别采用Phillip模型和Palik模型。考虑到多模传输的设计前提,在波导输入端同时设置8个独立的空间重合模式光源,并赋予它们相同的激励功率。此设置旨在模拟一种激励条件不完美的“更坏情况”,若在此条件下性能达标,则在实际应用(通常损耗较低的低阶模式占主导)中表现更优。所选的八个模式累计功率占比达99.56%,确保了模式选择的完备性。不同波导尺寸下具体模式不同,平板波导厚度为300 nm、400 nm时为TE0-TE7模式;厚度为500 nm、600 nm时为TE0-TE6和TM0模式。仿真中设置波导芯层宽度为10 µm,传输距离为20 µm(FDTD模拟条件以及传输距离设置的合理性将在2.3节的收敛性测试中进行讨论),不同厚度下平板波导的透射率如图2(a)所示。
结果表明,波导厚度的增加能够增强波导芯层对光场的限制能力,减少能量泄漏到包层或衬底中,尤其是对于长波长的光,较大的厚度可以避免因波导尺寸不足导致的能量泄漏,从而降低传输损耗。当厚度增加到500 nm后,光场已被充分限制在芯层内,波导透射率已超过0.99,继续增加厚度对损耗的减小有限。基于工艺可行性与性能优化的综合考量,本研究确定500 nm为平板波导的最佳厚度。图2(b)展示了厚度为500 nm的平板波导电场传输情况以及输出端透射电场图,虽然多模传输会导致波导内电场分布不均匀,但电场能量被有效限制在波导芯层内,这一结果证实,所设计的平板波导结构能够实现全可见光谱段的低损耗传输。
对于条形波导,令其厚度与平板波导同为500 nm,使用FDTD求解不同宽度下的透射率,寻找损耗较小的宽度取值。建立条形波导仿真结构,令入射光在波导中传输20 µm,得到不同宽度的透射率如图3所示。
结果表明,条形波导宽度增至1.5 μm以上时,波导尺寸已足够将光场有效限制在芯层内,透射率达到0.99以上且性能提升趋于饱和。基于此,本研究确定1.5 μm为最优波导宽度(此时波导中的8个光波模式为TE0-TE3及TM0-TM3)。
条形波导弯曲时,光场传播的路径会发生改变,导致光场分布向远离弯曲中心的外侧偏移,无法被波导芯层有效束缚,从而向外辐射到包层或衬底中形成辐射损耗。弯曲半径越小,辐射损耗越大,因此设计波导时一般需要考虑其最小弯曲半径[12]。此处取条形波导宽度为1.5 µm,厚度为500 nm,使用FDTD测试不同弯曲半径下的透射率来评估其辐射损耗。
设置弯曲半径分别为8、10、15、20 µm,波导透射率如图4(a)所示,结果表明,弯曲半径增加至15 µm及以上后,弯曲导致的光场偏移已经很弱,辐射损耗已降至可忽略的水平,因此损耗的减小趋于稳定。弯曲半径为15 µm时,波导中以及波导输出端电场分布如图4(b)所示,其中能量虽然在不同模式之间发生了转换,但并未泄漏到波导芯层之外,因此条形波导的最小弯曲半径为15 µm。
波导间距定义为相邻两个波导芯层之间的距离。虽然紧凑的波导间距有助于提高器件集成度,但间距过小时,相邻波导中光场的倏逝波会相互重叠,导致能量通过近场耦合从一个波导泄漏到另一个波导。这种耦合会引发串扰,表现为信号失真或信道间干扰[13]。采用FDTD仿真方法系统研究了不同波导间距下的能量耦合特性,以确定避免串扰的最小间距值。
实验采用两个宽度1.5 µm、厚度 500 nm的条形波导结构,在其中一个波导的输入端注入光源,待光信号传输一定距离后,监测相邻波导输出端的透射率及波导中的能量分布特性。图5(a)和(b)分别展示了波导间距为0.2 µm和0.6 µm时的电场传播俯视图。结果显示,当波导间距为0.6 µm时,相邻的波导中未明显出现电场,说明能量并未通过近场耦合泄漏到另一个波导;而间距减小至0.2 µm时,则观察到显著的耦合效应。为进一步量化分析,将波导间距从0.2 µm逐步增大至0.8 µm,并测量相邻波导输出端的透射率变化,结果如图5(c)所示。
如图5所示,波导芯层间距增加到0.6 µm后已足够避免近场耦合,波导之间的能量串扰接近于0,且继续增大间距带来的提升不大,因此该尺寸波导的最小波导间距为0.6 µm。
在波导制造过程中,尺寸误差与侧壁粗糙是引发传输损耗增加的两个最主要原因,有必要分析它们对波导性能的影响。波导的几何尺寸直接影响其有效折射率和模式分布,制造误差带来的几何尺寸改变可能导致高阶模激发或基模能量泄漏到包层中,增加波导损耗。不同制造工艺的波导尺寸误差通常在20 nm内[14-15]。由于平板波导的宽度远大于条形波导,而其厚度与条形波导相同,尺寸误差对其传输特性的影响相对较小,因此本研究将重点讨论制造误差对条形波导的影响。
根据图3所示结果,当条形波导宽度超过1.5 µm时,其损耗变化趋于平缓,因此本研究不再探讨波导宽度方向的制造误差。图6(a)展示了波导厚度存在±20 nm误差时的透射率变化情况。结果显示,厚度误差在±20 nm范围内的波导透射率曲线与理想尺寸波导的透射率曲线基本吻合,这是因为波导尺寸较大,±20 nm的制造误差对其尺寸的改变并不显著,因此该范围内的尺寸制造误差对波导传输特性影响很小。
粗糙的波导侧壁会散射传播光场,将导模能量转化为辐射模,增加波导损耗,波导越窄,这种现象越显著,因此对粗糙度的研究同样聚焦于条形波导而不再分析平板波导。在波导侧壁采用高斯分布的随机高度起伏来模拟粗糙侧壁,其统计特性由均方根粗糙度(Root Mean Square, RMS)和相关长度Lc共同表征。其中,RMS反映了表面起伏幅度的标准差,而Lc则描述了粗糙度在空间上的起伏频率特征。
散射损耗在相关长度Lc远小于或远大于有效波长时较低,而在Lc与有效波长相当时达到最大值,此时传播模式与侧壁粗糙度之间的相互作用最为显著,基于此原理以及不同研究的相关长度数据[16],本文将Lc设置为0.1 μm(文中所有侧壁粗糙度仿真均使用此设置),并参考典型工艺下的RMS数据,在RMS为0~30 nm的范围内[17-20],针对宽度为1.5 μm的条形波导,分析了其透射率随RMS的变化规律,结果如图6(b)所示。
结果表明,对于偏振敏感的小尺寸波导,减小侧壁粗糙度能够显著抑制散射损耗,提高透射率,制造波导时应根据对损耗的容忍度选择合适的工艺来降低表面粗糙度。
基于厚度500 nm的氮化硅平台完成了针对TE偏振的波导尺寸设计,虽然薄波导在提高器件紧凑性、集成度方面很有优势,但通常需用保偏光纤进行保偏传输。随着传输速率的提升,波导的偏振敏感性对通信系统性能的影响日益凸显。此外,在诸如可见光生物传感器和片上彩色成像系统等应用中,宽谱LED光源的使用会因波导的偏振敏感性导致显著的光能损耗。因此,发展偏振不敏感的光子器件具有重要的实际意义。
在集成光子平台中,由于TE和TM模式的有效折射率存在差异,两种偏振模式在波导中会表现出不同的传输特性。为实现偏振不敏感器件设计,即要让TE和TM模式的有效折射率尽可能相近,目前主要存在三种技术方案:浅刻蚀区域补偿法、双光栅反射法及加厚平板波导法[21-23],其中,第三种方法因其无需复杂的结构设计和制备工艺而更具应用优势。虽然氮化硅波导厚度增加会因薄膜应力累积导致开裂风险,这一直是氮化硅平台面临的关键技术挑战。然而,近年来随着材料生长和应力调控技术的进步,该问题已逐步得到解决。多项研究表明,国内外多个研究组已成功实现了800 nm至1.35 μm等不同厚度的低应力氮化硅波导[15,24-25]。基于此,本节采用厚氮化硅平台开展偏振不敏感波导的尺寸设计。此外,为了确保仿真结果的准确性,进行了收敛性测试。
在可见光谱段的中心波长597.5 nm处对平板波导的厚度进行扫描,得到TE0、TM0两种基模的有效折射率及其差值Δneff随波导厚度的变化曲线,如图7所示。
结果表明,波导厚度大于等于1 µm时,TE0、TM0模式的电场完全限制在芯层内,且两者的横向分布差异(TE模式主要为水平偏振,TM模式为垂直偏振)对有效折射率的贡献趋于饱和,有效折射率差已经小于0.002,可以认为此时平板波导实现了偏振不敏感,考虑到继续增加厚度对折射率差值的改善效果有限,同时会显著提高制备难度和制造成本,因此最终确定1 µm为最优波导厚度选择。
图8是入射光分别在厚度为1 µm的厚平板波导与厚度为500 nm的薄平板波导中传输20 µm的透射率曲线(光源设置仍然采用前八个模式,在偏振不敏感的厚波导中,均为TE0-TE3和TM0-TM3模式),对比可知,短波长光的透射率受厚度影响较小,然而在长波长处,厚波导的透射率明显优于薄波导。这是因为长波长光需要更大的波导尺寸来实现有效的模式限制,避免能量泄漏。
在偏振敏感的波导尺寸设计中已经发现,波导侧壁粗糙是影响其透射率的重要因素。对于偏振不敏感的波导,为了降低其损耗,已经使用了较大的厚度,因此希望宽度的选择也能降低侧壁粗糙对波导透射率的影响。在设计条形波导宽度时,也加入粗糙度作为选择标准。图9是粗糙度RMS=0和RMS=10时,宽度分别为1.6、1.8、2、2.2 µm的条形波导的透射率。
结果表明,在理想光滑侧壁条件下,不同宽度的条形波导透射率基本一致。然而当引入RMS=10 nm的侧壁粗糙度后,波导宽度与传输损耗呈现明显的负相关关系。随着波导宽度从1.6 µm增大至2.2 µm,光场能量更多地集中在芯层中心区域,与侧壁的倏逝波重叠积分减小,粗糙度引起的损耗逐步降低。当宽度超过2 µm时,损耗改善幅度趋于平缓。基于此,本研究确定2 µm为最优条形波导宽度,该尺寸在保证器件紧凑性的同时,有效抑制了侧壁粗糙度对传输性能的影响。与之前的研究方法一致,通过仿真分析了条形波导的关键参数,结果如图10所示。这些分析采用了与之前相同的仿真方法和评价标准,故在此不再重复方法细节。
通过系统分析图10所示的实验结果,可以得出以下结论:条形波导的最小弯曲半径应不小于10 µm;相邻波导间不会引发串扰的最小间距为0.4 µm;侧壁粗糙度控制在RMS≤10 nm范围内时,其对传输损耗的影响较小;该设计对制造过程中的厚度误差表现出良好的鲁棒性。
至此,本研究已完整实现了偏振敏感薄波导和偏振不敏感厚波导的设计。表1系统总结了这两种全可见光谱段Si₃N₄波导的关键参数。
为确保仿真结果的可靠性,需进行收敛性测试。由于PML边界条件和网格精度设置是造成仿真结果误差的主要因素,因此以偏振不敏感的条形波导为基础对其进行收敛性测试。
仿真区域的完美匹配层(Perfectly Matched Layer,PML)边界处会有光反射回到波导中并对传输结果造成干扰,增加PML的层数或令PML远离仿真结构可以减少这种干扰。因此,分别使用PML与波导边缘的距离和PML层数作为变量,观察传输损耗的变化。首先保持PML层数为默认8层,测试PML边界与波导边缘距离的变化对透射率的影响;随后固定PML距离为1 μm,测试不同PML层数对仿真结果的影响。如图11(a)和(b)所示,不同设置下透射率曲线基本重合,证明仿真结果对PML参数设置不敏感。
使用更高的网格精度的设置能提升仿真精度,但同时也伴随着时间和算力资源的消耗,因此应根据可接受的误差范围设置仿真网格精度。设置PML与波导边缘的距离为1 µm,PML层数为8,不同网格精度下波导透射率如图11(c)所示,曲线基本重合,表明仿真结果收敛。此外,为避免仿真波导长度不足导致透射率未达到稳定状态,将条形波导的长度延伸至100 µm,如图11(d)所示,透射率曲线基本不变,说明原仿真设置中的长度已经足够使传输损耗达到稳定。
本文分别基于偏振敏感与偏振不敏感两种应用场景进行了薄厚两种尺寸的波导设计,薄波导的优势在于加工难度小、可高度集成,劣势在于仅适用于工作在TE模式下的器件;厚波导的优势在于其中TE和TM模式的有效折射率接近,偏振不敏感,在使用宽谱LED光源的系统中依然适用,劣势主要在于加工时需要通过特殊工艺控制应力,制造难度较大。此外,通过仿真发现:偏振不敏感的厚波导可以有更小的弯曲半径,这是由于其宽度较大,光在经过弯曲部分时更不容易由于向外侧偏移而离开芯层,形成辐射损耗。同样的,更大的宽度也让波导中的光不容易耦合到相邻波导,并且不容易因为侧壁粗糙而导致散射损耗,所以可以有更小的波导间距,对粗糙度的容忍度也更高。综上所述,两种尺寸的波导各有优势,可根据不同器件的需求进行选择。
本研究采用多模波导进行的优势在于其较大的尺寸能够有效降低传输损耗,提升对制造误差的容忍度。这也导致模式串扰成为其主要局限性。通过仿真可以看出传输过程中多模波导中模式之间发生了能量耦合,尤其在弯曲区域更为明显。因此,本文提出的设计只适用于不关注模式特性的器件,例如在介绍中提到的可见光通信系统和片上彩色成像系统,它们以光强度为核心度量,模态串扰不会损害系统性能。然而,在其他设备中,多模传输可能会引入某些问题。例如,在微型光谱仪中,未校准的多模波导可能会使相邻波长通道之间表现出串扰,需要通过预先测量的传输矩阵进行补偿。在波导生物传感器中,采用多模波导可以扩大工作波长范围,但模式之间的相位和传播速度差异可能会引入干扰噪声,从而降低检测灵敏度。而对于优先考虑波导模式特性的器件,未来的研究可以探索模式控制技术来克服这一限制,扩大全可见光波导的应用范围。
本文主要聚焦于全谱段可见光波导的传输损耗,然而在实际系统设计中,耦合效率、色散与数值孔径等因素共同决定了波导的平台适用性。耦合损耗主要源于波导与光纤间的模场失配。相较于薄波导,本文所设计的偏振不敏感厚波导具有更大的模场尺寸和更高的数值孔径,提升了其收光能力,也为与光纤的端面耦合提供了便利。然而,这种大尺寸设计是以引入更高的色散为代价,可能限制其在高速相干通信等领域中的应用,但在基于光强度的成像或传感系统中则可接受。综上,波导设计需根据应用在传输损耗、耦合效率与色散特性之间进行权衡。
此外,在不同研究中,可见光的波长范围定义存在差异,主要取决于具体应用场景和技术需求。例如,可见光通信研究通常采用380~750 nm的范围以覆盖LED光源的典型发射谱,而在有些器件中可能简化为400~700 nm以降低计算复杂度。仿真结果表明,所设计的波导在短波长波段表现出更低的损耗。因此,在更短的工作波长下,该波导能取得更优的性能;而在长波长波段工作时,损耗则会增加,在不同情况下可能需要进一步调整波导尺寸进行优化。
本文提出的波导设计需通过微纳加工工艺实现。对于偏振敏感的薄波导,其制备工艺已较为成熟,可采用标准的CMOS兼容工艺,例如等离子体增强化学气相沉积(PECVD)或低压化学气相沉积(LPCVD)进行薄膜生长,再结合光刻与反应离子刻蚀(RIE)进行图形化,即可实现制备。
对于偏振不敏感的厚波导,其制备的核心挑战在于控制厚氮化硅薄膜的高应力以防止晶圆翘曲或薄膜开裂。目前,已有成熟的先进工艺方案可解决此问题,尤其是大马士革工艺。如丛庆宇等所报道[15],在8英寸晶圆上通过两步LPCVD沉积氮化硅薄膜,并在每一步沉积后辅以化学机械抛光(CMP)来去除表面多余材料并释放累积的应力,同时结合棋盘格状应力释放结构,成功制备了800 nm厚的低损耗波导。PFEIFFER等则[25]通过先在二氧化硅衬底上刻蚀出波导沟槽(预成型),再进行氮化硅填充和CMP。这种方法利用衬底本身的拓扑结构来有效抑制裂纹扩展,从而实现了厚度高达1.35 μm的氮化硅波导的批量、高成品率制备。这些经过验证的成熟工艺表明,本文所设计的偏振不敏感厚波导结构在现有的先进工艺平台上具备明确且可行的制备路径。
表2系统比较了近年来报道的多种集成氮化硅光波导的关键参数。通过该表格可以看出,尺寸较大的波导具有更宽的工作波段(或更长的中心波长)以及更小的弯曲半径,同时更容易同时支持TE与TM偏振模式,这一物理趋势的一致性验证了本工作中仿真模型与设计方法的正确性。此外,也可体现出本工作的先进性,主要有以下两方面:
1)工作带宽:本波导在435~760 nm的整个可见光范围内实现了低损耗传输,带宽达325 nm,显著优于大多数针对窄带设计的可见光波导,体现了其在宽带应用中的先进性。
2)集成度:为实现宽带多模传输所采用的多模大截面设计,增强了波导对光场的限制能力,从而天然支持更小的弯曲半径。本文实现的15 μm与10 μm弯曲半径,有效提升了波导的集成度。
为了将设计有效地应用于实际器件开发,有必要针对具体的应用场景提供明确的参数指导。基于对薄、厚两种波导平台特性的系统分析,本节将围绕几种典型应用,阐明如何根据核心需求进行波导选型与关键参数优化。
对于片上彩色成像系统,其光源通常为非相干的随机偏振光。在此类应用中,偏振不敏感的厚波导(厚度1 µm,宽度2 µm)是必然选择。设计者应重点关注其最小弯曲半径(10 µm) 与最小波导间距(0.4 µm) 这两个优势参数,以规划紧凑的传感器阵列或成像光路。
可见光通信系统的光源则多为线偏振。此时,偏振敏感的薄波导(厚度500 nm,宽度1.5 µm)因其更高的集成度和更成熟的加工工艺而更具合理性。由于通信系统往往对损耗更为敏感,在此方案下,布局设计要注意最小弯曲半径(15 µm),以避免过大的辐射损耗,以及薄波导的传输损耗对侧壁粗糙度更为敏感,为实现超低损耗链路,应采用能够实现较为光滑侧壁(如RMS<5 nm)的刻蚀工艺。
对于微型光谱仪这类对通道串扰敏感的器件,设计者需要在厚、薄两种多模波导方案间进行权衡。若优先追求器件的紧凑性,应选择厚波导。其更小的等效折射率差能实现更紧凑的弯曲结构,从而缩小器件的总体尺寸。然而,必须接受其容易激发出更多高阶模式所引入的更高模态串扰。若系统允许使用保偏光纤保证TE偏振光输入,则可选用薄波导降低加工难度,减小模态串扰,简化后期的信号处理流程。代价是其弯曲半径相对较大,会限制集成度的进一步提升。
综上所述,设计器件时可依据目标应用在偏振、集成度、损耗和系统复杂度等方面的核心需求,参考本文进行波导设计,并明确在设计与制造中需优先关注和优化的关键参数,从而高效地开发高性能的全谱段可见光集成器件。
对于片上集成可见光器件而言,拓展工作带宽以覆盖整个可见光谱段具有重要应用价值,可显著提升可见光通信系统、微型光谱仪和生物传感器等器件的性能。然而,这种超宽波长范围会导致短波长与长波长对波导尺寸的需求产生矛盾:短波长需要小尺寸以抑制高阶模,而长波长需要大尺寸以避免能量泄漏,这一矛盾导致波导无法在可见光全谱段下实现单模传输,因此需采用多模波导代替实现。
本文系统研究了氮化硅多模波导在可见光全谱段的传输特性,由于偏振敏感与偏振不敏感波导平台各有优势和研究价值,分别基于厚度500 nm和1 µm的氮化硅平台完成了针对TE偏振的薄波导和偏振不敏感的厚波导尺寸设计。研究结果表明:对于薄波导,其厚度综合考虑损耗与加工难度,选择0.5 μm,厚波导厚度选择1 μm以实现偏振不敏感的低损耗传输;
薄条形波导的宽度选择损耗较低的1.5 μm,厚波导宽度增至2 μm以抑制侧壁粗糙引起的散射损耗;
在空间布局方面,薄波导的最小波导间距为0.6 μm,最小弯曲半径为15 μm;厚波导的最小波导间距为0.4 μm,最小弯曲半径为10 μm;对于上述两种波导,制造时的尺寸误差对光的传输都几乎没有影响。另外,薄波导的损耗对波导侧壁粗糙十分敏感,而厚波导的粗糙度RMS≤10 nm时,传输损耗已经较低。
本文所得结论能够为实际制造过程中波导尺寸和制造工艺的选择提供实用的指导,为开发微型光谱仪、可见光通信系统和片上彩色成像器件等应用提供理论支持。

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2026年第55卷第2期
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doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265502.0213002
  • 接收时间:2025-08-20
  • 首发时间:2026-10-10
  • 出版时间:2026-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-20
  • 录用日期:2025-11-18
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    1北京理工大学 光电学院,北京 100081
    2光电成像技术与系统教育部重点实验室,北京 100081

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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