Article(id=1315743744733860030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743622176288781, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3788/gzxb20265502.0213002, pmid=null, cstr=32255.14.gzxb20265502.0213002, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755619200000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1763395200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-18, onlineDate=1791627354081, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791627354081, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791627354081, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791627354081, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315743622176288781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, year='2026', volume='55', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791627324861, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791627390701, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315743898396381488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743622176288781, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315743898396381489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743622176288781, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=261, endPage=273, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315743745270730943, articleId=1315743744733860030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=EN, title=Study on Polarization Compatibility of Ultra-low-loss Waveguides for the Full Visible Spectrum, columnId=1315743686898597913, journalTitle=Acta Photonica Sinica, columnName=Integrated Optics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
In recent years, visible-light integrated photonics has undergone rapid development, demonstrating significant applications across various fields. In biosensing, integrated optical waveguide sensors based on the evanescent wave effect enable high-sensitivity real-time monitoring of analytes by detecting optical parameter variations induced by changes in analyte properties. For consumer electronics, miniaturized on-chip spectrometers provide real-time spectral analysis capabilities for smart devices, supporting applications such as food safety testing and health monitoring. In optical computing, metasurfaces and diffractive neural network technologies have facilitated the development of low-power intelligent sensing chips with ultra-fast parallel processing capabilities, capable of performing tasks such as image recognition and object tracking.
Extending the operational wavelength range of these devices to cover the entire visible spectrum holds considerable importance, as it can enhance the detection accuracy and applicability of miniaturized spectrometers, broaden the bandwidth of visible-light communication systems, and enable biosensors to simultaneously detect multiple biomolecules in complex samples. As fundamental components of integrated photonic devices, waveguides serve as the core elements for directional photon transport and device interconnections in most on-chip systems. However, current research on full-visible-spectrum waveguides remains incomplete, with most studies focusing on waveguide dimension design for specific narrow bands. The investigation of low-loss transmission across the entire visible spectrum in single waveguide structures remains insufficient, which may limit their applications in on-chip full-visible-spectrum devices. Therefore, this study proposes a waveguide design that supports the entire visible spectrum (435~760 nm).
Generally, single-mode waveguides exhibit superior performance compared to multimode waveguides. However, research has revealed conflicting requirements for single-mode operation across different wavelengths: shorter wavelengths require smaller dimensions to suppress higher-order modes, while longer wavelengths necessitate larger dimensions to prevent energy leakage. Consequently, none of the three commonly used waveguide structures (rectangular waveguides, rib waveguides, and slab waveguides) can achieve single-mode operation across the entire visible spectrum. As an alternative approach, this study systematically investigates key parameters for minimizing propagation loss under multimode transmission conditions.
Considering the respective advantages and research value of polarization-sensitive and polarization-insensitive waveguide platforms, dimension designs were completed for both TE-polarized thin waveguides and polarization-insensitive thick waveguides based on silicon nitride platforms with thicknesses of 500 nm and 1 μm, respectively: For thin waveguides, the thickness was optimized at 0.5 μm after comprehensive consideration of loss and fabrication challenges, while thick waveguides were designed with 1 μm thickness to achieve polarization-insensitive low-loss transmission. The width of thin strip waveguides was selected as 1.5 μm for lower loss, whereas thick waveguides were designed with 2 μm width to mitigate scattering loss induced by sidewall roughness. Regarding spatial configuration, thin waveguides require minimum waveguide spacing of 0.6 μm and minimum bending radius of 15 μm, while thick waveguides permit tighter configurations with 0.4 μm spacing and 10 μm bending radius. For both waveguide types, fabrication dimensional tolerances exhibit negligible impact on optical transmission. Additionally, thin waveguides demonstrate high sensitivity to sidewall roughness, whereas thick waveguides maintain relatively low transmission loss when the root-mean-square roughness is ≤10 nm.
Comparative analysis of the two waveguide configurations reveals distinct advantages thin waveguides offer easier fabrication and higher integration density, though they are limited to TE-mode operation; thick waveguides feature comparable effective refractive indices for TE and TM modes, making them suitable for polarization-insensitive applications in systems employing broadband LED sources (e.g., biosensors and color imaging), despite requiring specialized stress-control processes during fabrication. Both configurations present unique advantages that can be selected based on specific device requirements.
In summary, this study analyzes propagation loss and mode distribution in waveguides to determine optimal parameters for low-loss transmission, including waveguide dimensions, bending radii, and spacing. Furthermore, it evaluates the impact of fabrication tolerances on waveguide performance, providing valuable references for the design and manufacturing of on-chip photonic devices operating across the full visible spectrum.
, authors=Jingchen ZOU
1, 2, Hang ZHANG
1, 2, Peng LUO
1, 2, Yihui ZHAO
1, 2, authorsList=Jingchen ZOU, Hang ZHANG, Peng LUO, Yihui ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yihui ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315743748831695062, articleId=1315743744733860030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=CN, title=全谱段可见光超低损耗波导偏振兼容性研究, columnId=1315743687099924507, journalTitle=光子学报, columnName=集成光学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
系统研究了氮化硅波导在可见光全谱段(435~760 nm)的传输特性。针对偏振敏感和偏振不敏感的两种应用场景,分别设计了薄波导和厚波导平台。通过数值仿真方法,分析了两种波导设计的尺寸、弯曲半径及波导间距等关键参数对传输损耗的影响,并探讨了波导性能对制造误差和侧壁粗糙度的敏感性,为未来片上全谱段可见光器件的设计与制造提供理论依据。
, authors=邹景晨
1, 2, 张航
1, 2, 罗鹏
1, 2, 赵益辉
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Schematic diagram of the waveguide structures. (a) Strip waveguide; (b) Slab waveguide, figureFileSmall=cC8Jm/GOYfAxQMg9Tg7tgA==, figureFileBig=lwZlqCj9VSEzSNz3n8aW5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743752925335808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
波导结构示意图。(a) 条形波导; (b) 平板波导, figureFileSmall=cC8Jm/GOYfAxQMg9Tg7tgA==, figureFileBig=lwZlqCj9VSEzSNz3n8aW5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743753135051009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Transmittance of the slab waveguide with varying thickness and electric field distribution during transmission and the transmitted electric field pattern at the output end for the slab waveguide with a thickness of 500 nm. (a) Transmittance (b) Electric field distribution, figureFileSmall=WdZNcpKcJjMze+RXMg+eyw==, figureFileBig=nRV89hZ/PmS/e72LVOWmSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743753218937090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
不同厚度下平板波导的透射率和厚度为500 nm的平板波导在传输过程中的电场分布及输出端的透射电场图案。 (a) 透射率; (b) 电场图案, figureFileSmall=WdZNcpKcJjMze+RXMg+eyw==, figureFileBig=nRV89hZ/PmS/e72LVOWmSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743753290240259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Transmittance of stripides with diff waveguerent widths, figureFileSmall=3On2mXH7yhjCxh+vW08+YQ==, figureFileBig=v4FAT+7vrt+Mx8llHKAF6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743753365737732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
不同宽度条形波导的透射率, figureFileSmall=3On2mXH7yhjCxh+vW08+YQ==, figureFileBig=v4FAT+7vrt+Mx8llHKAF6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743753462206725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Transmittance of the strip waveguide with varying bending radii and Electric field distribution During transmission and the output electric field pattern for the waveguide with a radius of 15 µm. (a) Transmittance (b) Electric field distribution, figureFileSmall=GbqHE8p0TyHmePtjWn4B+A==, figureFileBig=e9x46cLr8P+50ObJZ+eIrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743753575452934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
不同弯曲半径下条形波导的透射率和半径为15 µm的波导在传输过程中的电场分布及输出端电场图案。 (a) 透射率; (b) 电场图案, figureFileSmall=GbqHE8p0TyHmePtjWn4B+A==, figureFileBig=e9x46cLr8P+50ObJZ+eIrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743753680310535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Electric field propagation in waveguides. (a) gaps of 0.2 µm and (b) 0.6 µm, respectively;(c) Transmittance curves of adjacent waveguides as a function of gap separation, figureFileSmall=wD43evSgbfSnjrZTPV6YJw==, figureFileBig=hR0mkCv5XtWzPLOYn0pFrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743753772585224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
波导中电场传播情况。(a) 间隙为0.2 µm; (b) 间隙为0.6 µm; (c) 相邻波导的透射率随间隙距离变化的关系曲线, figureFileSmall=wD43evSgbfSnjrZTPV6YJw==, figureFileBig=hR0mkCv5XtWzPLOYn0pFrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743753839694089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Transmittance spectra of waveguides with thickness variations of ±20 nm and transmittance of waveguides with different sidewall roughness levels. (a) Transmittance spectra; (b) Transmittance, figureFileSmall=Jv21BZMQAgqCiZ5WXEEPEg==, figureFileBig=puV5GxCCZqp1cKzyfT4u0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743753927774474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
厚度变化±20 nm的波导透射谱和不同侧壁粗糙度水平的波导透射率。(a) 透射谱;(b) 透射率, figureFileSmall=Jv21BZMQAgqCiZ5WXEEPEg==, figureFileBig=puV5GxCCZqp1cKzyfT4u0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743754238152971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Effective refractive indices of the TE₀ and TM₀ modes at the central wavelength as a function of slab waveguide thickness, figureFileSmall=PvZ2h5b4s2kxk7dhsSrhFQ==, figureFileBig=6YCXwktpMM4Fb/ksM8qDTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743754330427660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
TE₀和TM₀模式在中心波长处的有效折射率随平板波导厚度变化的关系, figureFileSmall=PvZ2h5b4s2kxk7dhsSrhFQ==, figureFileBig=6YCXwktpMM4Fb/ksM8qDTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743754414313741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Transmittance of slab waveguides with thicknesses of 1 µm and 500 nm, figureFileSmall=qCKnwsPe09YlUwnSU121fQ==, figureFileBig=aTnIq4+Z+fsivIChvbjlUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743754485616910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
厚度为1 µm和500 nm的平板波导的透射率, figureFileSmall=qCKnwsPe09YlUwnSU121fQ==, figureFileBig=aTnIq4+Z+fsivIChvbjlUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743756146561295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=
Transmittance of strip waveguides with widths of 1.6 µm, 1.8 µm, 2 µm and 2.2 µm under two roughness conditions: RMS = 0 and RMS = 10 nm, figureFileSmall=QomeNCpW/jNsJ4KfqShwNA==, figureFileBig=YJWMf+23DjhQQ/ULj5j8ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743756222058768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
宽度分别为1.6 µm、1.8 µm、2 µm和2.2 µm的条形波导在两种粗糙度条件 (RMS = 0和RMS = 10 nm) 下的透射率, figureFileSmall=QomeNCpW/jNsJ4KfqShwNA==, figureFileBig=YJWMf+23DjhQQ/ULj5j8ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743756305944849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=
Simulation results. (a) Transmittance of strip waveguides with varying bending radii; (b) Transmittance of adjacent waveguides at different separation distances from the source-loaded waveguide; (c) Transmittance of waveguides with different sidewall roughness levels; (d) Transmittance variation under waveguide thickness deviations of ±50 nm, figureFileSmall=LkD24RxWBWAe16gVoXzrVg==, figureFileBig=1PiCiXFscfV7MkCcnn7YSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743756419191058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
仿真结果。(a)不同弯曲半径下条形波导的透射率;(b)相邻波导与源加载波导在不同分离距离下的透射率;(c)不同侧壁粗糙度水平的波导透射率;(d)波导厚度存在±50 nm偏差时的透射率变化, figureFileSmall=LkD24RxWBWAe16gVoXzrVg==, figureFileBig=1PiCiXFscfV7MkCcnn7YSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743756490494227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=
Transmittance variation of the waveguide. (a) the distance between the PML and the waveguide edge; (b) the number of PML layers; (c) the mesh refinement level; (d) the waveguides length, figureFileSmall=lpXsnzA9rJEluC+0b6T8aQ==, figureFileBig=MdwzePk33vIRnLvLGYTIOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743756553408788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=CN, label=图11, caption=
波导透射率变化。(a) PML与波导边缘的距离;(b)PML层数;(c)网格细化级别;(d)波导长度, figureFileSmall=lpXsnzA9rJEluC+0b6T8aQ==, figureFileBig=MdwzePk33vIRnLvLGYTIOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743756624711957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Geometric parameters of Si₃N₄ waveguides across the full visible spectrum
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Slab waveguide thickness | Strip waveguide width (thickness=0.5 μm) | Waveguide spacing | Bending radius |
|---|
| Thin waveguide | ≥ 0.5 μm | ≥ 1.5 μm | ≥ 0.6 μm | ≥ 15 μm |
| Thick waveguide | ≥ 1 μm | ≥ 2 μm | ≥ 0.4 μm | ≥ 10 μm |
), ArticleFig(id=1315743756696015126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
全可见光谱段Si3N4波导尺寸参数
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Slab waveguide thickness | Strip waveguide width (thickness=0.5 μm) | Waveguide spacing | Bending radius |
|---|
| Thin waveguide | ≥ 0.5 μm | ≥ 1.5 μm | ≥ 0.6 μm | ≥ 15 μm |
| Thick waveguide | ≥ 1 μm | ≥ 2 μm | ≥ 0.4 μm | ≥ 10 μm |
), ArticleFig(id=1315743756767318295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Si3N4 waveguide parameters in different operations
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Ref. | Wavelength/nm | Width/nm | Thickness/nm | Minimum bending radius/μm | Polarization |
|---|
| [8] | 461 | 1 300 | 20 | 330 | TE |
| [8] | 674~698 | 2 300 | 20 | 2 300 | TE |
| [26] | 466~550 | 340 | 135 | 80 | TM |
| [26] | 552~648 | 520 | 135 | 80 | TE |
| [27] | 633 | 400 | 400 | 60 | TE |
| [28] | 458~634 | 250~500 | 100 | 20 | TE |
| [29] | 532~673 | 360~510 | 180 | 100 | TE |
| [15] | 1 490~1 580 | 800 | 800 | 50 | TE, TM |
| [25] | 1 550 | 1 500 | 850~1 350 | / | TE, TM |
| This work (Thin waveguide) | 435~760 | 1 500 | 500 | 15 | TE |
| This work (thick waveguide) | 435~760 | 2 000 | 1 000 | 10 | TE, TM |
), ArticleFig(id=1315743756830232856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743744733860030, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
不同工作中的Si3N4波导参数
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Ref. | Wavelength/nm | Width/nm | Thickness/nm | Minimum bending radius/μm | Polarization |
|---|
| [8] | 461 | 1 300 | 20 | 330 | TE |
| [8] | 674~698 | 2 300 | 20 | 2 300 | TE |
| [26] | 466~550 | 340 | 135 | 80 | TM |
| [26] | 552~648 | 520 | 135 | 80 | TE |
| [27] | 633 | 400 | 400 | 60 | TE |
| [28] | 458~634 | 250~500 | 100 | 20 | TE |
| [29] | 532~673 | 360~510 | 180 | 100 | TE |
| [15] | 1 490~1 580 | 800 | 800 | 50 | TE, TM |
| [25] | 1 550 | 1 500 | 850~1 350 | / | TE, TM |
| This work (Thin waveguide) | 435~760 | 1 500 | 500 | 15 | TE |
| This work (thick waveguide) | 435~760 | 2 000 | 1 000 | 10 | TE, TM |
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