Article(id=1315743686714048536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743622176288781, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3788/gzxb20265502.0213001, pmid=null, cstr=32255.14.gzxb20265502.0213001, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760371200000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1764172800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-27, onlineDate=1791627340247, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791627340247, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791627340247, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791627340247, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315743622176288781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, year='2026', volume='55', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791627324861, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791627390701, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315743898396381488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743622176288781, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315743898396381489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743622176288781, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=252, endPage=260, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315743686999261210, articleId=1315743686714048536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=EN, title=Design of Low-loss Thin-film Lithium Niobate Coupling Structure Based on Bi-level Taper, columnId=1315743686898597913, journalTitle=Acta Photonica Sinica, columnName=Integrated Optics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
The primary objective of this study is to design and experimentally validate a low-loss edge coupler based on a bi-level taper structure on the thin-film lithium niobate platform, specifically targeting efficient coupling with standard single-mode fibers having a mode field diameter of 6 μm at the 1 310 nm wavelength, to address the critical challenge of high coupling losses between Thin-film lithium niobate waveguides and optical fibers that hinder practical applications in integrated photonic systems such as fiber optic gyroscopes, aiming for a solution compatible with mass production via deep ultraviolet lithography while maintaining low optical loss and high alignment tolerance.
To achieve this, the coupler design incorporates two sequentially fabricated inverted tapers—a fully etched lower taper and a partially etched upper taper—within a silicon dioxide cladding, and the structural parameters were rigorously optimized using three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain simulations to maximize the mode field overlap integral between the waveguide and fiber, where key geometric variables including the taper lengths L1 and L2 (both set equal to L for simplicity), the lower taper tip width W1, the upper taper tip width W2, the lower taper output width W3, and the straight waveguide width W4 were systematically varied to assess their impact on coupling efficiency, with initial simulations determining an optimal taper length L of 300 μm to satisfy adiabatic conditions and avoid excessive transmission loss or fabrication-induced defects, followed by width optimizations revealing optimal values of W1 at 0.2 μm, W2 at 0.2 μm, W3 at 3.5 μm, and W4 at 1.2 μm for single-mode operation, while additional analysis of the silicon dioxide upper cladding thickness indicated that a minimum thickness of 3 μm is essential to confine the mode effectively and prevent vertical leakage, with negligible efficiency variation between 3 and 6 μm.
Fabrication involved electron beam lithography for rapid prototyping and validation, where X-cut Thin-film lithium niobate with a 300 nm thick lithium niobate layer on a 4.7 μm silicon dioxide substrate was patterned using two Electron beam lithography steps followed by inductively coupled plasma-reactive ion etching to define the upper and lower tapers sequentially, and a 6-micrometer silicon dioxide cladding was deposited via a combination of low-pressure chemical vapor deposition and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition to ensure density and minimize hydrogen-related losses. Experimental characterization employed a 1 310 nm superluminescent diode source and single-mode fibers in a cut-back method setup to measure total insertion loss, yielding a coupling loss of approximately 2.3 dB per facet for the optimized design, with the straight waveguide propagation loss separately quantified as 0.47 dB per centimeter, and scanning electron microscopy imaging confirmed the fabricated structure but indicated an approximate 110-nanometer lateral misalignment between the upper and lower tapers, though subsequent Finite-difference time-domain simulations demonstrated that such misalignments up to ±300 nm introduce negligible additional loss below 0.03 dB, affirming high fabrication tolerance. Further experimental sweeps of parameters W1 and L showed consistent trends with simulations, where coupling loss decreased with increasing L up to 300 μm and increased with W1 above 0.2 μm, and comparative analysis with existing coupler designs highlighted that this bi-level taper structure achieves a favorable balance between performance and process complexity, requiring only two etching steps and avoiding reliance on costly ultra-high numerical aperture or lensed fibers, thus enabling practical, low-cost deployment in fiber gyroscope applications.
In conclusion, the proposed bi-level taper edge coupler successfully demonstrates low coupling loss, robust manufacturability with substantial alignment tolerances, and full compatibility with standard single-mode fibers and deep ultraviolet lithography mass production, thereby providing a viable pathway for scalable integration of Thin-film lithium niobate based photonic devices.
, authors=Yiren ZHENG, Jinming YUAN, Yuzheng MAO, Xun WAN, Liangping XIE, Hua LI, authorsList=Yiren ZHENG, Jinming YUAN, Yuzheng MAO, Xun WAN, Liangping XIE, Hua LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yuzheng MAO, Liangping XIE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315743690417618992, articleId=1315743686714048536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=CN, title=基于Bi-Level Taper的低损耗薄膜铌酸锂耦合结构设计, columnId=1315743687099924507, journalTitle=光子学报, columnName=集成光学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
薄膜铌酸锂作为新一代硅基光子集成平台,在光通信、非线性光学和量子光学等领域取得了显著进展。然而,芯片与光纤之间的低损耗耦合仍是限制其高性能器件实际应用的关键难题。为实现与光纤陀螺中光纤环尾纤的耦合,以及芯片的批量化低成本生产,设计并验证了一种基于深紫外光刻工艺的双层倒锥端面耦合器,研究了不同倒锥结构下耦合损耗的变化。通过最优化设计,利用电子束光刻工艺验证了该结构在1 310 nm波段可实现与模场直径为6 μm光纤低至2.3 dB/facet的耦合损耗。该耦合器结构简单、工艺复杂度低、耦合损耗小,针对上下层倒锥的对准误差,具备±300 nm的制造容差。该制备方案与常见的薄膜铌酸锂器件制备流程相兼容,借助成熟的批量制造工艺可实现器件的大批量制备,将有利于薄膜铌酸锂平台的集成度提升与相关器件的工程化应用。
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1中国航空工业集团公司 西安飞行自动控制研究所,西安 710065)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1315743694691614812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743686714048536, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Double-taper edge coupler end-face coupler. (a) 3D schematic diagram; (b) Top view; (c) Cross-sectional view and electric field distribution, figureFileSmall=qLVB4CzDCq5OABbTBA4tYQ==, figureFileBig=IdeQkxUQtEUjZYUUf8JeAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743694767112285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743686714048536, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
双层倒锥端面耦合器。(a)三维示意图;(b)俯视图;(c)截面视图和电场分布图, figureFileSmall=qLVB4CzDCq5OABbTBA4tYQ==, figureFileBig=IdeQkxUQtEUjZYUUf8JeAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743695006187614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743686714048536, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Dependence of the coupling efficiency on variations in the inverted cone parameter. (a) Dependence of the coupling efficiency on variations in L; (b) Dependence of the coupling efficiency on variations in W1;(c) Dependence of the coupling efficiency on variations in W2; (d) Dependence of the coupling efficiency on variations in W3, figureFileSmall=5NbmoUBYYzRteAvXXzVYqA==, figureFileBig=ffuKkzsC4tT7O/3N/y4TTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743695077490783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743686714048536, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
倒锥参数变化对耦合效率的影响。(a)L变化对于耦合效率的影响;(b)W1变化对于耦合效率的影响;(c)W2变化对于耦合效率的影响;(d)W3变化对于耦合效率的影响, figureFileSmall=5NbmoUBYYzRteAvXXzVYqA==, figureFileBig=ffuKkzsC4tT7O/3N/y4TTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743695161376864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743686714048536, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Dependence of coupling efficiency on variations in the thickness of the silica upper cladding layer, figureFileSmall=18qL/rDdpFThspkJH01cSg==, figureFileBig=3ordyg/OZ2md5NvewPn6Ug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743695232680033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743686714048536, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
二氧化硅上包层厚度变化对耦合效率的影响, figureFileSmall=18qL/rDdpFThspkJH01cSg==, figureFileBig=3ordyg/OZ2md5NvewPn6Ug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743695316566114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743686714048536, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Fabrication steps for TFLN end-face couplers, figureFileSmall=ZH6iCk7SuThQXPRXCmsQKQ==, figureFileBig=EwyfP5gesUCWrWlI9dHr2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743695400452195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743686714048536, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
TFLN端面耦合器制造步骤, figureFileSmall=ZH6iCk7SuThQXPRXCmsQKQ==, figureFileBig=EwyfP5gesUCWrWlI9dHr2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743695475949668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743686714048536, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
SEM characterization of the double-layer inverted taper. (a) Upper inverted taper region; (b) Tip morphology of the inverted taper, figureFileSmall=ubmKV38yl8s7avbfJ8jfQg==, figureFileBig=9bKWqQPnBXrXZ6UyysqL3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743695543058533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743686714048536, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
双层倒锥的SEM表征图。(a)上层倒锥处;(b)倒锥尖端形貌, figureFileSmall=ubmKV38yl8s7avbfJ8jfQg==, figureFileBig=9bKWqQPnBXrXZ6UyysqL3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743695605973094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743686714048536, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Coupling test setup diagram, figureFileSmall=n2ndP42WQQGmoVx7/sye1A==, figureFileBig=98byO100FXpzUzEOfZZPoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743695673081959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743686714048536, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
耦合测试实物, figureFileSmall=n2ndP42WQQGmoVx7/sye1A==, figureFileBig=98byO100FXpzUzEOfZZPoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743695748579432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743686714048536, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Data of measuring straight waveguide loss using the cut-off method, figureFileSmall=eJ6JomLA1atEWdsTrcaDQg==, figureFileBig=8u3+m2Z4KqY1uvSbu0Fx1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743695828271209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743686714048536, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
截断法测量直波导损耗的数据, figureFileSmall=eJ6JomLA1atEWdsTrcaDQg==, figureFileBig=8u3+m2Z4KqY1uvSbu0Fx1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743695907962986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743686714048536, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Relationship between inverse taper coupling efficiency and deviation distance, figureFileSmall=OlgN2rUMxQ9cJPFsC7mjoA==, figureFileBig=FEC6YWySL6Ls18vuruUIYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743695991849067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743686714048536, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
倒锥耦合效率和偏移量的关系, figureFileSmall=OlgN2rUMxQ9cJPFsC7mjoA==, figureFileBig=FEC6YWySL6Ls18vuruUIYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743696063152236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743686714048536, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=
Experimental investigation of the effect of W1 and L on insertion loss.(a) Coupling loss vs. L variation when W1=0.18 μm; (b) Coupling loss vs. L variation when W1=0.2 μm; (d) Coupling loss vs. L variation when W1=0.22 μm; (d) Coupling loss vs. W1 variation, figureFileSmall=vFzMrJaNqg4gOSDEKjjRhg==, figureFileBig=I5qOjdur+Q6m3da1EAj+DA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743696151232621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743686714048536, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
实验测试的不同W1与L对于耦合损耗的影响。(a)当W1=0.18 μm时,L变化对于耦合损耗的影响;(b)当W1=0.2 μm时,L变化对于耦合损耗的影响;(c)当W1=0.22 μm时,L变化对于耦合损耗的影响;(d)不同L下,W1变化对于耦合损耗的影响, figureFileSmall=vFzMrJaNqg4gOSDEKjjRhg==, figureFileBig=I5qOjdur+Q6m3da1EAj+DA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743696235118702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743686714048536, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=
Test vs. simulation result comparison for W1=0.2 μm, figureFileSmall=2m0T7ZsYNtsgjTU9oyW6JA==, figureFileBig=GPfin6CN/NsdK7Kelg6V2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743696310616175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743686714048536, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
W1=0.2 μm时的测试-仿真结果对比, figureFileSmall=2m0T7ZsYNtsgjTU9oyW6JA==, figureFileBig=GPfin6CN/NsdK7Kelg6V2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743696402890864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743686714048536, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Facet coupler parameters
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Parameter | Value |
|---|
| W1 | 0.2 μm |
| W2 | 0.2 μm |
| W3 | 3.5 μm |
| W4 | 1.2 μm |
| L1 | 300 μm |
| L2 | 300 μm |
), ArticleFig(id=1315743696482582641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743686714048536, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
端面耦合器参数表
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Parameter | Value |
|---|
| W1 | 0.2 μm |
| W2 | 0.2 μm |
| W3 | 3.5 μm |
| W4 | 1.2 μm |
| L1 | 300 μm |
| L2 | 300 μm |
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