Article(id=1315743623036125733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743622176288781, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3788/gzxb20265502.0212002, pmid=null, cstr=32255.14.gzxb20265502.0212002, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1759161600000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1763481600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-19, onlineDate=1791627325065, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791627325065, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791627325065, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791627325065, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315743622176288781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, year='2026', volume='55', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791627324861, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791627390701, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315743898396381488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743622176288781, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315743898396381489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743622176288781, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=18, endPage=28, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315743623237452326, articleId=1315743623036125733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=EN, title=Interferometric Microscopic Measurement Method for Encapsulated Structures Via Dual-arm Differential Adjustable Compensation, columnId=1315741666489774715, journalTitle=Acta Photonica Sinica, columnName=Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Encapsulation is a critical step in semiconductor manufacturing, providing chips with a stable and protected operational environment through integration into compatible external structures. High-precision and non-destructive surface morphology measurement of transparent encapsulated devices is essential, as it enables early detection of latent defects, supports process optimization, and ensures long-term device reliability. However, conventional white light interferometric microscopy faces inherent limitations when applied to encapsulated samples. Existing optical-path compensation schemes offer only restricted compensation ranges, and even small residual mismatches between the encapsulation layer and the compensation glass can introduce monochromatic aberrations and chromatic dispersion. These residual errors degrade fringe contrast, distort the recovered phase, and can ultimately lead to failure in reconstructing surface morphology.

To address these challenges, we propose a dual-arm differential adjustable compensation strategy for white light interferometric microscopy. The method is designed to address the thickness mismatch and material dispersion when measuring encapsulated microstructures. The system incorporates two independently adjustable compensators: a plate compensator inserted into the test arm and a pair of wedge plates placed in the reference arm. The wedge plates provide a thickness adjustment range from 4.8 mm to 5.2 mm enabling the system to realize a continuously adjustable compensation range. The two compensators form a continuously adjustable configuration capable of correcting up to 400 μm of thickness deviation. This design supports stable compensation for encapsulation thicknesses from 0 mm to 5.2 mm. A 2.5× Michelson-type interferometric objective is employed in order to conveniently separate monochromatic aberrations from chromatic dispersion, thereby enabling a focused investigation of dispersion-induced phase distortions and the effectiveness of the proposed compensation strategy.

Theoretical modelling and numerical simulations were conducted to assess the feasibility and robustness of the proposed compensation strategy. The modelling incorporated the spectral characteristics of the light source, the refractive-index dispersion of the encapsulation materials, and the numerical aperture of the interferometric objective. A detailed quantitative analysis was carried out to evaluate the influence of light-source bandwidth, the intensity ratio between the two interferometric arms, and residual thickness mismatch on the achievable fringe contrast. The results highlight the necessity of incorporating adjustable wedge plates to achieve continuous and precise dispersion compensation. Based on the simulation outcomes, acceptable tolerance ranges for the residual mismatch were derived, providing practical design guidelines for implementing adjustable dispersion compensation in interferometric microscopy platforms.

Experimental validation was conducted using three representative classes of samples to verify the measurement accuracy and system stability. In addition to validating measurement accuracy, these experiments were also designed to evaluate the long-term operational stability of the compensation mechanism, especially under varying encapsulation thicknesses. First, a Bruker RM1722 roughness standard was used to evaluate surface roughness under encapsulation. The dynamic adjustment of the wedge plates in the reference arm effectively preserved high-contrast fringes. The encapsulated sample exhibited an arithmetic average roughness of (0.63 ± 0.003) nm, which closely matched the value of (0.61 ± 0.004) nm for the unpackaged sample. Second, a standard SHS-23008 step height specimen was measured beneath a 1 mm K9 cover plate to simulate the encapsulation condition. The reconstructed step height was (9.272±0.021) μm, demonstrating both the accuracy of the compensation method and the robustness of the phase retrieval process. Finally, the technique was applied to TO-packaged photodiodes to characterize the surface morphology of the encapsulated chip region. The arithmetic mean height and root mean square height of the surface were 3.855 nm and 3.892, respectively, indicating the good fabrication quality. These comprehensive results confirm that the proposed dual-arm differential adjustable interferometric method is feasible, reliable, and highly accurate for characterizing the surface morphology of transparent encapsulated microstructures. The demonstrated performance establishes the method as an effective and practical solution for high-precision, non-contact morphology evaluation of transparent encapsulated devices.

, authors=Shumin WANG, Zhishan GAO, Qun YUAN, Xiao HUO, Yin LI, Chen DING, Zhenyan GUO, authorsList=Shumin WANG, Zhishan GAO, Qun YUAN, Xiao HUO, Yin LI, Chen DING, Zhenyan GUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhishan GAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315743627201069629, articleId=1315743623036125733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=CN, title=双臂差分可调补偿的封装结构干涉显微测量方法, columnId=1315741666716267133, journalTitle=光子学报, columnName=仪器,测量,度量学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为评估封装对器件的潜在影响,亟需对封装器件表面形貌进行高精度测量。现有补偿方式覆盖封装厚度范围有限,存在厚度匹配误差引入的残余像差和色差,导致传统干涉显微技术复原封装器件的表面形貌存在系统误差或方法失效。提出一种基于双臂差分可调补偿的干涉显微测量方法。在测试光路中加入插片式平板补偿器,参考光路中加入厚度调节范围为4.8~5.2 mm的双楔板补偿器,形成双臂厚度偏差连续可调的补偿方案,能够连续补偿400 μm的厚度偏差,可覆盖0~5.2 mm封装厚度范围。以方便分离单色像差和色差影响因素的2.5倍Michelson型干涉显微物镜为例,重点分析了色散补偿问题。用不同厚度的K9玻璃平板覆盖标准粗糙度板和标准台阶板模拟封装器件,开展实验验证。结果表明:该方法能够准确测量封装层厚度为1 mm的RM1722粗糙度板的表面粗糙度和封装层厚度为5 mm的SHS-23008台阶表面形貌,前者粗糙度测量值为(0.63±0.003) nm,后者高度测量值为(9.272±0.021) μm,均与裸板测量值高度一致。该方法可应用于晶体管外壳封装光电二极管的检测,实现对封装芯片区域形貌的精确测量。

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王书敏,

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高志山,
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Geneva: ISO, 2000., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1315743627461116478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315743627469505087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, companyId=1315743627461116478, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315743627477893696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, companyId=1315743627461116478, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1南京理工大学 电子工程与光电技术学院,南京 210094)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1315743632284566127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Interference intensity comparison of samples with and without encapsulation layer, figureFileSmall=+RNWquTfsGcFfpXRMapX4w==, figureFileBig=V8Blo9dJxJxcLgk/6crrSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743632389423728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, language=CN, label=图1, caption=样品有无封装的干涉强度对比, figureFileSmall=+RNWquTfsGcFfpXRMapX4w==, figureFileBig=V8Blo9dJxJxcLgk/6crrSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743632611721841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Principle of Michelson-type compensating interference microscope objective, figureFileSmall=GsYO6oQZNTqWEfMntQtrCA==, figureFileBig=2q3i64aA0UMEiUMvSaehQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743632703996530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, language=CN, label=图2, caption=补偿式Michelson型干涉显微物镜原理示意图, figureFileSmall=GsYO6oQZNTqWEfMntQtrCA==, figureFileBig=2q3i64aA0UMEiUMvSaehQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743632796271219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Structural schematic of the Michelson-type compensating interference microscope objective, figureFileSmall=Qtm63q7OFVZ5WpyicvvPKw==, figureFileBig=vmXaQ8bX+eN6hlkABufMuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743632892740212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, language=CN, label=图3, caption=补偿式Michelson型干涉显微物镜结构示意图, figureFileSmall=Qtm63q7OFVZ5WpyicvvPKw==, figureFileBig=vmXaQ8bX+eN6hlkABufMuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743632980820597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Spot diagrams of the interferometric microscopic objective. 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Optical performance parameters of the 2.5× Michelson-type interference microscope objective

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Spectral range/nmWorking distance/mmNumerical apertureFocal length/mmObject-side field of view/mm
582~63511.40.075808
), ArticleFig(id=1315743635761644164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Michelson型2.5倍干涉显微物镜的光学性能参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Spectral range/nmWorking distance/mmNumerical apertureFocal length/mmObject-side field of view/mm
582~63511.40.075808
), ArticleFig(id=1315743635858113157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

RMS spot radius in the reference and test optical paths at different fields of view

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Field of view/mm0.0001.2002.0002.8303.4004.000
RMS spot radius (reference optical path)/μm2.3782.4882.6892.8943.0143.230
RMS radius (test optical path)/μm2.2662.4372.6622.8833.0513.444
), ArticleFig(id=1315743635979747974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各视场下参考光路和测试光路的光斑RMS半径

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Field of view/mm0.0001.2002.0002.8303.4004.000
RMS spot radius (reference optical path)/μm2.3782.4882.6892.8943.0143.230
RMS radius (test optical path)/μm2.2662.4372.6622.8833.0513.444
), ArticleFig(id=1315743636076216967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of roughness measurement results between conventional objective for bare roughness plate and compensating objective for encapsulated roughness plate

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleBare roughness plateEncapsulated roughness plate
Ra/nmRq/nmRa/nmRq/nm
Mean value0.610.780.630.79
Standard deviation0.0040.0070.0030.005
), ArticleFig(id=1315743636218823304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

常规物镜测量裸露粗糙度板和补偿式物镜测量封装粗糙度板的粗糙度测量对比结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleBare roughness plateEncapsulated roughness plate
Ra/nmRq/nmRa/nmRq/nm
Mean value0.610.780.630.79
Standard deviation0.0040.0070.0030.005
), ArticleFig(id=1315743636344652425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of height measurement results between conventional objective for bare step plate and compensating objective for encapsulated step plate

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleBare step plateEncapsulated step plate
Measurement value/μm9.2649.253
9.2839.292
9.2709.261
9.2819.289
9.2769.274
9.2699.270
9.2789.258
9.2679.287
9.2799.276
9.2729.271
Mean value/μm9.2749.272
Standard deviation/μm0.0150.021
), ArticleFig(id=1315743636474675850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

常规物镜测量裸露台阶板和补偿式物镜测量封装台阶板的高度测量对比结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleBare step plateEncapsulated step plate
Measurement value/μm9.2649.253
9.2839.292
9.2709.261
9.2819.289
9.2769.274
9.2699.270
9.2789.258
9.2679.287
9.2799.276
9.2729.271
Mean value/μm9.2749.272
Standard deviation/μm0.0150.021
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双臂差分可调补偿的封装结构干涉显微测量方法
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王书敏 , 高志山 , 袁群 , 霍霄 , 李尹 , 丁辰 , 郭珍艳
光子学报 | 仪器,测量,度量学 2026,55(2): 18-28
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光子学报 |仪器,测量,度量学 2026 , 55 (2) : 18 -28
双臂差分可调补偿的封装结构干涉显微测量方法
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王书敏 , 高志山 , 袁群, 霍霄, 李尹, 丁辰, 郭珍艳
作者信息
  • 1南京理工大学 电子工程与光电技术学院,南京 210094
通讯作者:
作者简介:
Interferometric Microscopic Measurement Method for Encapsulated Structures Via Dual-arm Differential Adjustable Compensation
Shumin WANG , Zhishan GAO , Qun YUAN, Xiao HUO, Yin LI, Chen DING, Zhenyan GUO
Affiliations
  • 1School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
出版时间: 2026-02-25 doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265502.0212002
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为评估封装对器件的潜在影响,亟需对封装器件表面形貌进行高精度测量。现有补偿方式覆盖封装厚度范围有限,存在厚度匹配误差引入的残余像差和色差,导致传统干涉显微技术复原封装器件的表面形貌存在系统误差或方法失效。提出一种基于双臂差分可调补偿的干涉显微测量方法。在测试光路中加入插片式平板补偿器,参考光路中加入厚度调节范围为4.8~5.2 mm的双楔板补偿器,形成双臂厚度偏差连续可调的补偿方案,能够连续补偿400 μm的厚度偏差,可覆盖0~5.2 mm封装厚度范围。以方便分离单色像差和色差影响因素的2.5倍Michelson型干涉显微物镜为例,重点分析了色散补偿问题。用不同厚度的K9玻璃平板覆盖标准粗糙度板和标准台阶板模拟封装器件,开展实验验证。结果表明:该方法能够准确测量封装层厚度为1 mm的RM1722粗糙度板的表面粗糙度和封装层厚度为5 mm的SHS-23008台阶表面形貌,前者粗糙度测量值为(0.63±0.003) nm,后者高度测量值为(9.272±0.021) μm,均与裸板测量值高度一致。该方法可应用于晶体管外壳封装光电二极管的检测,实现对封装芯片区域形貌的精确测量。

色散补偿  /  Michelson型物镜  /  白光干涉显微  /  封装形貌测量  /  可调光楔

Encapsulation is a critical step in semiconductor manufacturing, providing chips with a stable and protected operational environment through integration into compatible external structures. High-precision and non-destructive surface morphology measurement of transparent encapsulated devices is essential, as it enables early detection of latent defects, supports process optimization, and ensures long-term device reliability. However, conventional white light interferometric microscopy faces inherent limitations when applied to encapsulated samples. Existing optical-path compensation schemes offer only restricted compensation ranges, and even small residual mismatches between the encapsulation layer and the compensation glass can introduce monochromatic aberrations and chromatic dispersion. These residual errors degrade fringe contrast, distort the recovered phase, and can ultimately lead to failure in reconstructing surface morphology.

To address these challenges, we propose a dual-arm differential adjustable compensation strategy for white light interferometric microscopy. The method is designed to address the thickness mismatch and material dispersion when measuring encapsulated microstructures. The system incorporates two independently adjustable compensators: a plate compensator inserted into the test arm and a pair of wedge plates placed in the reference arm. The wedge plates provide a thickness adjustment range from 4.8 mm to 5.2 mm enabling the system to realize a continuously adjustable compensation range. The two compensators form a continuously adjustable configuration capable of correcting up to 400 μm of thickness deviation. This design supports stable compensation for encapsulation thicknesses from 0 mm to 5.2 mm. A 2.5× Michelson-type interferometric objective is employed in order to conveniently separate monochromatic aberrations from chromatic dispersion, thereby enabling a focused investigation of dispersion-induced phase distortions and the effectiveness of the proposed compensation strategy.

Theoretical modelling and numerical simulations were conducted to assess the feasibility and robustness of the proposed compensation strategy. The modelling incorporated the spectral characteristics of the light source, the refractive-index dispersion of the encapsulation materials, and the numerical aperture of the interferometric objective. A detailed quantitative analysis was carried out to evaluate the influence of light-source bandwidth, the intensity ratio between the two interferometric arms, and residual thickness mismatch on the achievable fringe contrast. The results highlight the necessity of incorporating adjustable wedge plates to achieve continuous and precise dispersion compensation. Based on the simulation outcomes, acceptable tolerance ranges for the residual mismatch were derived, providing practical design guidelines for implementing adjustable dispersion compensation in interferometric microscopy platforms.

Experimental validation was conducted using three representative classes of samples to verify the measurement accuracy and system stability. In addition to validating measurement accuracy, these experiments were also designed to evaluate the long-term operational stability of the compensation mechanism, especially under varying encapsulation thicknesses. First, a Bruker RM1722 roughness standard was used to evaluate surface roughness under encapsulation. The dynamic adjustment of the wedge plates in the reference arm effectively preserved high-contrast fringes. The encapsulated sample exhibited an arithmetic average roughness of (0.63 ± 0.003) nm, which closely matched the value of (0.61 ± 0.004) nm for the unpackaged sample. Second, a standard SHS-23008 step height specimen was measured beneath a 1 mm K9 cover plate to simulate the encapsulation condition. The reconstructed step height was (9.272±0.021) μm, demonstrating both the accuracy of the compensation method and the robustness of the phase retrieval process. Finally, the technique was applied to TO-packaged photodiodes to characterize the surface morphology of the encapsulated chip region. The arithmetic mean height and root mean square height of the surface were 3.855 nm and 3.892, respectively, indicating the good fabrication quality. These comprehensive results confirm that the proposed dual-arm differential adjustable interferometric method is feasible, reliable, and highly accurate for characterizing the surface morphology of transparent encapsulated microstructures. The demonstrated performance establishes the method as an effective and practical solution for high-precision, non-contact morphology evaluation of transparent encapsulated devices.

Dispersion compensation  /  Michelson-type objective  /  White-light interferometry  /  Encapsulated structure measurement  /  Adjustable optical wedge
王书敏, 高志山, 袁群, 霍霄, 李尹, 丁辰, 郭珍艳. 双臂差分可调补偿的封装结构干涉显微测量方法. 光子学报, 2026 , 55 (2) : 18 -28 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265502.0212002
Shumin WANG, Zhishan GAO, Qun YUAN, Xiao HUO, Yin LI, Chen DING, Zhenyan GUO. Interferometric Microscopic Measurement Method for Encapsulated Structures Via Dual-arm Differential Adjustable Compensation[J]. Acta Photonica Sinica, 2026 , 55 (2) : 18 -28 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265502.0212002
封装是半导体制造的关键环节,通过将芯片置于相容的封装结构中,为芯片提供了稳定可靠的工作环境,是微电子领域不可或缺的基础工艺[1]。例如,微测辐射热计、微陀螺仪等传感器对环境的密闭性与稳定性要求极高,需要封装以确保测量精度[2]。微机电系统与成像传感器等微纳结构极易受到灰尘、水汽等外界污染,需要封装以减少外部干扰[3]。在众多封装方式中,透明玻璃和树脂盖板应用广泛,可在保护芯片的同时满足光学检测需求[4]。然而,不同材料(如硅、树脂、基板)之间热膨胀系数的差异,会在温度变化下产生残余应力,引发热变形,导致表面翘曲或产生微裂纹[5]。此外,部分器件通过封装置于真空或特殊气体中,需要测量封装后的表面形貌以验证工作性能。一般采用透明介质进行封装,便于器件发生输入输出响应和无损光学检测[6-7]。因此,对透明封装器件表面形貌进行高精度无损检测,不仅有助于及时发现潜在缺陷,还对提升封装良率与优化工艺参数具有重要意义。
SANTOSPIRITO G等采用扫描声学显微镜分析了芯片附着分层情况,但受边缘效应限制难以识别微小缺陷[8-9]。红外热成像技术广泛应用于集成电路封装及涂层缺陷检测,但仅能识别热诱导缺陷且对环境噪声敏感[10]。以上方法在分辨率和适用范围方面有所不足,无法满足封装器件的高分辨率检测需求。显微干涉技术因其非接触、高分辨率等优势,广泛应用于测量微结构表面形貌[11]。然而,封装层引入的单色像差和色散会带来相位延迟,显著降低干涉图对比度[12-13]。为应对单色像差和色散带来的干涉信号畸变,BOOTH M J等提出了基于波前调控的自适应光学补偿方法,该方法在一定程度上校正了单色像差和色散,但系统结构复杂且成本较高[14]。MA Z等提出了一种数字色散补偿算法,能够有效改善测量效果,但依赖高质量干涉信号且实时性较差[15]。XU Z等提出了一种主动波前补偿相干扫描干涉术,能够测量硅基封装结构,但不适用于透明封装器件[16]。Bruker公司给出了参考臂插入与更换离散厚度补偿板的固定补偿方案,可测量最大厚度为3 mm的封装样品[17],天津大学胡晓东等提出了类似的、需要频繁更换插片来达到厚度匹配的固定补偿方案,取得了良好的效果[18]。为了解决厚度匹配误差问题,Zygo公司给出了参考臂插入由固定厚度和楔形平板组成的可调厚度补偿方案,最大可补偿封装厚度达4.5 mm[19]。
本文提出了一种基于双臂差分可调补偿的显微干涉测量方法,通过在测试光路中加入固定插片式平板补偿器,在参考光路中加入厚度调节范围为4.8~5.2 mm的双楔板补偿器,能够连续补偿400 μm的厚度差和检测封装层厚度覆盖0~5.2 mm的样品表面形貌,实现封装器件表面形貌的非接触检测。为了分离单色像差和色差对干涉信号的影响机制,以2.5倍Michelson型干涉物镜为例,聚焦于色散补偿问题,结合理论模型推导与Zemax光学仿真设计,评估验证所提方法的可行性。定量分析与参考臂补偿厚度偏差有关的色散对干涉条纹对比度的影响,论证引入可调楔板的必要性。设计组装适用于封装结构测量的可调补偿式2.5倍干涉显微物镜,开展实验验证。
干涉显微技术测量包括封装器件在内的深层微结构时,随着数值孔径(Numerical Aperture,NA)的增大,与孔径有关的附加单色像差和色差会急剧增大,严重影响白光干涉信号的对比度,必须予以补偿。其中,单色像差主要影响微结构的成像清晰度,最佳补偿方案一般在物镜设计阶段,考虑封装层或样品的厚度范围,采用可变调焦环的方案来补偿,其残差不影响白光干涉条纹的包络极大位置;与色焦移有关的轴向色差是白光检测厚样品时不可忽略的像差,一般采取在参考臂引入相同材料和相同厚度补偿介质的硬件补偿方式,才能获得有效补偿,其残差是影响白光干涉条纹包络极大位置的主要因素。
假设入射光为中心波长λ0,谱宽Δλ的高斯光源,其光谱分布S(λ)为
S(λ)=exp-(λ-λ0)22σ2
式中,σ=Δλ/(22ln2)为光谱标准差,λ为波长。
白光干涉强度I(z)为各波长分量干涉强度的非相干叠加,即
I(z)=∫λminλmaxS(λ)1+cos2πλ⋅ΔL(λ,z)dλ
式中,ΔL(λ,z)为波长相关的光程差,z为纵向扫描坐标。各波长干涉条纹只有在零光程差处相干叠加,在其他位置会出现空间错位,这是白光干涉的固有特性。
封装层的折射率n(λ)可以用Sellmeier方程[20]来描述,即
n(λ)=1+B1λ2λ2-C1+B2λ2λ2-C2+B3λ2λ2-C3
式中,B1、B2、B3和C1、C2、C3是封装材料的Sellmeier系数,可以通过实验或材料手册获得。该方程表明,不同波长的光在封装层中的折射率不同。
当光束通过厚度为t的封装层时,封装层引入的额外光程差ΔL(λ,t)为
ΔL(λ,t)=2t⋅[n(λ)-1]
因此,不同波长的光在封装层中的光程差不同。与此同时,不同波长的光因传播速度差异而产生群延迟τg(λ)为
τg(λ)=tc⋅n(λ)-λ⋅dn(λ)dλ
式中,c是光速,群延迟量化了各波长光在材料中传播速度的差异。各波长分量光程差的差异和群延迟的存在加剧了干涉条纹在空间位置上的错位。
为了评估封装层色散对白光干涉信号的影响,选取K9玻璃作为封装材料,利用Sellmeier色散模型表征其折射率的波长依赖性。在仿真中,假设光以平行光穿透封装层,与实验仪器的工作光源参数一致,采用中心波长608.5 nm、带宽53 nm的高斯光源作为探测光,通过计算多波长分量在不同光程下的相位累积响应,获得了无封装层、封装层厚度t =180 μm和t =300 μm三种情况下的干涉信号强度分布,如图1所示。结果表明,无封装层时干涉条纹对比度较好,引入封装层后对比度显著下降,且包络峰值明显偏移。由此可见,封装层色散对干涉信号产生消极影响,不利于重建封装结构表面形貌。
为了重点评估双臂差分可调补偿显微干涉测量方法中色散残差带来的形貌误差问题,选择补偿式Michelson型干涉显微物镜为例,开展本文方法的相关评估研究。
双臂差分可调补偿干涉显微物镜,在补偿式Michelson型干涉显微物镜中的具体光路方案如图2所示。在参考光路中加入厚度可调的双楔板补偿器,在测试光路中加入插片式平板补偿器,通过两光路的光程匹配,有效避免色散导致的干涉信号对比度下降和包络中心偏移问题。
补偿装置光程匹配的基本约束关系为
(nr-n0)⋅lr≈(nt-n0)⋅t+(ns-n0)⋅ls
式中,n0为介质折射率,nt和t表示测试光路中插片式补偿器的折射率和厚度,nr和lr表示参考光路中双楔板补偿器的折射率和厚度,ns和ls为封装层的折射率和厚度。
为实现宽光谱范围内的群延迟匹配,引入光谱宽度上的双臂光程差绝对偏差平均值作为优化指标,该指标反映补偿装置在整个波长范围内光程差随波长变化的平均波动程度。通过最小化该指标,可在宽光谱范围内实现参考臂与测试臂的最优群延迟匹配。
在已知封装材料的情况下,优化变量为插片式补偿器与双楔板补偿器的材料Sellmeier系数和厚度参数。优化指标的计算表达式为
Rnr,nt,lr,t=min1λmax-λmin∫λminλmaxnrλ-n0⋅lr-ntλ-n0⋅t-nsλ-n0⋅ls2dλ
式中,Rnr,nt,lr,t为光谱宽度上的双臂光程差绝对偏差平均值,nrλ、ntλ和nsλ分别为由式(3)的Sellmeier方程表征的双楔板补偿器、插片式补偿器及封装层材料的折射率。
优化流程包括:先在常用光学玻璃库中筛选与封装材料色散特性最接近的材料组合,得到Sellmeier系数表征的材料折射率,再通过寻找Rnr,nt,lr,t的最小值来优化补偿器厚度。最终确定的补偿器材料与厚度组合,可在整个波长带宽内实现最佳的群延迟匹配。
为了验证基于双臂差分可调补偿的干涉显微测量方法,设计了2.5倍Michelson型补偿物镜光学系统,结构如图3所示,物镜前端采用五片式光学结构,依次为:正透镜(L1)、负组双胶合透镜(L2)和正组透镜(L3、L4)。正透镜用于初步聚焦入射光束;双胶合负透镜用于校正光学系统的色差和球差,发散形成足够的视场;正组透镜用于低倍率、大视场成像的物方远心设计。远心光束经分光棱镜形成干涉腔:参考光路(纵向)包含双楔板,厚度调节范围4.8~5.2 mm,作为可调双楔板补偿器;测试光路(横向)包含两片平板玻璃,厚度分别为2.75 mm和2.25 mm,分别代表插片式补偿器和样品封装层。该物镜主要光学性能参数如表1:波段范围为582~635 nm,工作距离为11.4 mm,NA为0.075,焦距为80 mm,物方视场为8 mm,性能参数与常规相同倍率的干涉显微物镜一致。
采用点列图、场曲和畸变指标分别评价参考与测试光路的成像质量,点列图如图4所示,场曲和畸变如图5所示,点列图光斑RMS半径如表2所示。可以看出,参考光路和测试光路的RMS半径分别为3.230 μm和3.444 μm,均小于艾里斑半径4.46 μm;场曲变化均控制在0.1 mm以内,约为物镜一倍焦深,且畸变均小于0.05%。因此,补偿结构引入的附加单色像差对系统成像质量影响甚微,仅需考察色差对干涉信号对比度的劣化情况是否影响三维形貌的复原即可。
在实际干涉测量中,通常会遇到两类厚度偏差问题:1)封装层的实际厚度往往与理论设计值存在差异,导致所选补偿板的厚度与样品的光程需求之间产生偏差;2)受限于补偿板厚度规格的离散化,理想的补偿厚度无法完全实现。在理想的无色散情况下,几何光程差可以通过调整参考臂空气间隔加以补偿,然而封装材料的色散特性导致不同波长的光程差,无法同时得到完全补偿。
当光束平行入射补偿片时,由式(4)可得补偿厚度偏差Δt引起的光程差ΔL(λ,Δt),此光程差对应的相位差ϕ(λ,Δt)为
ϕ(λ,Δt)=2πλ⋅ΔL(λ,Δt)=4πλn(λ)-1⋅Δt
在宽光谱光源下,为了量化干涉条纹的可见度,不同波长的相位叠加效应可使用归一化复相干度γ(Δt)来描述,其表达式为
γΔt=∫S(λ)eiφ(λ,Δt)dλ∫S(λ)dλ
当物镜具有有限NA时,入射光不再是平行光,而是一组角度分量的叠加。设入射角为θ,由Snell折射定律可得
sinθt=sinθn(λ)
式中,θt为光束在封装层中的折射角。此时,由厚度偏差导致的光程差ΔL(λ,θ,Δt)为
ΔL(λ,θ,Δt)=2n(λ)cosθt-cosθ⋅Δt
对应的相位差ϕ(λ,Δt,θ)为
ϕ(λ,Δt,θ)=2πλ⋅ΔL(λ,θ)=4πλn(λ)cosθt-cosθ⋅Δt
归一化复相干度γ(Δt)为
γ(Δt)=∫0θmax∫S(λ)eiϕ(λ,Δt,θ)W(θ)sinθdλdθ∫0θmax∫S(λ)W(θ)sinθdλdθ
式中,θmax=arcsin(NA/n)表示物镜NA对应的最大入射角,W(θ)表示角度权重函数(均匀照明条件下取值为1),sinθ表示立体角积分的几何因子。
最终,生成干涉条纹的对比度为
V=Vαγ(Δt)
式中,Vα=2α1+α为振幅不平衡项,反映测试和参考臂光强比α=I2I1的影响。由式(14)可以看出,干涉条纹的对比度由光强比、光谱分布、物镜NA和补偿厚度偏差共同决定。当光源和物镜确定时,对比度随补偿厚度偏差呈高斯衰减。
如对于K9玻璃的封装材料,2.5倍干涉物镜NA为0.075,并采用中心波长为608.5 nm、带宽分别为30 nm和53 nm的高斯光源,此时,光源相干长度lc分别约为12.34 μm和6.99 μm。不同光强比α和相干长度lc下,干涉条纹对比度随补偿厚度偏差的变化曲线如图6所示。由图看出,随着厚度偏差增大,对比度快速下降。在对比度相同的情况下,厚度偏差允许值与相干长度呈同向变化,即宽带光源对应较短的相干长度,允许的厚度偏差较小;窄带光源对应较长的相干长度,允许的厚度偏差较大。一般地,对比度V达到0.5时,干涉图像状态良好,形貌复原算法运算稳定。因此,选择条纹对比度V=0.5作为阈值,来界定补偿机构的最大允许厚度误差。若两臂光强匹配,即α=1,当光源相干长度为6.99 μm时,最大允许厚度误差为65.2 μm;当相干长度为12.34 μm时,最大允许厚度误差可至99.3 μm;若两臂光强比减小,厚度误差允许值将随之减小。如物镜的NA增大到0.2(对应10倍),厚度偏差会快速收紧。
为验证本文所提出的双臂差分可调补偿方案的合理性,以及在封装器件三维形貌测量中的准确性,实验验证采用Veeco NT9100干涉仪测量裸片标准样品的三维形貌,作为比较标准,与作者所在实验室自研的白光显微干涉仪配置本文方法研制的补偿干涉显微物镜,测量封装后的同一标准样品三维形貌,开展本文方法用于封装器件的测量验证工作。为确保测量过程的稳定性与可重复性,Veeco NT9100干涉仪与自研白光显微干涉仪均置于隔振光学平台上,在常温环境下开展实验。
自研的白光干涉显微仪,仪器光路原理如图7所示,配置的2.5倍Michelson型补偿式干涉显微物镜,依据图3的2.5倍Michelson型干涉物镜设计结果,加工并装调完成研制。仪器所用光源的中心波长为608.5 nm,带宽为53 nm,相干长度lc为6.99 μm;立方分光棱镜的分光比为50∶50,厚度偏差补偿能力可达到400 μm,满足一般封装厚度补偿需求。
首先开展封装微结构的表面粗糙度测量工作,选取Bruker公司RM1722粗糙度样块作为被测对象,进行了常规和补偿式干涉显微测量对比实验。使用常规2.5倍干涉显微物镜对未封装的粗糙度样块进行10次重复测量,计算轮廓算术平均偏差Ra和轮廓均方根偏差Rq,取平均值作为单组测量结果。在粗糙度样块表面叠加1 mm厚的K9光学玻璃盖板模拟封装样品,改用研制完成的2.5倍补偿式干涉显微物镜进行测量,在测试光路选配厚度4 mm的K9玻璃插片补偿器,迭代调节参考光路中K9双楔板(可调范围4.8~5.2 mm)进行厚度补偿,获得白光干涉条纹,重复测量10次后取平均值作为单组测量结果。
对比实验测量结果如表3所示,对比封装前后粗糙度测量结果:Ra从0.61 nm增至0.63 nm,差值为0.02 nm,偏差百分比约为3.3%;Rq从0.78 nm增至0.79 nm,差值为0.01 nm,偏差百分比约为1.3%。结果表明,双臂差分可调补偿方案对显微干涉测量表面粗糙度的影响可以忽略,方案可行。
选取FILMETRICS公司SHS-23008标准台阶板作为被测对象(标称高度(9.289±0.048) μm),在标准台阶上覆盖5 mm厚的K9平板,模拟厚封装器件。分别开展厚度补偿误差和测量准确性的验证实验。
使用补偿式干涉显微物镜,测量覆盖5 mm厚的K9平板的标准台阶板,调节参考光路中K9双楔板(可调范围4.8~5.2 mm)可调补偿器,获得白光干涉条纹;更换台阶板的封装平板厚度为4.95 mm,保持双楔板补偿量不变(5 mm),采集对比度变化的白光干涉条纹,验证封装板厚度偏差的影响。
对比实验的干涉图对比度变化情况,图8(a)为常规2.5倍干涉显微物镜的无封装标准台阶板测量干涉图,图8(b)为补偿厚度匹配时补偿式干涉显微物镜的封装台阶板测量干涉图,图8(c)为补偿厚度存在偏差时的封装台阶板测量干涉图。可以看出,常规物镜的未封装样品测量干涉图,对比度良好,V=0.623;封装厚度得到良好补偿的封装样品测量干涉图,对比度仍然良好,V=0.610;厚度补偿存在50 μm偏差时的封装样品测量干涉图,对比度明显下降,V=0.287,封装样品三维形貌的复原结果将存在较大误差。此时若继续调节参考臂的双楔板补偿器,可使干涉条纹对比度重新达到0.6以上,说明相较于固定厚度补偿,双臂差分可调补偿方案能够更加方便精确的应对封装层厚度偏差的问题。
为评估双臂差分可调补偿显微干涉测量系统的重复性和测量精度,依据ISO5436-1∶2 000[21]的标准方法,使用常规干涉显微物镜对裸片标准台阶板进行10次重复测量;改用补偿式干涉显微物镜,对覆盖5 mm K9平板的标准台阶板进行10次重复测量。表4为使用常规2.5倍物镜测量裸片和使用补偿式2.5倍物镜测量封装台阶板的台阶高度结果。裸片台阶的高度平均值为9.274 μm,标准差为0.015 μm;封装台阶的高度平均值为9.272 μm,标准差为0.021 μm。结果表明:封装前后标准台阶板的高度平均值偏差为-0.002 μm,标准差偏差为0.006 μm,与台阶高度的相对误差小于万分之六,验证了双臂差分可调补偿的干涉显微测量方法的准确性。
图9显示了补偿式干涉显微物镜测量封装台阶板的三维形貌:(a)为台阶表面三维形貌图,(b)为样品中部X-Z横截面轮廓。图中X轴和Y轴表示水平位置坐标,Z轴表示高度信息,蓝色区域对应台阶底部,黄色区域对应台阶顶部。由图中看出,台阶边缘及轮廓清晰可辨,表明双臂差分可调补偿的干涉显微测量方法能够有效获取封装样品的三维形貌信息。
为了展现基于双臂差分可调补偿的干涉显微测量方法在满足工业部门封装器件表面形貌测量要求方面的能力,选取典型晶体管外壳(Transistor Outline, TO)封装结构的光电二极管作为测试对象,基于如图7所示的可调补偿式显微干涉测量系统,测量封装后内部芯片的表面形貌。
如图10(a)所示,该器件顶部由透明玻璃盖板封装,内部为硅基平板。图10(b)为所测TO封装光电二极管中心区域的三维表面形貌:引线区域存在明显的结构突变;中心区域整体平整,无显著突起或凹陷。中心区域的表面粗糙度分析结果为:算术平均高度Sa=3.855 nm,均方根高度Sq=3.892 nm,均处于纳米量级,表明芯片表面工艺质量良好,封装过程未出现明显损伤,体现了可调补偿式干涉物镜在封装器件内部微结构测量中的高精度与可靠性。
封装显微干涉测量中,现有补偿方式存在厚度匹配误差引入的残余像差和色差、覆盖封装厚度范围受限等问题,导致封装器件的表面形貌测量存在系统误差,或者方法失效。本文针对这些问题,提出一种基于双臂差分可调补偿的干涉显微测量方法。该方法通过在参考光路加入厚度可调双楔板结构,在测试光路加入插片式平板补偿结构,构建了双臂光程差可调的补偿机制,实现了0~5.2 mm透明封装层的有效补偿。探讨了光源带宽、两臂光强比、物镜数值孔径以及补偿片厚度偏差对干涉条纹对比度的影响,得到了厚度偏差的理论容差范围,设计并研制了基于双臂差分可调补偿的2.5倍Michelson型干涉显微物镜。采用Bruker公司RM1722标准粗糙度板、FILMETRICS公司SHS-23008标准台阶板的模拟封装样品和TO封装光电二极管,开展了相关验证实验和测量应用研究,获得了预期实验结果,验证了基于双臂差分可调补偿的干涉显微测量方法在测量封装微结构表面形貌上的可行性、可靠性、准确性,为透明封装微结构的高精度、非接触形貌测量提供了一种有效的方案。

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doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265502.0212002
  • 接收时间:2025-09-30
  • 首发时间:2026-10-10
  • 出版时间:2026-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-30
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    1南京理工大学 电子工程与光电技术学院,南京 210094

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