Article(id=1315743623036125733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743622176288781, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3788/gzxb20265502.0212002, pmid=null, cstr=32255.14.gzxb20265502.0212002, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1759161600000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1763481600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-19, onlineDate=1791627325065, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791627325065, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791627325065, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791627325065, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315743622176288781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, year='2026', volume='55', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791627324861, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791627390701, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315743898396381488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743622176288781, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315743898396381489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743622176288781, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=18, endPage=28, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315743623237452326, articleId=1315743623036125733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=EN, title=Interferometric Microscopic Measurement Method for Encapsulated Structures Via Dual-arm Differential Adjustable Compensation, columnId=1315741666489774715, journalTitle=Acta Photonica Sinica, columnName=Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Encapsulation is a critical step in semiconductor manufacturing, providing chips with a stable and protected operational environment through integration into compatible external structures. High-precision and non-destructive surface morphology measurement of transparent encapsulated devices is essential, as it enables early detection of latent defects, supports process optimization, and ensures long-term device reliability. However, conventional white light interferometric microscopy faces inherent limitations when applied to encapsulated samples. Existing optical-path compensation schemes offer only restricted compensation ranges, and even small residual mismatches between the encapsulation layer and the compensation glass can introduce monochromatic aberrations and chromatic dispersion. These residual errors degrade fringe contrast, distort the recovered phase, and can ultimately lead to failure in reconstructing surface morphology.
To address these challenges, we propose a dual-arm differential adjustable compensation strategy for white light interferometric microscopy. The method is designed to address the thickness mismatch and material dispersion when measuring encapsulated microstructures. The system incorporates two independently adjustable compensators: a plate compensator inserted into the test arm and a pair of wedge plates placed in the reference arm. The wedge plates provide a thickness adjustment range from 4.8 mm to 5.2 mm enabling the system to realize a continuously adjustable compensation range. The two compensators form a continuously adjustable configuration capable of correcting up to 400 μm of thickness deviation. This design supports stable compensation for encapsulation thicknesses from 0 mm to 5.2 mm. A 2.5× Michelson-type interferometric objective is employed in order to conveniently separate monochromatic aberrations from chromatic dispersion, thereby enabling a focused investigation of dispersion-induced phase distortions and the effectiveness of the proposed compensation strategy.
Theoretical modelling and numerical simulations were conducted to assess the feasibility and robustness of the proposed compensation strategy. The modelling incorporated the spectral characteristics of the light source, the refractive-index dispersion of the encapsulation materials, and the numerical aperture of the interferometric objective. A detailed quantitative analysis was carried out to evaluate the influence of light-source bandwidth, the intensity ratio between the two interferometric arms, and residual thickness mismatch on the achievable fringe contrast. The results highlight the necessity of incorporating adjustable wedge plates to achieve continuous and precise dispersion compensation. Based on the simulation outcomes, acceptable tolerance ranges for the residual mismatch were derived, providing practical design guidelines for implementing adjustable dispersion compensation in interferometric microscopy platforms.
Experimental validation was conducted using three representative classes of samples to verify the measurement accuracy and system stability. In addition to validating measurement accuracy, these experiments were also designed to evaluate the long-term operational stability of the compensation mechanism, especially under varying encapsulation thicknesses. First, a Bruker RM1722 roughness standard was used to evaluate surface roughness under encapsulation. The dynamic adjustment of the wedge plates in the reference arm effectively preserved high-contrast fringes. The encapsulated sample exhibited an arithmetic average roughness of (0.63 ± 0.003) nm, which closely matched the value of (0.61 ± 0.004) nm for the unpackaged sample. Second, a standard SHS-23008 step height specimen was measured beneath a 1 mm K9 cover plate to simulate the encapsulation condition. The reconstructed step height was (9.272±0.021) μm, demonstrating both the accuracy of the compensation method and the robustness of the phase retrieval process. Finally, the technique was applied to TO-packaged photodiodes to characterize the surface morphology of the encapsulated chip region. The arithmetic mean height and root mean square height of the surface were 3.855 nm and 3.892, respectively, indicating the good fabrication quality. These comprehensive results confirm that the proposed dual-arm differential adjustable interferometric method is feasible, reliable, and highly accurate for characterizing the surface morphology of transparent encapsulated microstructures. The demonstrated performance establishes the method as an effective and practical solution for high-precision, non-contact morphology evaluation of transparent encapsulated devices.
, authors=Shumin WANG, Zhishan GAO, Qun YUAN, Xiao HUO, Yin LI, Chen DING, Zhenyan GUO, authorsList=Shumin WANG, Zhishan GAO, Qun YUAN, Xiao HUO, Yin LI, Chen DING, Zhenyan GUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhishan GAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315743627201069629, articleId=1315743623036125733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=CN, title=双臂差分可调补偿的封装结构干涉显微测量方法, columnId=1315741666716267133, journalTitle=光子学报, columnName=仪器,测量,度量学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
为评估封装对器件的潜在影响,亟需对封装器件表面形貌进行高精度测量。现有补偿方式覆盖封装厚度范围有限,存在厚度匹配误差引入的残余像差和色差,导致传统干涉显微技术复原封装器件的表面形貌存在系统误差或方法失效。提出一种基于双臂差分可调补偿的干涉显微测量方法。在测试光路中加入插片式平板补偿器,参考光路中加入厚度调节范围为4.8~5.2 mm的双楔板补偿器,形成双臂厚度偏差连续可调的补偿方案,能够连续补偿400 μm的厚度偏差,可覆盖0~5.2 mm封装厚度范围。以方便分离单色像差和色差影响因素的2.5倍Michelson型干涉显微物镜为例,重点分析了色散补偿问题。用不同厚度的K9玻璃平板覆盖标准粗糙度板和标准台阶板模拟封装器件,开展实验验证。结果表明:该方法能够准确测量封装层厚度为1 mm的RM1722粗糙度板的表面粗糙度和封装层厚度为5 mm的SHS-23008台阶表面形貌,前者粗糙度测量值为(0.63±0.003) nm,后者高度测量值为(9.272±0.021) μm,均与裸板测量值高度一致。该方法可应用于晶体管外壳封装光电二极管的检测,实现对封装芯片区域形貌的精确测量。
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1南京理工大学 电子工程与光电技术学院,南京 210094)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1315743632284566127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Interference intensity comparison of samples with and without encapsulation layer, figureFileSmall=+RNWquTfsGcFfpXRMapX4w==, figureFileBig=V8Blo9dJxJxcLgk/6crrSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743632389423728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
样品有无封装的干涉强度对比, figureFileSmall=+RNWquTfsGcFfpXRMapX4w==, figureFileBig=V8Blo9dJxJxcLgk/6crrSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743632611721841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Principle of Michelson-type compensating interference microscope objective, figureFileSmall=GsYO6oQZNTqWEfMntQtrCA==, figureFileBig=2q3i64aA0UMEiUMvSaehQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743632703996530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
补偿式Michelson型干涉显微物镜原理示意图, figureFileSmall=GsYO6oQZNTqWEfMntQtrCA==, figureFileBig=2q3i64aA0UMEiUMvSaehQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743632796271219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Structural schematic of the Michelson-type compensating interference microscope objective, figureFileSmall=Qtm63q7OFVZ5WpyicvvPKw==, figureFileBig=vmXaQ8bX+eN6hlkABufMuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743632892740212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
补偿式Michelson型干涉显微物镜结构示意图, figureFileSmall=Qtm63q7OFVZ5WpyicvvPKw==, figureFileBig=vmXaQ8bX+eN6hlkABufMuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743632980820597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Spot diagrams of the interferometric microscopic objective. (a) Reference optical path; (b) Test optical path, figureFileSmall=2ipN6wOchZBOk1DCnNYTlg==, figureFileBig=6zxkd5uIZ2N/ULXnA/N49w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743633056318070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
干涉显微物镜点列图。(a)参考光路; (b)测试光路, figureFileSmall=2ipN6wOchZBOk1DCnNYTlg==, figureFileBig=6zxkd5uIZ2N/ULXnA/N49w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743633123426935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Field curvature and distortion of the objective. (a) Reference optical path; (b) Test optical path, figureFileSmall=pa82KyeUe/z151ufmcbqlg==, figureFileBig=xx3hGMQS8cro01XN+bbXEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743633194730104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
物镜的场曲和畸变曲线。(a)参考光路; (b)测试光路, figureFileSmall=pa82KyeUe/z151ufmcbqlg==, figureFileBig=xx3hGMQS8cro01XN+bbXEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743633261838969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Relationship between compensating plate thickness deviation and fringe contrast, figureFileSmall=buzx8XD8Lna0zGenb1aR9w==, figureFileBig=7+W/wU5cqRMtkVp/2BbvCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743633358307962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
补偿片厚度偏差与条纹对比度的关系, figureFileSmall=buzx8XD8Lna0zGenb1aR9w==, figureFileBig=7+W/wU5cqRMtkVp/2BbvCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743633425416827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Michelson-type white light interference microscopic measurement system, figureFileSmall=sOqwFf5DkTydM60Nxz1Cog==, figureFileBig=iKa3dHQNX4zKSTuqGzlsQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743633492525692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
Michelson型白光干涉显微测量系统, figureFileSmall=sOqwFf5DkTydM60Nxz1Cog==, figureFileBig=iKa3dHQNX4zKSTuqGzlsQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743633576411773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Interferogram of step plate. (a) Standard step conventional measurement; (b) Encapsulated step compensated measurement (matched); (c) Encapsulated step compensated measurement (mismatched), figureFileSmall=mMon4VO1/7Z5qJSDEzF8tQ==, figureFileBig=zsredjhulS9axQT5DankAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743633647714942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
台阶板干涉图。(a)常规台阶板检测; (b)封装台阶板检测(补偿厚度匹配); (c)封装台阶板检测(补偿厚度不匹配), figureFileSmall=mMon4VO1/7Z5qJSDEzF8tQ==, figureFileBig=zsredjhulS9axQT5DankAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743633714823807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=
Surface topography of encapsulated step plate. (a) 3D topography; (b) X-Z cross-sectional profile in the middle, figureFileSmall=nilapz0FtPBDovJb3zKWlw==, figureFileBig=WQsqX7WhTxpBcLz+lu72Eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743633802904192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
封装台阶板表面形貌。(a)台阶三维形貌; (b)台阶中部X-Z横截面轮廓, figureFileSmall=nilapz0FtPBDovJb3zKWlw==, figureFileBig=WQsqX7WhTxpBcLz+lu72Eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743633886790273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=
TO-packaged silicon photodiode. (a) Photograph of the device; (b) Top-view surface height map of the central region, figureFileSmall=hS8eaJ6GR452Hh0FQkSK+g==, figureFileBig=MNAGFdVMjeC0B9reHO8QrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743635535151746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
TO封装光电二极管。(a)器件实物图; (b)中心区域三维表面形貌, figureFileSmall=hS8eaJ6GR452Hh0FQkSK+g==, figureFileBig=MNAGFdVMjeC0B9reHO8QrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743635656786563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Optical performance parameters of the 2.5× Michelson-type interference microscope objective
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Spectral range/nm | Working distance/mm | Numerical aperture | Focal length/mm | Object-side field of view/mm |
|---|
| 582~635 | 11.4 | 0.075 | 80 | 8 |
), ArticleFig(id=1315743635761644164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
Michelson型2.5倍干涉显微物镜的光学性能参数
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Spectral range/nm | Working distance/mm | Numerical aperture | Focal length/mm | Object-side field of view/mm |
|---|
| 582~635 | 11.4 | 0.075 | 80 | 8 |
), ArticleFig(id=1315743635858113157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
RMS spot radius in the reference and test optical paths at different fields of view
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Field of view/mm | 0.000 | 1.200 | 2.000 | 2.830 | 3.400 | 4.000 |
|---|
| RMS spot radius (reference optical path)/μm | 2.378 | 2.488 | 2.689 | 2.894 | 3.014 | 3.230 |
| RMS radius (test optical path)/μm | 2.266 | 2.437 | 2.662 | 2.883 | 3.051 | 3.444 |
), ArticleFig(id=1315743635979747974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
各视场下参考光路和测试光路的光斑RMS半径
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Field of view/mm | 0.000 | 1.200 | 2.000 | 2.830 | 3.400 | 4.000 |
|---|
| RMS spot radius (reference optical path)/μm | 2.378 | 2.488 | 2.689 | 2.894 | 3.014 | 3.230 |
| RMS radius (test optical path)/μm | 2.266 | 2.437 | 2.662 | 2.883 | 3.051 | 3.444 |
), ArticleFig(id=1315743636076216967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Comparison of roughness measurement results between conventional objective for bare roughness plate and compensating objective for encapsulated roughness plate
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Sample | Bare roughness plate | Encapsulated roughness plate |
|---|
| Ra/nm | Rq/nm | Ra/nm | Rq/nm |
|---|
| Mean value | 0.61 | 0.78 | 0.63 | 0.79 |
| Standard deviation | 0.004 | 0.007 | 0.003 | 0.005 |
), ArticleFig(id=1315743636218823304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
常规物镜测量裸露粗糙度板和补偿式物镜测量封装粗糙度板的粗糙度测量对比结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Sample | Bare roughness plate | Encapsulated roughness plate |
|---|
| Ra/nm | Rq/nm | Ra/nm | Rq/nm |
|---|
| Mean value | 0.61 | 0.78 | 0.63 | 0.79 |
| Standard deviation | 0.004 | 0.007 | 0.003 | 0.005 |
), ArticleFig(id=1315743636344652425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
Comparison of height measurement results between conventional objective for bare step plate and compensating objective for encapsulated step plate
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Sample | Bare step plate | Encapsulated step plate |
|---|
| Measurement value/μm | 9.264 | 9.253 |
| 9.283 | 9.292 |
| 9.270 | 9.261 |
| 9.281 | 9.289 |
| 9.276 | 9.274 |
| 9.269 | 9.270 |
| 9.278 | 9.258 |
| 9.267 | 9.287 |
| 9.279 | 9.276 |
| 9.272 | 9.271 |
| Mean value/μm | 9.274 | 9.272 |
| Standard deviation/μm | 0.015 | 0.021 |
), ArticleFig(id=1315743636474675850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743623036125733, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
常规物镜测量裸露台阶板和补偿式物镜测量封装台阶板的高度测量对比结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Sample | Bare step plate | Encapsulated step plate |
|---|
| Measurement value/μm | 9.264 | 9.253 |
| 9.283 | 9.292 |
| 9.270 | 9.261 |
| 9.281 | 9.289 |
| 9.276 | 9.274 |
| 9.269 | 9.270 |
| 9.278 | 9.258 |
| 9.267 | 9.287 |
| 9.279 | 9.276 |
| 9.272 | 9.271 |
| Mean value/μm | 9.274 | 9.272 |
| Standard deviation/μm | 0.015 | 0.021 |
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