Article(id=1315743807115740051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3788/gzxb20265501.0131001, pmid=null, cstr=32255.14.gzxb20265501.0131001, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750867200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1753718400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineDate=1791627368954, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1769270400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791627368954, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791627368954, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791627368954, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315743733992243595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, year='2026', volume='55', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769270400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791627351520, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791627555456, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315744589420540350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315744589420540351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=202, endPage=213, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315743807530976149, articleId=1315743807115740051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=EN, title=Theoretical Design and Experimental Evaluation of Structural Randomized Transparent Conductive Metal Mesh (Invited), columnId=1315743807417729940, journalTitle=Acta Photonica Sinica, columnName=Thin Films, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The rapid proliferation of modern electronic devices has made Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) a crucial challenge, impacting the reliability of optical systems and human health. Transparent optical windows, ubiquitous in aerospace, medical imaging, defense, and communication systems, require materials exhibiting simultaneously high optical transparency, robust EMI shielding, and minimal higher-order diffraction energy. While conventional periodic metal meshes provide effective EMI shielding, their regular structures generate orthogonal array diffraction patterns that compromise the resolution and performance of imaging systems. Alternative transparent EMI shielding materials, including Transparent Conductive Oxides (TCOs), carbon-based materials, two-dimensional transition metal carbides/nitrides (MXenes), conductive polymers, and metal nanowires, typically exhibit limitations in simultaneously achieving high optical transparency and robust broadband EMI Shielding Effectiveness (SE). To overcome these limitations, this study introduces a fabrication technique for structurally randomized metal meshes based on a random crack-template method, integrated with comprehensive theoretical modeling. This strategy optimizes optical and electromagnetic performance while suppressing and homogenizing higher-order diffraction energy.

Fabrication of the structurally randomized metal meshes commenced with the synthesis of an acrylic resin crack-template precursor featuring tunable physical properties. This precursor was spin-coated onto a quartz substrate to generate a random crack template (~6.5 µm depth). Copper was subsequently deposited into the crack grooves via electron-beam-assisted evaporation. Finally, the crack template was removed using an organic solvent. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX) analyses confirmed the formation of a random copper mesh characterized by uniform metal line thickness (~300 nm) and high connectivity. A multiphysics-coupled framework integrating structural parameters, optical performance, and electromagnetic performance was developed to evaluate the random copper mesh. Optical performance was assessed through transmittance (Topt) and total reflectance (Rtotal), incorporating the effects of metal line coverage, surface roughness (modeled using the Beckmann scattering formulation), and multipath interference. Diffraction analysis employs Fraunhofer theory to quantify the suppression of higher-order diffraction energy by structural randomization. The electromagnetic shielding model establishes quantitative correlations between geometric parameters, electrical properties (sheet resistance Rs), and total shielding effectiveness (SEtotal=SER+SEA+SEM).

Experimental results demonstrate an average visible-light transmittance (380~760 nm) of 85.5% with a 7.6% loss relative to the quartz substrate, and an average reflectivity of 10.3% is tested at a 6° incidence. Bidirectional Reflectance/Transmittance Distribution Function (BRDF/BTDF) measurements indicated that the random copper mesh optical window exhibited predominantly specular reflection, with scattered light intensity as low as 10-4 1/sr, demonstrating excellent optical uniformity. The He-Ne laser diffraction testing revealed a uniform diffraction pattern. The fabricated random copper mesh demonstrated favorable electrical conductivity, exhibiting a sheet resistance of 14.38 Ω/sq. This measured value slightly exceeded the theoretical prediction (11.69 Ω/sq), primarily due to imperfect connectivity within the mesh structure, manifested as isolated metal lines. Furthermore, the random copper mesh achieved an average EMI SE of 24.56 dB across the 1~18 GHz frequency band, as independently verified by Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) measurements and CST Microwave Studio simulations. The inherent structural randomness of the crack-template method effectively suppressed the orthogonal array stray light. Critically, the developed coupled optical-electromagnetic performance model establishes quantitative relationships between structural parameters and functional metrics, facilitating scalable industrial production. This innovation successfully resolves the inherent trade-off between EMI shielding and optical transparency, offering significant promise for precision imaging applications in environments with high EMI. Future investigations will explore advanced materials (such as silver and graphene) and hybrid architectures to extend performance across broader electromagnetic spectral ranges.

, authors=Yongmao GUAN1, 2, 3, Liqing YANG1, 3, Chen GUO1, 2, 3, Pengfei WANG1, 2, 3, authorsList=Yongmao GUAN, Liqing YANG, Chen GUO, Pengfei WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Pengfei WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315743810844476326, articleId=1315743807115740051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=CN, title=结构随机化透明导电金属网栅的理论设计与性能评估(特邀), columnId=1315743807635833750, journalTitle=光子学报, columnName=薄膜, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

提出了基于随机裂纹模板和真空金属蒸镀技术制备结构随机化金属网栅的方法。构建随机型透明导电金属网栅的光学-电磁耦合理论模型,理论分析量化随机金属网栅特征结构参数对其光学性能、衍射光强分布特性、方块电阻和电磁屏蔽效能的影响。实验结果表明,随机铜网栅光窗的可见光平均透过率达85.5%、6°入射时的平均反射率为10.3%,方块电阻为14.38 Ω/sq,1~18 GHz频段平均电磁屏蔽效能达24.56 dB。基于惠更斯-菲涅耳原理的衍射效应理论仿真与实验结果相吻合,表明网栅结构随机化使高级次衍射光强得到匀化。双向反射/透射测试证实光窗样品以镜面反射为主,其散射光强度低至10-4 1/sr。将为解决航空航天领域高性能光电成像系统的抗电磁加固提供新的技术途径和光窗元件。

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关永帽,

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2Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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2中国科学院大学 材料科学与光电工程中心,北京 100049
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2Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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2中国科学院大学 材料科学与光电工程中心,北京 100049
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Statistical characterization of structural parameters for random copper mesh

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
μw σw μA σA σθ ρ
2.92 μm0.794 224.96 μm21 472.940.38561.69/mm2
), ArticleFig(id=1315743818931094500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743807115740051, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

随机铜网栅的结构参数统计分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
μw σw μA σA σθ ρ
2.92 μm0.794 224.96 μm21 472.940.38561.69/mm2
), ArticleFig(id=1315743819002397669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743807115740051, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Performance comparison of electromagnetic shielding optical windows with mesh structure

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Metal type/thicknessSheet Resistance/(Ω·sq-1)Average transmittance/%Average EMI SE/dBRef.
Cu/200 nm-91.612[12]
Cr/Cu-86.127[13]
Cu/6.36 μm0.068136.6[14]
Ti/Au/Ag/20/20/100 nm4.290.921.3[17]
Cu-7145[18]
Cu-8725.56[21]
Ag/16.24 μm0.0964.154.6[24]
Al/500 nm-87.324.7[25]
Cu/300 nm14.3891.8524.56This work
), ArticleFig(id=1315743819073700838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743807115740051, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

网栅结构电磁屏蔽光窗性能比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Metal type/thicknessSheet Resistance/(Ω·sq-1)Average transmittance/%Average EMI SE/dBRef.
Cu/200 nm-91.612[12]
Cr/Cu-86.127[13]
Cu/6.36 μm0.068136.6[14]
Ti/Au/Ag/20/20/100 nm4.290.921.3[17]
Cu-7145[18]
Cu-8725.56[21]
Ag/16.24 μm0.0964.154.6[24]
Al/500 nm-87.324.7[25]
Cu/300 nm14.3891.8524.56This work
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结构随机化透明导电金属网栅的理论设计与性能评估(特邀)
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关永帽 1, 2, 3 , 杨利青 1, 3 , 郭晨 1, 2, 3 , 王鹏飞 1, 2, 3
光子学报 | 薄膜 2026,55(1): 202-213
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光子学报 |薄膜 2026 , 55 (1) : 202 -213
结构随机化透明导电金属网栅的理论设计与性能评估(特邀)
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关永帽1, 2, 3 , 杨利青1, 3, 郭晨1, 2, 3, 王鹏飞1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所 超快光科学与技术全国重点实验室,西安 710119
  • 2中国科学院大学 材料科学与光电工程中心,北京 100049
  • 3中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所 光子功能材料与器件研究室,西安 710119
通讯作者:
王鹏飞,
作者简介:
Theoretical Design and Experimental Evaluation of Structural Randomized Transparent Conductive Metal Mesh (Invited)
Yongmao GUAN1, 2, 3 , Liqing YANG1, 3, Chen GUO1, 2, 3, Pengfei WANG1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Ultrafast Optical Science and Technology, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China
  • 2Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 3Photonics Functional Materials and Devices Research Laboratory, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China
出版时间: 2026-01-25 doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0131001
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提出了基于随机裂纹模板和真空金属蒸镀技术制备结构随机化金属网栅的方法。构建随机型透明导电金属网栅的光学-电磁耦合理论模型,理论分析量化随机金属网栅特征结构参数对其光学性能、衍射光强分布特性、方块电阻和电磁屏蔽效能的影响。实验结果表明,随机铜网栅光窗的可见光平均透过率达85.5%、6°入射时的平均反射率为10.3%,方块电阻为14.38 Ω/sq,1~18 GHz频段平均电磁屏蔽效能达24.56 dB。基于惠更斯-菲涅耳原理的衍射效应理论仿真与实验结果相吻合,表明网栅结构随机化使高级次衍射光强得到匀化。双向反射/透射测试证实光窗样品以镜面反射为主,其散射光强度低至10-4 1/sr。将为解决航空航天领域高性能光电成像系统的抗电磁加固提供新的技术途径和光窗元件。

裂纹模板法  /  结构随机化  /  光学特性  /  高级次衍射  /  电磁屏蔽光窗

The rapid proliferation of modern electronic devices has made Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) a crucial challenge, impacting the reliability of optical systems and human health. Transparent optical windows, ubiquitous in aerospace, medical imaging, defense, and communication systems, require materials exhibiting simultaneously high optical transparency, robust EMI shielding, and minimal higher-order diffraction energy. While conventional periodic metal meshes provide effective EMI shielding, their regular structures generate orthogonal array diffraction patterns that compromise the resolution and performance of imaging systems. Alternative transparent EMI shielding materials, including Transparent Conductive Oxides (TCOs), carbon-based materials, two-dimensional transition metal carbides/nitrides (MXenes), conductive polymers, and metal nanowires, typically exhibit limitations in simultaneously achieving high optical transparency and robust broadband EMI Shielding Effectiveness (SE). To overcome these limitations, this study introduces a fabrication technique for structurally randomized metal meshes based on a random crack-template method, integrated with comprehensive theoretical modeling. This strategy optimizes optical and electromagnetic performance while suppressing and homogenizing higher-order diffraction energy.

Fabrication of the structurally randomized metal meshes commenced with the synthesis of an acrylic resin crack-template precursor featuring tunable physical properties. This precursor was spin-coated onto a quartz substrate to generate a random crack template (~6.5 µm depth). Copper was subsequently deposited into the crack grooves via electron-beam-assisted evaporation. Finally, the crack template was removed using an organic solvent. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX) analyses confirmed the formation of a random copper mesh characterized by uniform metal line thickness (~300 nm) and high connectivity. A multiphysics-coupled framework integrating structural parameters, optical performance, and electromagnetic performance was developed to evaluate the random copper mesh. Optical performance was assessed through transmittance (Topt) and total reflectance (Rtotal), incorporating the effects of metal line coverage, surface roughness (modeled using the Beckmann scattering formulation), and multipath interference. Diffraction analysis employs Fraunhofer theory to quantify the suppression of higher-order diffraction energy by structural randomization. The electromagnetic shielding model establishes quantitative correlations between geometric parameters, electrical properties (sheet resistance Rs), and total shielding effectiveness (SEtotal=SER+SEA+SEM).

Experimental results demonstrate an average visible-light transmittance (380~760 nm) of 85.5% with a 7.6% loss relative to the quartz substrate, and an average reflectivity of 10.3% is tested at a 6° incidence. Bidirectional Reflectance/Transmittance Distribution Function (BRDF/BTDF) measurements indicated that the random copper mesh optical window exhibited predominantly specular reflection, with scattered light intensity as low as 10-4 1/sr, demonstrating excellent optical uniformity. The He-Ne laser diffraction testing revealed a uniform diffraction pattern. The fabricated random copper mesh demonstrated favorable electrical conductivity, exhibiting a sheet resistance of 14.38 Ω/sq. This measured value slightly exceeded the theoretical prediction (11.69 Ω/sq), primarily due to imperfect connectivity within the mesh structure, manifested as isolated metal lines. Furthermore, the random copper mesh achieved an average EMI SE of 24.56 dB across the 1~18 GHz frequency band, as independently verified by Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) measurements and CST Microwave Studio simulations. The inherent structural randomness of the crack-template method effectively suppressed the orthogonal array stray light. Critically, the developed coupled optical-electromagnetic performance model establishes quantitative relationships between structural parameters and functional metrics, facilitating scalable industrial production. This innovation successfully resolves the inherent trade-off between EMI shielding and optical transparency, offering significant promise for precision imaging applications in environments with high EMI. Future investigations will explore advanced materials (such as silver and graphene) and hybrid architectures to extend performance across broader electromagnetic spectral ranges.

Crack-template method  /  Structural randomization  /  Optical characteristics  /  Higher-order diffraction  /  Electromagnetic shielding optical window
关永帽, 杨利青, 郭晨, 王鹏飞. 结构随机化透明导电金属网栅的理论设计与性能评估(特邀). 光子学报, 2026 , 55 (1) : 202 -213 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0131001
Yongmao GUAN, Liqing YANG, Chen GUO, Pengfei WANG. Theoretical Design and Experimental Evaluation of Structural Randomized Transparent Conductive Metal Mesh (Invited)[J]. Acta Photonica Sinica, 2026 , 55 (1) : 202 -213 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0131001
随着现代电子技术的快速发展,电磁辐射已成为影响电子设备及光电探测成像系统可靠性和人类健康的关键问题[1-2]。尤其是对于具有透明光学窗口的设备,例如航空航天、移动通信、电子显示器、国防和医疗设备等的光学窗口[3-4],由于无法直接涂装不透明电磁屏蔽材料,已成为电磁防护中最为薄弱的环节,因此迫切需要高透光、抗电磁干扰屏蔽加固的光学窗口材料。此外,电磁屏蔽光学窗口材料还需要具备出色的成像质量,以确保高精度成像探测的特性。电磁屏蔽光学窗口成为保护光电探测或成像系统的重要屏障。近年来,研究人员开发出各类电磁屏蔽光学窗口材料,来满足光电探测和成像系统的使用需求,包括透明导电氧化物薄膜[5]、碳基材料[6-7]、二维过渡金属碳化物/氮化物[8-9]、导电聚合物[10]、金属纳米线[11]以及金属网栅[12-14]。值得关注的是,金属网栅通过其独特的结构,能够高效阻挡外界电磁波,同时在可见-红外光谱中具有高透过率,从而提高设备的稳定性和可靠性。
然而,周期结构金属网栅虽然在电磁屏蔽方面具有优异表现,但在光学系统中的抗电磁加固应用方面却面临挑战。由于规则结构的存在,周期结构金属网栅会引发光学高级次衍射效应,这对光学系统的成像质量产生了显著影响[15-16]。光学高级次衍射引起的杂散光会使得成像模糊,降低光电成像系统的分辨率,甚至可能完全破坏成像的精确性。因此,如何在保持电磁屏蔽性能的同时抑制杂散光,成为金属网栅应用于光学窗口的核心挑战。近年来,研究者尝试通过结构优化改善金属网栅的光学性能。例如,采用多层网栅设计[17-19]、圆环型金属网栅[20]、随机双线圆环[21]及沃罗诺伊图网栅[22-25]等,但这些方法往往依赖紫外光刻、激光刻蚀等高精密激光和后处理设备,制备工艺复杂,且成本颇高。
为了解决这一问题,本文提出一种基于随机裂纹模板法的结构随机化透明导电金属网栅制备技术。与周期型金属网栅相比,随机金属网栅通过裂纹模板的随机孔径分布,实现金属网栅的非周期型随机结构设计,以有效抑制强光照射下的杂散光现象。重点基于网栅结构参数与光学、屏蔽性能指标的理论模型与实验验证,系统分析了随机金属网栅的光学透过率、反射率、衍射特性及电磁屏蔽效能的耦合关系,为电磁屏蔽光窗的综合性能评估提供新思路。本研究为电磁屏蔽光窗的高效制备提供了新思路,随机金属网栅为解决光学系统中的杂散光问题、改善成像质量提供了有效技术手段,有望在航空航天领域高分辨光电成像系统的抗电磁加固中得到广泛应用。
本文实验所用材料丙烯酸丁酯(Butyl Acrylate,BA)、甲基丙烯酸甲酯(Methyl Methacrylate,MMA)、过硫酸铵(Ammonium Persulphate,APS)、十二烷基硫酸钠(Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate,SDS)和丙二醇甲醚醋酸酯(2-Acetoxy-1-Methoxypropane,PGMEA)购自国药化学试剂有限公司。丙烯酸(Acrylic Acid,AA)和OP-10乳化剂(OP-10 emulsifier)购自Aladdin Biochemical Technology(Shanghai)有限公司。
首先,使用自研的丙烯酸树脂分散体作为裂纹模板前驱体,石英玻璃作为透明基底,采用旋涂法将裂纹模板前驱体涂覆在预先清洁好的透明基底上,静置干燥后得到裂纹沟槽连通性良好的裂纹模板。进而使用电子束辅助蒸镀法在裂纹缝隙中沉积金属,随后进行裂纹模板的浸渍超声剥离,最终得到结构随机化金属网栅样品。
基于单体聚合反应开发了一种物性参数可调节的丙烯酸树脂胶体分散体(即裂纹模板前驱体)。单体混合物由甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸丁酯和丙烯酸组成。通过调节单体混合物中各种组分的比例来调节裂纹模板前驱体的物性参数[26],实现裂纹模板中随机裂纹结构参数的统计可控调节。
依次使用无水乙醇、丙酮和去离子水清洗光学抛光的石英玻璃基底(厚度2 mm),然后用压缩氮气吹干备用。使用KW-4T型匀胶机将裂纹前驱体涂覆在预先清洁干净的石英基底上,旋涂转速为2 500 rpm,旋涂时间为100 s。设置不同的旋涂参数,可以获得不同厚度的裂纹模板涂层。然后将涂层样品转移到恒温恒湿试验箱(T=22 ℃,RH=70%)中干燥,12 h后获得定型的裂纹模板样品(图1(a))。使用OLS4100激光共聚焦显微镜观测裂纹模板样品中的裂纹形貌(图1(b)),裂纹网络以不规则的三边、四边形为主构成且具有较好的连通性;激光共聚焦显微镜测量裂纹沟槽的深度约为6.5 µm(图1(c))。
得到裂纹模板之后,使用ZZS1100型真空镀膜机电子束辅助蒸镀在裂纹模板上沉积300 nm厚的铜,得到表面铜金属层沉积样品(图2(a))。为了得到随机铜网栅光窗样品,需将裂纹模板以及裂纹模板表面的金属层去除掉。首先将金属层沉积样品浸泡在丙二醇甲醚醋酸酯有机溶剂中,超声处理5 min,剥离裂纹模板。随后用无水乙醇冲洗样品。然后用压缩氮气将样品吹干,最终得到随机铜网栅光窗样品(图2(b))。使用OLS4100型激光共聚焦显微镜测量随机铜网栅光窗样品中金属线条的厚度(图2(c))约为300 nm。此外,使用TM3000型扫描电子显微镜观测随机铜网栅光窗样品的显微形貌,由图2(d)可见,金属网栅的连通性整体良好,仅有个别较细的线条呈现断续不连通;网栅孔径的大小呈现随机分布特性。同时,样品的能量色散X射线谱(Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy,EDX)如图2(e)所示。
金属网栅的结构参数包括金属线条宽度分布、金属网栅面积分布、金属线条倾斜角度分布和金属线条密度,这些网栅结构参数共同决定了随机铜网栅的光学性能、衍射特性、电学性能和电磁屏蔽效能。使用电磁屏蔽光窗智能分析系统V1.0 [27]将铜网膜相关的光学显微图像(图3(a))转化为与之相应的二值图像(图3(b)),进而获得随机铜网栅的金属线条宽度分布、金属网栅面积分布以及金属线条倾斜角度分布情况,如图3(c)~(e)。金属线条线宽(w)和金属网栅面积(A)均为高斯分布,其概率密度函数为[28]
fw=12πσwexp-w-μw22σw2
fA=12πσAexp-w-μA22σA2
式中,μw为平均线宽,σw为线宽标准差,μA为平均网栅面积,σA为网栅面积标准差。从图3(e)中金属线条倾斜角度分布的结果可以看出,玫瑰图(Rose Diagram)具有多个峰值,是混合分布或复杂模式,可以根据数据的标准差(σθ)来判断金属线条倾斜方向的分散度,σθ越小金属线条倾斜角度分布越均匀(0<σθ<7.6)。随后根据随机铜网栅的光学显微图像计算金属线条的分布密度(ρ),在图像上沿不同方向绘制10条直线,确保覆盖金属线条的可能走向,并记录这些直线与金属线条的交点总数,最后该图用1 mm归一化,如图3(f)所示。随机铜网栅的平均线宽(μw)、线宽标准差(σw)、平均网栅面积(μA)、网栅面积标准差(σA)、金属线条倾斜角度分布概率标准差(σθ)以及金属线条密度(ρ),如表1所示。
金属网栅的透光率主要由金属线的遮挡率决定。对于规则金属网栅,金属线的遮挡率可以表示为[12]
η=1-d-w2d2
式中,w为金属线宽,d为金属线间距。忽略边缘散射时,透光率近似为
T≈1-η≈d-w2d2
对于随机金属网栅,金属线的遮挡率可以表示为[29]
η=∑x,yIfx,y∈B
式中,I(⋅)为指示函数,当括号内条件满足时值为1,否则为0,fx,y是二值图像在位置x,y的像素值,B表示背景区域。此时,随机金属网栅的透光率近似可表示为
T≈1-η≈1-∑x,yIfx,y∈B
金属网栅与石英基底结合的光窗样品的反射率计算需要综合考虑金属线的遮挡率、表面粗糙度修正和多次反射干涉效应。金属线覆盖区域和基底裸露区域两部分的总反射率为
R=ηRmetal+1-ηRsubstrate
式中,Rmetal是金属线的反射率,Rsubstrate是基底的反射率。粗糙表面导致镜面反射能量衰减,部分能量转化为漫反射。Beckmann模型通过统计表面高度分布量化效应[30],经过表面粗糙度修正之后,金属网栅光窗的反射率可表示为
Rrough=R×exp-4πσcos θiλ2
式中,σ为粗糙度均方根,λ为入射光波长。此外,光在金属-基底界面间经历多次反射,形成干涉效应,多次反射之后总反射率为所有路径上反射率的叠加。金属网栅光窗的最终反射率为
Rtotal=ηRmetal+1-ηRsubstrate×exp-4πσcos θiλ2+T1T2R2e-2αd1-R1R2e-2αd
式中,T1和T2为金属层透射系数,R1为空气-金属界面反射系数,R2为金属-基底界面反射系数,e-2αd为金属线的吸收损耗。
结合上述分析可知,金属网栅光窗的成像效果受到光学透过率和光学反射率的共同影响。光学透过率直接决定图像亮度;光学反射率过高时会引发眩光与背景噪声,尤其在光源周围形成光斑,降低动态范围和对比度。
透明导电金属网栅光学窗口的使用可实现光电成像系统的抗电磁屏蔽加固。由于金属网栅光窗通常放置在光学成像系统的前方,引入金属网栅光窗会使入射光透过降低、引起图像灰度降低,散射和反射将引起的图像灰度不均匀,夫琅禾费衍射引起的图像模糊会影响后端光学成像系统的成像质量。由于金属网栅的衍射特性受到网栅结构的影响,本文通过引入随机金属网栅来降低并匀化衍射光,进而改善引入金属网栅光窗后光学成像系统的成像质量。
首先,建立结构随机化金属网栅的衍射特性分析模型。假设入射光波长为λ,传播方向垂直于金属网栅平面。入射光场为平面波Uincx,y=ejkz,其中k=2πλ。对于线宽为w、倾斜角度为θ、中心坐标为xi,yi的单根金属线条,其透射函数为[31]
tix,y=1-rectx-xicos θ+y-yisin θw
式中,当u≤0.5, rectu=1;否则为0。区域面积内所有N根金属线条(N=ρ×S, S为区域面积)的透射函数叠加得到
Tx,y=∏i=1Ntix,y
透射函数通过傅里叶变换得到夫琅禾费衍射场Udiff
Udifffx,fy=FTx,y=∬-∞Tx,ye-j2πfxx+fyydxdy
式中,fx=sin αλ,fy=sin βλ,α,β为衍射角。衍射光强Ifx,fy近似为独立线条贡献的非相干叠加
Ifx,fy=Udifffx,fy2=ρ×S∫wfw∫02πfθsincπwf2dθdw
随机金属网栅由随机分布的金属线条构成,当光线通过时,受金属线条的遮挡和边缘衍射效应影响,形成衍射光场。其衍射特性受到线宽标准差σw、金属线条倾斜角度分布概率标准差σθ以及金属线条密度ρ决定。σw影响衍射旁瓣的强度,线宽分布越分散,衍射光强的高频分量增加,旁瓣越明显。σθ越大,金属线条角度分布越集中,衍射光强的方向性越强;σθ越小,金属线条角度分布越均匀,光强趋于各向同性。ρ越高,金属覆盖率越大,透光率降低,导致衍射光强整体减弱。
随机金属网栅优异的导电性能是其有效屏蔽电磁辐射的关键,分析其屏蔽效能需首先建立方块电阻的计算模型。假设金属网栅中每条金属线的宽度为wi,厚度为t,金属电阻率为ρm,金属线的电阻为
Ri=ρmliwit
式中,li为金属线长度。当金属网栅中的金属线随机分布,其平均长度与线宽无关,可归一化为单位长度,则电阻简化为
Ri=ρmwit
单位面积内金属线的密度为ρ,总电导为各条金属线电导的并联之和。单条金属线的电导为Gi=1Ri=witρm,金属网栅的总电导为
Gtotal=ρGi=ρwitρm=ρtρmwi
然而,实际的金属线宽存在统计性涨落,需用二阶矩w2进行修正。金属网栅电导与线宽平方成正比,则金属网栅的总电导为
Gtotal=ρtρmw2
因此,金属网栅的电导率σ=Gtotalt=ρw2ρm,其对应的方块电阻可表示为
Rs=1σt=ρmρw2t
金属网栅的电磁屏蔽效能(SE)是量化其衰减电磁辐射能力的关键指标,SE定义为入射金属网栅的功率(Pi)与透过金属网栅的功率(Pt)的对数比,计算公式为[32]
SE dB=-10lg Pt/Pi
SE值越大,表示透过金属网栅的电磁波能量越少,屏蔽效果越好。金属网栅对电磁波的屏蔽主要通过反射和吸收电磁波实现,总屏蔽效能(SET)包括反射损耗(SER)、吸收损耗(SEA)和多重反射损耗(SEM)。
SET=SER+SEA+SEM
式中,SET>15 dB时,多重反射损耗SEM可以忽略不计,SER和SEA可根据下列公式计算[32]
SER=20lg1+Z02Rs
SEA=10lg1+e-2tπfμσ
式中,Z0=377 Ω,Rs为金属网栅的方块电阻, f为电磁波频率,μ为磁导率,σ为电导率。
使用Cary 7000型UV-Vis-NIR分光光度计(美国Agilent公司)测量了随机铜网栅光窗样品可见光波段的透过率,如图4(a)所示。石英基底在380~760 nm可见光波长范围内的平均透过率为93.1%。在石英基底上制作随机铜网栅后样品在380~760 nm可见光波长范围内的平均透过率为85.5%,透过率仅损失了7.6%,具备良好的透光性能。对于可见光波段,可以计算出随机铜网栅自身的平均相对透过率(TCu mesh=TCu mesh optical window/TQuartz glass substrate)为91.85%,与理论计算结果(91.71%)保持一致。此外,从图4(a)可以看出,随着波长的增加,铜网栅膜的透射率降低,这是由于铜网栅充当振幅衍射光栅引起的。入射光在穿过网格时发生衍射,产生离散的衍射级。实验测试时,分光光度计的探测器仅捕获有限接收角内的近轴射线。波长的增加会增大衍射角,迫使高阶衍射光超过探测器的接收角,从而降低测量的透射率。
同时还测量了6°入射时石英基底上随机铜网栅光窗在可见光波段的反射率,如图4(b)所示。样品在380~760 nm范围内的平均反射率为10.3%,反射率相对较低。同时,反射率的测量结果略低于理论计算结果(图4(b)中红色虚线所示),这是因为实际测量过程中少量反射光以漫反射形式存在所导致的。
使用NULL型双向反射/透射分布函数测试仪测试了随机铜网栅光窗样品的双向反射分布函数(Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function,BRDF)和双向透射分布函数(Bidirectional Transmittance Distribution Function,BTDF),结果如图5所示。BRDF测试结果(图5(a))可见主峰出现在散射角为0°附近,并且主峰的BRDF值接近10-1 1/sr,说明反射光主要集中在镜面反射方向。这表明样品表面具有较强的镜面反射特性。同时主峰较窄,进一步验证样品表面的平整性较好。在±90°散射角范围内,BRDF值迅速下降至10-4 1/sr量级,说明光窗样品表面对散射光的分散较少,这符合镜面反射占主导的特性。BTDF测试结果(图5(b))可见主峰同样出现在散射角0°附近,并且主峰的BTDF值略高于10-1 1/sr,表明样品的透射效率较高,透射光主要集中在原始透射方向,在样品内部散射较少。相比BRDF,BTDF主峰宽度稍大,可能反映了样品内部对光的散射或透射过程中光的角度偏移更显著。在±90°散射角范围内,BTDF值也逐渐降低到10-4 1/sr的低水平,表明侧向散射光的强度较低。
首先,仿真分析了随机铜网栅光窗的衍射图案以及归一化衍射光强分布。本文通过基于惠更斯-菲涅耳衍射原理[18],建立远场衍射的光强分布模型,分析了随机铜网栅光窗的衍射光强分布。仿真结果如图6(a)所示。同时,使用632.8 nm准直He-Ne激光器(上海虹扬公司)作为光源,垂直照射随机铜网栅光窗样品。采用CCD相机(美国Thorlabs公司)捕捉光窗样品的衍射图案。在光窗样品和CCD相机之间放置焦距为40 mm的聚焦透镜,以缩短观察距离并改善衍射结果,实验结果如图6(b)所示。实验测得的样品衍射光强度分布与模拟结果非常相似,证实了模拟方法的准确性。模拟结果和测试结果都表明,本文提出的结构随机化铜网栅与传统的周期型金属网栅相比,可以显著降低衍射光强度并匀化衍射光强度分布,有助于改善金属网栅电磁屏蔽光学窗口对光学系统成像质量的影响。
使用ST-2258A型四探针方阻测试仪(中国苏州晶格电子有限公司)测试随机铜网栅光窗样品上多个位置的方阻值,进而表征随机铜网栅光窗的导电性能。如图7(a)所示,测得随机铜网栅光窗样品的方阻值在整个区域分布均匀,平均方阻值为14.38 Ω/sq,标准偏差为0.27 Ω/sq,具有良好的导电性能。同时,结合表1中的数据和公式(18),计算得到随机铜网栅光窗的理论方块电阻数值为11.69 Ω/sq。方阻的实测值略高于理论值,主要是因为所制备的随机铜网栅并不是完美的连通结构,存在一些不连通的孤立金属线(见图2(d))。
使用一对波导同轴适配器和E5080B型矢量网络分析仪(美国Keysight公司)测量随机铜网栅光窗样品的电磁屏蔽效能,测试频率为1~18 GHz,结果如图7(b)黑色实线所示。在1~18 GHz频率范围内,随机铜网栅光窗样品的平均电磁屏蔽效能为24.56 dB,具有优异的电磁屏蔽性能。将表1中的数据代入式(18)和式(20)~(22)计算电磁屏蔽效能的理论值,在1~18 GHz频率范围内,平均电磁屏蔽效能的理论值为26.23 dB(图7(b)中蓝色虚线所示)。另外,利用CST Microwave Studio软件建立随机铜网栅模型,并仿真模拟得到1-18 GHz频段内随机铜网栅的电磁屏蔽效能,如图7(b)红色虚线所示。电磁屏蔽效能的测量值与仿真结果在高频时偏差较小,在低频时存在较大偏差,主要是由于光窗基底石英玻璃片的厚度较大,导致石英玻璃片与波导同轴适配器接触界面上可能存在一定的电磁波泄露。
随机铜网栅光窗样品的透光率、衍射光强度分布、方块电阻和电磁屏蔽效能的仿真与测试结果表明,制备的随机铜网栅光窗样品具有高透光率和强电磁屏蔽效能,同时兼具匀化高级次衍射能量的能力。与前人工作相比(如表2所示),本文制备的随机铜网栅光窗样品在对高性能光学成像系统提供抗电磁屏蔽加固方面具有较强优势。
本文针对传统周期型透明金属网栅屏蔽光窗因其网栅结构规则会引发高级次衍射导致杂散光严重的问题,提出基于随机裂纹模板法的结构随机化透明导电金属网栅制备技术,并通过理论模拟与实验评估两方面对比研究了随机金属网栅光窗的光学和电磁屏蔽等性能。在理论层面,结合Beckmann表面粗糙度修正与微面元理论量化表面形貌对金属网栅光窗反射率的影响;利用夫琅禾费衍射理论阐明结构随机化对网栅高级次衍射光强的匀化效应;建立了随机金属网栅的方块电阻与电磁屏蔽效能的关联模型。实验层面,所制备的随机铜网栅光窗可见光平均透过率达85.5%,6°入射时测试的平均反射率为10.3%,兼具高导电(方块电阻为14.38 Ω/sq)与强电磁屏蔽性能(SE 24.56 dB,1~18 GHz),其双向反射/透射分布函数(BRDF/BTDF)显示镜面反射占主导(10-1 1/sr)、散射效应微弱(10-4 1/sr),衍射实验证明杂散光得到明显匀化。相关研究结果可为高性能光电系统应用电磁屏蔽光窗进行抗电磁加固,同时兼顾高成像质量提供有效的技术手段支撑。

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doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0131001
  • 接收时间:2025-06-26
  • 首发时间:2026-10-10
  • 出版时间:2026-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-26
  • 录用日期:2025-07-29
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    1中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所 超快光科学与技术全国重点实验室,西安 710119
    2中国科学院大学 材料科学与光电工程中心,北京 100049
    3中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所 光子功能材料与器件研究室,西安 710119

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王鹏飞,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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