Article(id=1315743837604135038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3788/gzxb20265501.0129001, pmid=null, cstr=32255.14.gzxb20265501.0129001, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753113600000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1758816000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-26, onlineDate=1791627376222, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1769270400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791627376222, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791627376222, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791627376222, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315743733992243595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, year='2026', volume='55', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769270400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791627351520, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791627555456, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315744589420540350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315744589420540351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=298, endPage=306, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315743838103257216, articleId=1315743837604135038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=EN, title=Enhancement of Raman Signals in Scattering Media via Spectrally Resolved Variance Optimization, columnId=1315743838019371135, journalTitle=Acta Photonica Sinica, columnName=Scattering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Raman microscopy, a label-free detection technique that identifies targets through the intrinsic vibrational spectra of samples, is highly significant in biomedicine, especially for early disease diagnosis. Its ability to avoid exogenous labels offers distinct advantages when studying biological tissues. However, biological tissues and complex materials have strong optical scattering properties, which disrupt light propagation by randomizing their paths. This severely limits the detection depth of traditional Raman techniques—often restricting imaging to superficial layers, rarely exceeding 100 μm in most biological tissues—and impairs signal contrast, as scattered light mix with target signals, resulting in blurred or noisy outputs. To tackle these critical limitations, this study presents an innovative wavefront shaping method based on spectrally resolved variance optimization.
The core of this method is establishing a sophisticated wavefront feedback mechanism that combines Raman spectroscopy with speckle variance analysis. The detailed process is as follows: First, the experimental sample is carefully designed to simulate in vivo conditions, consisting of Raman-active particles embedded in a scattering medium. This medium is engineered to replicate the forward scattering characteristics of biological tissues, such as those in epithelial layers or soft tissues, ensuring the results are relevant to real-world applications. The Raman particles, chosen for their biological significance, show a unique and distinct Raman peak at 1 200 cm⁻¹, a wavelength range less prone to autofluorescence interference in biological samples. Using an imaging spectrometer with high spatial and spectral resolution, the system simultaneously captures both the spatial distribution (2D speckle patterns) and spectral signatures of Raman signals. A custom-developed algorithm then filters these data to isolate speckle signals specifically at the 1 200 cm⁻¹ peak. This targeted selection minimizes interference from background noise in non-target wavebands—like autofluorescence from cellular components or stray light—thus extracting speckle contrast parameters suitable for quantitative analysis.
Next, an iterative optimization algorithm is used to build a closed-loop feedback system, a key innovation of this approach. In each iteration, the Spatial Light Modulator (SLM), a device with high phase modulation precision, dynamically adjusts the wavefront of the input light. This adjustment causes changes in the excited speckles, rearranging their distribution within the scattering medium. At the same time, the system monitors Raman speckle variance in real time, with maximizing variance as the main objective. By continuously refining the phase modulation depth of the SLM—adjusting individual pixels to counteract wavefront distortions from the scattering medium—the input light is gradually guided to focus on a single Raman particle in the medium. The optimization process goes through 3 000 iterations, a number determined by preliminary tests to balance convergence speed and accuracy, ensuring stable and reliable focusing of excitation energy on the target particle. A critical point for this enhancement is the strict linear relationship between the intensity of spontaneous Raman signals and the excitation light intensity: when the focused excitation light reaches maximum intensity, the Raman signal is proportionally amplified to its peak level. Additionally, to address potential focal deformation caused by light absorption by Raman particles—a common issue in high-intensity focusing—a pair of galvanometers rotate the incident light at small angles (within the optical memory effect range). Using the memory effect principle, where speckles translate as a whole without changing their distribution under small-angle rotations, the system obtains clear, undistorted focused spots from the translated speckle patterns.
Experimental results confirm the effectiveness of this method it achieves a 6-fold enhancement of Raman signals in scattering media, outperforming many existing techniques. The spatial resolution reaches the micrometer scale, allowing precise targeting of individual particles—essential for distinguishing between cellular or subcellular structures in biological samples. Furthermore, the method enables non-invasive focusing on single Raman particles with high specificity: background noise outside the 1200 cm⁻¹ peak is enhanced by only~30%, showing effective suppression of non-target signals. This specificity comes from the spectral filtering step, which limits optimization to the target Raman peak.
In summary, this method provides a new technical solution for enhancing weak Raman signals in scattering environments, addressing long-standing challenges in deep-tissue imaging. Its ability to support label-free imaging in deep biological tissues, along with high signal enhancement and precise spatial focusing, makes it a valuable tool in biomedicine. Potential applications include early diagnosis of diseases like cancer—where subtle Raman spectral changes precede morphological alterations—and sensitive detection of biomarkers, such as proteins or metabolites, in their native tissue environments. By overcoming limitations in depth and signal strength, this approach advances the practical use of Raman microscopy in clinical and research settings.
, authors=Bingxin TIAN
1, Haiqing ZHANG
1, Xiangbing ZHU
1, Qidi HU
1, Gang XIONG
1, Bingcai LIU
2, authorsList=Bingxin TIAN, Haiqing ZHANG, Xiangbing ZHU, Qidi HU, Gang XIONG, Bingcai LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bingcai LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315743839722258572, articleId=1315743837604135038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=CN, title=基于光谱解析方差优化的散射介质内拉曼信号增强技术, columnId=1315743838187143297, journalTitle=光子学报, columnName=散射, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
生物组织及复杂材料的强光学散射特性导致光子传播路径随机化,严重制约了传统拉曼技术的探测深度与信号对比度。针对这一问题,提出一种基于光谱解析方差优化的波前整形方法,通过构建拉曼光谱与散斑方差相结合的波前反馈机制,实现散射介质内拉曼目标聚焦和微弱信号增强。实验结果表明:该方法可实现单个拉曼粒子的非侵入性聚焦,且拉曼信号增强6倍。这一成果可用于疾病早期诊断与生物标志物检测,同时为在深层生物组织内实现无标记成像提供技术支撑。
, authors=田冰心
1, 张海庆
1, 朱相兵
1, 胡启迪
1, 熊刚
1, 刘丙才
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2西安工业大学 光电工程学院,西安 710021)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1315743842473722043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743837604135038, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Schematic diagram of wavefront shaping based on Raman spectrally resolved variance optimization, figureFileSmall=OOndnDcoG+OR9v7ExpKG0Q==, figureFileBig=W3P6J3ykI7/JkOu4EH3wWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743842553413820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743837604135038, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
基于拉曼光谱解析方差优化的波前整形原理, figureFileSmall=OOndnDcoG+OR9v7ExpKG0Q==, figureFileBig=W3P6J3ykI7/JkOu4EH3wWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743842746351805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743837604135038, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Optimization process of a single iteration (the 800th iteration). (a)Loaded phase mask; (b)Feedback signal; (c)Excited speckle; (d)Current phase mask; (e)Phase modulation; (f)Speckle profile, figureFileSmall=Uiv1/7VZq6yvmefrZViWCg==, figureFileBig=zOO+Ukx1LTFGnTvcot/5iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743842834432190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743837604135038, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
单次(第800次)迭代的优化过程。(a)加载相位;(b)反馈信号;(c)激发散斑;(d)当前相位掩膜;(e)相位调制强度;(f)散斑轮廓, figureFileSmall=Uiv1/7VZq6yvmefrZViWCg==, figureFileBig=zOO+Ukx1LTFGnTvcot/5iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743842926706879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743837604135038, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Phase modulation depth of SLM, figureFileSmall=pHWk0clvw5foiLQYa9DbvQ==, figureFileBig=ndrTHXOGkzD/efFj9n/ueA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743843018981568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743837604135038, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
SLM相位调制深度, figureFileSmall=pHWk0clvw5foiLQYa9DbvQ==, figureFileBig=ndrTHXOGkzD/efFj9n/ueA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743843140616385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743837604135038, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Focusing image on the Raman target. (a)Excited speckle before optimization; (b)Excited speckle after optimization; (c)Excited speckle after translation, figureFileSmall=aaoFdv7ghhUBGhApQU4PUQ==, figureFileBig=j/3fMT781Bjjpnr227rnCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743843287417026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743837604135038, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
拉曼目标聚焦图像。(a)优化前激发散斑;(b)优化后激发散斑;(c)平移后激发散斑, figureFileSmall=aaoFdv7ghhUBGhApQU4PUQ==, figureFileBig=j/3fMT781Bjjpnr227rnCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743843409051843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743837604135038, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Experimental results of Raman signal enhancement. (a)Raman image before optimization;(b)Raman image after optimization;(c)Raman spectrum, figureFileSmall=MlDzlIwnkB2kIspQpkCffA==, figureFileBig=/s5ZXW5tq3znkMQAOz5fRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743843530686660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743837604135038, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
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