Article(id=1315743790430794027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3788/gzxb20265501.0112001, pmid=null, cstr=32255.14.gzxb20265501.0112001, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750262400000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1753372800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-07-25, onlineDate=1791627364976, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1769270400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791627364976, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791627364976, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791627364976, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315743733992243595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, year='2026', volume='55', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769270400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791627351520, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791627555456, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315744589420540350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315744589420540351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=94, endPage=104, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315743792003658028, articleId=1315743790430794027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=EN, title=Surface Parameter Estimation Method for Ultra-smooth Components Based on Generalized Beckmann-Kirchhoff Theory, columnId=1315741666489774715, journalTitle=Acta Photonica Sinica, columnName=Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In space-based gravitational wave detection systems, ultra-long laser interferometry arms are established between three communication satellites to detect the gravitational wave, requiring the space telescopes to perform both laser transmission and reception functions. However, the extreme weakness of gravitational wave signals imposes stringent requirements on optical path stability and backward stray light suppression in these telescopes, that is, the backward stray light must be less than 10-10 of the output laser. The primary source of backward stray light from space telescopes arises from surface scattering. Even in ultra-smooth optical elements (roughness less than 1 nm), the surface scattering inevitably occurs during laser transmission, generating backward-scattered light that affects the gravitational wave detection. Therefore, precise characterization of ultra-smooth optical surfaces is critical for analyzing and suppressing telescope backward stray light levels. However, conventional non-contact measurement methods face significant challenges, including complex instrument structure, high experimental cost, and insufficient accuracy, making it difficult to achieve rapid and high-precision measurement of ultra-smooth optical surface. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop a surface quality assessment method for ultra-smooth optical elements to meet the extraordinary precision requirements of gravitational wave space telescopes.

For high-precision scattering measurement of ultra-smooth optical elements, Li B C's team proposed a method based on multi-channel cavity ring down technique. This method obtains the surface scattering rate by analyzing multi-channel ring-down signals, offering advantages including absolute measurement, immunity to laser source intensity fluctuation, and exceptional measurement accuracy. This work further combines the cavity ring-down-based scattering measurement technique with the Generalized Beckmann-Kirchhoff (GBK) scalar scattering model, to establish a method for estimating the surface parameters of ultra-smooth optical elements. In this method, the GBK scattering model is used to establish the scattering rate database of the optical elements, and the scattering rate of the ultra-smooth optical elements at different solid angles is measured based on the cavity ring down technique. Then, the scattering rate distribution measured by cavity ring down method is numerically fitted with the scattering rate database to obtain the surface parameters of the ultra-smooth optical elements, which provides a reference for the scattering characteristics analysis and stray light suppression of the ultra-smooth optical elements of space telescopes.

The scattering rate distribution of ultra-smooth optical element measured by the cavity ring down technique was simulated and calculated, with the measured data numerically fitted through our proposed surface parameter estimation approach. As shown in Figure 3, the fitting achieves remarkable precision with an error of 0.16% and a goodness of fit of 0.999 8. Further evaluation of the method's performance across different parameters demonstrates that within the applicable range of GBK theory, the method can achieve an error of below 4% (typically<0.5%), while the goodness of fit is greater than 0.96 (often>0.999). In addition, to address measurement errors induced by scattering overlap during bidirectional beam propagation in standing-wave cavity ring-down experiments, we analyzed key influencing factors. By integrating these findings with our predictive model, we quantified scattering overlap effects at various measurement angles and derived an optimized angular selection scheme to minimize interference.

This work proposes a novel method for estimating surface parameters of ultra-smooth optical elements by combining GBK scalar scattering theory with cavity ring-down scattering measurement techniques. The simulation analysis shows that, within the scope of application of GBK scalar theory, the relative error of this method is less than 4%, and the fitting degree is greater than 0.96, confirming its high accuracy for rapid and precise measurement of surface quality parameters. In addition, aiming at the error caused by the scattering overlap of the back and forth propagation of the beam in the scattering measurement experiment of the standing wave cavity ring down method, we propose a measurement angle selection scheme considering both the signal-to-noise ratio and the measurement accuracy, so as to reduce the influence of the scattering overlap of the forward and backward propagation on the scattering measurement and subsequent surface quality estimation.

, authors=Bao LIU, Zheqiang ZHONG, Bin ZHANG, authorsList=Bao LIU, Zheqiang ZHONG, Bin ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bin ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315743793731711291, articleId=1315743790430794027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=CN, title=基于GBK理论的超光滑元件表面参数预估方法, columnId=1315741666716267133, journalTitle=光子学报, columnName=仪器,测量,度量学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

提出了基于经验修正的贝克曼—基尔霍夫标量散射模型的超光滑光学元件表面参数预估方法,利用经验修正的贝克曼—基尔霍夫散射模型建立元件的散射率数据库,结合基于光腔衰荡法测量光学元件在不同立体角下的散射率,进而利用数值求解方法拟合得到超光滑光学元件表面参数。结果表明,所提出的预估方法能够实现超光滑光学元件表面质量参数快速高精度测量,可为空间引力波探测系统的超光滑光学元件散射测量以及杂散光抑制提供参考。同时,结合文中提出的方法,针对驻波腔光腔衰荡法散射测量实验中光束往返传播造成的正、反向散射重叠问题进行了讨论分析,提出了最佳测量角度选择方案,为实验测量提供参考。

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刘宝,

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(a)Simulate three channel decay signals; (b)Logarithmically normalized three channel signals; (c) Fitting results, figureFileSmall=Mda4oeOphqFr9tt/Qf7Klw==, figureFileBig=DNBNAs7Y53GZAXZ8Jo7Znw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743798106370397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743790430794027, language=CN, label=图3, caption=仿真及拟合结果。(a)仿真三通道衰荡信号; (b)对数归一化三通道衰荡信号; (c)拟合结果, figureFileSmall=Mda4oeOphqFr9tt/Qf7Klw==, figureFileBig=DNBNAs7Y53GZAXZ8Jo7Znw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743798190256478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743790430794027, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Error and goodness of fit distribution under different parameter conditions. (a) Relative error distribution, where the relative error of the red curve is 0.5%; (b) Goodness of fit distribution, where the goodness of fit of the red curve is 0.999, figureFileSmall=W0d1XqSI/UMAm0xngyPFYw==, figureFileBig=TdMHamoZ0OMRDILSJi9tSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743798265753951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743790430794027, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同参数情形下的误差及拟合度分布。(a)相对误差分布,其中红色曲线相对误差为0.5%; (b)拟合度分布,其中红色曲线拟合度为0.999, figureFileSmall=W0d1XqSI/UMAm0xngyPFYw==, figureFileBig=TdMHamoZ0OMRDILSJi9tSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743798349640032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743790430794027, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Overlapping of forward and backward propagation scattering with different autocorrelation lengths. (a) ARS distribution of components with autocorrelation length of 1 μm; (b) Scattering rate distribution of components with autocorrelation length of 1 μm; (c) ARS distribution of components with autocorrelation length of 5 μm; (d) Scattering rate distribution of components with autocorrelation length of 5 μm, figureFileSmall=89qPvUkSryem2ydbqCCV2g==, figureFileBig=W2PE6XRrJgVyDzFqzBIYLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743798429331809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743790430794027, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同自相关长度正反向传播散射重叠情况。(a)自相关长度为1 μm时元件ARS分布; (b)自相关长度为1 μm时元件散射率分布; (c)自相关长度为5 μm时元件ARS分布; (b)自相关长度为5 μm时元件散射率分布, figureFileSmall=89qPvUkSryem2ydbqCCV2g==, figureFileBig=W2PE6XRrJgVyDzFqzBIYLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743798509023586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743790430794027, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Scattering overlap at different incident angles and measurement angles. (a) ARS distribution of components with incident angle of 5°; (b) Scattering rate distribution of components with incident angle of 5° and scattering angle of 5°; (c) Scattering rate distribution of components with incident angle of 5° and scattering angle of 45°; (d) ARS distribution of components with incident angle of 30°; (e) Scattering rate distribution of components with incident angle of 30° and scattering angle of 5°;(f) Scattering rate distribution of components with incident angle of 30° and scattering angle of 45°, figureFileSmall=328B+Xf6xDv3uIv+CM2JNQ==, figureFileBig=bzGMuLoTGQiGqQsaC34xBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743798597103971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743790430794027, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同入射角和测量角度散射重叠情况。(a)入射角5°时元件ARS分布; (b)入射角5°,散射角5°时元件散射率分布; (c)入射角5°,散射角45°时元件散射率分布; (d)入射角30°时元件ARS分布; (e)入射角30°,散射角5°时元件散射率分布; (f)入射角30°,散射角45°时元件散射率分布, figureFileSmall=328B+Xf6xDv3uIv+CM2JNQ==, figureFileBig=bzGMuLoTGQiGqQsaC34xBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743798706155876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743790430794027, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Parameters change with measurement angle. (a)The proportion of forward propagation scattering in the measured scattering rate varies with the measurement angle; (b) Prediction error varies with measurement angle; (c) Goodness of fit varies with measurement angle, figureFileSmall=i9u0Kwxw6vSlBKdSMtdvPA==, figureFileBig=lE3UstqGU0npTISFs3Bqvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743798794236261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743790430794027, language=CN, label=图7, caption=各参量随测量角度变化。(a)正向传播散射占比随测量角度变化; (b)预测误差随测量角度变化; (c)拟合度随测量角度变化, figureFileSmall=i9u0Kwxw6vSlBKdSMtdvPA==, figureFileBig=lE3UstqGU0npTISFs3Bqvg==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1315120956596912254, delFlag=0, nameCn=光子学报, nameEn=Acta Photonica Sinica, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=1004-4213, eissn=null, cn=61-1235/O4, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, 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基于GBK理论的超光滑元件表面参数预估方法
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刘宝 , 钟哲强 , 张彬
光子学报 | 仪器,测量,度量学 2026,55(1): 94-104
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光子学报 |仪器,测量,度量学 2026 , 55 (1) : 94 -104
基于GBK理论的超光滑元件表面参数预估方法
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刘宝 , 钟哲强, 张彬
作者信息
  • 1四川大学 电子信息学院,成都 610065
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作者简介:
Surface Parameter Estimation Method for Ultra-smooth Components Based on Generalized Beckmann-Kirchhoff Theory
Bao LIU , Zheqiang ZHONG, Bin ZHANG
Affiliations
  • 1College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
出版时间: 2026-01-25 doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0112001
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提出了基于经验修正的贝克曼—基尔霍夫标量散射模型的超光滑光学元件表面参数预估方法,利用经验修正的贝克曼—基尔霍夫散射模型建立元件的散射率数据库,结合基于光腔衰荡法测量光学元件在不同立体角下的散射率,进而利用数值求解方法拟合得到超光滑光学元件表面参数。结果表明,所提出的预估方法能够实现超光滑光学元件表面质量参数快速高精度测量,可为空间引力波探测系统的超光滑光学元件散射测量以及杂散光抑制提供参考。同时,结合文中提出的方法,针对驻波腔光腔衰荡法散射测量实验中光束往返传播造成的正、反向散射重叠问题进行了讨论分析,提出了最佳测量角度选择方案,为实验测量提供参考。

引力波探测  /  超光滑光学元件  /  GBK标量散射模型  /  表面粗糙度  /  自相关长度

In space-based gravitational wave detection systems, ultra-long laser interferometry arms are established between three communication satellites to detect the gravitational wave, requiring the space telescopes to perform both laser transmission and reception functions. However, the extreme weakness of gravitational wave signals imposes stringent requirements on optical path stability and backward stray light suppression in these telescopes, that is, the backward stray light must be less than 10-10 of the output laser. The primary source of backward stray light from space telescopes arises from surface scattering. Even in ultra-smooth optical elements (roughness less than 1 nm), the surface scattering inevitably occurs during laser transmission, generating backward-scattered light that affects the gravitational wave detection. Therefore, precise characterization of ultra-smooth optical surfaces is critical for analyzing and suppressing telescope backward stray light levels. However, conventional non-contact measurement methods face significant challenges, including complex instrument structure, high experimental cost, and insufficient accuracy, making it difficult to achieve rapid and high-precision measurement of ultra-smooth optical surface. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop a surface quality assessment method for ultra-smooth optical elements to meet the extraordinary precision requirements of gravitational wave space telescopes.

For high-precision scattering measurement of ultra-smooth optical elements, Li B C's team proposed a method based on multi-channel cavity ring down technique. This method obtains the surface scattering rate by analyzing multi-channel ring-down signals, offering advantages including absolute measurement, immunity to laser source intensity fluctuation, and exceptional measurement accuracy. This work further combines the cavity ring-down-based scattering measurement technique with the Generalized Beckmann-Kirchhoff (GBK) scalar scattering model, to establish a method for estimating the surface parameters of ultra-smooth optical elements. In this method, the GBK scattering model is used to establish the scattering rate database of the optical elements, and the scattering rate of the ultra-smooth optical elements at different solid angles is measured based on the cavity ring down technique. Then, the scattering rate distribution measured by cavity ring down method is numerically fitted with the scattering rate database to obtain the surface parameters of the ultra-smooth optical elements, which provides a reference for the scattering characteristics analysis and stray light suppression of the ultra-smooth optical elements of space telescopes.

The scattering rate distribution of ultra-smooth optical element measured by the cavity ring down technique was simulated and calculated, with the measured data numerically fitted through our proposed surface parameter estimation approach. As shown in Figure 3, the fitting achieves remarkable precision with an error of 0.16% and a goodness of fit of 0.999 8. Further evaluation of the method's performance across different parameters demonstrates that within the applicable range of GBK theory, the method can achieve an error of below 4% (typically<0.5%), while the goodness of fit is greater than 0.96 (often>0.999). In addition, to address measurement errors induced by scattering overlap during bidirectional beam propagation in standing-wave cavity ring-down experiments, we analyzed key influencing factors. By integrating these findings with our predictive model, we quantified scattering overlap effects at various measurement angles and derived an optimized angular selection scheme to minimize interference.

This work proposes a novel method for estimating surface parameters of ultra-smooth optical elements by combining GBK scalar scattering theory with cavity ring-down scattering measurement techniques. The simulation analysis shows that, within the scope of application of GBK scalar theory, the relative error of this method is less than 4%, and the fitting degree is greater than 0.96, confirming its high accuracy for rapid and precise measurement of surface quality parameters. In addition, aiming at the error caused by the scattering overlap of the back and forth propagation of the beam in the scattering measurement experiment of the standing wave cavity ring down method, we propose a measurement angle selection scheme considering both the signal-to-noise ratio and the measurement accuracy, so as to reduce the influence of the scattering overlap of the forward and backward propagation on the scattering measurement and subsequent surface quality estimation.

Gravitational wave detection  /  Ultra-smooth optical components  /  GBK scalar scattering model  /  Surface roughness  /  Autocorrelation length
刘宝, 钟哲强, 张彬. 基于GBK理论的超光滑元件表面参数预估方法. 光子学报, 2026 , 55 (1) : 94 -104 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0112001
Bao LIU, Zheqiang ZHONG, Bin ZHANG. Surface Parameter Estimation Method for Ultra-smooth Components Based on Generalized Beckmann-Kirchhoff Theory[J]. Acta Photonica Sinica, 2026 , 55 (1) : 94 -104 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0112001
空间引力波探测系统能够探测到地基引力波观测天文台难以探测的0.1 mHz~1 Hz波段的引力波信号,是研究天体运动和宇宙起源的重要途径[1-2]。在空间引力波探测系统中,通过三颗通信卫星间建立超长激光干涉臂,以实现对引力波的探测,这要求星载望远镜具有收发一体功能[3-5]。然而,由于引力波信号十分微弱,对星载望远镜的光程稳定性及后向杂散光提出了极高要求,即后向杂散光须达到出射激光的10-10以下[4]。星载望远镜后向杂散光产生的主要原因是即使是采用超光滑光学元件(粗糙度小于1 nm),其表面散射也不可避免会导致望远镜在发射激光时产生后向散射,从而对探测的引力波信号产生干扰。
需要指出的是,在对星载望远镜进行后向杂散光分析以及抑制时,需要确定超光滑光学元件的表面特征参数,表面粗糙度作为其主要参数,其测量方法主要分为接触式测量和非接触式测量[6]。接触式测量存在损坏被测元件的风险,不适用于对元件表面粗糙度要求严格的超光滑光学元件测量。非接触式测量法通过声、光、电、磁等方式使得测量系统不直接与被测表面接触,不会引入额外的力,也不会对被测表面造成损伤或变形[7]。白光散射仪、4D粗糙度测量仪等非接触式测量法能够实现0.1 nm粗糙度的测量,但需要对元件表面进行扫描重构,测量过程复杂、仪器成本较高、不适用于大口径光学元件,且当元件表面反射率低或陡度较大时易丢失数据[8]。光学散射测量法通过测量光学元件的散射光强及其分布来计算表面粗糙度,相比于传统非接触式测量方法装置更为简单、成本更低。光学散射测量法主要包括角分辨散射(Angle Resolves Scattering,ARS)测量法和总积分散射(Total Integrated Scattering,TIS)测量法,分别以矢量散射理论和标量散射理论为基础[9-10]。相比于角分辨散射测量法,总积分散射测量法具有仪器结构简单、易于测量、测量精度高、不易受环境因素影响等优点,广泛应用于光学加工尤其是高精度光学加工的质量控制中[11]。1961年,BENNETT H E和PORTEUS J O[12]正式定义了总积分散射,给出了通过总积分散射计算表面均方根(Root Mean Square,RMS)粗糙度的方法,并研制了第一台总积分散射测量设备。1995年,RÖNNOW D等[13]实验对比了使用科伦布茨球的总积分散射仪与积分球所得到的透射率与反射率,提出了校正因子使总积分散射仪与积分球获得的透射率与反射率一致。1999年,WANG S H等[14]提出了一种利用散射光法测量表面粗糙度的技术,并发现在0.005 μm-0.1 μm粗糙度范围内,粗糙度与总积分散射光成线性关系,但不适用于超光滑光学表面。2002年,TAY C J等[15]设计一种只采用镜面反射光束的总积分散射法,适用于纳米级半导体晶片表面粗糙度测量。2009年,候海虹等[16]用自制总积分散射仪对不同条件下制备的多种光学薄膜进行散射特性分析,成功测得纳米级镀膜表面RMS粗糙度,但不适用于超光滑表面。2021年,IGARASHI Y等[17]采用广义哈维-沙克散射模型与K相关模型从散射光分布中获得表面粗糙度,但针对较光滑的表面其测量结果与接触式测量结果偏差较大。由此可见,现有的光学元件表面参数测量方法难以实现对超光滑光学表面的快速高精度测量,难以满足引力波星载望远镜超高精确度要求。针对这一问题,电子科技大学李斌成等[18]提出了一种利用两个通道测量的光腔衰荡信号获取待测光学元件的表面散射率的方法,该方法具有绝对测量、不受光源幅值波动影响、测量精度高等优点。
在本文中,我们基于所提出的GBK标量散射模型[19],结合基于多通道光腔衰荡技术测量光学元件表面散射率的方法,提出了一种超光滑元件表面参数预估方法,即利用GBK散射模型建立元件的散射率数据库,结合基于光腔衰荡法测量超光滑光学元件在不同立体角下的散射率,利用数值求解方法,最终拟合得到待测超光滑元件表面RMS粗糙度和自相关长度,从而为星载望远镜的超光滑光学元件散射特性分析和杂散光抑制提供参考。
GBK标量散射模型是本课题组在修正的贝克曼—基尔霍夫 (Modified Beckmann-Kirchhoff, MBK)模型的基础上,通过对比哈维—夏克(Harvey-Shark, HS)模型,提取元件表面统计参数—功率谱密度(Power Spectral Density, PSD)函数建立的,其双向反射分布函数(Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function, BRDF)表达式为[19]
fGBK(θi,ϕi;θs,ϕs)=KQexp(-grel)∑m=1∞grelmm!PSDm(fx,fy)|lc'=lc/m
K=0.10054σs2λ4
式中,θi和ϕi是球面坐标中的入射角和入射方位角,θs和ϕs是球面坐标中的散射角和散射方位角;σs是超光滑光学元件的表面粗糙度,λ是入射光波长;Q是一个无量纲参数,表示与偏振有关的表面反射率;m是收敛级数,m的取值随超光滑光学元件的表面粗糙度的增大而增大;PSDm是表面自相关长度lc'=lc/m时表面自相关函数的傅里叶变换,表面自相关长度lc是自相关函数在高度为1/e时的半宽度;fx、fy是x方向和y方向上的空间频率,表示为
fx=sinθscosϕs-sinθiλ,fy=sinθssinϕsλ
grel可以表示为
grel=4π2(n1cosθi+n2cosθs)2σrel2
式中,n1是入射介质折射率,n2是出射介质折射率;σrel定义为相应的相关表面粗糙度,可表示为
σrel(λ,θi)=∫-1/λ+f01/λ+f0∫-1/λ2-(fx-f0)21/λ2-(fx-f0)2PSD(fx,fy)dfxdfy
式中,f0是截止频率。
相比于MBK模型,GBK模型不再依赖于特定的表面统计分布函数类型,适用于包括高斯分布、柯西-洛伦兹分布和分形分布的表面[20],可快速计算超光滑光学元件的表面散射特性。
根据GBK理论,可计算超光滑光学元件表面的角分辨散射分布及在一定立体角范围内的散射率
S=∫ΩARSdΩ=∫ΩfGBK·cosθsdΩ
式中,ARS为元件角分辨散射,Ω为散射率测量的立体角范围。
多通道光腔衰荡法散射测量实验原理如图1所示[18]。激光通过平面反射镜R3进入谐振腔,经腔镜R1反射后,再由平面反射镜R3、开有小孔的离轴抛物面镜、待测高反射镜R4和腔镜R2在腔内形成谐振。腔内光强达到峰值后关断激光,通道一收集待测高反射镜表面反射光经腔镜R1的透射光,通道二则收集待测高反射镜表面的散射光。
如图1所示,通过在两抛物面镜间加可调光阑,可以收集不同立体角下的散射光,进而通过两个通道探测器幅值比得到待测高反射镜在一定收集立体角下的散射率。用R4表示待测高反射镜的反射率,I0表示初次透射出衰荡腔的光强,则经过n次往返传播,通道一探测到的光强为
I1=I0T1exptcLln(R3R4R1R2)
式中,L是腔长,t=2nL/c,是光束在腔内往返n次的时间,T1为腔镜R1的剩余透过率,R1、R2、R3分别为腔镜R1、腔镜R2和平面反射镜R3的反射率。当I1衰减到I0的1/e时的时间,即衰荡时间τ,由τ可求得样品反射率。通道二探测到的光强可以表示为
I2=I0S exptcLln(R3R4R1R2)
式中,S即为一定范围立体角对应的散射率。于是,实验测量元件散射率可表示为
S=M×T1×A2A1
式中,M是两通道光电探测器的校准因子,可以通过标定得到;A1、A2分别为两通道探测得到的光强I1、I2的幅值。
结合GBK标量散射模型与光腔衰荡法测量光学元件的散射率,超光滑光学元件的表面质量预估方法的流程如图2所示。
如图2所示,首先确定表面参数及其取值范围,根据精度要求选择合适的采样间隔,进而根据GBK理论模型,利用式(5)理论计算不同立体角范围内的散射率,从而建立散射率数据库。然后,在多通道光反馈光腔衰荡法散射测量实验中,通过改变可变光阑的通光孔径,测量不同立体角情形下的散射率,得到随立体角变化的一系列散射率。最后,对实验数据进行数值拟合,计算该参数下理论散射率分布与实验结果误差情况,根据评判标准选择最优解。
首先,选择参数及其取值范围,对于超光滑光学元件,其常见加工方式如化学机械抛光、离子束抛光、磁流变抛光、气囊抛光等使其表面PSD往往呈现高斯分布。以表面PSD统计分布符合高斯分布的超光滑光学元件为例进行分析,其主要参数为粗糙度和自相关长度。对于星载望远镜中所采用的超光滑光学元件,其表面粗糙度小于1 nm,在本文中,以RR矢量散射模型为参考,以拟合度为评价标准,得到的GBK标量散射模型与RR模型高度契合的粗糙度范围为0.1 nm~8 nm。但值得指出的是,还可以通过修改GBK模型中K参数的拟合形式(见式(2)),进一步增大GBK模型粗糙度适用范围,故取粗糙度范围为0.1 nm~1 nm;自相关长度一般取1 μm~100 μm[21]。根据上述参数取值范围,通过GBK标量散射模型理论计算不同立体角情形下的散射分布,建立散射率数据库。本文采用拟合度R2作为评判标准,其计算公式为
R2=SSRSST=1-SSESST=1-∑(Yi-Y̑)2∑(Yi-Y¯)2
式中,SSR为回归平方和,SST为总离差平方和,SSE为残差平方和;Yi为数据库散射率,Y̑为实验数据散射率,Y¯为数据库散射率的平均值。
在预测过程中,利用多通道光腔衰荡法实验测量得到一系列立体角情形下的散射率分布,将其与散射率数据库进行数值拟合,并计算拟合度。若拟合度越接近1,则拟合效果越好,从而得到最优解所对应的粗糙度和自相关长度值。
假设高反元件反射率0.999 96,粗糙度0.5 nm,自相关长度3 μm,工作角度为30°,针对图1所示的多通道折叠腔,考虑探测器噪声和激光器噪声导致的随机强度起伏对衰荡信号的影响,以5倍衰荡时间后采样曲线的标准差N作为噪声,平均值B作为偏置,将信噪比定义为衰荡信号的幅值A减去偏置B后与N的比值[22]。通过对衰荡信号加上随机高斯白噪声模拟实际噪声影响,计算模拟得到高反元件的散射结果,并进行拟合,多次计算取平均值得到如图3所示的仿真及拟合结果。
图3(a)所示为仿真得到的光腔衰荡法三通道探测的信号及其对应的单指数拟合曲线,除了经腔镜R1透射信号和经离轴抛物面镜的散射信号外,同时还计算了经待测高反镜的透射信号,可以用于计算高反镜的剩余透过率及验证其他两个通道信号的正确性。图3(b)所示为对三通道信号进行归一化后的对数坐标图,可以看到三个通道的衰荡时间是相同的,这与光腔衰荡理论相符。图3(c)所示为拟合结果与仿真结果及理论结果差异,图中理论结果为不考虑噪声情况下光腔衰荡法散射测量得到的散射率分布,仿真结果则是加入噪声影响的散射率分布,拟合结果是根据仿真结果拟合出待测高反射镜表面参数后,通过理论计算得到的散射分布。可以看出,拟合结果与仿真结果高度重合,其与理论结果的差异主要源于光腔衰荡法仿真中考虑噪声影响带来的误差。进一步分析可得,拟合得到的拟合度为0.999 8,均方误差2.34×10-9,与仿真结果相对误差0.16%,从而得到元件的参数为:粗糙度0.49 nm,自相关长度2.99 μm。文献[22]讨论了实际实验测量中主要误差来源,包括探测器噪声和激光器噪声导致的随机强度起伏,以及腔镜失调、模式失配等导致的耦合效率下降,文献[22]中对实验灵敏度进行了详细讨论,并指出实际散射率测量灵敏度能够达到10-12。在此基础上,通过进一步减小数据库建立时参数的采样精度,计算得到本文提出的预测方法能够达到的拟合精度为粗糙度0.01 nm、自相关长度0.03 μm。
为了验证方法的适用性,仿真计算了不同参数条件下拟合计算的拟合度和相对误差,典型结果如图4所示。
从图4(a)可以看到,在GBK理论适用的粗糙度范围内,该方法能够达到相对误差在4%以内,且多数情况下误差在0.5%以内。分析图4(b)可知,在GBK理论适用的粗糙度范围内,该方法能够达到拟合度大于0.96,且多数情况下拟合度大于0.999。文献[19]中通过与RR矢量散射模型对比,证明了GBK标量散射理论不依赖于特定的表面统计分布函数类型,适用于包括高斯分布、柯西-洛伦兹分布和分形分布在内的元件表面。并且,基于光腔衰荡法的散射测量方法只需测量一定立体角范围内元件表面的散射率,不受元件表面特异性影响。对于大口径元件,可通过合理选择腔长、腔镜尺寸、衰荡腔结构等,搭建对应的衰荡腔,实现对大口径元件的散射测量。因此,本文提出的方法具有较好的元件适用性,能够适用于具有陡度高、面型变化剧烈等表面特异性的元件及大口径元件。由此可见,本文提出的超光滑光学元件表面参数预测方法在GBK理论适用范围内具有较好的适用性和有效性。
对于图1所示光腔衰荡法散射测量实验,由于采用驻波腔结构,光束在腔内往返传播,通道二实际测得的散射光包含正向传播散射光和反向传播散射光两部分。以入射面法线为0°建立坐标系,以θi角度入射时,在散射角θs处测量的散射率可表示为
S=∫ΩARSdΩ=∫Ω[ARS(θi,θs)+ARS(-θi,θs)]dΩ
式中,ARS(θi,θs)和ARS(-θi,θs)分别表示正向传播光束和反向传播光束造成的元件角分辨散射分布。
需要指出的是,由于式(11)是一个积分,如果正、反向传播的角分辨散射在测量角度的立体角范围内产生重叠,很难对测量结果进行正、反向传播量的拆分,从而带来较大的误差,影响表面质量预估精确度。正、反向传播的辨散射重叠程度主要受到元件表面自相关长度和测量角度影响。图5展示了不同自相关长度下正、反向传播散射的重叠情况,其中,入射角度为-15°,测量角度为15°。
图5(a)所示为仿真得到的自相关长度较小时驻波腔内超光滑光学元件的ARS分布,可以看出,正、反向传播的ARS分布范围较宽,导致重叠部分较大,总ARS呈现出叠加后的单峰形式。此情形下,仿真得到光腔衰荡法测得的散射分布如图5(b)所示,总散射与正向传播散射会有偏差,为后续表面质量预估带来误差。
图5(c)为自相关长度较大时元件的ARS分布,此时,正反向传播的ARS分布集中在镜面反射附近,几乎没有重叠部分,总ARS呈现出正、反向传播的双峰特征。测量得到散射率如图5(d)所示,由于没有重叠,测得的散射率即为正向传播散射率。因此,当元件表面自相关长度较小时,易出现正、反向散射重叠,为后续表面质量预估带来误差。为此,我们主要考虑在小自相关长度下,如何通过合理的散射测量角度选择来减小重叠带来的误差。图(6)给出了自相关长度为1 μm时,不同入射角度和测量角度情形下的散射重叠情况。
图6(a)为小角度入射时驻波腔内超光滑光学元件的ARS分布,正、反向传播的镜面反射角度接近,且自相关长度较小,使得正反向传播ARS分布出现较大范围重叠,从而使得在镜面反射角处测得的散射率如图6(b)所示,总散射与正向传播散射误差较大。图6(c)所示为增大测量角度测得散射率,可以看出,正、反向传播散射重叠较小,测得的总散射近似等同于正向传播散射,但由于测量角度不在ARS峰值附近,测量得到的散射率幅值大幅减小,对散射率的精确测量造成影响。
对于图6(d)、(e)、(f)所示大角度入射情况,即使自相关长度较小,正、反向传播散射重叠较少,可以认为测得的总散射即为正向传播散射率。结合图5、图6可以发现,正、反向传播散射重叠影响较大主要是在小入射角、小自相关长度情形,该情形下可通过增大测量角度减小重叠误差,但是会使得测量的散射峰值变小,信噪比下降。为此,我们进一步对测量角度与信噪比进行分析,提供最优测量角度选择方案。
假设待测高反元件反射率为0.999 96,粗糙度0.5 nm,自相关长度1 μm,结合信噪比随测量角度变化趋势,分别仿真计算了不同入射角度条件下元件在不同测量角度下的散射率分布,并用本文方法对结果进行数值拟合,预估对应的表面参数并计算误差。图7显示了正向传播散射占比、预估误差和拟合度随测量角度的变化。
如图7(a)所示,入射角度小于15°情形下,在其镜面反射处测量得到散射率的正向散射占比较小,后续拟合的误差相对较大,因而需要增大测量角度来减小误差。然而,当入射角度大于15°时,在不同角度测得散射率的正向传播散射占比均超过95%,可以近似忽略正、反向散射重叠的影响。图7(b)所示为预估结果与理论结果的相对误差随测量角度的变化曲线。可以看出,当入射角度小于15°时,在15°测量能够得到最小误差;而当入射角度大于15°时,在镜面反射角处测量即可得到最小误差。图7(c)所示为预估拟合度随测量角度的变化曲线,可以看出,不同测量条件下的拟合度始终大于0.999,说明本文提出的方法适用性较好,预估结果与理论结果误差主要来源于正、反向传播散射重叠和增大测量角度带来的信噪比降低。
综上所述,对于入射角度小于15°的超光滑光学元件,由于正、反向散射重叠的影响,在镜面反射处测量误差较大,而增大测量角度散射率幅值会降低,信噪比下降,因而在15°测量能够兼顾测量精度和散射幅值,得到相对较小的预估误差;对于入射角度大于15°的元件,在其镜面反射角处正向传播散射占比已经较高,因而在镜面反射角处测量即可得到兼顾测量精度和散射幅值的结果。
针对现有超光滑光学元件表面质量预估方法复杂且精度不足的问题,提出了基于GBK标量散射理论与光腔衰荡法散射测量的超光滑光学元件表面参数预估方法。该方法通过GBK标量散射模型建立数据库,结合光腔衰荡散射测量实验对超光滑光学元件在一定立体角范围内的散射率进行测量,进而通过对测量数据进行数值拟合,得到超光滑光学元件表面质量参数。仿真分析表明,该方法在GBK标量理论适用范围内能够达到相对误差小于4%,拟合度大于0.96,预测超光滑光学元件表面参数精度较高,能够对超光滑光学元件表面质量参数的快速准确预测提供参考。此外,针对驻波腔光腔衰荡法散射测量实验中正、反向传播散射重叠引起的误差问题,我们提出了兼顾信噪比和测量精度的测量角度选择方案,以减小正、反向传播散射重叠对散射测量及后续表面质量预估的影响。

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doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0112001
  • 接收时间:2025-06-19
  • 首发时间:2026-10-10
  • 出版时间:2026-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-19
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    1四川大学 电子信息学院,成都 610065

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