Article(id=1315743780171526362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3788/gzxb20265501.0106007, pmid=null, cstr=32255.14.gzxb20265501.0106007, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753804800000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1763049600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-14, onlineDate=1791627362529, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1769270400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791627362529, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791627362529, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791627362529, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315743733992243595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, year='2026', volume='55', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769270400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791627351520, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791627555456, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315744589420540350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315744589420540351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=84, endPage=93, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315743780381241563, articleId=1315743780171526362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=EN, title=Infrastructure-assisted Secure Vehicle-to-vehicle Visible Light Communications, columnId=1315741724413113295, journalTitle=Acta Photonica Sinica, columnName=Fiber Optics and Optical Communications, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Vehicle-to-Vehicle Visible Light Communication (V2V-VLC) offers significant advantages in intelligent transportation systems, such as leveraging existing vehicular lighting, spectrum license exemption, low latency, and resistance to multipath interference. By transmitting critical information like vehicle position and driving instructions via LED light sources, V2V-VLC facilitates collaborative decision-making among vehicles. However, the open nature of optical transmissions exposes V2V-VLC to interception risks, leading to privacy breaches and traffic hazards. Current security measures primarily rely on higher-layer encryption and authentication, which fail to address vulnerabilities caused by physical-layer signal exposure. Physical Layer Security (PLS) complements existing methods by providing transparent protection across multiple data types. Yet, PLS research in VLC has been predominantly limited to static indoor environments, which are unsuitable for dynamic road scenarios characterized by high-speed mobility, variable topologies, and wide-beam light coverage. Particularly at intersections, extensive signal exposure and unpredictable eavesdropper locations exacerbate security risks.
This study proposes an Artificial Noise (AN) interference mechanism based on traffic infrastructure collaboration to minimize eavesdroppers' Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR) under worst-case conditions, thereby enhancing V2V-VLC security. To improve the physical-layer security of V2V-VLC in dynamic road environments, a collaborative AN jamming scheme coordinated by traffic infrastructure was introduced. As illustrated in Fig. 2, the source vehicle (S) transmits confidential data to the target vehicle (D) via LED headlights, while the traffic signal (J) concurrently emits controlled artificial noise. The jamming signals are optimized to avoid interference with legitimate vehicles while disrupting eavesdroppers' reception. An optimization problem is formulated to minimize the worst-case SINR of eavesdroppers while maintaining the quality of legitimate communication. The concave-convex procedure (CCP) is employed to derive the optimal solution, ensuring effective suppression of eavesdropper signals and improving the system's secrecy rate without degrading communication performance. Simulations validate the proposed scheme's effectiveness in enhancing V2V-VLC security. Vehicle parameters are configured as follows: the source vehicle's LED headlights are mounted 0.8 m above the ground and spaced 1.6 m apart, while the receiver's photodetector (PD) is installed on the target vehicle's rear bumper, 0.8 m above the ground, with a field of view (FOV) of 60°. Detailed parameters are listed in Table 2. Results indicate that eavesdroppers' SINR is highest near the source vehicle's LED and decreases with distance due to path loss (Fig. 3). Localized SINR peaks occur near traffic signals due to the directional characteristics of their LEDs. The maximum SINR of eavesdroppers reaches-7.07 dB, 8.77 dB lower than the reference scheme (Table 3). Compared to traditional spatial jamming methods, the proposed scheme achieves superior SINR suppression across all regions. For near-field eavesdroppers, SINR is reduced by 11.25 dB and 10.61 dB in Scenarios 1 and 2, respectively. For far-field eavesdroppers, reductions of 17.12 dB and 17.41 dB are observed (Fig. 4). Furthermore, the system's average secrecy capacity improves by 0.68 bits/s/Hz (Fig. 5). These findings confirm that minimizing the worst-case SINR effectively disrupts eavesdropper reception while preserving legitimate communication quality.
In summary, this study addresses physical-layer security challenges in V2V-VLC systems under dynamic road conditions. An infrastructure-assisted AN interference scheme is proposed to mitigate interception risks, particularly in high-risk areas like intersections. By optimizing interference generation from both source vehicles and traffic signals, the scheme achieves multidimensional suppression of eavesdropper signals while maintaining legitimate communication quality. Simulations show that the proposed method suppresses eavesdroppers' worst-case SINR to-7.07 dB, 8.77 dB lower than traditional spatial jamming methods, with maximum SINR reductions of 11.25 dB and 17.41 dB for near-field and far-field eavesdroppers, respectively. The scheme also improves system secrecy capacity by 0.68 bits/s/Hz.
Compared to conventional methods, this approach offers superior physical-layer security for V2V-VLC systems in complex and dynamic road environments. Key innovations include: 1) Addressing security challenges in V2V-VLC systems with unknown and randomly distributed eavesdroppers at intersections. 2) Proposing a joint jamming scheme utilizing traffic infrastructure as a cooperative interference source, extending the spatial dimension of security. 3) Formulating and solving an optimization problem to minimize the worst-case SINR of eavesdroppers without interfering with legitimate users. This study provides theoretical and technical solutions for enhancing V2V-VLC security, laying a foundation for future research.
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针对开放道路场景下车车可见光通信系统面临的物理层安全挑战,提出一种基于交通基础设施协同的新型人工噪声辅助传输方案。该方案聚焦于交叉路口等复杂交通场景中窃听者随机分布所引发的安全威胁,利用道路基础设施如信号灯作为可信干扰节点,构建源车辆与基础设施协同的干扰信号生成机制。通过约束优化设计,人工噪声在合法目标车辆接收端实现干扰抵消,从而在保障合法通信链路质量的前提下,最大化抑制潜在窃听者的信号接收性能。鉴于窃听者位置具有随机性与不可预知性,采用窃听区域离散化建模方法,结合凹凸过程算法,构建以最小化最坏情况下窃听者信干噪比为目标的优化模型。仿真结果表明,相较于传统空间干扰方案,所提方案可显著降低窃听者的信干噪比,提升系统的保密通信速率,有效增强车车可见光通信系统的物理层安全性能。
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1上海大学 通信与信息工程学院 上海大学特种光纤与光接入网重点实验室,特种光纤与先进通信国际合作 联合实验室, 上海 200444, bio={"content":"
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1上海大学 通信与信息工程学院 上海大学特种光纤与光接入网重点实验室,特种光纤与先进通信国际合作 联合实验室, 上海 200444)])]), Author(id=1315743783975760117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743780171526362, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1315743784084812023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743780171526362, authorId=1315743783975760117, language=EN, stringName=Guoxin ZHENG, firstName=Guoxin, middleName=null, lastName=ZHENG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=
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2021: 1-6., articleTitle=On secrecy sum-rate of artificial-noise-aided multi-user visible light communication systems, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1315743783405334759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743780171526362, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315743783413723368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743780171526362, companyId=1315743783405334759, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, Joint International Research Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Advanced Communication, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315743783422111977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743780171526362, companyId=1315743783405334759, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1上海大学 通信与信息工程学院 上海大学特种光纤与光接入网重点实验室,特种光纤与先进通信国际合作 联合实验室, 上海 200444)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1315743785527652616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743780171526362, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
V2V-VLC system model, figureFileSmall=5K1Kn6f2i32LeLi5sIzyyw==, figureFileBig=10DEMnUIvQ0IthrYhfH6hg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743785619927305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743780171526362, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
V2V-VLC系统模型, figureFileSmall=5K1Kn6f2i32LeLi5sIzyyw==, figureFileBig=10DEMnUIvQ0IthrYhfH6hg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743785791893770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743780171526362, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Infrastructure-based AN jamming scheme, figureFileSmall=DUrgUsZl/mN3E406GULqcQ==, figureFileBig=3rIo8pi+8LNVmxCM5ooJAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743787427672331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743780171526362, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
基于基础设施的AN干扰方案, figureFileSmall=DUrgUsZl/mN3E406GULqcQ==, figureFileBig=3rIo8pi+8LNVmxCM5ooJAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743787515752716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743780171526362, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Eavesdropper's SINR. (a) LED1 transmitting confidential signal; (b) LED2 transmitting confidential signal, figureFileSmall=+Dn0xKEj9Mjx0FJZ+In9QA==, figureFileBig=S+OvI1o00b+ThI10k3YR0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743787587055885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743780171526362, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
窃听者的信干噪比。(a) LED1所属机密信号;(b) LED2所属机密信号, figureFileSmall=+Dn0xKEj9Mjx0FJZ+In9QA==, figureFileBig=S+OvI1o00b+ThI10k3YR0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743787654164750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743780171526362, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Eavesdropper's SINR under different schemes. (a) LED1 transmitting confidential signal; (b) LED2 transmitting confidential signal, figureFileSmall=/3qZcmybkql4a/MIBYxfog==, figureFileBig=ee0rlxKLZTEW5LR8hLuwzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743787729662223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743780171526362, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
不同方案下窃听者的信干噪比。(a) LED1所属机密信号;(b) LED2所属机密信号, figureFileSmall=/3qZcmybkql4a/MIBYxfog==, figureFileBig=ee0rlxKLZTEW5LR8hLuwzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743787796771088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743780171526362, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
System secrecy sum-rate under different schemes. (a) Spatial jamming; (b) Proposed scheme, figureFileSmall=MPxueah2N2B5/R/jgy9KBA==, figureFileBig=OWfZAxinDQwlCgChzlMwVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743787876462865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743780171526362, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
不同方案下系统的保密速率总和。(a) 空间干扰方案; (b) 所提方案, figureFileSmall=MPxueah2N2B5/R/jgy9KBA==, figureFileBig=OWfZAxinDQwlCgChzlMwVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743787951960338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743780171526362, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Concave-convex procedure algorithm
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| The CCP algorithm for solving Eq. (13) |
|---|
Input: Initial feasible points vS,0; index i=0; convergence accuracy 1: Set: Constraints on AN generator vS, vJ; objective function in (13) 2: Generate confidential signal u and artificial noise S 3: Calculate: The channel gain in the LoS path 4: Repeat: 5: Convexify form
The concave function part is linearized at current point vS,i via 1st-order Taylor expansion, and the original function is approximated by its linear upper bound. 6: Solve the convex problem in Eq. (13) Set the value of vS,i+1 to the solution of the convex problem 7: Update iteration i=i+1 8: Until convergence |
| 9: Output the optimum value of the objection function |
), ArticleFig(id=1315743788044235027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743780171526362, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
凹凸过程算法
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| The CCP algorithm for solving Eq. (13) |
|---|
Input: Initial feasible points vS,0; index i=0; convergence accuracy 1: Set: Constraints on AN generator vS, vJ; objective function in (13) 2: Generate confidential signal u and artificial noise S 3: Calculate: The channel gain in the LoS path 4: Repeat: 5: Convexify form
The concave function part is linearized at current point vS,i via 1st-order Taylor expansion, and the original function is approximated by its linear upper bound. 6: Solve the convex problem in Eq. (13) Set the value of vS,i+1 to the solution of the convex problem 7: Update iteration i=i+1 8: Until convergence |
| 9: Output the optimum value of the objection function |
), ArticleFig(id=1315743788136509716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743780171526362, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
System parameters
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Parameters | Value |
|---|
| Number of LEDs of the source vehicle NS | 2 |
| Number of LEDs for traffic lights NJ | 3 |
| Number of PDs of the target vehicle K | 2 |
| Half power Angle of LED θ1/2/(°) | 60 |
| Dynamic range of LED [Imin, Imax]/A | [1, 5] |
| Active area of PD APD/cm2 | 1 |
| Conversion factor of LED /(W·A-1) | 0.4 |
| Responsivity of PD /(A·W-1) | 0.54 |
| Gain of optical filter | 1 |
| Refractive index of lens | 1.5 |
| Average noise power σN2/dBm | -95 |
| Variance of signal σU2 | 1/3 |
| Optical power coefficient | 0.5 |
), ArticleFig(id=1315743788216201493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743780171526362, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
系统参数
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Parameters | Value |
|---|
| Number of LEDs of the source vehicle NS | 2 |
| Number of LEDs for traffic lights NJ | 3 |
| Number of PDs of the target vehicle K | 2 |
| Half power Angle of LED θ1/2/(°) | 60 |
| Dynamic range of LED [Imin, Imax]/A | [1, 5] |
| Active area of PD APD/cm2 | 1 |
| Conversion factor of LED /(W·A-1) | 0.4 |
| Responsivity of PD /(A·W-1) | 0.54 |
| Gain of optical filter | 1 |
| Refractive index of lens | 1.5 |
| Average noise power σN2/dBm | -95 |
| Variance of signal σU2 | 1/3 |
| Optical power coefficient | 0.5 |
), ArticleFig(id=1315743788291698966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743780171526362, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Eavesdropper's SINR under different schemes
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Scheme | Average/dB | Maximum/dB | Minimum/dB |
|---|
| Spatial jamming [17] | -0.81 | 1.70 | -7.71 |
| Proposed | -16.50 | -7.07 | -32.05 |
), ArticleFig(id=1315743788354613527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743780171526362, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
不同方案下窃听者的信干噪比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Scheme | Average/dB | Maximum/dB | Minimum/dB |
|---|
| Spatial jamming [17] | -0.81 | 1.70 | -7.71 |
| Proposed | -16.50 | -7.07 | -32.05 |
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