Article(id=1315743734482977163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3788/gzxb20265501.0106005, pmid=null, cstr=32255.14.gzxb20265501.0106005, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751904000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1756224000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-27, onlineDate=1791627351636, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1769270400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791627351636, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791627351636, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791627351636, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315743733992243595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, year='2026', volume='55', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769270400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791627351520, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791627555456, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315744589420540350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315744589420540351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=56, endPage=70, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315743734671720844, articleId=1315743734482977163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=EN, title=Preparation and Characterization of Hydrogel Optical Fiber for Dual Parametric Sensing of Calcium Ions and Dissolved Oxygen, columnId=1315741724413113295, journalTitle=Acta Photonica Sinica, columnName=Fiber Optics and Optical Communications, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Calcium ions and dissolved oxygen are critical physiological indicators: Calcium ions regulate nerve conduction, muscle contraction, and cardiac function, while dissolved oxygen reflects tissue oxygenation status via blood oxygen partial pressure. Both parameters are implicated in diverse physiological and pathological processes, including respiratory, cardiovascular, and renal disorders.While traditional electrochemical methods can simultaneously detect calcium ions and dissolved oxygen, they have limitations such as the need for blood sampling, high maintenance requirements for electrodes, and long detection cycles. Existing multi-parameter sensing technologies based on fiber optics still have shortcomings in terms of stability and biocompatibility, limiting their application in long-term in vivo monitoring. In contrast, hydrogels, as a novel sensing material, offer the potential for monitoring physiological parameters within the body due to their excellent biocompatibility. Changes in calcium metabolism and oxygenation status interact in many physiological and pathological processes. Therefore, developing a technology capable of simultaneously detecting calcium ions and dissolved oxygen concentrations is crucial for comprehensively understanding an organism's physiological state and disease progression.

In response to the above problems, a hydrogel-based dual-parameter fibre-optic fluorescence sensing probe was proposed in this paper based on the principles of fluorescence enhancement and fluorescence quenching. The probe aims to provide an innovative clinical tool for early disease diagnosis, condition monitoring, and treatment evaluation. The probe was made of 80% w/v and 40% w/v polyethylene glycol diacrylate as core and cladding materials, respectively, and the core was doped with calcein and dichlorotris (1,10-phenanthroline) ruthenium (Ⅱ), which acted as fluorescent indicators for calcium ions and dissolved oxygen, respectively. The preparation process of the dual-parameter sensing probe was optimized, and the sensitivity and accuracy of the probe for the dual-parameter detection were optimal when the concentration of calcein was 0.05 mg/ml, the concentration of dichlorotris (1,10-phenanthroline) ruthenium (Ⅱ) was 2.5 mg/ml, and the pre-soaking time of the probe was 4 h. The double peaks of the probe were obvious in the extreme concentration of the dual-parameter detection.

The sensing performance of the probe was investigated experimentally and the results showed that in the range of 0~2 mmol/L for calcium ions, the sensitivity of the system was 0.340 2 (mmol/L)-1 with an R2 of 0.997 8, and the lower limit of detection reached 0.095 mmol/L with a response time of 11 min. In the range of 0~41.6 mg/L for dissolved oxygen, the sensitivity of the system reached 0.020 03 (mg/L)-1 with an R2 of 0.996 82, and the lower limit of detection was 0.44 mg/L, with a response time of 12 min. The stability of this sensing probe was 99.31% and 99.4%, respectively, over a period of 3 days. The reproducibility of the probe reached 98.47% and 99.48%, respectively, after five sets of replicated experiments. Within the physiological temperature range, the probe has reliable detection performance. Compared with other substances in the blood, the probe has high selectivity for calcium ions and dissolved oxygen.

The probe takes advantage of the good biocompatibility and flexibility of hydrogel to overcome the rigidity limitations of traditional fiber optic materials and is more suitable for long-term monitoring in vivo. At the same time, the probe can also realize electromagnetic radiation-free detection, featuring a simple preparation process, low cost and high integration. By simultaneously detecting calcium ions and dissolved oxygen concentration, the probe can provide more comprehensive physiological data, overcoming the shortcomings of single-parameter detection. Based on this, the prepared dual parametric hydrogel fiber-optic probe for calcium ions and dissolved oxygen has the advantages of implantability, high sensitivity, and real-time online monitoring, which provides an innovative solution for biomedical detection. Especially in clinical scenarios, it is valuable for early prevention and real-time monitoring of diseases, accurate diagnostic decision-making, treatment planning and efficacy assessment, and other key aspects.

, authors=Zhenglan BIAN, Shumin PENG, Fenghong CHU, Anduo HU, Siwen CAI, Jiaxiang ZHANG, authorsList=Zhenglan BIAN, Shumin PENG, Fenghong CHU, Anduo HU, Siwen CAI, Jiaxiang ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Anduo HU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315743739314815407, articleId=1315743734482977163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=CN, title=钙离子和溶解氧双参量传感水凝胶光纤制备及特性研究, columnId=1315741724673160145, journalTitle=光子学报, columnName=光纤光学与光通信, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

开发了一种基于水凝胶光纤的双参量传感探针,用于同步检测钙离子和溶解氧浓度,在疾病早期诊断、病情监测与治疗方案评估方面具有临床应用潜力。该探针以80% w/v和40% w/v的聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯分别为纤芯和包层材料,纤芯中掺杂了钙黄绿素和二氯三(1,10-菲罗啉)钌(Ⅱ),分别作为钙离子和溶解氧的荧光指示剂。实验结果表明,在钙离子0~2 mmol/L的范围内,系统灵敏度为0.340 2 (mmol/L)-1,拟合系数为0.997 8,检测下限达到0.095 mmol/L,响应时间为11 min;在溶解氧0~41.6 mg/L的范围内,系统灵敏度达到0.020 03 (mg/L)-1,拟合系数为0.996 82,检测下限为0.44 mg/L,响应时间为12 min。该传感探针对于钙离子和溶解氧传感的稳定性分别为99.31%和99.4%,重复性分别达到98.47%和99.48%,对钙离子和溶解氧有较高的选择性,具有可植入、高灵敏度、实时在线监测等优势,可为生物医学检测提供创新解决方案。

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Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2019, 58(19): 7761-7768., articleTitle=POSS: a morphology-tuning strategy to improve the sensitivity and responsiveness of dissolved oxygen sensor, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1315743739620999600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743734482977163, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315743739629388209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743734482977163, companyId=1315743739620999600, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 201306, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315743739637776818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743734482977163, companyId=1315743739620999600, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1上海电力大学 电子与信息工程学院,上海 201306)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1315743744368951775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743734482977163, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=The preparation process of hydrogel optical fiber, figureFileSmall=yT11EW3JaFC066Q75+jZ3Q==, figureFileBig=J0ZPH0OPR+x43ejKR0RfUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743744444449248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743734482977163, language=CN, label=图1, caption=水凝胶光纤制备流程, figureFileSmall=yT11EW3JaFC066Q75+jZ3Q==, figureFileBig=J0ZPH0OPR+x43ejKR0RfUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743744608027105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743734482977163, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Dual parametric sensing system based on hydrogel optical fiber, figureFileSmall=8UEwALAOZHADA73i9j635g==, figureFileBig=gNP5904JRazNx8x6m1HrgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743744670941666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743734482977163, language=CN, label=图2, caption=基于水凝胶光纤的双参量传感系统, figureFileSmall=8UEwALAOZHADA73i9j635g==, figureFileBig=gNP5904JRazNx8x6m1HrgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743744733856227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743734482977163, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Optimal concentration of fluorescent indicator for Ca2+ sensing. (a) Fluorescence spectrum diagram; (b) Relationship between calcein concentration and Ca²⁺ sensing sensitivity, figureFileSmall=feokExDdjvoU1pNY0zkG6A==, figureFileBig=BfZJjB30bMj+86zDT3pudQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743744838713828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743734482977163, language=CN, label=图3, caption=钙离子传感荧光指示剂最佳浓度。(a)荧光光谱图; (b)钙黄绿素浓度与钙离子传感灵敏度的关系, figureFileSmall=feokExDdjvoU1pNY0zkG6A==, figureFileBig=BfZJjB30bMj+86zDT3pudQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743744905822693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743734482977163, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Optimal concentration of fluorescent indicator for dissolved oxygen (DO) sensing. (a) Fluorescence spectrum diagram; (b) Relationship between dichlorotris (1,10-phenanthroline) ruthenium (Ⅱ) hydrate concentration and DO sensing sensitivity, figureFileSmall=FrdzwQSbvboAzFBxXfsmYg==, figureFileBig=URvmInCBTaeOIsTeBMTkUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743744972931558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743734482977163, language=CN, label=图4, caption=溶解氧传感荧光指示剂最佳浓度。(a)荧光光谱图; (b)二氯三(1,10-菲罗啉)钌(Ⅱ)浓度与溶解氧传感灵敏度的关系, figureFileSmall=FrdzwQSbvboAzFBxXfsmYg==, figureFileBig=URvmInCBTaeOIsTeBMTkUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743745052623335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743734482977163, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Changes in fluorescence intensity during hydrogel swelling, figureFileSmall=Yq48EilYQABmOBpjIEgYJw==, figureFileBig=+R1M+VdiKdr9KohYSL+2nw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743745216201192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743734482977163, language=CN, label=图5, caption=水凝胶溶胀过程中荧光强度的变化, figureFileSmall=Yq48EilYQABmOBpjIEgYJw==, figureFileBig=+R1M+VdiKdr9KohYSL+2nw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743745291698665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743734482977163, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Emission spectral compatibility of Ca2+ and DO sensing, figureFileSmall=ih2dT2Ao64YY7VsDzJqceA==, figureFileBig=V7d4TJ5+9Eus8vke4Sf6jQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743745371390442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743734482977163, language=CN, label=图6, caption=钙离子和溶解氧传感发射光谱兼容性, figureFileSmall=ih2dT2Ao64YY7VsDzJqceA==, figureFileBig=V7d4TJ5+9Eus8vke4Sf6jQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743745451082219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743734482977163, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Sensitivity of Ca2+ sensing in 0~4 mmol/L range. (a) Fluorescence spectrum diagram; (b) The relationship between Ca2+ concentration and I/I0, figureFileSmall=Pzpoo8XaRZ0pKFdmSuO9DA==, figureFileBig=BWzpl7EaiLJrmFd8o2/S1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743745518191084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743734482977163, language=CN, label=图7, caption=0~4 mmol/L区间钙离子传感灵敏度特性。(a)荧光光谱图; (b)钙离子浓度与I/I0的关系, figureFileSmall=Pzpoo8XaRZ0pKFdmSuO9DA==, figureFileBig=BWzpl7EaiLJrmFd8o2/S1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743745702740461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743734482977163, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Sensitivity of Ca²⁺ sensing in pathological concentration range. (a) Fluorescence spectrum diagram; (b) The relationship between Ca2+ concentration and I/I0, figureFileSmall=FC5jPq3p/5jLZAMxC9EzEg==, figureFileBig=AN7qc3x2MKsmaiydrfYmNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743747233661422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743734482977163, language=CN, label=图8, caption=人体病理区间钙离子传感灵敏度特性。(a)荧光光谱图; (b)钙离子浓度与I/I0的关系, figureFileSmall=FC5jPq3p/5jLZAMxC9EzEg==, figureFileBig=AN7qc3x2MKsmaiydrfYmNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743747296575983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743734482977163, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Sensitivity of DO sensing in 0~41.6 mg/L range. (a) Fluorescence spectrum diagram; (b) The relationship between DOconcentration and I0/I, figureFileSmall=sCaSqIREYG8PJbfPSOx8Mg==, figureFileBig=IJV23pi/5+21O7IyomXWyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743747367879152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743734482977163, language=CN, label=图9, caption=0~41.6 mg/L区间溶解氧传感灵敏度特性。(a)荧光光谱图; (b)溶解氧浓度与I0/I的关系, figureFileSmall=sCaSqIREYG8PJbfPSOx8Mg==, figureFileBig=IJV23pi/5+21O7IyomXWyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743747447570929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743734482977163, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Sensitivity of DO sensing in pathological concentration range. (a) Fluorescence spectrum diagram; (b) The relationship between DOconcentration and I0/I, figureFileSmall=bgzbwW9OPzDsqRFFIE+8jw==, figureFileBig=wsIFUxZZiBA3Mtr6kVyxxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743747548234226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743734482977163, language=CN, label=图10, caption=人体病理区间溶解氧传感灵敏度特性。(a)荧光光谱图; (b)溶解氧浓度与I0/I的关系, figureFileSmall=bgzbwW9OPzDsqRFFIE+8jw==, figureFileBig=wsIFUxZZiBA3Mtr6kVyxxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743747627926003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743734482977163, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Response time of Ca²⁺ sensing, figureFileSmall=JPkEg6fjNmFlfT7QHLb1aw==, figureFileBig=jCgkqMXizOPYyuPH/x9FBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743747707617780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743734482977163, language=CN, label=图11, caption=钙离子传感响应时间, figureFileSmall=JPkEg6fjNmFlfT7QHLb1aw==, figureFileBig=jCgkqMXizOPYyuPH/x9FBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743747787309557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743734482977163, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Response time of DO sensing, figureFileSmall=jJ9CoIqEpLzYzGecrARhLQ==, figureFileBig=4lsx1NVCU5gHm5Bh33xj7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743747879584246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743734482977163, language=CN, label=图12, caption=溶解氧传感响应时间, figureFileSmall=jJ9CoIqEpLzYzGecrARhLQ==, figureFileBig=4lsx1NVCU5gHm5Bh33xj7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743747971858935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743734482977163, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Stability of dual parametric sensing probes, figureFileSmall=hcYN+iBmkMJH44scBnX/7w==, figureFileBig=4RM+WmIWPUGugwYWzLuEaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743748051550712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743734482977163, language=CN, label=图13, caption=双参量传感探针的稳定性, figureFileSmall=hcYN+iBmkMJH44scBnX/7w==, figureFileBig=4RM+WmIWPUGugwYWzLuEaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743748106076665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743734482977163, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Repeatability of Ca2+ sensing, figureFileSmall=S2FlPsyIYIelZ8WgVOI45A==, figureFileBig=Ul4zTWZNSc2pCJ58epNWuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743748173185530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743734482977163, language=CN, label=图14, caption=钙离子传感重复性, figureFileSmall=S2FlPsyIYIelZ8WgVOI45A==, figureFileBig=Ul4zTWZNSc2pCJ58epNWuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743748244488699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743734482977163, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Repeatability of DO sensing, figureFileSmall=kTf7ijtRf1N7kYMWCwXHxw==, figureFileBig=bWtUbPg6AruhjMeWNRi1IA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743748349346300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743734482977163, language=CN, label=图15, caption=溶解氧传感重复性, figureFileSmall=kTf7ijtRf1N7kYMWCwXHxw==, figureFileBig=bWtUbPg6AruhjMeWNRi1IA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743748416455165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743734482977163, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Interference resistance of dual parametric sensing probes, figureFileSmall=/Iu3DkOiwTS4cNgIYRsVfQ==, figureFileBig=8CR2G64dNdOBRg3AyQVXzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743748504535550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743734482977163, language=CN, label=图16, caption=双参量传感探针的抗干扰性, figureFileSmall=/Iu3DkOiwTS4cNgIYRsVfQ==, figureFileBig=8CR2G64dNdOBRg3AyQVXzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743748580033023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743734482977163, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=Effect of temperature on dual parametric sensing probes. (a) Sensing sensitivity of Ca²⁺ and DO at different temperatures; (b) Effect of temperature on the fluorescence intensity of Ca²⁺ and DO sensing, figureFileSmall=g34E8XRLwiOS09elHmqVYA==, figureFileBig=eidM1IDxxfDcqaaMAb+m9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743748659724800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743734482977163, language=CN, label=图17, caption=温度对双参量传感探针的影响。(a)不同温度下的钙离子和溶解氧传感灵敏度; (b)温度对钙离子和溶解氧传感荧光强度的影响, figureFileSmall=g34E8XRLwiOS09elHmqVYA==, figureFileBig=eidM1IDxxfDcqaaMAb+m9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743748747805185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743734482977163, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Performance comparison of different calcium ion and dissolved oxygen sensors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MethodDetection rangeResponse timeSensitivityR2LODSignal countReference
Electrochemistry (Ca2+)5~300 mg/L5 min\\\Single[49]
Optical (Ca2+)0~2 mmol/L15 min\\\Single[50]
Fluorescence (Ca2+)0~35 nmol/L\0.765 (pmol/L)-10.993.77 pmol/LSingle[51]
Optical Fluorescence (Ca2+)0~2 mmol/L11 min0.340 2 (mmol/L)-10.997 80.095 mmol/LTwoThis work
Fluorescence (DO)0~100% O2150 s0.108 [O2%]-10.99\Single[52]
Optical (DO)0~20 mg/L3 min0.3~0.8 nm(mg/L)-10.990.2 mg/LSingle[14]
Optical Fluorescence (DO)0~18.25 mg/L\0.031 0 [O₂]unit-10.998\Single[16]
Optical Fluorescence (DO)0~41.6 mg/L12 min0.0200 3 (mg/L)-10.996 820.44 mg/LTwoThis work
), ArticleFig(id=1315743748827496962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743734482977163, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同钙离子和溶解氧传感器的性能比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MethodDetection rangeResponse timeSensitivityR2LODSignal countReference
Electrochemistry (Ca2+)5~300 mg/L5 min\\\Single[49]
Optical (Ca2+)0~2 mmol/L15 min\\\Single[50]
Fluorescence (Ca2+)0~35 nmol/L\0.765 (pmol/L)-10.993.77 pmol/LSingle[51]
Optical Fluorescence (Ca2+)0~2 mmol/L11 min0.340 2 (mmol/L)-10.997 80.095 mmol/LTwoThis work
Fluorescence (DO)0~100% O2150 s0.108 [O2%]-10.99\Single[52]
Optical (DO)0~20 mg/L3 min0.3~0.8 nm(mg/L)-10.990.2 mg/LSingle[14]
Optical Fluorescence (DO)0~18.25 mg/L\0.031 0 [O₂]unit-10.998\Single[16]
Optical Fluorescence (DO)0~41.6 mg/L12 min0.0200 3 (mg/L)-10.996 820.44 mg/LTwoThis work
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钙离子和溶解氧双参量传感水凝胶光纤制备及特性研究
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卞正兰 , 彭淑敏 , 初凤红 , 胡安铎 , 蔡思文 , 张家想
光子学报 | 光纤光学与光通信 2026,55(1): 56-70
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光子学报 |光纤光学与光通信 2026 , 55 (1) : 56 -70
钙离子和溶解氧双参量传感水凝胶光纤制备及特性研究
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卞正兰 , 彭淑敏, 初凤红, 胡安铎 , 蔡思文, 张家想
作者信息
  • 1上海电力大学 电子与信息工程学院,上海 201306
通讯作者:
作者简介:
Preparation and Characterization of Hydrogel Optical Fiber for Dual Parametric Sensing of Calcium Ions and Dissolved Oxygen
Zhenglan BIAN , Shumin PENG, Fenghong CHU, Anduo HU , Siwen CAI, Jiaxiang ZHANG
Affiliations
  • 1College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 201306, China
出版时间: 2026-01-25 doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0106005
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开发了一种基于水凝胶光纤的双参量传感探针,用于同步检测钙离子和溶解氧浓度,在疾病早期诊断、病情监测与治疗方案评估方面具有临床应用潜力。该探针以80% w/v和40% w/v的聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯分别为纤芯和包层材料,纤芯中掺杂了钙黄绿素和二氯三(1,10-菲罗啉)钌(Ⅱ),分别作为钙离子和溶解氧的荧光指示剂。实验结果表明,在钙离子0~2 mmol/L的范围内,系统灵敏度为0.340 2 (mmol/L)-1,拟合系数为0.997 8,检测下限达到0.095 mmol/L,响应时间为11 min;在溶解氧0~41.6 mg/L的范围内,系统灵敏度达到0.020 03 (mg/L)-1,拟合系数为0.996 82,检测下限为0.44 mg/L,响应时间为12 min。该传感探针对于钙离子和溶解氧传感的稳定性分别为99.31%和99.4%,重复性分别达到98.47%和99.48%,对钙离子和溶解氧有较高的选择性,具有可植入、高灵敏度、实时在线监测等优势,可为生物医学检测提供创新解决方案。

光纤传感  /  水凝胶光纤  /  荧光光谱法  /  双参量传感  /  钙离子  /  溶解氧

Calcium ions and dissolved oxygen are critical physiological indicators: Calcium ions regulate nerve conduction, muscle contraction, and cardiac function, while dissolved oxygen reflects tissue oxygenation status via blood oxygen partial pressure. Both parameters are implicated in diverse physiological and pathological processes, including respiratory, cardiovascular, and renal disorders.While traditional electrochemical methods can simultaneously detect calcium ions and dissolved oxygen, they have limitations such as the need for blood sampling, high maintenance requirements for electrodes, and long detection cycles. Existing multi-parameter sensing technologies based on fiber optics still have shortcomings in terms of stability and biocompatibility, limiting their application in long-term in vivo monitoring. In contrast, hydrogels, as a novel sensing material, offer the potential for monitoring physiological parameters within the body due to their excellent biocompatibility. Changes in calcium metabolism and oxygenation status interact in many physiological and pathological processes. Therefore, developing a technology capable of simultaneously detecting calcium ions and dissolved oxygen concentrations is crucial for comprehensively understanding an organism's physiological state and disease progression.

In response to the above problems, a hydrogel-based dual-parameter fibre-optic fluorescence sensing probe was proposed in this paper based on the principles of fluorescence enhancement and fluorescence quenching. The probe aims to provide an innovative clinical tool for early disease diagnosis, condition monitoring, and treatment evaluation. The probe was made of 80% w/v and 40% w/v polyethylene glycol diacrylate as core and cladding materials, respectively, and the core was doped with calcein and dichlorotris (1,10-phenanthroline) ruthenium (Ⅱ), which acted as fluorescent indicators for calcium ions and dissolved oxygen, respectively. The preparation process of the dual-parameter sensing probe was optimized, and the sensitivity and accuracy of the probe for the dual-parameter detection were optimal when the concentration of calcein was 0.05 mg/ml, the concentration of dichlorotris (1,10-phenanthroline) ruthenium (Ⅱ) was 2.5 mg/ml, and the pre-soaking time of the probe was 4 h. The double peaks of the probe were obvious in the extreme concentration of the dual-parameter detection.

The sensing performance of the probe was investigated experimentally and the results showed that in the range of 0~2 mmol/L for calcium ions, the sensitivity of the system was 0.340 2 (mmol/L)-1 with an R2 of 0.997 8, and the lower limit of detection reached 0.095 mmol/L with a response time of 11 min. In the range of 0~41.6 mg/L for dissolved oxygen, the sensitivity of the system reached 0.020 03 (mg/L)-1 with an R2 of 0.996 82, and the lower limit of detection was 0.44 mg/L, with a response time of 12 min. The stability of this sensing probe was 99.31% and 99.4%, respectively, over a period of 3 days. The reproducibility of the probe reached 98.47% and 99.48%, respectively, after five sets of replicated experiments. Within the physiological temperature range, the probe has reliable detection performance. Compared with other substances in the blood, the probe has high selectivity for calcium ions and dissolved oxygen.

The probe takes advantage of the good biocompatibility and flexibility of hydrogel to overcome the rigidity limitations of traditional fiber optic materials and is more suitable for long-term monitoring in vivo. At the same time, the probe can also realize electromagnetic radiation-free detection, featuring a simple preparation process, low cost and high integration. By simultaneously detecting calcium ions and dissolved oxygen concentration, the probe can provide more comprehensive physiological data, overcoming the shortcomings of single-parameter detection. Based on this, the prepared dual parametric hydrogel fiber-optic probe for calcium ions and dissolved oxygen has the advantages of implantability, high sensitivity, and real-time online monitoring, which provides an innovative solution for biomedical detection. Especially in clinical scenarios, it is valuable for early prevention and real-time monitoring of diseases, accurate diagnostic decision-making, treatment planning and efficacy assessment, and other key aspects.

Fiber optic sensing  /  Hydrogel optical fiber  /  Fluorescence spectroscopy  /  Dual parametric sensing  /  Calcium ions  /  Dissolved oxygen
卞正兰, 彭淑敏, 初凤红, 胡安铎, 蔡思文, 张家想. 钙离子和溶解氧双参量传感水凝胶光纤制备及特性研究. 光子学报, 2026 , 55 (1) : 56 -70 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0106005
Zhenglan BIAN, Shumin PENG, Fenghong CHU, Anduo HU, Siwen CAI, Jiaxiang ZHANG. Preparation and Characterization of Hydrogel Optical Fiber for Dual Parametric Sensing of Calcium Ions and Dissolved Oxygen[J]. Acta Photonica Sinica, 2026 , 55 (1) : 56 -70 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0106005
钙离子浓度与溶解氧水平是反映人体生理状态的关键指标,钙离子在神经传导、肌肉收缩及心脏功能调控中发挥至关重要的作用[1-2],血液中的溶解氧含量通常以血氧分压(PaO₂)来反映,是评估组织氧合状态的关键指标[3-4]。钙离子代谢和溶解氧水平与多种生理及病理过程密切相关,包括严重呼吸系统疾病、心脏疾病和肾脏疾病等[5-8]。因此,检测血液中的钙离子和溶解氧浓度对疾病诊疗具有重要价值。
目前,基于电化学法的检测技术虽能实现钙离子和溶解氧双参量同步测量,但存在需采集血液样本、检测周期长和电极需频繁校准等局限性[9]。相较于传统电化学法,光纤传感技术因其抗电磁干扰、可远程操控和小型化等特性,为生理参数检测提供了新思路[10]。在钙离子检测方面,SLOAN W D等开发了基于钙黄绿素乙酸酯的光纤传感器用于检测溶液中的钙离子浓度,但需要在特定pH条件下操作,限制了其在生理环境中的应用[11];MAKOUEI S等提出了一种非辐射光纤传感技术,通过测量骨组织在受载时产生的应变来评估检测骨脱钙程度,但无法直接测量体液中的钙离子浓度[12];FENG Xijie等设计了一种基于等离子体倾斜光纤布拉格光栅的传感器,旨在实现对溶液中钙离子的超痕量检测,但制备工艺相对复杂且成本较高[13]。在溶解氧检测方面,PARTRIDGE M等开发了一种基于长周期光栅的光纤传感器,并在其表面涂覆血红蛋白用于检测溶解氧,但传感器的长期稳定性受到生物分子变性等因素的影响[14];WU Zhuohui等提出了一种锥形光纤溶解氧传感器用于水相中溶解氧浓度的测量,其尺寸可能会对组织造成损伤,不适合植入体内进行检测[15];ZHAO Yongkun等开发了一种基于荧光猝灭原理的比率光纤溶解氧传感器,但只在0~18.25 mg/L具有良好的线性度,检测范围较窄[16]。
综上,现有研究多局限于单一参数检测,生物体内环境复杂多样且相互关联,仅依靠单参量传感往往难以全面、准确地反映生物体的真实生理状态,而多参量传感技术通过同时检测多个生理参数,能够提供更加全面的生理数据。但目前基于光纤的多参量传感技术仍面临着一些挑战,例如技术复杂、成本较高、稳定性差以及难以实现精确的同步检测等问题[17-19],且传统光纤传感技术多采用石英光纤或塑料光纤,其刚性材料特性导致生物相容性不足,限制了体内长期监测的应用[20-21]。
相比之下,水凝胶作为一种新型传感材料,因其生物兼容性能优异,为生物体内生理参数的监测提供了新的可能性[22]。水凝胶材料在单参量生物传感领域已展现出独特优势,近年来多项研究已实现对pH值、离子、温度及压力等参数的传感[23-26],但尚未有研究实现对血液中钙离子和溶解氧浓度的同步检测。而钙离子代谢与氧合状态的变化在诸多生理及病理过程中会相互影响[27-28],因此同时检测血液中的钙离子和溶解氧浓度对于疾病预防、病情监控、诊断以及治疗具有重要意义。鉴于此,本文提出了一种基于水凝胶光纤的钙离子和溶解氧双参量荧光探针。通过在水凝胶中同时掺入对钙离子和氧气敏感的荧光指示剂,制备纤芯-包层结构的水凝胶光纤荧光探针,可实现无电磁辐射、生物相容性好的钙离子和溶解氧双参量传感,具备低成本、制备工艺简单、集成度高等优点。
在水凝胶光纤纤芯中同时掺杂分别对钙离子和溶解氧敏感的荧光指示剂,在激发光的作用下,荧光探针会产生两种不同波长的荧光,当血液中钙离子和溶解氧浓度发生变化时,两种波长的荧光强度会随之改变,通过检测荧光强度的变化,可实现对钙离子和溶解氧浓度的检测。
对于钙离子浓度检测,采用高选择性的钙离子荧光指示剂钙黄绿素,其分子式为C30H26N2O13,与钙离子的化学反应过程如式(1)所示。有钙离子存在时,钙黄绿素的羧基与钙离子发生配位,通过螯合作用形成牢固的环状结构,改变分子内部电荷分布,从而提高荧光量子产率,使荧光强度增加。通过检测荧光信号的变化,可以定量分析样品中钙离子的浓度[29]。
C30H26N2O13+2Ca2+→C30H22N2O13Ca2+4H+
对于溶解氧浓度检测,采用二氯三(1,10-菲罗啉)钌(Ⅱ)作为荧光指示剂,分子式为C36H26Cl2N6Ru。二氯三(1,10-菲罗啉)钌(Ⅱ)吸收光子后,电子从基态跃迁至激发态,再回到基态时会以辐射跃迁形式释放能量发出荧光。而氧气存在时,其三重态能级与该荧光指示剂激发态能级相近,两者碰撞会导致激发态能量转移给氧气分子,经非辐射衰减途径耗散,使荧光强度降低。
通过检测荧光强度的变化,可实现对样品中氧气浓度的定量分析[30]。在理想均匀环境下,荧光氧猝灭过程动态可逆,通过式(2)的 Stern-Volmer 方程可准确描述[31]。
I0I=1+KSV[O2]
式中,I0代表不含氧气时荧光强度,I代表一定氧气含量环境中荧光强度,KSV表示Stern-Volmer猝灭常数,[O2]是指氧气浓度。
所有试剂均为分析纯级别,未经进一步纯化直接使用。聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯(PEGDA)和2-羟基-2-甲基-1-苯基-1-丙酮购自西格玛奥德里奇(上海)贸易有限公司。二氯三(1,10-菲罗啉)钌(Ⅱ)水合物和钙离子标准溶液(1 mg/mL)购自上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司。钙黄绿素购自上海源叶生物科技有限公司。其中,PEGDA的分子量(average Mn)为700 da,用于制备纤芯和包层的PEGDA分别为80% w/v和40% w/v,溶胀率分别达到28%和60%[32]。
采用生物相容性好的PEGDA水凝胶制备光纤,其纤芯-包层结构分别由前驱体溶液A和B制备。纤芯前驱体溶液A的制备如下:将80% w/vPEGDA和1% w/v光引发剂2-羟基-2-甲基苯丙酮溶于去离子水,磁力搅拌均匀,进一步掺杂荧光指示剂钙黄绿素和二氯三(1,10-菲罗啉)钌(Ⅱ)以实现双参量传感功能。包层前驱体溶液B的制备如下:将40% w/vPEGDA和1% w/v光引发剂2-羟基-2-甲基苯丙酮溶于去离子水并搅拌均匀。
水凝胶光纤传感探针的制作工艺如图1所示。将纤芯前驱体溶液A注入1.3 mm×2 mm的硅胶管中,通过2 mm×3 mm过渡硅胶管与塑料光纤(Plastic Optical Fiber, POF)端面耦合;经紫外光(365 nm,5 mW/cm2)固化2 min形成纤芯;将纤芯从1.3 mm×2 mm的硅胶管中脱模,垂直浸入包层液B中3 s并提拉,在紫外灯下固化1 min形成包层。可以通过多次浸涂-固化控制包层厚度。
本研究设计了基于双荧光指示剂集成的水凝胶光纤传感系统,如图2所示,488 nm半导体激光器(Toptica iBEAM-SMART)发出的激发光经光快门(Thorlabs SH1/M)实现脉冲控制,经分光镜反射至准直透镜端面,准直透镜将入射光耦合至POF中,继而到达水凝胶光纤传感探针,纤芯基质中的钙黄绿素与二氯三(1,10-菲罗啉)钌(Ⅱ)在488 nm光激发下分别产生515 nm(绿色)和610 nm(橙色)的荧光信号,后向散射的荧光信号经准直透镜、分光镜和高通滤光片入射至光谱仪中,其中高通滤光片的作用是滤除激发光,减少激发光信号的干扰。当待测液中钙离子和溶解氧浓度发生变化时,光谱仪获得的荧光信号强度随之发生变化,因此通过对荧光光谱的分析,可实现钙离子和溶解氧的双参数同步检测。
纤芯中荧光指示剂的浓度会直接影响荧光的强度,进而影响探针的检测灵敏度。为确定双传感体系中荧光指示剂的最佳掺杂浓度,实验分两步优化。首先在纤芯前驱体溶液中仅掺杂不同浓度的钙黄绿素,制备钙离子荧光探针,根据探针对钙离子的灵敏度,确定钙黄绿素的最佳浓度;然后固定钙黄绿素的浓度,在纤芯中掺杂不同浓度的二氯三(1,10-菲罗啉)钌(Ⅱ),制备钙离子和溶解氧双参量荧光探针,通过探针对溶解氧的灵敏度,确定二氯三(1,10-菲罗啉)钌(Ⅱ)的最佳浓度。
钙黄绿素浓度优化步骤:配制钙黄绿素浓度范围为0.01~0.09 mg/mL,浓度梯度为0.02 mg/mL的纤芯前驱体溶液。每个浓度制备三根钙离子传感荧光探针,将探针分别浸入去离子水和1.5 mmol/L钙离子溶液中,待荧光强度稳定后分别记为I0和I,荧光光谱如图3(a)所示,I/I0表征探针对钙离子的传感灵敏度。经三组重复实验,绘制荧光指示剂浓度与I/I0的关系曲线,如图3(b)所示。可以看出,当钙黄绿素浓度为0.05 mg/mL时,I/I0值最大,即探针对钙离子的传感灵敏度最佳,故最终确定0.05 mg/mL的钙黄绿素掺入水凝胶光纤纤芯中,在此基础上,进一步优化二氯三(1,10-菲罗啉)钌(Ⅱ)浓度。
二氯三(1,10-菲罗啉)钌(Ⅱ)浓度优化步骤:配制二氯三(1,10-菲罗啉)钌(Ⅱ)浓度范围为1.5~3.5 mg/mL、浓度梯度为0.5 mg/mL的纤芯前驱体溶液,且溶液中钙黄绿素浓度恒定为0.05 mg/mL。每个浓度制备三根双参量传感荧光探针。通过控制氮气和氧气的流速,配比调节水中溶解氧浓度,将每个探针分别浸入不含溶解氧和溶解氧饱和的水中,待荧光强度稳定后分别记为I0和I,荧光光谱如图4(a)所示,I0/I表征探针对溶解氧的传感灵敏度。经三组重复实验,绘制荧光指示剂浓度与I0/I的关系曲线,如图4(b)所示。可以看出,探针的检测灵敏度与纤芯中荧光指示剂的掺杂浓度密切相关,当钙黄绿素浓度为0.05 mg/mL,二氯三(1,10-菲罗啉)钌(Ⅱ)浓度为2.5 mg/mL时,探针的检测灵敏度最佳。存在最佳荧光指示剂浓度的原因是过低浓度会导致探针分子与待测物作用不充分,而过高浓度易引发荧光指示剂的自猝灭效应,两者均会降低灵敏度[33]。
水凝胶具有良好的吸水溶胀性,放入待测液体后,水分会逐渐渗透进入光纤,导致光纤发生溶胀。在溶胀平衡之前,探针处于不稳定状态,不能直接用于传感,因此对传感探针的溶胀特性准确研究极其重要。实验制备三根纤芯掺杂0.05 mg/mL钙黄绿素和2.5 mg/mL二氯三(1,10-菲罗啉)钌(Ⅱ)的水凝胶光纤传感探针,依次置于去离子水中浸泡,基于图2的光学系统,光谱仪实时监测515 nm和610 nm的荧光信号强度,观察其荧光强度的变化过程,如图5所示。
从图中可以看出,钙黄绿素的荧光强度在0~4 h呈现上升趋势,4 h后逐渐稳定,这是由于钙黄绿素通过羟基和水形成氢键,会增强其荧光产率[34],在4 h左右随氢键饱和达到稳定,荧光强度不再变化[35-36]。此外,氢键使得羧基更倾向于以双齿螯合模式与钙离子结合,较单齿模式形成更稳定的五元环结构,有效抵抗其他离子干扰[37];二氯三(1,10-菲罗啉)钌(Ⅱ)的荧光强度在0~0.5 h下降,之后稳定,这是由于二氯三(1,10-菲罗啉)钌(Ⅱ)水合物的配位点已经被足够多的水分子占据,不再与水结合形成氢键,然而水中存在一定的溶解氧会使其荧光猝灭,所以初始荧光强度会下降,一段时间之后达到平衡。因此,检测前将光纤传感探针放在去离子水中预浸泡4 h,可消除溶胀引起的荧光强度变化,提高双参量传感的准确率和稳定性。
双参量传感系统的荧光光谱在实测时可能会出现双峰不平衡,甚至单峰淹没的现象,此时双参量探针失效。尤其是两种极限情况时,即在钙离子上限浓度和氧饱和溶液中,515 nm的荧光强度为最大值,610 nm的荧光强度为最小值;在无氧去离子水中,515 nm的荧光强度为最小值,610 nm的荧光强度为最大值。若在以上两种极限情况下,双峰仍然明显存在,即可以认为此双参量传感探针的工艺有效可行。
由于人体血液中钙离子浓度的病理区间为0.8~1.75 mmol/L[38],为了在满足植入式生物传感需求的基础上拓宽传感应用范围,实验将钙离子浓度的测量上限延伸至4 mmol/L,通过将探针放入上述两种极限情况的溶液中,监测荧光光谱的特征,实验结果如图6所示,从图中可以看出,在4 mmol/L钙离子和41.6 mg/L溶解氧的待测液,以及0 mmol/L钙离子和0 mg/L溶解氧的待测液中,515 nm和610 nm的荧光峰始终保持显著分离,无单峰淹没现象,探针能够实现在0~4 mmol/L钙离子和0~41.6 mg/L溶解氧范围内双参量的测量。
在25 ℃、pH7.4的条件下,配置浓度范围为0~4 mmol/L、浓度梯度为0.5 mmol/L的钙离子溶液。将双参量传感探针依次浸入不同浓度溶液中,待荧光强度稳定后光谱仪测量其荧光光谱,如图7(a)所示,其中去离子水中515 nm的荧光强度记为I0,其余各浓度溶液中515 nm的荧光强度记为I,绘制钙离子浓度与I/I0的关系曲线,如图7(b)所示。可以看出,在钙离子浓度为0~2 mmol/L时,荧光强度随钙离子浓度升高而线性增加,2~4 mmol/L区间增速趋缓,呈现双阶段特性。这是由于溶液中钙离子浓度增加到约2 mmol/L时,钙黄绿素和钙离子的结合逐渐达到饱和,荧光强度趋于饱和[39]。对0~2 mmol/L段进行线性拟合,拟合系数R2达到0.997 8,灵敏度为0.340 2 (mmol/L)-1,检测下限(Limit of Detection, LOD)可以通过式(3)计算,得出结果为0.095 mmol/L。
LOD=3σS
式中,σ为10次空白值的标准差,S表示拟合曲线的斜率即灵敏度。
针对人体血液中钙离子浓度病理区间0.8~1.75 mmol/L[38],精细配置浓度梯度为0.15 mmol/L的Ca2+溶液,光谱仪测量系统荧光光谱如图8(a)所示,去离子水中515 nm的荧光强度记为I0,其余各浓度溶液中515 nm的荧光强度记为I,绘制钙离子浓度与I/I0的关系曲线,如图8(b)所示。从图(b)中可以看出,随着钙离子浓度的升高,荧光强度增强,I/I0增大,线性拟合系数R2达到0.993 29,灵敏度为0.332 76 (mmol/L)-1,检测下限达到0.097 mmol/L。
从上述荧光光谱图中,可以发现钙离子浓度的变化只影响左侧钙离子传感的荧光强度,而右侧溶解氧传感的荧光强度始终保持不变。由此可以说明,对于所制备的双参量探针,溶液中钙离子的变化不会影响其对溶解氧的检测。
在25 ℃的条件下,配比溶解氧含量为0~41.6 mg/L(溶解氧测定仪(JPBJ-608)标定)、浓度梯度为8.32 mg/L的去离子水。将双参量传感探针依次浸入不同浓度溶液中,待荧光强度稳定后光谱仪测量其荧光光谱,如图9 (a)所示,其中不含溶解氧的水中610 nm的荧光强度记为I0,其余各浓度溶解氧的水中610 nm的荧光强度记为I,绘制溶解氧浓度与I0/I的关系曲线,如图9(b)所示。从图(b)中可以看出,在溶解氧浓度为0~41.6 mg/L的范围内,荧光强度随着溶解氧浓度的增加而线性降低,系统灵敏度为0.020 03 (mg/L)-1,线性拟合系数R2达到0.996 82,检测下限为0.44 mg/L。这是由于水中的溶解氧满足亨利定律呈线性关系,因此溶解氧浓度与 I0/I符合Stern-Volmer方程。
对于人体血液中溶解氧浓度病理范围0.93~3.72 mg/L[40],精准控制去离子水中的溶解氧浓度梯度为0.416 mg/L,光谱仪测量系统荧光光谱如图10(a)所示,不含溶解氧的水中610 nm的荧光强度记为I0,其余各浓度溶解氧的水中610 nm的荧光强度记为I,绘制溶解氧浓度与I0/I的关系曲线,如图10(b)所示。从图(b)中可以看出,随着溶解氧浓度的升高,荧光强度降低,I0/I增大,符合Stern-Volmer方程,线性拟合系数R2达到0.991 29,灵敏度为0.017 81 (mg/L)-1,检测下限为0.49 mg/L。
从上述荧光光谱图中,可以发现溶解氧浓度的变化只影响右侧溶解氧传感的荧光强度,而左侧钙离子传感的荧光强度始终保持不变。由此可以说明,对于所制备的双参量探针,溶液中溶解氧的变化不会影响其对钙离子的检测。
为了测试传感探针的响应特性,首先将制备好的双参量荧光探针进行预浸泡处理,放入去离子水中至荧光强度稳定,随后置于4 mmol/L钙离子溶液中,并用光谱仪实时监测515 nm处荧光强度的变化,测算探针对钙离子响应时间,如图11所示。荧光强度从初始稳定值上升至最大稳定值过程中,定义达到响应幅度的90%所需的时间即为响应时间。实验结果表明,系统对4 mmol/L钙离子溶液的响应时间为11 min,其中可分为钙离子渗透进入水凝胶纤芯的时间和钙离子与钙黄绿素结合的时间。
去离子水中分别通入纯氮气和纯氧气,制备无溶解氧溶液和溶解氧饱和溶液。将预浸泡处理后的探针,依次放入上述两种溶液中,光谱仪记录610 nm处荧光强度的变化,测算探针的溶解氧响应时间,如图12所示。实验结果表明从无氧至全氧的溶液时,探针的溶解氧响应时间为12 min,此过程包括溶解氧渗透进入水凝胶纤芯的时间和氧分子动态猝灭荧光的时间。
探针的稳定性是双参量传感的重要指标,故对其进行稳定性测试。在25 ℃常压下,将钙离子浓度为0 mmol/L、溶解氧浓度为8.72 mg/L的去离子水盛入密闭容器,将预处理后的传感探针放入其中静置3天,每天白天隔1 h记录一次荧光强度,如图13所示。实验结果表明,3天内两种传感的荧光强度均在平均值的±1%范围内波动,钙离子传感的稳定性达99.31%,溶解氧传感的稳定性达99.4%。
重复性是衡量传感器性能的重要指标。将预处理后的传感探针依次放入去离子水中和4 mmol/L钙离子溶液中,重复5次上述过程,光谱仪实时记录515 nm的荧光强度变化过程,如图14所示。实验结果表明,在5次重复实验下,钙离子传感的重复率约为98.47%。
去离子水中分别持续通入纯氮气和纯氧气至饱和,制备无溶解氧和溶解氧饱和溶液,预处理后的探针依次放入上述两种溶液中,重复5次上述过程,用光谱仪监测610 nm的荧光强度变化过程。如图15所示,实验结果表明,在5次重复实验下,溶解氧传感的重复率达99.48%。
为验证双参量传感探针在复杂生理环境中的抗干扰性能,模拟人体血液中的离子组成及代谢物浓度,分别配置含2.79 mg/L溶解氧、1.1 mmol/L Ca2+、140 mmol/L Na+、4 mmol/L K+、0.85 mmol/L Mg2+、5 µmol/L Zn2+、1.5 µmol/L Cu2+、4.5 mmol/L葡萄糖、4 mmol/L胆固醇、5 mmol/L尿素、40 g/L白蛋白及25 g/L球蛋白的溶液[41-46]。除2.79 mg/L溶解氧溶液,其余溶液中均通入纯氮气至饱和,以消除溶解氧的潜在干扰。
在25 ℃、pH7.4条件下,制备双参量传感探针进行预浸泡处理。将探针置于不含溶解氧的水中,待荧光强度稳定后,分别放入上述溶液中,直至荧光强度再次达到稳定,并使用光谱仪记录荧光强度的变化过程。将传感探针在去离子水中的荧光强度记为I0,在各组物质溶液中的荧光强度记为I,分别计算比较515 nm和610 nm的荧光强度比值I/I0,如图16所示。从图中可以看出,只有当传感探针置于1.1 mmol/L钙离子溶液中时,钙黄绿素与钙离子结合形成荧光复合物,钙离子传感的荧光强度才会显著增强;同理,仅在2.79 mg/L溶解氧溶液中,氧气会动态猝灭二氯三(1,10-菲罗啉)钌(Ⅱ)的荧光,探针的荧光强度才有明显下降;探针对其他物质溶液几乎均不响应,无荧光强度变化。
为探究生理环境温度对光纤探针检测性能的影响,实验选取36~40 °C范围进行研究[47]。首先在去离子水中通入纯氮气至饱和,将双参量水凝胶光纤传感探针置于其中,并测量其荧光强度记为I0。随后在2 mmol/L钙离子溶液中配比20 mg/L的溶解氧,将双参量传感探针浸入,测得其荧光强度并记为I。计算比较不同温度下钙离子传感的I/I0值与溶解氧传感的I0/I值,如图17(a)所示。在36~40 °C范围内,钙离子和溶解氧传感的灵敏度比值与25 °C时相比波动幅度均小于3%,这表明该探针在生理温度区间内具备可靠的检测性能。
此外,实验还研究了温度对双参量探针荧光强度的影响,如图17(b)所示。配置不含溶解氧的去离子水,将探针置于其中。测量25 ℃时的荧光强度并记为I0,测量生理温度区间内的荧光强度并记为I。结果表明,随着温度升高,钙离子和溶解氧传感的荧光强度逐渐下降,40 ℃时较25 ℃降低约4%~4.5%。原因是温度升高加剧分子振动,使更多激发态能量通过非辐射方式释放(如振动弛豫),导致荧光发射效率下降[48]。
表1将本文提出的双参量传感探针与现有的钙离子及溶解氧传感器的性能进行了对比。现有技术中,电化学方法虽检测性能较好,但存在一定交叉敏感性,且适用场景多局限于简单水体;传统光学或荧光传感则多依赖复杂的纳米修饰工艺或外部设备,导致稳定性和实际应用受限。本研究将水凝胶光纤与荧光技术相结合,具备双参数同步监测能力,对钙离子和溶解氧均展现出优异的线性响应特性和高灵敏度,且能有效避免双信号间的交叉干扰。此外,该传感器不仅具有优异的生物相容性,而且制备工艺简单、结构微型化,使其在生物医学领域具有突出的应用潜力。
针对现有电化学法存在电磁干扰、电极维护需求高、传感器集成度低,以及传统光纤传感器在钙离子与溶解氧双参量检测方面尚无具体研究、生物相容性差等问题,本文基于荧光增强和荧光猝灭原理,提出了水凝胶光纤荧光传感方案,通过在纤芯中同时掺杂分别对钙离子和溶解氧敏感的荧光指示剂,制备了一种掺杂钙黄绿素和二氯三(1,10-菲罗啉)钌(Ⅱ)的双参量水凝胶光纤荧光探针。优化双参量传感探针的制备工艺,当钙黄绿素浓度为0.05 mg/mL、二氯三(1,10-菲罗啉)钌(Ⅱ)浓度为2.5 mg/mL,探针对双参量的检测灵敏度和准确率达到最优,且在双参量极值浓度下,探针双峰明显。实验研究探针的传感性能,在0~2 mmol/L钙离子浓度范围内,检测下限达到0.095 mmol/L,检测灵敏度为0.340 2 (mmol/L)-1,R2为0.997 8,响应时间11 min;在0~41.6 mg/L溶解氧范围内检测下限为0.44 mg/L,灵敏度达到0.020 03 [mg/L]-1,R2为0.996 82,响应时间12 min;对于钙离子和溶解氧的检测稳定性,传感探针在3天内分别为99.31%和99.4%,通过5组重复实验验证,检测结果的重复率分别约为98.47%和99.48%。在生理条件下传感探针性能稳定,相较于血液中其他离子和物质对钙离子和溶解氧表现出高度特异性。所制备的钙离子和溶解氧双参量水凝胶光纤探针,为体内植入式传感技术开辟了全新路径。该探针凭借出色的稳定性与选择性,在生物体内传感领域具有应用潜力,尤其在临床场景中,对疾病早期防范与实时监测、精准诊断决策、治疗方案制定及疗效评估等关键环节均具有一定价值。

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2026年第55卷第1期
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doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0106005
  • 接收时间:2025-07-08
  • 首发时间:2026-10-10
  • 出版时间:2026-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-08
  • 录用日期:2025-08-27
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    1上海电力大学 电子与信息工程学院,上海 201306

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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