Article(id=1315743785322136336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3788/gzxb20265501.0106004, pmid=null, cstr=32255.14.gzxb20265501.0106004, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753372800000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1757952000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-16, onlineDate=1791627363758, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1769270400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791627363758, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791627363758, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791627363758, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315743733992243595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, year='2026', volume='55', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769270400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791627351520, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791627555456, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315744589420540350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315744589420540351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=38, endPage=55, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315743785506685713, articleId=1315743785322136336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=EN, title=Research on Multi-objective Cluster Optimization Algorithm for Formation UAVs for UV Covert Communication, columnId=1315741724413113295, journalTitle=Acta Photonica Sinica, columnName=Fiber Optics and Optical Communications, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
In the modern electronic countermeasure environment with strong electromagnetic interference, traditional wireless communication methods such as radio frequency, Wi-Fi, and millimeter waves face challenges like unstable connections and vulnerability to interference or detection. These issues hinder their ability to satisfy the high requirements for stealth and strong anti-interference needed by rear combat formation Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Ultraviolet Communication (UVC), with its non-line-of-sight transmission capability, low detectability, and high anti-interference performance in the “solar-blind”band, has become an important means of new-generation covert communication.
In this paper, a joint optimized clustering method (MOPSO-DE) integrating Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) and Differential Evolution (DE) is proposed to solve the problems of uneven node energy consumption and limited data transmission of traditional clustering algorithms in order to meet the demands for efficient and cooperative communication of formation UAVs in combat missions under UV covert communication.In this paper, we first develop models for UAV inter-copter Ultraviolet (UV) non-line-of-sight communication links and UAV energy consumption. We then propose four key metrics for selecting cluster heads: the node's remaining energy, stability of the UV link's Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), the node's normalized distance to the leader UAV, and consistency in speed. For the above multi-objective optimization problem, this paper introduces the multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm into the cluster head election process, constructs the Pareto optimal solution set by the non-dominated sorting mechanism, and filters out the global optimal cluster head set by combining with the congestion distance strategy, and at the same time introduces the differential evolution mechanism to prevent the algorithm from falling into the local optimum. In the data transmission phase, a communication framework based on the three-layer structure of ‘leader-cluster leader-member’ is designed, and an intra-cluster fast reconfiguration mechanism is proposed to cope with the failure of the cluster leader nodes due to energy depletion, deterioration of the link, or positional deviation. By constructing a single-objective weight function to achieve rapid cluster head replacement without global reclustering, the dynamic adaptive capability and control overhead of the network are effectively improved.
In the simulation validation this paper deploys 100 UAV nodes in a 1 000 m×1 000 m area based on Matlab platform, and comprehensively compares the network performance of MOPSO-DE with five algorithms: LEACH, WCA, LEACH-X, DSWCA, and CNNUC, under different simulation rounds. The results show that MOPSO-DE has significant advantages in terms of node energy consumption, network survival time and data transmission volume. Compared with the LEACH algorithm, WCA algorithm, LEACH-X algorithm, DSWCA algorithm and CNNUC algorithm, the MOPSO-DE algorithm respectively reduced the average energy consumption by 25.8%, 23.6%, 17.1%, 15.3% and 11.1%, and increased the data transmission volume by 91.6%, 54.42%, 29.3%, 12.8% and 9.6%. The article further simulates and analyses the effects of different node numbers, different packet lengths and different node movement speeds on the performance of the algorithm, and the results show that the increase of node density increases the overall communication load of the system; the increase of packet length improves the amount of data transmission per unit of time, but it also significantly accelerates the energy consumption of the nodes; and the effects of different movement speeds on the performance of the network show a ‘pre-favorable, post-favorable’ effect. The impact of different mobile speeds on the network performance shows the stage characteristics of ‘favorable in the early stage and unfavorable in the later stage’.
In summary, the MOPSO-DE multi-objective clustering algorithm proposed in this paper effectively integrates multi-factor optimization strategies and intelligent optimization methods, and achieves significant results in improving clustering efficiency, extending network life cycle, reducing energy consumption and enhancing link robustness, which provides theoretical support and algorithmic basis for the efficient deployment of UAV swarm self-organized communication networks in the future under the complex battlefield environment.
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在电子对抗环境中紫外光通信是编队无人机隐秘作战的有效通信手段,分簇能够降低编队保持中的通信开销并延长执行任务的生命周期,提出一种面向紫外隐秘通信的多目标粒子群优化与差分进化联合分簇算法。该算法以节点剩余能量、紫外链路接收信号强度稳定性、节点与长机的归一化距离及速度一致性为核心决策因子构建多目标簇首选举模型,结合拥挤度距离准则从帕累托解集中筛选最优解实现高效簇首决策,设计分层分簇结构与簇内自适应重构机制实现簇内快速重连与簇首切换。仿真结果表明,该算法显著降低了能耗并提升了网络生命周期,较传统低功耗自适应聚类分层分簇算法、传统加权分簇算法、添加剩余能量的低功耗自适应聚类分层分簇算法、动态尺度加权分簇算法和基于竞争神经网络的分簇算法平均能耗分别降低25.8%、23.6%、17.1%、15.3%和11.1%,在传输数据量方面分别提升91.6%、54.42%、29.3%、12.8%和9.6%,节点死亡90%时生存周期分别提升35.4%、31.1%、24.5%、11.6%和8.9%。
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MOPSO-DE分簇算法流程框图, figureFileSmall=uUwMagBMKXo/sYi0q+LUWQ==, figureFileBig=gbXRFzCnYoGxyBPWsjyKQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743797464646493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743785322136336, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
UAV clustering image. (a) r=1; (b) r=1 600, figureFileSmall=GGqor688etJaiFcQg18NBQ==, figureFileBig=yzcrvWB3kwj1fjh6RF3D+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743797544338270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743785322136336, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
无人机分簇图像。(a) r=1; (b) r=1 600, figureFileSmall=GGqor688etJaiFcQg18NBQ==, figureFileBig=yzcrvWB3kwj1fjh6RF3D+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743797632418655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743785322136336, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Comparison of surviving nodes and residual energy for the six algorithms. (a) Comparison of surviving nodes;(b) Comparison of remaining energy, figureFileSmall=oN1JgguL5awwvxlcxsQQ2g==, figureFileBig=Hb8N8Ms+bxDAlEL+EKXgmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743797741470560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743785322136336, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
六种算法的存活节点与剩余能量对比。(a)存活节点对比;(b)剩余能量对比, figureFileSmall=oN1JgguL5awwvxlcxsQQ2g==, figureFileBig=Hb8N8Ms+bxDAlEL+EKXgmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743797821162337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743785322136336, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Comparison of data transfer volume and life cycle of six algorithms. (a) Comparison of data transmission volume;(b) Comparison of life cycle, figureFileSmall=4d2we1QcaufXsh6eovgZ2A==, figureFileBig=ZsgGTlEBJn9AbrEQuZs4iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743797917631330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743785322136336, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
六种算法的数据传输量与生命周期对比。(a)数据传输量对比;(b)生存周期对比, figureFileSmall=4d2we1QcaufXsh6eovgZ2A==, figureFileBig=ZsgGTlEBJn9AbrEQuZs4iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743798018294627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743785322136336, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Surviving nodes vs. residual energy for different number of nodes. (a) Comparison of surviving nodes;(b) Comparison of remaining energy, figureFileSmall=Wzy91uQNYL4i8orBwlt0dA==, figureFileBig=CsXifZMy+T30Ft2HlFI38w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743798102180708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743785322136336, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
不同节点数量的存活节点与剩余能量对比。(a)存活节点对比;(b)剩余能量对比, figureFileSmall=Wzy91uQNYL4i8orBwlt0dA==, figureFileBig=CsXifZMy+T30Ft2HlFI38w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743798169289573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743785322136336, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=
Comparison of data transmission volume and life cycle for different number of nodes. (a) Comparison of data transmission volume;(b) Comparison of life cycle, figureFileSmall=B5pK8LXjVDqtMSop6XKA9g==, figureFileBig=EoflCoE/FsvkWhazksSwBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743798248981350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743785322136336, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
不同节点数量的数据传输量与生命周期对比。(a)数据传输量对比;(b)生存周期对比, figureFileSmall=B5pK8LXjVDqtMSop6XKA9g==, figureFileBig=EoflCoE/FsvkWhazksSwBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743798345450343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743785322136336, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=
Comparison of surviving nodes with residual energy for different packet lengths. (a) Comparison of surviving nodes;(b) Comparison of remaining energy, figureFileSmall=A2j3hKdRRaUE46jYTOojMw==, figureFileBig=3CE9xsG5rXCU3lJACH7IqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743798433530728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743785322136336, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
不同数据包长度的存活节点与剩余能量对比。(a)存活节点对比;(b)剩余能量对比, figureFileSmall=A2j3hKdRRaUE46jYTOojMw==, figureFileBig=3CE9xsG5rXCU3lJACH7IqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743798559359849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743785322136336, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=
Comparison of data transmission volume and life cycle for different packet lengths. (a) Comparison of data transmission volume;(b) Comparison of life cycle, figureFileSmall=HsLVNNcqQ+hCm2K5fzNSzQ==, figureFileBig=MuAI+tNMFr5SQWaLOYs+vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743798630663018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743785322136336, language=CN, label=图11, caption=
不同数据包长度的数据传输量与生命周期对比。(a)数据传输量对比;(b)生存周期对比, figureFileSmall=HsLVNNcqQ+hCm2K5fzNSzQ==, figureFileBig=MuAI+tNMFr5SQWaLOYs+vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743798714549099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743785322136336, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=
Comparison of survival nodes with different movement speeds and life cycles. (a) Comparison of surviving nodes;(b) Comparison of life cycle, figureFileSmall=mF6NsCaTIcCsGYrtsKKTjA==, figureFileBig=mRHRMnGI6ozYuJBHxIiIRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743798995567468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743785322136336, language=CN, label=图12, caption=
不同移动速度的存活节点与生存周期对比。(a)存活节点对比;(b)生存周期对比, figureFileSmall=mF6NsCaTIcCsGYrtsKKTjA==, figureFileBig=mRHRMnGI6ozYuJBHxIiIRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743799406609261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743785322136336, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=
Comparison of different signal-to-noise ratios and temperature drift coefficients on algorithm performance. (a) Differing signal-to-noise ratios;(b) Different hard perturbation conditions, figureFileSmall=7gqlXqLq5XEHpOnxPVqByg==, figureFileBig=CH/nz6e4oY5Kz2dEsXuJfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743800757175153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743785322136336, language=CN, label=图13, caption=
不同信噪比与温度漂移系数对算法性能对比。(a)不同信噪比;(b)不同温度漂移系数, figureFileSmall=7gqlXqLq5XEHpOnxPVqByg==, figureFileBig=CH/nz6e4oY5Kz2dEsXuJfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743800841061234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743785322136336, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Simulation parameters
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Parameters | Value | Parameters | Value |
|---|
| Number of nodes | 100 | Number of particles | 50 |
| Initial energy of nodes | 300 J | Maximum number of iterations | 1 000 |
| Energy required to send data | 80 μJ | Initial inertia weight | 0.9 |
| Energy required to receive data | 80 μJ | Final inertia weight | 0.4 |
| Energy required to merge data | 80 μJ | Cognitive learning factor | 2.0 |
| Maximum communication radius | 200 m | Social learning factor | 2.0 |
| Divergence angle | 15° | Maximum particle velocity | 0.2 |
| Emission elevation angle | 60° | Maximum archive size | 50 |
| Receiving elevation angle | 60° | Initialization threshold parameter | 0.5 |
| Receive field of view | 15° | Path loss index | 1.526 4 |
| Path loss factor | 1.72×108 | Number of object functions | 4 |
), ArticleFig(id=1315743800954307443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743785322136336, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
仿真参数
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Parameters | Value | Parameters | Value |
|---|
| Number of nodes | 100 | Number of particles | 50 |
| Initial energy of nodes | 300 J | Maximum number of iterations | 1 000 |
| Energy required to send data | 80 μJ | Initial inertia weight | 0.9 |
| Energy required to receive data | 80 μJ | Final inertia weight | 0.4 |
| Energy required to merge data | 80 μJ | Cognitive learning factor | 2.0 |
| Maximum communication radius | 200 m | Social learning factor | 2.0 |
| Divergence angle | 15° | Maximum particle velocity | 0.2 |
| Emission elevation angle | 60° | Maximum archive size | 50 |
| Receiving elevation angle | 60° | Initialization threshold parameter | 0.5 |
| Receive field of view | 15° | Path loss index | 1.526 4 |
| Path loss factor | 1.72×108 | Number of object functions | 4 |
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