Article(id=1315743771535458977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3788/gzxb20265501.0106002, pmid=null, cstr=32255.14.gzxb20265501.0106002, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751472000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1755792000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-22, onlineDate=1791627360470, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1769270400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791627360470, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791627360470, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791627360470, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315743733992243595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, year='2026', volume='55', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769270400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791627351520, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791627555456, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315744589420540350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315744589420540351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=20, endPage=28, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315743771745174178, articleId=1315743771535458977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=EN, title=Study on the Application of Fiber Array in Laser Ranging Systems, columnId=1315741724413113295, journalTitle=Acta Photonica Sinica, columnName=Fiber Optics and Optical Communications, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

All-time laser ranging to space debris is a critical direction in the development of future laser ranging systems. During Earth's shadow periods, however, debris objects receive no solar illumination and are invisible to optical cameras. In these conditions, telescope pointing corrections cannot rely on imaging and must instead depend on echo signal strength. Because debris moves rapidly and orbit prediction errors remain, even targets briefly captured within the field of view quickly drift out. This prevents stable tracking and reduces ranging success rates.

To address this challenge, this study introduces a novel approach by incorporating a fiber array into the laser ranging system. The array consists of a central fiber surrounded by six uniformly arranged multimode fibers. Each fiber is divided into two outputs: one reference fiber of equal length and one guiding fiber of varying lengths. The fourteen outputs are fused into a single fiber, which is then connected to a Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detector (SNSPD). By measuring the relative delays among echo signals, the incident fiber can be identified, enabling calculation of the target's offset direction in the field of view and guiding the telescope for tracking.

Experiments were conducted using the 1.2 m coaxial laser ranging system at Yunnan Observatory during May-June 2025. Cooperative targets with small orbit prediction errors were first selected as observation objects to verify the effectiveness of the fiber array method. After validation, the fiber array method was applied to space debris ranging experiments during Earth's shadow periods. The results demonstrate that the fiber array can effectively enhance the tracking capability of the ranging system for invisible targets. For cooperative targets equipped with retro-reflectors, the system efficiently extracted echo signals and accurately identified the incident fiber, thereby deriving the offset direction and achieving stable and reliable ranging. For non-cooperative debris, the current system shows certain limitations. As shown in Fig. 6(d), debris with NORAD ID 28480 produced strong echoes that allowed identification of the incident fiber as F5. In contrast, debris with NORAD IDs 22220 and 21393, shown in Figs. 6(e)-(f), yielded more dispersed echoes, making it difficult to accurately invert the incident fiber from time-delay information. This phenomenon mainly arises from temporal overlap of signals received by adjacent fibers. Specifically, debris generally exhibits a size effect, where differences in reflection depth across the surface broaden echo signals in the time domain. At the same time, the low surface reflectivity of most debris weakens the echoes and increases their susceptibility to background noise. Together, these factors cause temporal overlap among the multichannel data, which appears in the residual plots as clearly dispersed echo patterns and prevents reliable fiber identification based on inherent time delays.

To improve performance for non-cooperative targets, fiber parameters require targeted optimization. First, the delay difference between reference and guiding fibers should be increased so that the minimum channel separation exceeds three times the ranging precision, thereby reducing signal overlap. Second, the spatial arrangement of the array should be optimized to maximize the average channel delay difference, further suppressing inter-channel interference. Additionally, the current multimode fibers use a core diameter of 62.5 µm and cladding diameter of 125 µm, with the core occupying only 25% of the cross-sectional area. Under weak signals, this may limit detection efficiency. Future designs could reduce cladding thickness to increase area utilization while maintaining low crosstalk, thereby improving overall system performance. In summary, the proposed fiber array method provides a new solution for high-precision tracking of invisible targets and constitutes an important technical step toward all-time space debris laser ranging. With further optimization of fiber parameters, the method offers strong engineering potential and prospects for practical application.

, authors=Junfeng CUI1, 2, Zhulian LI1, 3, 4, Zeyu TIAN1, 2, Dongsheng ZHAI1, 3, 4, Yuqiang LI1, 3, 4, authorsList=Junfeng CUI, Zhulian LI, Zeyu TIAN, Dongsheng ZHAI, Yuqiang LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Dongsheng ZHAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315743774777655983, articleId=1315743771535458977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=CN, title=阵列光纤在测距系统中的应用研究, columnId=1315741724673160145, journalTitle=光子学报, columnName=光纤光学与光通信, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对空间碎片在地影时段无法通过成像系统稳定跟踪,导致测距成功率低的问题,提出了一种基于阵列光纤的测距跟踪方法。该方法在接收端引入由一根中心光纤与六根环绕光纤构成的阵列结构,每根光纤均设置两路输出通道,其中一路为固定长度的基准光纤,另一路为长度各异的指引光纤。根据回波信号的时间延迟识别入射光纤,进而解算出目标相对视场中心的偏移方向,引导望远镜将目标修正至视场中心。将阵列光纤应用于测距系统中,对地影目标开展激光测距实验。实验结果表明,该方法能够实现不可见目标的偏移方向解算与测距跟踪,有效提升了测距系统在地影时段的跟踪能力与测距成功率。

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Application research on space debris laser ranging[J]. 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(a) Satellite laser ranging data of Stella; (b) Satellite laser ranging data of Lageos-1; (c) Debris laser ranging data of 22076; (d) Debris laser ranging data of 28480; (e) Debris laser ranging data of 22220; (f) Debris laser ranging data of 21393, figureFileSmall=iI0AaiyZ5CQXgM4jiasimg==, figureFileBig=9GOdCYm6Dd23nSNi6Ssb4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743781077500661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743771535458977, language=CN, label=图6, caption=地影时段空间目标激光测距结果。(a)Stella卫星激光测距数据;(b)Lageos-1卫星激光测距数据;(c)碎片22076激光测距数据;(d)碎片28480激光测距数据;(e)碎片22220激光测距数据;(f)碎片21393激光测距数据, figureFileSmall=iI0AaiyZ5CQXgM4jiasimg==, figureFileBig=9GOdCYm6Dd23nSNi6Ssb4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743781152998134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743771535458977, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The parameters of fiber array

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Fiber endfaceReference fiber length/mGuidance fiber length/mTime delay/ns
F120.121.25.32
F220.122.210.15
F320.123.214.99
F420.124.219.82
F520.125.224.66
F620.126.229.49
F720.127.234.33
), ArticleFig(id=1315743781245272823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743771535458977, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

阵列光纤参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Fiber endfaceReference fiber length/mGuidance fiber length/mTime delay/ns
F120.121.25.32
F220.122.210.15
F320.123.214.99
F420.124.219.82
F520.125.224.66
F620.126.229.49
F720.127.234.33
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阵列光纤在测距系统中的应用研究
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崔峻烽 1, 2 , 李祝莲 1, 3, 4 , 田泽宇 1, 2 , 翟东升 1, 3, 4 , 李语强 1, 3, 4
光子学报 | 光纤光学与光通信 2026,55(1): 20-28
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光子学报 |光纤光学与光通信 2026 , 55 (1) : 20 -28
阵列光纤在测距系统中的应用研究
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崔峻烽1, 2 , 李祝莲1, 3, 4, 田泽宇1, 2, 翟东升1, 3, 4 , 李语强1, 3, 4
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院云南天文台, 昆明 650216
  • 2中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
  • 3中国科学院空间目标与碎片观测重点实验室, 南京 210023
  • 4云南省太阳物理与空间目标监测重点实验室, 昆明 650216
通讯作者:
翟东升,
作者简介:
Study on the Application of Fiber Array in Laser Ranging Systems
Junfeng CUI1, 2 , Zhulian LI1, 3, 4, Zeyu TIAN1, 2, Dongsheng ZHAI1, 3, 4 , Yuqiang LI1, 3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650216, China
  • 2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 3Key Laboratory of Space Object and Debris Observation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 4Yunnan Key Laboratory of the Solar Physics and Space Science, Kunming 650216, China
出版时间: 2026-01-25 doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0106002
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针对空间碎片在地影时段无法通过成像系统稳定跟踪,导致测距成功率低的问题,提出了一种基于阵列光纤的测距跟踪方法。该方法在接收端引入由一根中心光纤与六根环绕光纤构成的阵列结构,每根光纤均设置两路输出通道,其中一路为固定长度的基准光纤,另一路为长度各异的指引光纤。根据回波信号的时间延迟识别入射光纤,进而解算出目标相对视场中心的偏移方向,引导望远镜将目标修正至视场中心。将阵列光纤应用于测距系统中,对地影目标开展激光测距实验。实验结果表明,该方法能够实现不可见目标的偏移方向解算与测距跟踪,有效提升了测距系统在地影时段的跟踪能力与测距成功率。

空间碎片  /  激光测距  /  阵列光纤  /  地影时段  /  测距跟踪

All-time laser ranging to space debris is a critical direction in the development of future laser ranging systems. During Earth's shadow periods, however, debris objects receive no solar illumination and are invisible to optical cameras. In these conditions, telescope pointing corrections cannot rely on imaging and must instead depend on echo signal strength. Because debris moves rapidly and orbit prediction errors remain, even targets briefly captured within the field of view quickly drift out. This prevents stable tracking and reduces ranging success rates.

To address this challenge, this study introduces a novel approach by incorporating a fiber array into the laser ranging system. The array consists of a central fiber surrounded by six uniformly arranged multimode fibers. Each fiber is divided into two outputs: one reference fiber of equal length and one guiding fiber of varying lengths. The fourteen outputs are fused into a single fiber, which is then connected to a Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detector (SNSPD). By measuring the relative delays among echo signals, the incident fiber can be identified, enabling calculation of the target's offset direction in the field of view and guiding the telescope for tracking.

Experiments were conducted using the 1.2 m coaxial laser ranging system at Yunnan Observatory during May-June 2025. Cooperative targets with small orbit prediction errors were first selected as observation objects to verify the effectiveness of the fiber array method. After validation, the fiber array method was applied to space debris ranging experiments during Earth's shadow periods. The results demonstrate that the fiber array can effectively enhance the tracking capability of the ranging system for invisible targets. For cooperative targets equipped with retro-reflectors, the system efficiently extracted echo signals and accurately identified the incident fiber, thereby deriving the offset direction and achieving stable and reliable ranging. For non-cooperative debris, the current system shows certain limitations. As shown in Fig. 6(d), debris with NORAD ID 28480 produced strong echoes that allowed identification of the incident fiber as F5. In contrast, debris with NORAD IDs 22220 and 21393, shown in Figs. 6(e)-(f), yielded more dispersed echoes, making it difficult to accurately invert the incident fiber from time-delay information. This phenomenon mainly arises from temporal overlap of signals received by adjacent fibers. Specifically, debris generally exhibits a size effect, where differences in reflection depth across the surface broaden echo signals in the time domain. At the same time, the low surface reflectivity of most debris weakens the echoes and increases their susceptibility to background noise. Together, these factors cause temporal overlap among the multichannel data, which appears in the residual plots as clearly dispersed echo patterns and prevents reliable fiber identification based on inherent time delays.

To improve performance for non-cooperative targets, fiber parameters require targeted optimization. First, the delay difference between reference and guiding fibers should be increased so that the minimum channel separation exceeds three times the ranging precision, thereby reducing signal overlap. Second, the spatial arrangement of the array should be optimized to maximize the average channel delay difference, further suppressing inter-channel interference. Additionally, the current multimode fibers use a core diameter of 62.5 µm and cladding diameter of 125 µm, with the core occupying only 25% of the cross-sectional area. Under weak signals, this may limit detection efficiency. Future designs could reduce cladding thickness to increase area utilization while maintaining low crosstalk, thereby improving overall system performance. In summary, the proposed fiber array method provides a new solution for high-precision tracking of invisible targets and constitutes an important technical step toward all-time space debris laser ranging. With further optimization of fiber parameters, the method offers strong engineering potential and prospects for practical application.

Space debris  /  Laser ranging  /  Fiber array  /  Earth's shadow  /  Range-based tracking
崔峻烽, 李祝莲, 田泽宇, 翟东升, 李语强. 阵列光纤在测距系统中的应用研究. 光子学报, 2026 , 55 (1) : 20 -28 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0106002
Junfeng CUI, Zhulian LI, Zeyu TIAN, Dongsheng ZHAI, Yuqiang LI. Study on the Application of Fiber Array in Laser Ranging Systems[J]. Acta Photonica Sinica, 2026 , 55 (1) : 20 -28 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0106002
随着航天技术的不断发展,空间碎片问题日益严峻。据统计,直径大于10 cm的空间碎片数量已突破5万个,并且这一数字仍在持续增加[1]。这些碎片主要分布在近地轨道,其运动速度极快,平均相对速度高达10 km/s[2],严重威胁在轨航天器安全[3];与此同时,空间碎片还对有限的轨道资源造成压力,增加了未来航天活动的复杂性与成本[4]。为了应对这一挑战,空间碎片的监测与预警变得尤为重要,而有效的碰撞预警依赖于高精度轨道数据。激光测距作为距离精度最高的测量技术,在空间碎片高精度定轨、运动状态确定中发挥着重要作用,是在轨航天器运行安全的重要保障。
然而,空间碎片激光测距的应用面临两个主要难点:其一是空间碎片的轨道预报存在较大偏差,预报偏差包含距离偏差和时间偏差两部分,距离偏差会导致在探测器开门时间内探测不到回波光子[5],时间偏差则会使空间目标远离视场中心,增加跟踪的难度。其二是空间碎片表面以漫反射为主,回波信号微弱[6]。为了提高空间碎片的探测能力,中国科学院云南天文台联合南京大学将超导纳米线单光子探测器(Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detectors,SNSPD)应用于空间碎片测距系统[7]。SNSPD具有高量子效率,低暗计数率等优良特性[8],并且可以在无门控模式下工作,有效解决了距离偏差引起的开门时间问题[9]。得益于这些优势,SNSPD在空间碎片测距中取得了显著成果[10-11]。
为了持续稳定地获取空间碎片回波信号,需要实现系统对空间碎片持续跟瞄,因此,空间碎片激光测距时,通常情况下需要不断修正望远镜指向偏差,以确保目标保持在测距系统的接收视场内。碎片被太阳光照射可见时,可通过光学成像相机监测目标的指向偏差,然而,当空间碎片在地球阴影里时,在光学成像相机里不可见,无法确定望远镜指向的修正方向和数值,只能根据回波信号的强度进行搜索和跟踪。但由于目标运动速度快且没有成像辅助,即使在某一时刻成功将目标引入视场,由于预报误差,目标很快就会偏出,导致无法持续稳定地跟踪,严重影响了测距的成功率。以昆明站为例,地影时段碎片的过境圈次是晨昏时段的2~3倍,如果能够有效解决地影时段目标的持续稳定跟踪问题,将显著提高空间碎片的数据量。
为解决这一问题,本文提出一种方法:将阵列光纤引入激光测距系统中,该阵列光纤的输入端由中心光纤与周围均匀排列的6根多模光纤组成。每根光纤均分成两路输出,一路为基准光纤,长度相同;一路为指引光纤,长度各不相同。最终,14根支路光纤融合为1根输出光纤,输出端与SNSPD连接。通过测量回波信号之间的延迟量,可以反推入射光纤,从而解算出目标在视场中的偏移方向,引导望远镜进行跟踪。
为实现地影时段不可见目标的持续跟踪,本研究采用了基于阵列光纤的光学接收方案。如图1所示,接收端由7根标准多模光纤组成(F1-F7),纤芯直径为62.5 µm,包层直径为125 µm。F1-F7随机排列,每根光纤分束为基准光纤和指引光纤两路输出,通过设计两路光纤的长度差ΔL,引入固定时间延迟Δt
Δt=n∙ΔL/c
式中,n为纤芯在1 064 nm波长处的折射率,c为真空中光速。光纤参数详见表1,其中光纤长度为出厂标称值,时间延迟由式(1)计算得到。鉴于实际加工过程中存在一定的长度误差,理论延迟值与实测结果之间的偏差最大不超过0.5 ns。
在测距过程中,采用事件计时器作为时间测量工具,将激光脉冲的发射时刻(主波)作为A事件记录,探测器触发时刻(回波)作为B事件记录。探测器可能被噪声触发,也可能被信号触发,为了分辨出信号,首先需要进行主回波匹配。将A、B所对应的时刻分为数组a1,a2,⋯,an,b1,b2,⋯,bm,对于任一个bi(i=1,2,⋯,m),如果有aj(j=1,2,⋯,n)使得式(2)成立[12],则认为主回波匹配成功。
aj +pj -bi≤ δ 
式中,pj为aj时刻目标预报的激光往返时间,δ为经验值,一般取值几微秒。完成主回波匹配后,对于匹配上的每一组主回波(ak,bk)进行测距残差Rk计算,公式为
Rk=bk-ak- pk
对于传统的单通道光纤,模拟的测距残差如图2(a)所示,横轴为测距时间,纵轴为测距残差,有规律地排列在一条线上的点是回波信号,其余为噪声。对于阵列光纤,假设基准光纤的测距残差为R0,指引光纤的测距残差为Ru(u=1,2,⋯,7),则Ru为
Ru=R0+Δtu
式中,Δtu为多模光纤Fu两路之间的时间延迟量。图2(b)展示了阵列光纤的模拟测距残差,各光纤接收到的回波信号分布在不同的直线上,最底部为基准光纤的回波信号(Reference),上方为各指引光纤的回波信号(F1-F7)。通过测量两者回波信号在纵轴方向的差值Δt,可以识别入射光纤Fu,进而解算目标在视场中的偏移方向。基于偏移信息对望远镜指向进行动态修正,即可实现对目标的持续测距跟踪。
实验基于云南天文台1.2 m共光路测距系统开展,图3展示了该系统的光路结构。测距过程为:激光首先经反射镜M2反射后,穿越转镜,进入一级扩束装置。随后,激光依次经由6面反射镜(M3-M8)反射至望远镜副镜。最终,借助望远镜主副镜完成二级扩束,将激光发射至空间目标。当激光被空间目标反射后,回波信号由望远镜接收。经望远镜主副镜缩束后,回波返回至M4。接着,信号被反射至分光镜M3。此时,可见光波段经分光镜透射后,由透镜聚焦至跟踪相机;红外波段经分光镜反射后,先通过一级缩束系统缩束,再经转镜反射,进入二级缩束系统。最后,经透镜组聚焦后,信号耦合进阵列光纤,阵列光纤与超导探测器相连,用于探测回波信号。
在将阵列光纤部署至测距系统后,需要确定光纤的初始安装位置,阵列光纤的中心与接收视场中心严格对齐,周围六根光纤的位置决定了目标偏离视场中心的方向。首先,从阵列光纤输出端反向注入连续激光。激光经转镜后,从M3透射而出,再经反射镜K0,随后由透镜聚焦,进入相机。图4(a)展示了阵列光纤在相机靶面上的投影,此投影即为阵列光纤的空间分布。由于阵列光纤端面F1-F7呈随机排列,还需明确其分布情况。为此,采用实测回波信号来定位端面:当待测目标处于望远镜视场中心时,回波信号由中心端面进入;当目标沿不同方向偏离视场中心时,信号从相应方向的端面进入,在测距残差图上表现为不同时间延迟的特征信号。
因为阵列光纤在机下的库德房内,需要考虑库德光路带来的视场旋转问题[13],为了将待测目标准确引导至视场不同位置,需要对视场旋转进行修正,视场旋转公式为
θrot=a∙Az+b∙El+θ0
式中,θrot为视场旋转角度,Az、El分别为望远镜的方位与俯仰角度,系数a、b用于建立视场旋转角与方位角、俯仰角之间的函数关系,其取值由库德光路的结构特性决定,θ0为初始误差角。考虑视场旋转后,望远镜方位角修正量∆Az,俯仰角修正量∆El为
∆Az∆El=cos θrotsin θrot-sin θrotcos θrot∙δθ/cos Elδϕ
式中,δθ、δϕ分别为阵列光纤平面内横向和纵向上与阵列光纤中心的视场偏差角。
将合作目标lares2卫星作为待测目标,利用回波信号定位各端面的位置。首先,将视场光阑调至最小(视场约为5″),并通过跟踪相机将目标引导至视场中心,此时仅中心端面接收到回波信号,如图5(a)所示。图中最底部信号点为基准光纤输出信号(Reference),上方信号点为指引光纤输出信号,根据两者信号的时间延迟可以判断中心端面为F2;然后,将视场光阑调至最大(视场约为60″),此时视场范围足以覆盖整个阵列光纤区域。通过引导目标至不同方向的光纤端面区域,信号从周围端面交替进入,产生不同时延的信号响应,如图5(b)所示。由此方法可以定位出阵列光纤各端面的排列方式,最终结果如图4(b)所示。
测量地影目标时,需要先将目标引导至阵列光纤视场,因为目标不可见,可以采用修正时间偏差[14]或是直接修正方位俯仰角的方式进行盲搜。当目标进入视场后,系统会接收到来自待测目标的回波信号。根据指引光纤与基准光纤回波信号的延迟量,可以判断信号的入射光纤,从而反推出目标指向偏差的方向。然后通过式(6)计算出望远镜的修正量,反馈给望远镜进行实时修正,实现不可见目标的持续跟踪。
为了测试测距系统在地影时段对空间目标的跟踪能力,本研究于2025年5-6月开展了测距实验。实验首先选取轨道预报偏差较小的合作目标作为观测对象。在实验中,先利用预报数据对目标进行跟踪,然后微调望远镜对目标进行盲搜,当目标进入阵列光纤视场后,系统成功捕获到激光回波信号,结果如图6所示,图中回波信号用橙色线标注,最底部信号点为基准光纤输出信号(Reference),上方信号点为指引光纤输出信号,通过测量指引光纤与基准光纤回波信号之间的时间延迟,识别出入射光纤,再根据第2节所述方法计算出望远镜修正量,即可将目标逐步修正至视场中心。这一过程表现为:中心光纤F2的回波信号强度显著提升,边缘光纤的回波信号强度迅速衰减,图6(a)、(b)展示了Stella和lageos1卫星由视场边缘移动至视场中心的过程。
基于合作目标的测量结果,将阵列光纤方法应用于地影时段的空间碎片测量实验中。根据反射方式的不同,空间碎片可分为两类:一类为带有角反射器的碎片,回波信号源于角反射器的反射,信号强度高;另一类为无角反射器的碎片,回波信号主要依靠碎片表面的漫反射,信号强度较低,其测量误差随着目标尺度增加而增大[15]。实验分别选取两类目标进行实验,测量结果如图6(c)~(f)所示。
图6(c)为带角反射器的碎片(NORAD编号:22076),该碎片是一颗带角反射器的失效卫星,其中回波信号呈周期性变化,主要由目标自旋引起。根据信号的延迟量,可以识别出入射光纤为F5,进而将目标由F5对应的偏差方向引导至视场中心,在图中表现为中心光纤F2对应的信号出现并增强。值得注意的是,在将目标引导至中心的过程中,边缘信号有先变强的趋势,这是因为光纤F5-F7在空间位置上相邻,并且在测距残差图中的回波信号也相邻,F5-F7回波信号相互混叠,导致总信号增强。
图6(d)~(f)为无角反射器的碎片,三颗碎片均为火箭残骸,图6(d)展示的碎片(NORAD编号:28480)回波信号较强,可以识别出入射光纤为F1。图6(e)~(f)展示的碎片(NORAD编号:22220,21393)回波信号较为弥散,难以根据信号时延准确反解入射光纤。该现象的主要原因在于相邻光纤接收到的信号在时域上发生重叠。具体而言,碎片普遍存在尺寸效应,即目标表面不同反射点的深度差异会造成回波信号在时域上展宽;同时,大多数碎片的表面反射率较低,回波信号的强度较弱,容易与背景噪声发生混淆。这些因素共同作用,导致多通道数据在时域上有所重叠,在残差图中表现为明显的信号弥散,无法通过固有的时间延迟识别入射光纤。
为避免不同光纤的回波信号在时域上发生干扰,需要结合目标测距精度,合理设计通道间的时间延迟差。此处测距精度指数据的内符合精度,用于衡量测距数据的离散程度。其计算方法为:首先对测距残差数据进行多项式拟合,获得拟合曲线;然后计算拟合曲线与原始数据之间的拟合残差,拟合残差的标准差σ即为内符合精度。由于拟合残差在统计意义上近似服从高斯分布,信号出现在±3σ区域以外的概率极低。因此,当通道间的时间延迟差大于三倍内符合精度时,可有效避免信号在时域上发生混叠。
根据现有系统参数,相邻光纤之间的最小时间延迟差为4.83 ns,折算为空间距离约1.45 m。为确保通道间的信号不发生干扰,测距精度需优于0.48 m。经查询,编号22220和21393的碎片雷达散射截面(Radar Cross Section,RCS)分别为15.1 m2和10.2 m2,考虑到尺寸效应和回波强度的影响,其测距精度通常在1~2 m之间,未满足上述解算要求,导致回波信号在多个通道间发生混叠。
为提升系统对非合作目标的适应能力,需对光纤结构参数进行针对性优化。首先,应增加基准光纤与指引光纤的时间延迟,从而扩大通道之间的最小延迟差异,使其超过目标测距精度的三倍,以显著降低信号重叠概率。其次,应优化阵列光纤的排列方式,最大化通道间的平均延迟差(即相邻通道之间时间延迟差的平均值),以进一步抑制通道间干扰。此外,目前所采用的多模光纤纤芯直径为62.5 µm,包层直径为125 µm,有效接收面积(纤芯)仅占总横截面积的25%,在信号微弱时可能限制探测效率。未来可在保证低串扰率的前提下,适当减小包层厚度,提升面积利用率,从而增强系统的整体探测性能。
地影时段的测距实验证明了阵列光纤能够有效提高测距系统对不可见目标的跟踪能力。对于配有角反射器的目标,系统能够高效提取回波信号并准确识别其入射光纤,从而解算出偏移方向,实现稳定可靠的测距跟踪;对于无角反射器的空间碎片,当前系统在解算能力上存在一定限制。但通过对光纤结构参数的优化,该方法仍具备良好的工程应用潜力与发展前景。
全天时空间碎片测距是未来测距系统发展的重要方向,然而在地影时段,由于空间碎片不受太阳光照,无法借助成像系统进行稳定跟踪,测距难度显著增加,相关研究仍较为薄弱。本文依托于中国科学院云南天文台1.2 m共光路测距系统,提出将接收端的单通道光纤替换为阵列光纤,并设计具有双路输出的光纤结构。该结构通过在回波信号中引入固定时间延迟,使系统具备解算目标偏移方向的能力,从而实现对不可见目标的持续稳定跟踪。该方法为不可见目标的高精度跟瞄提供了一种新的思路,是全天时测距技术的重要技术积累。此外,该方法具备向深空探测等不可见目标场景拓展的潜力。后续工作中,可进一步优化光纤结构参数与识别算法,以提升系统的通用性与工程适应性。

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2026年第55卷第1期
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doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0106002
  • 接收时间:2025-07-03
  • 首发时间:2026-10-10
  • 出版时间:2026-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-03
  • 录用日期:2025-08-22
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    1中国科学院云南天文台, 昆明 650216
    2中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
    3中国科学院空间目标与碎片观测重点实验室, 南京 210023
    4云南省太阳物理与空间目标监测重点实验室, 昆明 650216

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