Article(id=1246046392716734969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246046388547596731, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.035, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723132800000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775010210446, onlineDateStr=2026-04-01, pubDate=1735056000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775010210446, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775010210446, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775010210446, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246046388547596731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2024', volume='45', issue='6', pageStart='709', pageEnd='856', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775010209451, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775010293319, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246046740390986227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246046388547596731, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246046740390986228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246046388547596731, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=831, endPage=845, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246046392960004610, articleId=1246046392716734969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=Design of Continuous-Density-Graded Porous Metal Materials in Polar Coordinates and Study on the Blast Resistance of Sandwich Tubes, columnId=1244229834482757770, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study investigated the dynamic response of continuous-density-graded aluminum foam sandwich tubes subjected to internal explosion loads. A finite element model for continuous-density-graded aluminum foam and sandwich tubes was established in polar coordinates using 3D-Voronoi technology. The influences of core density distributions, such as positive-gradient, negative-gradient, and V-shaped gradient including middle-high-gradient (high in the middle and low at both ends) and middle-low-gradient (low in the middle and high at both ends), core density gradient, assembly methods of tube walls and the core, and the length-to-diameter ratio of explosives on the anti-shock performance of the sandwich tube structure were analyzed. Results demonstrate that, for the same core density gradient, the maximum deformation of the outer tube in the sandwich tube with a negative-gradient core is the least, while the sandwich tube with a middle-low-gradient core exhibits the highest specific energy absorption, and the sandwich tube with a middle-high-gradient core shows the weakest anti-shock performance. As core density gradient increases, the maximum deformation of the outer tube in the sandwich tube with a negative-gradient core significantly decreases. The specific energy absorption for the sandwich tube with a middle-low-gradient core rises initially before declining, while the anti-explosion performance of the sandwich tube with a middle-high-gradient core deteriorates. Optimal bonding between tube walls and the core effectively improves the specific energy absorption of sandwich tubes with a uniform, negative-gradient, or middle-low-gradient core, but it also increases the maximum deformation of the outer tube. For varying length-to-diameter ratios of explosives, the maximum deformation of the outer tube in the sandwich tube with a negative-gradient core is smaller. The present work aims to provide valuable insights for designing such structures for protective engineering applications.

, correspAuthors=Mingshi Wang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xuehui Yu, Ting Li, Anshuai Wang, Mingshi Wang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1246046404863439621, articleId=1246046392716734969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=极坐标下连续密度梯度多孔金属材料设计及其夹芯管的抗爆性能研究, columnId=1241831201896469478, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

利用3D-Voronoi技术,建立了极坐标下径向连续密度梯度泡沫铝及其夹芯管有限元模型,进而研究了夹芯管在内部爆炸载荷下的动态响应. 分析了正梯度、负梯度、“V”型梯度(中间高两端低、中间低两端高)等芯材密度分布方式,芯材密度梯度大小,管壁与芯材装配方式以及炸药长径比对夹芯管抗爆性能的影响. 结果表明:当芯材密度梯度大小相同时,负梯度夹芯管的外管最大变形量最小,中间低梯度夹芯管的比吸能最高,正梯度夹芯管的抗爆性能最劣;随着芯材密度梯度的增加,负梯度夹芯管的外管最大变形量显著减小,中间低梯度夹芯管的比吸能呈现出先增加后减少的趋势,中间高梯度夹芯管的抗爆性能减弱;将管壁与芯材进行理想粘结,有效提高了均匀、负梯度以及中间低梯度夹芯管的比吸能,但也增加了外管的最大变形量;在不同的炸药长径比下,负梯度夹芯管的外管最大变形量最小.

, correspAuthors=王茗仕, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
** E-mail:.
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Composites Part B: Engineering, 2017, 125: 134-143., articleTitle=Experimental and numerical study of aluminum foam-cored sandwich tubes subjected to internal air blast, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1246046420717908151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246046392716734969, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=13, issue=17, pageStart=3903, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=35, authorNames=Liang M Z, Li X Y, Lin Y L, Zhang K F, Lu F Y, journalName=Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liang M Z, Li X Y, Lin Y L, Zhang K F, Lu F Y. Theoretical analysis of blast protection of graded metal foam-cored sandwich cylinders/rings[J]. 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figureFileSmall=CS7tn6mozQm60hzk+QYQxw==, figureFileBig=nAqOT0nVORX+zUdqGMUfxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246046414413869113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246046392716734969, language=CN, label=图16, caption=不同炸药长径比下夹芯管的抗爆性能, figureFileSmall=CS7tn6mozQm60hzk+QYQxw==, figureFileBig=nAqOT0nVORX+zUdqGMUfxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246046414548086844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246046392716734969, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Material parameters of Johnson Cook model

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材料密度(kg/m3弹性模量(GPa)A(MPa)B(MPa)ncm
78502105073200.280.0641.06
), ArticleFig(id=1246046414648750143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246046392716734969, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Johnson Cook模型材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料密度(kg/m3弹性模量(GPa)A(MPa)B(MPa)ncm
78502105073200.280.0641.06
), ArticleFig(id=1246046414774579266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246046392716734969, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Material parameters of explosives

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材料密度(kg/m3爆速(m/s)A(GPa)B(GPa)R1R2ωE(GJ/m3V
JHL-31650705061110.74.41.20.358.91.0
), ArticleFig(id=1246046414875242565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246046392716734969, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

炸药的材料参数

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材料密度(kg/m3爆速(m/s)A(GPa)B(GPa)R1R2ωE(GJ/m3V
JHL-31650705061110.74.41.20.358.91.0
), ArticleFig(id=1246046414980100169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246046392716734969, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Geometric parameters of unidirectional continuous density gradient core aluminum foam sandwich tube

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试件编号外管直径d0(mm)内管直径di(mm)外管壁厚t0(mm)内管壁厚ti(mm)相对密度ρ(%)试件质量m(g)梯度k
U-k0103601.51.5100.50900.0
P-k1.2103601.51.5100.50881.2
N-k1.2103601.51.5100.51071.2
MH-k1.2103601.51.5100.50841.2
ML-k1.2103601.51.5100.50801.2
), ArticleFig(id=1246046415118512204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246046392716734969, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

单向连续密度梯度芯材泡沫铝夹芯管几何参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试件编号外管直径d0(mm)内管直径di(mm)外管壁厚t0(mm)内管壁厚ti(mm)相对密度ρ(%)试件质量m(g)梯度k
U-k0103601.51.5100.50900.0
P-k1.2103601.51.5100.50881.2
N-k1.2103601.51.5100.51071.2
MH-k1.2103601.51.5100.50841.2
ML-k1.2103601.51.5100.50801.2
), ArticleFig(id=1246046415210786897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246046392716734969, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Geometric parameters of continuous gradient density aluminum foam sandwich tubes with different core density gradients

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试件编号外管直径d0(mm)内管直径di(mm)外管壁厚t0(mm)内管壁厚ti(mm)相对密度ρ(%)试件质量m(g)梯度k
U-k0103601.51.5100.50960.0
N-k0.4103601.51.5100.50850.4
N-k0.8103601.51.5100.51090.8
N-k1.2103601.51.5100.51071.2
N-k1.6103601.51.5100.51321.6
MH-k0.4103601.51.5100.50780.4
MH-k0.8103601.51.5100.50750.8
MH-k1.2103601.51.5100.50741.2
MH-k1.6103601.51.5100.50941.6
ML-k0.4103601.51.5100.50710.4
ML-k0.8103601.51.5100.50720.8
ML-k1.2103601.51.5100.50791.2
ML-k1.6103601.51.5100.50841.6
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芯材密度梯度大小不同的连续梯度密度的泡沫铝夹芯管几何参数

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试件编号外管直径d0(mm)内管直径di(mm)外管壁厚t0(mm)内管壁厚ti(mm)相对密度ρ(%)试件质量m(g)梯度k
U-k0103601.51.5100.50960.0
N-k0.4103601.51.5100.50850.4
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MH-k0.4103601.51.5100.50780.4
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MH-k1.2103601.51.5100.50741.2
MH-k1.6103601.51.5100.50941.6
ML-k0.4103601.51.5100.50710.4
ML-k0.8103601.51.5100.50720.8
ML-k1.2103601.51.5100.50791.2
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极坐标下连续密度梯度多孔金属材料设计及其夹芯管的抗爆性能研究
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于学会 1, 2 , 李婷 1, 3 , 王安帅 1, 4 , 王茗仕 2, **
固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024,45(6): 831-845
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固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 45(6): 831-845
极坐标下连续密度梯度多孔金属材料设计及其夹芯管的抗爆性能研究
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于学会1, 2, 李婷1, 3, 王安帅1, 4, 王茗仕2, **
作者信息
  • 1西安建筑科技大学理学院,西安,710055
  • 2西安交通大学复杂服役环境重大装备结构强度与寿命全国重点实验室,西安,710049
  • 3西安建筑科技大学资源工程学院,西安,710055
  • 4西南石油大学机电工程学院,成都,610500

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Design of Continuous-Density-Graded Porous Metal Materials in Polar Coordinates and Study on the Blast Resistance of Sandwich Tubes
Xuehui Yu1, 2, Ting Li1, 3, Anshuai Wang1, 4, Mingshi Wang2, **
Affiliations
  • 1Xi'an Key Laboratory of Mechanics of Building Materials, School of Science, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055
  • 2State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049
  • 3School of Resources Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055
  • 4School of Mechatronic Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500
出版时间: 2024-12-25 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.035
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利用3D-Voronoi技术,建立了极坐标下径向连续密度梯度泡沫铝及其夹芯管有限元模型,进而研究了夹芯管在内部爆炸载荷下的动态响应. 分析了正梯度、负梯度、“V”型梯度(中间高两端低、中间低两端高)等芯材密度分布方式,芯材密度梯度大小,管壁与芯材装配方式以及炸药长径比对夹芯管抗爆性能的影响. 结果表明:当芯材密度梯度大小相同时,负梯度夹芯管的外管最大变形量最小,中间低梯度夹芯管的比吸能最高,正梯度夹芯管的抗爆性能最劣;随着芯材密度梯度的增加,负梯度夹芯管的外管最大变形量显著减小,中间低梯度夹芯管的比吸能呈现出先增加后减少的趋势,中间高梯度夹芯管的抗爆性能减弱;将管壁与芯材进行理想粘结,有效提高了均匀、负梯度以及中间低梯度夹芯管的比吸能,但也增加了外管的最大变形量;在不同的炸药长径比下,负梯度夹芯管的外管最大变形量最小.

抗爆性能  /  连续密度梯度  /  夹芯管  /  3D-Voronoi

This study investigated the dynamic response of continuous-density-graded aluminum foam sandwich tubes subjected to internal explosion loads. A finite element model for continuous-density-graded aluminum foam and sandwich tubes was established in polar coordinates using 3D-Voronoi technology. The influences of core density distributions, such as positive-gradient, negative-gradient, and V-shaped gradient including middle-high-gradient (high in the middle and low at both ends) and middle-low-gradient (low in the middle and high at both ends), core density gradient, assembly methods of tube walls and the core, and the length-to-diameter ratio of explosives on the anti-shock performance of the sandwich tube structure were analyzed. Results demonstrate that, for the same core density gradient, the maximum deformation of the outer tube in the sandwich tube with a negative-gradient core is the least, while the sandwich tube with a middle-low-gradient core exhibits the highest specific energy absorption, and the sandwich tube with a middle-high-gradient core shows the weakest anti-shock performance. As core density gradient increases, the maximum deformation of the outer tube in the sandwich tube with a negative-gradient core significantly decreases. The specific energy absorption for the sandwich tube with a middle-low-gradient core rises initially before declining, while the anti-explosion performance of the sandwich tube with a middle-high-gradient core deteriorates. Optimal bonding between tube walls and the core effectively improves the specific energy absorption of sandwich tubes with a uniform, negative-gradient, or middle-low-gradient core, but it also increases the maximum deformation of the outer tube. For varying length-to-diameter ratios of explosives, the maximum deformation of the outer tube in the sandwich tube with a negative-gradient core is smaller. The present work aims to provide valuable insights for designing such structures for protective engineering applications.

blast resistance  /  density-graded foam  /  sandwich tubes  /  Voronoi technology
于学会, 李婷, 王安帅, 王茗仕. 极坐标下连续密度梯度多孔金属材料设计及其夹芯管的抗爆性能研究. 固体力学学报, 2024 , 45 (6) : 831 -845 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.035
Xuehui Yu, Ting Li, Anshuai Wang, Mingshi Wang. Design of Continuous-Density-Graded Porous Metal Materials in Polar Coordinates and Study on the Blast Resistance of Sandwich Tubes[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2024 , 45 (6) : 831 -845 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.035
泡沫铝具有高比刚度、高比强度、优良的抗冲击和能量吸收特性,因而一直是轻量化研究的热点,并在航空航天、高速机车、汽车和船舶等领域有着广泛的应用[1-8]. 在实际工作中,通常将泡沫材料与梁、板、壳等组成夹芯结构,与单一实体结构相比,泡沫夹芯结构在爆炸载荷下能够表现出更优异的抗爆性能与吸能效果[9-16].
泡沫铝的力学性能与其相对密度、孔径类型等因素有关[17-19]. Lv等[20]通过有限元建立了由金属面板和具有负泊松比的三维各向同性泡沫芯材组成的夹芯板模型,得出了芯材的泊松比最小时,结构的抗爆性能最优. Theobald等[21]通过实验研究发现,泡沫芯材的密度对防爆有着显著影响,泡沫芯材的密度越高,在爆炸中发生脆性破坏越明显. Wang等[22]通过有限元仿真研究了不同芯材的夹芯板抗冲击性能,发现不同芯材的夹芯板在能量吸收、抗侵彻和变形量均不相同,需要根据实际应用选择不同的芯材,但该模型未考虑面板与芯材之间的粘结作用,随着冲击能量的增大,有限元模型和试验的峰值力差异也变大.
芯材中引入梯度可以进一步提高夹芯结构的力学性能,Zhou等[23]通过实验和数值模拟研究了层级密度梯度夹芯板与均匀密度夹芯板在冲击载荷下的响应,发现密度梯度夹芯板比均匀密度夹芯板具有更好的抗侵彻性能,Fang等[24]采用试验究了均匀与层级密度梯度泡沫铝夹芯梁的高速抗冲击性能,发现负层级密度梯度夹芯梁的抗冲击性更好. 上述研究表明,层级密度梯度夹芯结构具有优异的抗冲击性能,然而梯度因素对结构响应的影响研究较少,例如层级密度梯度大小对抗冲击性能的影响.
泡沫的有限元模型采用实体单元建模,无法解释多孔材料结构的动态变化,为此学者们提出了更多可控结构建模的方法,Lu等[25]利用二维Voronoi方法设计面内梯度连续可控蜂窝(GCCH)结构,发现与普通夹芯板相比,具有GCCH芯材的夹芯板具有更高的比吸能. Liang等[26]通过二维Voronoi算法建立了密度梯度和均匀泡沫铝夹芯管,并发现密度梯度泡沫铝夹芯管在内爆炸载荷下具有更优异的抗爆性能. 上述研究手段均是基于2D-Voronoi技术,并不能完全反应泡沫铝的真实结构. Wang等[27]通过3D-Voronoi技术建立了极坐标下连续密度梯度泡沫铝夹芯管,并研究了其在内爆炸载荷下的抗爆性能,结果表明负梯度夹芯管抗爆性能最好,且随着梯度的增大其抗爆性能越好,但建立的泡沫铝模型未做密度梯度分布验证,密度梯度分布未必符合密度梯度分布公式的设定,此外也未说明梯度对抗爆性能影响的机理. 秦庆华等[28]采用数值模拟方法研究了爆炸载荷作用下四边固支夹芯曲板的动力响应,比较了夹芯曲板和夹芯平板的抗爆性能,发现增大夹芯曲板的曲率能够有效提高结构的抗爆性能,通过炸药波传递路径分析了曲率对抗爆性能的影响,但其泡沫建模采用实体单元,无法揭示曲率对泡沫材料孔结构的压缩影响机制. 张鹏飞等[29]基于3D-Voronoi技术构建了均匀泡沫铝夹芯管有限元模型,研究了夹芯管内外管壁厚、芯材相对密度、芯材层级梯度分布等对夹芯管的内抗爆性能,发现增大内管壁厚可以有效减小外管的塑性变形,但会影响泡沫芯材的能量耗散,填充泡沫芯材可以有效降低内管的塑性变形,正梯度泡沫铝夹芯管的抗爆性能优于均匀及负梯度泡沫夹芯管,但并未研究层级梯度大小对内抗爆性能的影响. 张天辉等[30]通过实验、理论和数值模拟研究沿轴向层级密度梯度泡沫铝夹芯圆管在内爆载荷作用下的变形模式和吸能机制,结果表明中间芯层密度最大的梯度模型具有最高的比吸能,下方芯层密度最大的梯度模型具有最小的外管挠度,考虑到内爆炸载荷下冲击波沿夹芯管径向传播,然而作者并未研究径向密度梯度对抗爆性能的影响.
综上所述,已有的研究主要集中在层级密度梯度夹芯管的数值模拟与实验研究,结果表明,与均匀密度夹芯管相比,密度梯度夹芯管具有更好的抗爆性能,但目前在极坐标下的径向连续密度梯度泡沫铝夹芯管抗爆性能还鲜有研究,为研究径向连续密度梯度泡沫铝夹芯管在内部爆炸载荷作用下的吸能特性与动态响应,本文利用3D-Voronoi技术,在极坐标下设计了径向连续密度梯度泡沫铝模型,并利用密度梯度分布理论与有限元实际生成的模型进行了对比,验证了泡沫铝模型的密度梯度分布的合理性,在此基础上建立了泡沫铝夹芯管有限元模型,分析了芯材密度分布方式、芯材密度梯度大小、内外管与芯材装配方式以及炸药长径比对夹芯管抗爆性能的影响.
3D-Voronoi模型能够描述多胞金属材料的复杂细观结构,在构建多胞材料的几何模型中应用广泛.3D-Voronoi技术通过在三维空间中随机产生成核点,通过将相邻点的垂直平分面连接组成,不同位置的相邻成核点之间的距离需满足:
其中是任意两个相邻成核点的最小距离,K是由Zheng等[31]定义的不规则度,这里取K=0.2;基于上述方法,可构建具有相同平均密度且密度分布满足线性关系的梯度多胞模型,此模型的相对密度分布可表示为:
其中h为自变量,0≤hHρ0为平均相对密度,k为密度梯度,定义为k=(ρmax-ρmin)/ρ0,这里k的范围为-2<k<2,其中ρmax为最大密度,ρmin为最小密度. 根据密度特征,建立了极坐标下“V”型梯度泡沫铝模型,即沿着高度方向具有两种密度分布方式,分别为中间高(MH型)和中间低(ML型)梯度泡沫铝,其中MH型是指模型中部的泡沫铝密度高,两端密度低,ML型则与之相反. 具体结构特征如图1(a)所示.
构建极坐标下3D-Voronoi泡沫模型,需将直角坐标进行极坐标转换:x=r×cosθy=r×sinθ,其中rθ分别是成核点极坐标中的径向坐标和角坐标. 极坐标下3D-Voronoi模型的相对密度分布可表示为:
其中R为圆环外径,rin为圆环内径,沿半径方向同样具有两种密度分布方式,分别为正梯度(P型)泡沫铝和负梯度(N型)泡沫铝,其中P型(k>0)是指泡沫铝密度随着极径的增加而增大,N型(k<0)则与之相反. 具体结构特征如图1(b)所示.
图2为梯度k=1.2时,四种连续密度梯度泡沫芯材的密度特征.
本文采用有限元软件LS-DYNA对泡沫铝夹芯管在内爆炸载荷作用下的响应进行数值模拟,空气、炸药以及内、外圆管采用Solid164实体单元,泡沫铝芯材采用S3R与S4R混合壳单元. 有限元模型如图3所示,内、外管与泡沫铝芯材之间的接触采用AUTOMATIC_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE,泡沫铝的自接触采用AUTOMATIC_SINGLE_SURFACE. 空气和炸药之间采用流固耦合算法,由于泡沫铝夹芯管和爆炸载荷具有对称性,建立八分之一模型以减少计算量,在泡沫铝夹芯管以及空气的三个截面处施加对称边界条件,空气模型的其余面则定义为无反射边界条件.
为研究泡沫铝夹芯管在爆炸载荷下的动态响应,分别建立了均匀泡沫铝夹芯管以及四种连续梯度泡沫铝夹芯管,图4为极坐标下的连续密度梯度夹芯管示意图,其中颜色深浅代表密度大小,如颜色越深代表芯材密度越大,反之亦然.
夹芯管内外圆管材料采用45#钢,考虑应变率效应的影响,采用Johnson Cook模型,材料参数如表1所示. 泡沫铝材料采用双线性弹塑性模型,密度为2730 kg/m3、杨氏模量为70 GPa、泊松比为0.3、屈服强度为190 MPa. 空气的密度为1.293 kg/m3,采用MAT_NULL本构模型,状态方程采用EOS_LINEAR_POLYNOMIAL,压力P定义为内能密度e与相对体积v函数:
式中C0C1C2C3C4C5C6和为材料常数,取C0=C1=C2=C3=C6=0,C4=C5=0.4. 其中初始内能密度e0=2.5×105 J/m3,初始相对体积v0=1.
炸药的爆轰过程采用JWL状态方程,其表达式如下:
式中:ABR1R2ω为常数,E为炸药初始比内能,V为单位体积炸药的初始相对体积. 表2为炸药的材料参数.
由于随机撒点形成的胞元不均匀性,可能对梯度泡沫模型的密度分布产生影响,使之和设定的密度分布之间存在偏差,故需校核生成的模型密度分布. 以梯度为1.2的泡沫模型为例,分别在半径r方向上将N型芯材均分,在高度H方向上将MH型芯材均分,均分方式如图5所示.
可以发现,对于MH型芯材,生成的模型密度分布与理论设定的密度分布结果吻合较好,而对于N型芯材,生成的模型密度分布比理论设定的密度分布偏小. 这是因为对于N型芯材,依据密度分布公式(3),大于ρ0的体积与小于ρ0的体积不相等. 对于N型芯材,小于ρ0的体积较大,故生成的模型密度分布比理论设定的密度分布偏小,而P型芯材则与之相反. 故需要对P型和N型芯材的密度分布进行修正,并设定修正系数,极坐标下半径r方向密度梯度泡沫铝与均匀密度泡沫铝的质量比值为:
式中mu为一定体积下均匀泡沫铝的相对质量,mr为该体积下沿半径r方向梯度密度泡沫铝的相对质量,mumr由下式给出:
此时可以求得修正系数ur
根据上式,通过将预设的相对密度除以ur,即可得到正确的整体相对密度的极坐标密度梯度泡沫模型. 同样选取梯度为1.2的N型芯材为例,如图6所示,可以看到修正后的N型芯材,生成的模型密度分布与理论设定的密度分布结果吻合较好,上述修正系数ur也适用于P型芯材.
图7给出了试件U-k0和N-k 1.2在不同网格尺寸下内、外管变形量的时程曲线,可见当网格尺寸为0.40 mm与0.45 mm时,内外管最大变形量差距非常小,即当网格尺寸小于0.45 mm时,网格尺寸变化对结果影响极小,综合考虑计算资源和时效性,本文模型的网格尺寸采用0.45 mm.
为了验证有限元模型的准确性,与文献[32]中的实验结果进行了对比. 实验中夹芯管试件是由45号钢管和泡沫铝芯材制成,试件高度为100 mm,管壁厚度为1.5 mm,炸药为圆柱形含铝炸药JHL-3,其长径比与夹芯管的高度和内径比值相同. 有限元模型与实验中各个工况采用的试件尺寸及炸药当量一致. 图8为内爆炸载荷作用下夹芯管试件的内、外管变形量的有限元结果与实验结果对比,可以看出模拟结果和实验结果吻合较好,从而验证了有限元模型的合理性.
夹芯管的能量吸收和内外管的最大变形量是评估夹芯管抗爆性能的重要指标. 比吸能Esa定义为单位质量结构所吸收的能量,由下式所示:
式中:Ea为结构吸收的能量,M为结构的质量.
抗爆夹芯管不仅需要具备抵抗变形的能力还应满足轻质的需求,故将内外管最大变形量进行标准化处理:
式中:δT为内管/外管的变形量,mTrT分别为内管/外管的质量和半径.
本文中夹芯管试件的长度为70 mm,内、外管壁厚为1.5 mm,泡沫铝的相对密度为10%,炸药长径比为1.5∶1. 为研究泡沫铝芯材密度分布方式对夹芯管抗爆性能的影响,相关试件的详细参数如表3所示.
图9为U-k0芯材泡沫铝夹芯管在爆炸载荷下的内、外管速度-时间曲线和变形曲线. 可以看出泡沫铝夹芯管变形过程分为三个阶段:①爆炸载荷与内管相互作用阶段,内管在极端时间内达到极高的速度,并以该速度作为初始速度压缩泡沫芯材;②泡沫芯材压缩阶段,该阶段内管迅速发生膨胀变形并以一定初速压缩泡沫芯材,直至泡沫芯材被完全压实;③外管变形阶段,压溃后的泡沫芯材与内管作为一个整体驱动外管发生变形,内管速度不断减小并趋近于零,内管变形结束,外管速度短暂增加后降低至零,外管变形结束.
图10给出了四种连续密度梯度泡沫铝夹芯管在内爆炸载荷下不同时刻的变形云图. 可以看出,对于P型夹芯管,靠近内管的低密度泡沫首先被压溃,产生压溃波并向外传播,压溃波未到达的部分不发生变形,随着压溃波的传播,高密度泡沫逐渐被压溃. 这是由于芯材密度由内管向外管方向逐渐增大,即当rin<rL<rH<R时,ρrL<ρrH. 压溃波传播到rL时,此处芯材作用力为σrL,而σrL<σrH,压溃波没有到达rH前该处芯材不会发生压缩变形. 对于N型夹芯管,芯材密度由内管向外管方向逐渐减小,即当rin<rL<rH<R时,ρrL>ρrHσrL>σrH. 根据R-PP-L材料模型,材料杨氏模量趋近无穷大,应力波在泡沫中的传播时间极短,可以忽略不计. 同时由于外管的约束作用,泡沫在靠近外管的低密度区产生向内的压溃波. 因此泡沫芯材同时受到向外和向内的压溃波作用,直至芯材被完全压溃. 对于MH型和ML型夹芯管,由于其密度是沿着高度方向变化,在压溃波作用区域,泡沫芯材的密度几乎相同,即当rin<rL<rH<R时,ρrL=ρrHσrL=σrH,因此其变形过程与上述的U型夹芯管变形过程类似[33,34].
图11给出了芯材密度梯度k=1.2时夹芯管的内外管变形量随时间的变化规律和夹芯管及其各部分的总吸能与比吸能. 泡沫夹芯管在内爆炸载荷下,内管挤压芯层引起芯层的压缩变形,整个过程中内管的大变形和芯层压缩吸收了绝大部分能量,外管变形较小,吸收的能量较少. 在相同的爆炸载荷下,N型夹芯管外管变形量最小,P型夹芯管外管变形量最大,MH、ML与U型夹芯管的外管变形量基本一致. ML型夹芯管的内管变形量最大,MH型夹芯管的内管变形量最小,P、N与U型夹芯管的内管变形量基本一致. 其中N型夹芯管外管变形量比U型夹芯管降低23.18%,比P型夹芯管降低38.53%;ML型夹芯管的总吸能与比吸能最高,其比吸能比U型夹芯管高0.88%. 综合考虑能量吸收和外管变形量,N型夹芯管的抗爆性能最优,其次为ML型夹芯管.
由上节内容可知,当芯材密度梯度大小相同时,P型夹芯管的抗爆性能最差,因此在本节不再对其进行抗爆性能研究. 为研究芯材密度梯度大小对夹芯管抗爆性能的影响,相关试件的详细参数设置如表4所示.
图1213可知,对于N型夹芯管,外管变形量随着芯材密度梯度的增大而减小,而比吸能变化不明显,梯度k=1.6时,N型夹芯管的外管标准化变形量比U型夹芯管降低了27.59%,比吸能仅降低了1.26%. 对于MH型夹芯管,外管变形量随着芯材密度梯度的增大而增大,同时比吸能减小,即其抗爆性能随着芯材密度梯度的增加而减弱. 对于ML型夹芯管,梯度k=1.2时,外管最大变形量与U型夹芯管基本相同,但其比吸能提升0.96%,梯度k为0.4、0.8以及1.6时,外管最大变形量均大于U型夹芯管. 综合考虑能量吸收和外管变形量,梯度k=1.2时,ML型夹芯管的抗爆性能达到最优.
综上所述,N型与ML型夹芯管具体更好的抵抗变形能力和能量吸收特性,其中对于N型夹芯管,当密度梯度大小k=1.6时,比吸能略低于U型管,但外管变形量达到最小值;对于ML型夹芯管,当密度梯度大小k=1.2时,外管变形量与U型基本相同,但其比吸能高于U型,抗爆性能达到最优,如图14所示.
管壁与芯材采用两种装配方式,分别为理想粘接和机械装配. 对于理想粘接,在界面处设置公共节点,以模拟胶粘接状态,但不考虑管壁与芯材界面的破坏. 机械装配方式则采用面-面接触算法,管壁与芯材可相互脱离,但不能相互嵌入.
对于U、N以及ML型夹芯管,理想粘结状态下外管最大变形量分别比机械装配的要大0.538%,0.911%与1.041%,比吸能分别提高0.402%,0.203%与0.175%,如图15所示,即通过对管壁与芯材进行粘结处理,夹芯管的外管变形量与比吸能均有所增加,其抗爆性能并没有得到明显提高.
本文研究了U型与N型夹芯管在不同炸药长径比α下的抗爆性能. 由图16可知,当α从0.5∶1到1.5∶1时,两种类型夹芯管的芯材均未被压实,外管的变形量增幅极大,比吸能增幅也较大,当α从1.5∶1到2.0∶1时,芯材被压实,外管变形量增幅较大,比吸能略有增加,当α为2.0∶1和2.5∶1时,夹芯管的外管变形量与比吸能变化不大. 当α=1.5∶1时,N型与U型夹芯管的比吸能基本相同,但N型夹芯管的外管最大变形量降低30.18%,当α≠1.5∶1时,N型夹芯管的外管变形量与比吸能均小于U型夹芯管.
基于3D-Voronoi技术,建立了极坐标下连续密度梯度泡沫铝夹芯管有限元模型,并将模拟结果与已有实验结果进行了对比,验证了模型的合理性. 在此基础上研究了内爆炸载荷下夹芯管的动态响应,分析了芯材密度分布方式、芯材密度梯度大小、管壁与芯材装配方式以及炸药长径比对泡沫铝夹芯管抗爆性能的影响,主要结论如下:
(1)建立了极坐标下沿半径方向的连续密度梯度泡沫模型,并以均匀密度泡沫为基础,对模型的密度分布进行了修正,通过密度分布的理论值与有限元实际值的对比,验证了模型的正确性.
(2)当芯材密度梯度相同时,N型夹芯管的外管变形量最小,P型的最大,MH、ML和U型的基本相同. ML型夹芯管的比吸能高于其他四种夹芯管,MH型的外管变形量和比吸能均低于U型. 综合考虑能量吸收和外管变形量,N型夹芯管的抗爆性能最优.
(3)随着芯材密度梯度的增大,N型夹芯管的外管变形量显著降低,比吸能仅略微降低. 在不同密度梯度下,MH型夹芯管的外管变形量比U型大,且比吸能比U型小,随着芯材密度梯度的增大,MH型抗爆性能变差. ML型夹芯管的外管变形量与比吸能均大于U型.
(4)将管壁与芯材进行理想粘结,有效提高了夹芯管的比吸能,但也增加了外管的最大变形量. 当炸药长径比为1.5∶1时,N型夹芯管的比吸能与U型基本相同,但外管变形量降低30.18%.
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(11902246)
  • 陕西省自然科学基础研究计划(2023-JC-QN-0011)
  • 复杂服役环境重大装备结构强度与寿命全国重点实验室开放课题(SV2023-KF-12)
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2024年第45卷第6期
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.035
  • 接收时间:2024-08-09
  • 首发时间:2026-04-01
  • 出版时间:2024-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-09
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(11902246)
陕西省自然科学基础研究计划(2023-JC-QN-0011)
复杂服役环境重大装备结构强度与寿命全国重点实验室开放课题(SV2023-KF-12)
作者信息
    1西安建筑科技大学理学院,西安,710055
    2西安交通大学复杂服役环境重大装备结构强度与寿命全国重点实验室,西安,710049
    3西安建筑科技大学资源工程学院,西安,710055
    4西南石油大学机电工程学院,成都,610500

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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