Article(id=1246046389092856252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246046388547596731, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.043, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725897600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775010209582, onlineDateStr=2026-04-01, pubDate=1735056000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775010209582, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775010209582, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775010209582, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246046388547596731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2024', volume='45', issue='6', pageStart='709', pageEnd='856', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775010209451, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775010293319, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246046740390986227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246046388547596731, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246046740390986228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246046388547596731, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=709, endPage=723, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246046389331931583, articleId=1246046389092856252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=Bi-evolutionary Structural Optimization Method for Hinge-Free Compliant Mechanism Considering Geometric Nonlinearity, columnId=1244229834482757770, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the topology optimization of compliant mechanisms, positional and shape factors significantly affect structural mechanical properties. The formation of concentrated hinge regions not only weakens structural strength but also hinders manufacturability. To this end, we propose a topology optimization method for hinge-free compliant mechanisms, incorporating geometric nonlinearity and utilizing the bi-directional evolutionary structural optimization (BESO) method. Initially, the design domain is discretized, where the 0-1 distribution of the BESO method prevents element distortion during nonlinear finite element analysis, thus enhancing numerical stability and convergence. The deformations of the compliant mechanism at the input and output are constrained under unit excitation, effectively suppressing the emergence of concentrated hinges. This leads to improved structural strength and manufacturability. Finally, hinge-free mechanisms are fabricated via additive manufacturing. Experimental results from samples show excellent agreement with finite element simulations, validating the effectiveness of the proposed hinge-suppression strategy in compliant mechanism design.

, correspAuthors=Liang Xia, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yueyou Tang, Qiang Wang, Jian He, Liang Xia), CN=ArticleExt(id=1246046407317107602, articleId=1246046389092856252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=考虑几何非线性的无铰链柔顺机构渐进式拓扑优化设计, columnId=1241831201896469478, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在柔顺机构的拓扑优化设计中,位形变化对结构性能影响不可忽视,集中铰链区域的形成不仅削弱了结构强度,还不利于结构的可制造性. 为此,本文基于双向渐进结构优化法,提出了一种考虑几何非线性的无铰链柔顺机构拓扑优化设计方法. 首先,采用了双向渐进结构优化法,其独特的0-1分布有效避免了几何非线性有限元分析中的单元畸变问题,提升了数值计算的稳定性与收敛性. 其次,通过对输入和输出端在单位激励下的响应形变进行约束,有效抑制了柔顺机构中集中铰链的形成,提升了结构强度并改善了设计构型的可制造性. 最后,制备了基于非线性设计的无铰链柔顺机构测试样件,实验结果与数值仿真结果高度一致,进一步验证了所提铰链抑制策略在柔顺机构拓扑优化中的有效性与可行性.

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Performance parameters of materials

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参数名称测试准则参数值
拉伸模量ASTM D 6381800 MPa
弯曲模量ASTM D 7901800 MPa
断裂延展率ASTM D 63815%~20%
泊松比ASTM E 1320.38
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材料性能参数

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参数名称测试准则参数值
拉伸模量ASTM D 6381800 MPa
弯曲模量ASTM D 7901800 MPa
断裂延展率ASTM D 63815%~20%
泊松比ASTM E 1320.38
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考虑几何非线性的无铰链柔顺机构渐进式拓扑优化设计
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唐跃友 1 , 王强 1 , 何健 2 , 夏凉 1, **
固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024,45(6): 709-723
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固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 45(6): 709-723
考虑几何非线性的无铰链柔顺机构渐进式拓扑优化设计
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唐跃友1, 王强1, 何健2, 夏凉1, **
作者信息
  • 1华中科技大学智能制造装备与技术国家重点实验室,武汉,430074
  • 2南方科技大学系统设计与智能制造学院,深圳,518055

通讯作者:

Bi-evolutionary Structural Optimization Method for Hinge-Free Compliant Mechanism Considering Geometric Nonlinearity
Yueyou Tang1, Qiang Wang1, Jian He2, Liang Xia1, **
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074
  • 2School of Systems Design and Intelligent Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, ShenZhen, 518055
出版时间: 2024-12-25 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.043
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在柔顺机构的拓扑优化设计中,位形变化对结构性能影响不可忽视,集中铰链区域的形成不仅削弱了结构强度,还不利于结构的可制造性. 为此,本文基于双向渐进结构优化法,提出了一种考虑几何非线性的无铰链柔顺机构拓扑优化设计方法. 首先,采用了双向渐进结构优化法,其独特的0-1分布有效避免了几何非线性有限元分析中的单元畸变问题,提升了数值计算的稳定性与收敛性. 其次,通过对输入和输出端在单位激励下的响应形变进行约束,有效抑制了柔顺机构中集中铰链的形成,提升了结构强度并改善了设计构型的可制造性. 最后,制备了基于非线性设计的无铰链柔顺机构测试样件,实验结果与数值仿真结果高度一致,进一步验证了所提铰链抑制策略在柔顺机构拓扑优化中的有效性与可行性.

柔顺机构  /  双向渐进结构优化法  /  几何非线性  /  无铰链

In the topology optimization of compliant mechanisms, positional and shape factors significantly affect structural mechanical properties. The formation of concentrated hinge regions not only weakens structural strength but also hinders manufacturability. To this end, we propose a topology optimization method for hinge-free compliant mechanisms, incorporating geometric nonlinearity and utilizing the bi-directional evolutionary structural optimization (BESO) method. Initially, the design domain is discretized, where the 0-1 distribution of the BESO method prevents element distortion during nonlinear finite element analysis, thus enhancing numerical stability and convergence. The deformations of the compliant mechanism at the input and output are constrained under unit excitation, effectively suppressing the emergence of concentrated hinges. This leads to improved structural strength and manufacturability. Finally, hinge-free mechanisms are fabricated via additive manufacturing. Experimental results from samples show excellent agreement with finite element simulations, validating the effectiveness of the proposed hinge-suppression strategy in compliant mechanism design.

compliant mechanism  /  BESO method  /  geometric nonlinearity  /  hinge-free
唐跃友, 王强, 何健, 夏凉. 考虑几何非线性的无铰链柔顺机构渐进式拓扑优化设计. 固体力学学报, 2024 , 45 (6) : 709 -723 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.043
Yueyou Tang, Qiang Wang, Jian He, Liang Xia. Bi-evolutionary Structural Optimization Method for Hinge-Free Compliant Mechanism Considering Geometric Nonlinearity[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2024 , 45 (6) : 709 -723 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.043
柔顺机构是一种通过结构弹性变形将力、位移和能量由输入端传输到输出端的整体式结构,相较于传统刚性机构,柔顺机构具有无需润滑、结构紧凑和高分辨率连续运动等优点,目前已被广泛运用于精密测量、医疗器械和航空航天等领域[1-3]. 柔顺机构的设计方法主要分为两类:基于运动学的方法[4]和基于结构优化的方法[5,6]. 其中,拓扑优化方法[7-10]根据性能指标和约束条件等对给定设计域的材料分布进行优化,从而获得最佳的材料布局,具有设计效率高和设计自由度高等优点,已经在柔顺机构设计领域得到广泛应用[11]. 该类方法最早可追溯到丹麦科技大学Sigmund院士基于桁架拓扑优化模型设计的柔性夹钳结构[12],此基础上后续开展了一系列相关研究,如:变密度法[13,14]、渐进结构优法[15]、水平集方法[16,17]和等几何方法[18]等. 早期开展的研究大多建立在小变形假设的基础上[19],且设计构型通常都存在铰链[20]现象. 近年来,越来越多的研究工作开始聚焦于几何非线性和加工工艺问题,以满足大变形工况和加工制造的需求.
在实际工程应用中,柔顺机构往往发生大变形或大转动,这就导致小变形假设下设计构型的性能与实际工程需求存在较大差异. 针对该问题,Pedersen等[21]提出了考虑几何非线性的柔顺机构设计方法,展示了非线性拓扑构型在驱动性能方面的显着优势,证明了小变形假设不再适用于大变形工况下的柔顺机构设计. 但是,所用到的变密度法(SIMP,Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization)材料插值模型存在的中、低密度单元极易产生单元畸变问题,单元过度变形导致Newton-Raphson迭代过程中出现切线刚度矩阵非正定性现象,进而致使非线性有限元计算无法收敛. 为此,Silva等[22]通过能量插值方案处理低密度单元引起的单元畸变问题,同时引入应力约束和制造不确定性等方案. Luo等[23]提出一种附加超弹性材料的大变形弹性结构设计策略,通过加入与密度相关的超弹性材料,有效缓解了低密度单元过度变形和数值不稳定问题. 虽然这些策略解决了单元畸变问题,但也带来了有限元计算不精确,从而导致拓扑优化结果非最优的问题,同时还存在拓扑构型边界模糊的问题,需要额外对边界进行处理,不可避免地丢失了原有拓扑结构的特征. 双向渐进结构优化法(BESO,Bi-directional Evolutionary Structural Optimization)因其独特的离散性质,只存在0、1单元,其中0表示空材料,1表示实体材料,自然而然避免了中、低密度带来的单元畸变问题,且具有设计效率高、结构边界清晰和鲁棒性等优点[24],在学术研究和工业应用方面都得到了长足的发展[25]. 何健[26]基于BESO法,搭建了MATLAB和ANSYS的联调平台,实现了考虑几何非线性的柔顺机构拓扑优化设计,为工程实践提供了一定参考价值. 在此基础上,芮羽健[27]引入了BHPO算法,提出一种自适应进化率机制的几何非线性拓扑优化方法,实验验证表明,该改进的BESO法设计的柔顺机构具有更好的力学性能. 然而,尽管BESO法在非线性柔性机构设计中展现出简洁、高效、边界清晰等优势,但设计结果仍然存在柔性铰链甚至单节点连接问题.
通过拓扑优化方法设计柔顺机构时,最终的拓扑构型中通常会出现集中铰链甚至单节点连接区域(如图1所示),特别是当模拟工件与柔顺机构间相互作用的弹簧模型刚度较小时,铰链现象尤为明显[19]. 这些铰链区域会引发结构刚度降低和应力集中问题,同时增加了加工制造难度. 另外,在采用低阶单元进行有限元分析时,单节点连接区域也将带来计算精度的问题,因此,Pedersen等[21]对铰链区域进行二次设计以提高柔顺机构的连接性与稳定性,但二次设计后的构型与初始优化结果在性能上存在较大的偏差. 类似地,有学者引入改进过滤法[28]和混合离散法[29]等方法来处理设计变量,虽然可以有效抑制单节点连接铰链现象,但无法避免集中铰链现象. 此外,引入应力约束[22,30]和最小尺寸约束[31]等方法也能一定程度上抑制铰链生成. 有研究发现柔顺机构拓扑优化数学模型本身是产生铰链现象的原因之一[32],因此开发新型无铰链柔顺机构数学模型可能是避免铰链的更有效方法. 基于这一思想,Yin等[33]提出将单元扭转应变能引入到目标函数抑制了局部相对旋转,Lee等[34]通过在目标函数中添加有效应变降低了结构的局部变形,但两种方法都无法完全避免柔度集中的趋势. Huang等[35]基于传统渐近结构优化法进行了改进,提出一种包含等差中间密度的设计变量,允许单元设计变量以固定步长在0到1之间双向阶跃变化,同时在目标函数中引入刚度项,实现了无铰链柔顺机构设计. 但该策略在进一步考虑几何非线性的有限元分析中无法规避中、低密度单元导致的单元畸变问题. 为了避免使用中间密度单元,何健等[36]基于渐近结构优化法提出一种由输出位移和刚度项加权的目标函数,实现了无铰链柔顺机构设计,但拓扑优化迭代初期的刚度项初始权重对最终拓扑构型存在较大影响.
总体而言,柔性机构拓扑优化设计需充分考虑位形变化对性能的影响,即考虑结构几何非线性,并在此基础上抑制铰链区域生成,以提升结构力学性能和改善设计构型的可制造性. 因此本文提出了一种考虑结构几何非线性的柔顺机构双向渐进结构优化设计方法:利用BESO法独特的0、1离散性质,避免了非线性有限元求解常见的中、低密度单元畸变问题,提升了数值稳定性. 引入铰链抑制约束,自适应调节目标函数中刚度项的权重,实现对柔顺机构驱动性能和刚度性能的灵活调控,有效抑制了集中铰链产生,从而提升了结构刚度并改善了设计构型的可制造性. 全文编排如下:第一节简述了本文所提出的拓扑优化模型;第二节推导目标函数的灵敏度,并给出相应的渐进更新策略;第三节展示了柔顺机构典型算例;第四节通过样件测试验证了所提设计方法的有效性;第五节对全文进行总结.
图2展示了典型的单输入单输出柔顺机构示意图,通过在柔顺机构的输入端施加驱动载荷,输出端产生相应的驱动变形. 出于工程应用和稳定性考虑,本文采用常用的位移控制加载的驱动载荷[37-39]. 图2中,uinuout分别为驱动位移和输出端位移,fin是作用在输入端的外力. 引入具有恒定刚度的弹簧模型kout来模拟驱动对象和输出端之间的相互作用.
一般来说,常定义柔顺机构的优化目标为输出端的反向位移最大化. 通过借助选择向量Lout,输出端位移uout的表达式为:
在材料体分比约束和铰链抑制约束条件下,本文基于BESO法的柔顺机构拓扑优化设计的数学模型描述如下:
式(2)中,n是初始设计域离散后单元的总数量,x是拓扑优化设计变量,可理解为广义单元材料密度,0和1分别代表空材料和实体材料;Vx)和V*分别是当前构型的体积(二维为面积)和预先约束的体积(二维为面积),其中ve是编号为e的单元体积(二维为面积). U是全局位移矢量,R是平衡方程的残差是结构输入端和输出端的柔度指标.
在小变形假设条件下,结构的位移响应U常通过KU=Fext直接求解得到,其中K为结构的整体刚度矩阵,Fext为外力载荷. 然而,大变形下的非线性有限元无法采用直接法求解,需通过迭代的方式逐步逼近真实解. 图3展示了基于Newton-Raphson迭代法的非线性有限元求解流程示意图,其中平衡方程的残差R可表示为:
式(3)中,Fint为当前拓扑构型下的内力,Fext是施加在结构上的外力载荷,BN为非线性位移应变矩阵,S为第二Piola-Kirchhoff应力矩阵,Ω0代表变形前的几何域. 当平衡方程的残差R无限趋近于0时,结构达到平衡状态,此时的U即为非线性有限元求解的最终解.
基于Newton-Raphson迭代法求解非线性有限元平衡方程时,需要确定切线刚度矩阵KT. 通过线性化平衡方程,可以得到:
铰链区域通常位于输入端、输出端和固定端之间的传力路径中. 通过灵活调控结构的驱动性能和刚度性能,可以有效抑制柔顺机构中集中铰链的形成. 本文通过对柔顺机构输入和输出端在单位激励下的响应形变进行约束,即铰链抑制约束,实现了无铰链柔顺机构设计. 在小变形假设下,刚度是结构载荷和位移之间的正比例系数,柔度则是刚度的倒数,因此可以用柔度指标来判断结构是否满足铰链抑制约束. 图4是输入端和输出端柔度的示意图,在小变形假设下,单位力F1F2分别作用于无弹簧柔顺机构的输入和输出端,结构产生的位移分别为U1U2,定义cincout为输入端和输出端的柔度,即单位力作用下的位移量:
在BESO法框架内,通常根据拉格朗日乘子法修改优化问题中的目标函数,从而实现引入除体积约束外的其它约束,因此本文引入铰链抑制约束的策略为:将拉格朗日乘子作为系数,与相应的约束目标组合成约束项,然后将该约束项加入到原目标函数中. 按照此策略,修改后的目标函数表述为:
式(6)中,λi是铰链抑制约束对应的拉格朗日乘子,其满足λi≥0,i=1,2.
铰链抑制约束的作用机制为:
1)根据给定的铰链抑制约束确定输入输出端的柔度指标
2)判断约束条件是否满足,即柔度cin是否小于柔度指标,柔度cout是否小于柔度指标
3)若,则λ1=0,优化程序将进行输出位移最大化设计;若,则λ1根据参考文献[40]提出的更新方法,自适应调整目标函数中刚度项的贡献度;λ2的更新策略与λ1相同.
4)根据所得拉格朗日乘子λi,对目标函数进行修改,得到具有多个优化目标的新目标函数J1.
在推导新目标函数J1的灵敏度时,J1中的均为给定的常量,不会随着优化进程发生变化. 设计变量x的优化更新仅取决于目标函数中与x相关的项,因此,目标函数J1可进一步简化为J2
本文考虑几何非线性的无铰链柔顺机构拓扑优化设计方法流程如图5所示:
根据提出的多目标优化公式,推导目标函数对设计变量的灵敏度信息计算列式,并基于改进的BESO法变量更新机制实现柔顺机构优化设计. 其中目标函数J2相对于设计变量xe的一阶偏导为:
式(8)中,通过引入伴随向量μ推导得到设计目标J对设计变量xe的灵敏度:
式(9)中,R为非线性有限元求解过程中最后迭代步的残差,可认为该残差趋近于0.
因此,设计目标J对设计变量xe求导为:
为了消去式(10)中包含的项,得到伴随向量μ的表达式为:
根据式(1)、式(10)和式(11),目标函数J对设计变量xe的灵敏度为:
式(12)中,剩余的刚度项部分可简单地通过伴随法得到:
上式中,是实体单元e的单元刚度矩阵,K是由组装得到的整体刚度矩阵,u1,e为单位力F1作用下单元e的节点位移,u2,e为单位力F2作用下单元e的节点位移.nele为自由度总数量,Le为nele×8的选择矩阵,由单元e各个自由度的选择向量组成,因此有. 综上,J2相对于设计变量的灵敏度为:
在BESO法拓扑优化设计过程中,灵敏度用于指导材料的删除和添加. 基于式(14),本文提出的多目标优化公式的灵敏度表达式为:
为了避免网格依赖性和棋盘格现象,采用过滤的方案对灵敏度进行平滑处理[41,42]
式(16)中,是线性权重系数,由给定的过滤半径rsen和第ij单元间的中心距Δij()确定,第3节所有数值算例rsen均取3倍单元长度,即1 mm.
采用Huang等[35]提出的设计变量更新策略,第m迭代步的设计变量基于两个阈值参数实现材料去除和添加:
通过以下迭代方法确定:
(1)设αth取值通过目标材料体积迭代确定;
(2)计算当前迭代步的添加率car,即从空隙转变为实体材料的总体积占当前材料体积的比例. 设定最大添加率,若,则跳过步骤3和4;否则需重新确定;
(3)根据和空单元灵敏度数字确定,使得
(4)根据和实体单元灵敏度数字确定,使得满足体积约束.
本文将通过位移反向器这一柔顺机构典型算例来展示所提出方法的性能. 如图6(a)所示,位移反向器的平面尺寸为100 mm×100 mm,材料为尼龙Pa12(杨氏模量1.8 GPa、泊松比0.38,由加工商深圳未来工场科技有限公司提供). 位移反向器的左边界的上下两端被完全固定,左边界中点作为输入端(力输入或位移输入);右边界中点作为输出端,一般连接被驱动的工件,本模型通过施加弹簧以模拟工件与柔顺机构相互作用,其中kout=10 N/m. 为减小有限元求解计算量,根据位移反向器的上下对称性,取模型的上半部分作为拓扑优化设计域并施加如图6(b)所示的对称边界条件. 在下文所有算例展示中,柔顺机构拓扑优化初始设计域均为图6(b)所示,离散单元尺寸为300×150.
在无铰链抑制约束条件下柔顺机构拓扑优化设计中,材料用量均为20%约束条件下,我们设计了三种构型:图7(a)为线弹性假设下驱动位移uin=0.2 mm设计的构型1、图7(b)为考虑几何非线性且驱动位移uin=0.2 mm设计的构型2,图7(c)为考虑几何非线性且驱动位移uin=3 mm设计的构型3. 图中红圈为各柔顺机构的铰链区域,红框则是铰链区域对应的局部放大网格图,从图中可以看出,三种构型均存在铰链区域,并且集中铰链的最小尺寸均为1个单元长度(0.3 mm). 值得注意的是,在线弹性假设条件下,无论驱动位移为多少,拓扑优化得到的构型均与图7(a)完全一致,这与何健[26]的结论一致;对比构型2和3,随着驱动位移增加,最终的拓扑构型发生一定变化,与Chen等[43]的结论一致.
图7所示的三个构型均考虑几何非线性进行有限元分析,分析结果如图8所示,图中灰色部分为构型初始状态,蓝色部分则是施加相应驱动位移后的变形状态. 驱动位移均为0.2 mm时,如图8(a)、(c)所示,构型1的输出端位移为-1.95 mm,构型2的输出端位移为-2.20 mm,两者的驱动性能接近;驱动位移均为3 mm时,如图8(b)、(d)所示,构型1的输出端位移为-10.33 mm,构型3的输出端位移为-17.83 mm. 在驱动位移较大情况下,考虑几何非线性设计的柔顺机构在实际情况下的力学性能优于传统线弹性假设条件下设计的构型,这与大多研究学者的结论[26,27]一致.
图7(a)所示的构型1进行线弹性假设分析,分别在驱动载荷0.2 mm和3 mm作用下,对应的变形云图如图9所示,图中灰色部分为构型初始状态,蓝色部分则是施加相应驱动位移后的变形状态. 驱动位移为0.2 mm时,如图9(a)所示,构型1的输出位移为-1.81 mm,与图8(a)考虑几何非线性有限元分析的-1.95 mm接近. 驱动位移为3 mm时,如图9(b)所示,构型1的输出位移为-17.83 mm,与图8(b)考虑几何非线性有限元分析的-10.33 mm存在较大差异. 这是因为随着驱动位移增大,线弹性假设条件下的有限元仿真结果逐渐偏离实际情况,无法准确描述结构的运动行为. 针对这一问题,我们制备了如图14(d)所示的试验样件(对应构型1),通过搭建的实验平台对其加载,实验样件的最大变形如图16所示,与图9(b)所示的仿真变形完全不同,线弹性下设计构型的预期性能与实际性能之间存在较大的差异,从而影响到机构的正常工作和性能表现. 通过对比图8(b)所示的仿真的最大变形,发现两者基本一致,因此在大变形工况下设计柔顺机构时,需要重视几何非线性的影响,并在拓扑优化设计中加以考虑. 总的来说,驱动位移较小时,线弹性下设计的构型与考虑几何非线性设计构型的驱动性能基本一致;但当驱动位移较大时,线弹性下设计构型的预期性能与实际性能之间存在较大的差异,因此有必要在设计柔顺机构时考虑几何非线性.
值得注意的是,由于生产加工因素的影响,图14所示试验样件的最小尺寸为2 mm,这与图7(a)所示的拓扑优化构型1铰链最小尺寸0.3 mm存在较大差异,势必对柔顺机构的实际性能产生影响,因此有必要在拓扑优化设计过程中消除集中铰链现象.
在柔顺机构拓扑优化设计过程中引入铰链抑制约束,消除拓扑构型中的集中铰链区域,提高柔顺机构的力学性能和可制造性. 经计算,非线性构型3的输入端柔度为90.82 mm/kN,输出端柔度为1359.21 mm/kN,因此经验式地设定铰链抑制约束的柔度指标为:图10(a)所示的非线性构型4输入端柔度指标为20 mm/kN,输出端柔度指标为125 mm/kN;图10(b)所示构型5输入端柔度指标为20 mm/kN,输出端柔度指标为100 mm/kN. 设定材料体积分数为20%,驱动位移为3 mm,在两种铰链抑制约束下经非线性拓扑优化得到如图10所示的构型. 其中构型4输入输出端柔度分别为14.59 mm/kN和121.50 mm/kN,构型5输入输出端柔度分别为15.78 mm/kN和99.16 mm/kN,均满足给定的约束条件. 图中红色方框区域与构型3的集中铰链区域位置相同,在该区域中,构型4和构型5最小尺寸从构型3的1个单元长度(0.33 mm)增加到4个单元长度(1.33 mm)和6个单元长度(2 mm). 因此,所提策略完全消除了柔顺机构中的集中铰链区域.
图11展示了有铰链构型3以及无铰链构型4和5的变形图和应力云图. 构型3的输出位移为-17.83 mm,几何增益为5.94,最大应力为117.41 MPa. 构型4的输出位移为-10.02 mm,几何增益为3.34,最大应力为107.28 MPa,相比于构型3的最大应力水平降低8.63%. 构型5的输出位移为-7.39 mm,几何增益为2.46,最大应力为99.02 MPa,相比于构型3的最大应力水平降低15.66%. 图11所示的应力云图显示,铰链区域引起了显着的应力集中现象,在消除铰链集中现象后,柔性机构中的应力分布更加均匀,最大应力水平也有所下降. 相比于相同材料用量的有铰链柔性机构,消除铰链的策略提升并改善了结构的应力情况和可制造性,但同时也牺牲部分的驱动变形能力. 总体而言,柔性机构的综合性能得到提升和改善.
图12展示了非线性拓扑构型5的输出位移历史迭代曲线,根据图中拓扑构型演化过程显示,第33迭代步的拓扑构型已经具有边界清晰且与最终设计相近的轮廓,并且后续的迭代曲线较为平顺、拓扑构型变化小,证明了所提无铰链柔顺机构拓扑优化设计策略具有较好的稳定性和高效性. 在拓扑优化迭代前期,输出端位移曲线仍然存在较大波动,如第21迭代步,拓扑优化先逐步削减材料以形成铰链区域,提升结构的驱动性能,然后根据铰链抑制约束提升结构的综合刚度性能,以消除铰链区域. 值得注意的是,图中铰链区域出现结构不连续情况,根据公式(7)定义的目标函数中的刚度项权重相应提升,以满足给定的铰链抑制约束. 该调整降低了公式(7)中驱动性能的权重,进而致使结构的输出端位移出现相应波动.
为了验证所提策略的鲁棒性,在3 mm驱动位移下(大变形工况),针对不同尺寸的网格和材料用量展开了无铰链柔顺机构拓扑优化设计. 图13展示了不同设计参数对应的拓扑构型:图13(a)、(b)和(c)的网格尺寸均为300×150,材料用量分别为10%、15%、30%;图13(d)、(e)和(f)的初始设计域网格尺寸分别为100×50、200×100、300×150,其材料用量均为20%. 图13中的设计结果显示,在初始设计域网格尺寸不同及材料用量不同的情况下,所得到的拓扑构型之间具有较好的一致性,因此验证了本文设计方法的有效性和稳健性.
样件制备前对柔顺机构的拓扑构型进行模型重构,其步骤为:(1)对构型4和构型5的锯齿状结构边界进行光滑处理;(2)根据边界条件进行后处理,增加螺栓固定端;(3)将二维平面构型拉伸为三维模型,高度为5 mm. 样件加工方式为增材制造,材料为HP3DHR-PA12尼龙,材料性能参数如表1所示(由加工商深圳未来工场科技有限公司提供),图14展示了线性构型1(有铰链)、非线性构型4和5(无铰链)的重构模型及对应的3D打印样件.
图15展示了位移反向器的实验系统,该系统搭建于光学平台上,实验的驱动方式为螺纹传动,配备基恩士LK-G5000型号激光位移传感器读取驱动位移的数值,并在控制器面板上实时显示;将实验样件水平放置,通过螺栓与将其与基座紧密固定;采用杰威德SR-25AML微分头测量位移反向器输出端位移,判断微分头与样件输出端接触的方法为:通过微分头对样件输出端施加微小位移,直至控制器显示的输入位移产生轻微波动,并且在该微小位移释放后控制器读数恢复到原始的驱动位移数值.
图16展示了有铰链线性构型1实验样件的极限变形,该状态下若继续加载将造成结构断裂破坏,实验观测到样件输出端的位移为-10.28 mm,与线性有限元仿真结果-17.83 mm间存在42.34%的巨大误差,凸显了线弹性设计构型的理论性能与实际性能之间的巨大差异,这揭示了大变形工况下,线弹性假设的局限性及考虑几何非线性的重要性. 因此,在设计结构时,应充分考虑非线性效应,以确保设计结果在实际工况下的准确性. 图17展示了非线性构型4和5在设计载荷(uin=3 mm)下的有限元仿真变形和实验变形,实验测得的非线性构型4输出端位移为-11.80 mm,仿真分析结果为-12.70 mm,误差为7.09%,非线性构型5的实验输出位移为-7.85 mm,仿真分析结果为-8.17 mm,误差为3.92%. 误差在可接受范围内,可认为实验结果与有限元仿真结果一致. 进一步地,实验中驱动位移的范围为0 mm~3 mm,每隔0.2 mm取一个采样点,图18展示了非线性构型4和非线性构型5的输出端位移-驱动位移曲线,图中实线是通过实验测量得到的拟合曲线,虚线为COMSOL软件仿真得到的拟合曲线. 通过对比实线和虚线,可以直观地观察到实验样件实际性能与仿真分析结果之间存在良好的一致性,其最大误差出现在非线性构型4在驱动位移3 mm处,最大误差为7.09%. 产生误差的主要来源为:(1)在测量输出端位移时,微分头与样件接触后可能致使样件产生较小的变形;(2)3D打印样件的输入端面并非完美平面,样件受载后可能产生较小的面外变形;(3)制造工艺误差. 总之,实验与有限元仿真之间的一致性展示了无铰链位移反向器的实际性能,验证了我们发展方法的有效性.
针对数值稳定性问题,采用基于离散拓扑变量和渐进演化算法的双向渐进结构优化方法进行柔顺机构设计,其只存在0、1设计变量的离散特性自然规避了传统变密度方法在考虑几何非线性时因中低密度单元导致的单元畸变问题,同时还具有简单高效、设计构型边界清晰等优点. 通过引入铰链抑制约束灵活调控结构的运动和力学特性,在不同的铰链抑制约束条件下均实现了无铰链柔顺机构设计,提升了结构强度并改善了设计构型的可制造性,并且通过不同网格划分和材料用量的初始条件下证明了所提方法的稳健性. 通过3D打印制备相应实验样件,首先对比线弹性设计柔性机构的实验测试与数值仿真结果,证明了大变形工况下在柔顺机构拓扑优化设计中考虑几何非线性的必要性;然后对比所提策略设计的无铰链柔顺机构的实验结果与仿真结果,其良好的一致性验证了所提设计方法的有效性. 本文发展的考虑几何非线性的无铰链柔顺机构的双向渐进优化设计方法,能够有效抑制柔顺机构设计中常见的铰链问题,改善设计方案的可制造性并提升结构强度. 该方法还可以扩展到跳变能量收集机构、压电结构以及负泊松比等功能性结构设计领域,在一些利用结构大变形产生形变和驱动的应用场景具有潜在应用价值,例如:传感器的调节元件结构、变弯度机翼驱动结构以及机器人肢体或关节结构等.
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52375245)
  • 轻质高强结构优化设计技术研究项目(2023-KYWX-0013)
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2024年第45卷第6期
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.043
  • 接收时间:2024-09-10
  • 首发时间:2026-04-01
  • 出版时间:2024-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-10
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52375245)
轻质高强结构优化设计技术研究项目(2023-KYWX-0013)
作者信息
    1华中科技大学智能制造装备与技术国家重点实验室,武汉,430074
    2南方科技大学系统设计与智能制造学院,深圳,518055

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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