Article(id=1246045608075702826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246045605047415288, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.025, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717344000000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775010023373, onlineDateStr=2026-04-01, pubDate=1729785600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775010023373, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775010023373, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775010023373, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246045605047415288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2024', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='565', pageEnd='708', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775010022651, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775010094858, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246045907972636933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246045605047415288, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246045907972636934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246045605047415288, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=679, endPage=693, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246045609707287096, articleId=1246045608075702826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=Dynamic Response Characteristics of Laminated Composite Sandwich Structures under Airborne Explosive Loads, columnId=1244229834482757770, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To improve blast and impact resistance of sandwich structures, this study introduces a composite sandwich structure comprising a re-entrant (RE) negative Poisson's ratio core, polyethylene (PE) fibers, and silicon carbide (SiC) ceramics. Utilizing the coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) algorithm within ABAQUS, the dynamic response of this structure under explosive loading was simulated, assessing the impact of various core layer configurations on protective performance through structural deformation mechanisms, velocity response features, and energy absorption capacities. At equivalent areal densities, the incorporation of ceramic and polyethylene layers led to reductions in upper and lower panel deformations by up to 53% and 5.7%, respectively, relative to an RE-only sandwich layer. Notably, a core configuration of SiC-PE-RE optimized interlaminar load distribution, minimizing lower panel deformation; an increase in panel support strength correspondingly reduced panel velocities. Positioning the SiC and PE layers at the upper and middle core layers, respectively, achieved peak reductions in upper and lower panel deformations by 18.84% and 16%, compared to the RE sandwich layer, exhibiting the most rapid rate of decay. Conversely, positioning the RE layer at the upper core resulted in augmented local deformations, leading to localized crushing failures in the PE and SiC layers, thereby maximizing the energy-absorption incrementby up to 14%.

, correspAuthors=Zhelun Chen, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jiayuan Luo, Yongsen Fu, Zhelun Chen, Shiyue Li, Jialin Wang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1246045615801611004, articleId=1246045608075702826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=空中爆炸载荷作用下层状复合材料结构动态响应特性分析, columnId=1241831201896469478, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提高夹层结构的防爆抗冲击性能,提出一种内凹负泊松比芯层(re-entrant,RE)/聚乙烯纤维(PE)/碳化硅陶瓷(SiC)复合夹层结构. 基于ABAQUS中CEL算法模拟结构在爆炸冲击下的动态响应特性,并从结构变形机制、速度响应特征以及能量吸收等角度讨论不同芯层配置顺序对结构防护性能影响. 在等面密度下,引入陶瓷和聚乙烯层后结构上/下面板变形量相较RE夹层最大降低53%、5.7%. 其中芯层配置为SiC-PE-RE时,层间载荷强度得以改善,下面板变形最小;随着面板支撑强度增加,面板速度逐渐减小. 当SiC与PE层分别置于上/中芯层时,上/下面板峰值相较RE夹层各降低18.84%、16%且衰减速率最快. 而将RE层置于上芯层会导致结构局部变形增大,使得PE层和SiC层出现局部压溃失效,导致结构吸能增量最大提升14%.

, correspAuthors=陈哲伦, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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(in Chinese)), articleTitle=Numerical analysis of dynamic response of polyurethane composites reinforced with ceramic particles under blast loading, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1246045632729821357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246045608075702826, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=40, authorNames=李哲, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李哲. 冲击波和破片群联合作用下高强聚乙烯/泡沫铝/碳化硅陶瓷夹芯复合结构防护机理研究[D]. 武汉: 华中科技大学, 2020., articleTitle=冲击波和破片群联合作用下高强聚乙烯/泡沫铝/碳化硅陶瓷夹芯复合结构防护机理研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1246045632805318831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246045608075702826, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=41, authorNames=Li Z, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(Li Z. Research on the Protection Mechanism of High-strength Polyethylene/Aluminium Foam/Silicon Carbide Ceramic Sandwich Composite Structure Under the Joint Action of Shock Wave and Fragmentation group[D]. Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 2020. (in Chinese)), articleTitle=Research on the Protection Mechanism of High-strength Polyethylene/Aluminium Foam/Silicon Carbide Ceramic Sandwich Composite Structure Under the Joint Action of Shock Wave and Fragmentation group, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1246045616040686343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246045608075702826, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1246045616049074952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246045608075702826, companyId=1246045616040686343, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Electromechanical and Vehicle Engineering, ChongqingJiao tong University, Chongqing, 400074), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1246045616057463562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246045608075702826, companyId=1246045616040686343, language=CN, country=null, 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Parameters and types of composite sandwich structures

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编号芯层排列PE层厚度HPE(mm)面板厚度s(mm)SIC厚度tg(mm)负泊松比芯层厚度(t1-t2)(mm)载荷条件
当量(g)爆距(mm)
PN-1RE00
PN-2RE+SIC+PE5.53
PN-3RE+PE+SIC5.53
PN-4SIC+RE+PE5.51.530.55-0.5523070
PN-5PE+RE+SIC5.53
PN-6SIC+PE+RE5.53
PN-7PE+SIC+RE5.53
), ArticleFig(id=1246045624806780938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246045608075702826, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

复合夹层结构参数和类型

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编号芯层排列PE层厚度HPE(mm)面板厚度s(mm)SIC厚度tg(mm)负泊松比芯层厚度(t1-t2)(mm)载荷条件
当量(g)爆距(mm)
PN-1RE00
PN-2RE+SIC+PE5.53
PN-3RE+PE+SIC5.53
PN-4SIC+RE+PE5.51.530.55-0.5523070
PN-5PE+RE+SIC5.53
PN-6SIC+PE+RE5.53
PN-7PE+SIC+RE5.53
), ArticleFig(id=1246045624903249934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246045608075702826, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Johnson-Cookmodel parameter values for 304 stainless steel

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参数数值参数数值
ρ(kg·m-37900c0.07
E(GPa)200m1.00
μ0.31.00
A(MPa)310Tm(s-11673
B(MPa)1000Tr(s-1293
n0.65
), ArticleFig(id=1246045625037467667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246045608075702826, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

304不锈钢Johnson-Cook模型参数取值

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参数数值参数数值
ρ(kg·m-37900c0.07
E(GPa)200m1.00
μ0.31.00
A(MPa)310Tm(s-11673
B(MPa)1000Tr(s-1293
n0.65
), ArticleFig(id=1246045625154908185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246045608075702826, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Parameter values for polyethylene materials

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参数数值参数数值
ρ(g·cm-30.98μ230.004
E11(GPa)30.7μ310.004
E22(GPa)30.7G12(GPa)0.73
E33(GPa)1.97G13(GPa)0.67
μ120.008G23(GPa)0.67
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聚乙烯材料参数取值

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参数数值参数数值
ρ(g·cm-30.98μ230.004
E11(GPa)30.7μ310.004
E22(GPa)30.7G12(GPa)0.73
E33(GPa)1.97G13(GPa)0.67
μ120.008G23(GPa)0.67
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Mechanical parameters of PE bonding layer[24]

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杨氏模量(GPa)失效应力(MPa)断裂能(J/m2
E11G12G13σNσTσSGNGSGT
4.32.02.0151010400800800
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PE粘接层力学参数[24]

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杨氏模量(GPa)失效应力(MPa)断裂能(J/m2
E11G12G13σNσTσSGNGSGT
4.32.02.0151010400800800
), ArticleFig(id=1246045625586921514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246045608075702826, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

TNT explosive JWL state equation parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
A(GPa)617.5
B(GPa)16.9
R14.4
R21.2
ω0.25
V(m·s-17100
Em(J·kg-15.707×106
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TNT炸药JWL状态方程参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
A(GPa)617.5
B(GPa)16.9
R14.4
R21.2
ω0.25
V(m·s-17100
Em(J·kg-15.707×106
), ArticleFig(id=1246045625746305071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246045608075702826, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Air gas state equation parameter

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参数数值
ρg(kg·m-31.225
P(Pa)1.013×105
T(℃)20
Cp(J·kg-1·K-11005
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空气气体状态方程参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
ρg(kg·m-31.225
P(Pa)1.013×105
T(℃)20
Cp(J·kg-1·K-11005
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空中爆炸载荷作用下层状复合材料结构动态响应特性分析
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罗家元 , 付用森 , 陈哲伦 ** , 李世岳 , 王家林
固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024,45(5): 679-693
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固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 45(5): 679-693
空中爆炸载荷作用下层状复合材料结构动态响应特性分析
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罗家元, 付用森, 陈哲伦** , 李世岳, 王家林
作者信息
  • 重庆交通大学机电与车辆工程学院,重庆,400074

通讯作者:

** E-mail:.
Dynamic Response Characteristics of Laminated Composite Sandwich Structures under Airborne Explosive Loads
Jiayuan Luo, Yongsen Fu, Zhelun Chen** , Shiyue Li, Jialin Wang
Affiliations
  • School of Electromechanical and Vehicle Engineering, ChongqingJiao tong University, Chongqing, 400074
出版时间: 2024-10-25 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.025
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为提高夹层结构的防爆抗冲击性能,提出一种内凹负泊松比芯层(re-entrant,RE)/聚乙烯纤维(PE)/碳化硅陶瓷(SiC)复合夹层结构. 基于ABAQUS中CEL算法模拟结构在爆炸冲击下的动态响应特性,并从结构变形机制、速度响应特征以及能量吸收等角度讨论不同芯层配置顺序对结构防护性能影响. 在等面密度下,引入陶瓷和聚乙烯层后结构上/下面板变形量相较RE夹层最大降低53%、5.7%. 其中芯层配置为SiC-PE-RE时,层间载荷强度得以改善,下面板变形最小;随着面板支撑强度增加,面板速度逐渐减小. 当SiC与PE层分别置于上/中芯层时,上/下面板峰值相较RE夹层各降低18.84%、16%且衰减速率最快. 而将RE层置于上芯层会导致结构局部变形增大,使得PE层和SiC层出现局部压溃失效,导致结构吸能增量最大提升14%.

复合材料夹层  /  空中爆冲击波  /  动态响应  /  吸能特性

To improve blast and impact resistance of sandwich structures, this study introduces a composite sandwich structure comprising a re-entrant (RE) negative Poisson's ratio core, polyethylene (PE) fibers, and silicon carbide (SiC) ceramics. Utilizing the coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) algorithm within ABAQUS, the dynamic response of this structure under explosive loading was simulated, assessing the impact of various core layer configurations on protective performance through structural deformation mechanisms, velocity response features, and energy absorption capacities. At equivalent areal densities, the incorporation of ceramic and polyethylene layers led to reductions in upper and lower panel deformations by up to 53% and 5.7%, respectively, relative to an RE-only sandwich layer. Notably, a core configuration of SiC-PE-RE optimized interlaminar load distribution, minimizing lower panel deformation; an increase in panel support strength correspondingly reduced panel velocities. Positioning the SiC and PE layers at the upper and middle core layers, respectively, achieved peak reductions in upper and lower panel deformations by 18.84% and 16%, compared to the RE sandwich layer, exhibiting the most rapid rate of decay. Conversely, positioning the RE layer at the upper core resulted in augmented local deformations, leading to localized crushing failures in the PE and SiC layers, thereby maximizing the energy-absorption incrementby up to 14%.

composite sandwich  /  airburst shock wave  /  dynamic response  /  energy absorption characteristics
罗家元, 付用森, 陈哲伦, 李世岳, 王家林. 空中爆炸载荷作用下层状复合材料结构动态响应特性分析. 固体力学学报, 2024 , 45 (5) : 679 -693 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.025
Jiayuan Luo, Yongsen Fu, Zhelun Chen, Shiyue Li, Jialin Wang. Dynamic Response Characteristics of Laminated Composite Sandwich Structures under Airborne Explosive Loads[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2024 , 45 (5) : 679 -693 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.025
随着导弹命中精度和破坏力提高,对于提高防护结构爆炸载荷抵抗力研究受到了相关研究人员的广泛关注. 夹层结构由于其轻质、高比强度和良好的能量吸收特性,而被广泛用作冲击防护结构. 根据调查表明[1-4],针对冲击或爆炸载荷作用下,传统的装甲防护效能普遍较差,而复合夹层结构相较于传统结构表现出更优的防护性能. 现阶段,已经提出多种拓扑夹层类型,如泡沫夹芯[5]、蜂窝夹芯[6]、和波纹夹芯[7]等. 为了满足日益增长的轻量、高效化需求,防护结构设计逐渐由单一或单层材料向多层复合结构的方向转变.
目前,关于夹层结构的动态响应已取得一定研究成果[8-15]. 李勇等[8]通过对梯度波纹夹层板在爆炸载荷作用下的动态响应进行了数值模拟得出,从上至下层板壁厚依次降低的设计组合中结构抗爆性能最优. Li等[9-11]通过研究空中爆炸载荷作用下功能梯度蜂窝芯层夹芯板的响应特性,发现功能梯度夹芯板的抗爆性能与载荷强度密切相关. 当加载强度较弱时,高/中/低芯层排列顺序的夹芯板性能较优,随着载荷强度的增加,低/中/高芯层排列顺序的夹芯板抗爆性能更为优异. Li等[12]利用弹道摆锤系统研究了铝合金制成的波纹夹芯板在空气爆炸载荷下的变形/破坏模式,并利用Autodyn软件探讨了动态响应和能量吸收的特点. 韩会龙等[13]对传统内凹六边形蜂窝进行优化,设计了一种新型星形节点蜂窝结构,研究了在中低速冲击下的变形行为,结构表现出明显的颈缩现象,并且应力-应变曲线中出现了平台应力增强. 邱晓清[14]应用数值模拟的方式对聚乙烯层合板在爆炸载荷下的动态响应以及破坏模式进行了分析,并从爆炸距离、载荷形式和靶板厚度等角度对结构变形破坏的影响进行了探究. 李茂[15]采用聚脲涂层、陶瓷材料提出了多种类型的复合结构,通过实验开展了爆炸载荷作用下装甲结构毁伤特性分析. 结果表明:相较增加背板、前面板厚度来说增加陶瓷厚度对提高整体防护效能更明显.
近年来,多种高性能防护材料/结构,包括陶瓷、超高分子量聚乙烯(PE)纤维[16,17]和负泊松比结构等被广泛应用在结构设计中. 例如陶瓷/金属复合结构[18]结合两种或多种材料的优点,被广泛应用于民用/军事装备(如车辆、直升机)的防护中. 陶瓷材料的高硬度和高抗压强度有助于将冲击载荷分散到更大的装甲区域. 此外,有研究表明[18]交叉铺层PE复合材料层合板在防御冲击威胁方面表现出巨大优势. 但在受到穿甲弹的冲击时,单独的PE纤维增强树脂基复合材料层合板能够被轻松击穿,其材料的防护优势无法被体现. 因此,将陶瓷/金属夹层结构与PE层压板相结合,在不显著增加重量的情况下构建一种新的结构,通过抗剪较强的金属材料弥补PE纤维抗剪能力较弱的劣势.
另外,负泊松比结构夹层[19]作为一类具有独特力学性能的新型结构,当受到单轴拉伸或压缩时,其侧向也会发生压缩变形,自动集中于加载处,结构的刚度也会随着载荷的增大而增大,从而提高抗冲击性能. 这种变形模式使得夹层结构展现出优良的缓冲吸能特性,现阶段也被逐渐应用到防护结构设计之中[20,21].
基于以上调研发现,现阶段对于泡沫铝、负泊松比结构等单一材料类夹层结构抗冲击性能已开展了广泛研究. 但针对聚乙烯或陶瓷层等复合类夹层结构的爆炸响应机制还有待进一步探究. 因此,本文基于数值模拟方式,对内凹负泊松比芯层(RE)-聚乙烯纤维(PE)-陶瓷(SiC)组成的复合夹层结构开展了近空爆炸冲击响应研究,重点探究了不同芯层配置顺序对结构变形、能量耗散等方面的影响.
层状复合结构分别由上面板、下面板、三层芯层这五部分构成,如图1所示. 结构面内尺寸长、宽分别为300 mm、288 mm,上、下面板厚度均为1.5 mm. 负泊松比结构采用内凹蜂窝,单个胞元水平长度l和竖直高度h分别为12 mm、8.5 mm;胞元夹角θ为45°. 具体结构信息见表1.
鉴于当前问题中爆炸载荷呈现出较强的局部特性,为减小计算量夹芯板附近的空气域只建立中心部分[21],其尺寸为70 mm×70 mm×170 mm. 考虑到炸药及结构对称性只建立1/4模型,并在X=0和Y=0两平面设置对称边界条件,如图2. 所用炸药为柱形TNT,装药位置位于结构中心正上方,装药密度约为1.61 g/mm3,装药重量为80 g,对应直径为D=35.0 mm,高度为h=40 mm,保持爆距(炸药距结构上表面距离)R=70 mm不变. 夹层结构各部件均采用实体单元模拟,各层间界面处通过内聚力单元模拟,流体域中采用欧拉单元模拟. 上下面板在面内单元采用过渡单元划分,尺寸从0.5 mm逐渐过渡到边界处的3 mm,沿厚度的单元划分尺寸为0.5 mm;芯层面内单元尺寸为1 mm,沿厚度的单元划分尺寸根据各芯层实际厚度考虑;流体域中采用2 mm均匀网格划分.
为保证等面密度条件,各芯层质量均保持一致. PN-1用以分析纯负泊松比结构冲击动态响应以及与后续工况进行抗爆性对比;PN-8和PN-9用以研究高强聚乙烯层位置对抗爆性能的影响;PN-2至PN-7用以分析陶瓷层位置变化对抗爆性能的影响.
结构面板与负泊松比的材料采用304不锈钢,其杨氏模量为200GPa,密度为7900 kg/m3,采用Johnson-Cook模型描述该材料在冲击载荷作用下的动态屈服应力σy. 为了准确模拟出面板的失效模式,基于最大等效塑性应变设定304不锈钢材料的失效准则. 通过对比不同参数下计算结果与实验结果,材料的失效应变设定为0.36时,可以较好地捕捉到面板结构的变形/失效. Johnson-Cook材料参数参考表2[22].
考虑到ABAQUS内置的纤维复合材料模型只有2D失效准则,且未考虑层间分层损伤. 对此,本文利用ABAQUS子程序接口,采用FORTRON语言编写了基于应变的3D失效准则[23],通过VUMAT用户自定义子程序接口开发材料本构模型嵌入软件内用语模型分析. 聚乙烯材料参数如表3[23].
通过ABAQUS内二次应力准则[24]给定材料的损伤模型. 其主要包括三个部分:(1)材料的初始损伤判定;(2)材料的损伤演化;(3)单元删除. 粘接材料的初始损伤状态通过应力准则进行判定:
其中σnσsσt为计算过程中,,粘接单元法向拉伸应力以及两个正交平面内的剪切应力;σNσSσT为材料临界法向拉伸应力及剪切应力. 单元应力状态到达了初始损伤判定标准后,,通过断裂消耗能量控制单元损伤演化过程,当耗散的能量满足下式时判定单元失效,并进行删除.
其中,GN为拉伸断裂能,GSGT为单元法线所在两个正交平面内的剪切断裂能;GnGsGt为单元拉伸和剪切破坏过程中耗散能. 具体参数如表4.
由于陶瓷与金属层粘接材料参数没有对应实验,因此在仿真过程中调整失效应力值直至结构失效后的面板与芯层脱层面积与实验接近,从而反演得到粘接层失效时对应的拉、剪应力.
JWL状态方程能够较为准确地描述爆轰产物的驱动过程以及各物理量的变化关系而得到广泛应用[25]. 该方程表达如下:
其中,P为静水压力,V是爆轰速度,E是单位体积炸药的初始内能,A1B1R1R2ω均为材料常数. 各参数取值如表5.
空气域用Ideal-Eos状态方程来表示:
其中,P为空气压强,ρg为空气密度,T为空气温度,CpCv分别为等压比热容和等体比热容. 相关参数[26]见下表6.
Johnson-Holmquist-Ⅱ本构关系使用了分段线性函数状态方程,能够准确反映陶瓷等脆性材料在冲击条件下损伤积累和材料强度之间的关系[27],其等效应力和失效应力表达方式如下,具体参数详见文献[27].
基于弹体冲击聚乙烯层板实验数据[24],本文建立了对于的数值模型,用以验证所构建的聚乙烯材料本构和参数的合理性.
通过数值模拟进行10g圆柱弹体以不同速度冲击高强聚乙烯复合材料靶板仿真,并将所得结果与实验验证对比. 试验与计算模型破坏形貌如图3所示,可以看出本文所构建的材料本构以及模型能够明显的展现出聚乙烯层板在冲击过程中的变形破坏模式(剪切、拉伸分层、断裂). 同时通过图4对比得出,计算结果与试验中弹体剩余速度偏差均在10%以内.
为验证爆炸冲击模型正确性,采用相同的建模方式和参数,建立了文献中的实验模型[27]并将计算结果与实验数据进行对比. 从图5中结构变形横截面看出,仿真计算得到的陶瓷-聚乙烯夹层结构变形/失效模式与实验结果具有较好一致性,均表现为上面板局部弯曲变形,下面板整体弯曲变形,芯层在中心区域发生明显压溃失效,面板-芯层粘接界出现完全失效导致面板与芯层之间出现脱层现象. 通过对比下面板最大变形量可知,本文中所建立的数值模型可以较好预报复合夹层结构的变形及失效特征,二者最大变形量误差在8%以内.
本节将从以下几方面展开分析复合夹层结构防护性能:(1)基准模型(PN-1)动态响应分析;(2)结构耦合面压力分布特征;(3)芯层配置对结构冲击性能影响;(4)响应特性差异.
炸药起爆后爆炸产物从起爆点向外膨胀并形成高压冲击波. 冲击波波阵面首先在空气中以理想自由场方式传播,如图6所示,在接触结构上表面后其速度降为零,并积累形成局部高压区.
图7(a)给出的是,各典型夹层结构上面板中心处的压力时程曲线. 根据结果可知,炸药爆炸后转化为高温高压爆炸物,形成一个较大的高压区并通过压缩周围介质来产生冲击波. 当冲击波到达某一位置时,该处压力迅速上升到峰值,随着冲击波在传播过程中迅速衰减,其峰值超压也逐步降低. 从图7(b)得出,改变芯层配置对耦合面反射压力强度影响较大. 当上面板支撑刚度较大时,受其反射冲击波影响,冲击波压力急剧衰减,冲击波耦合作用强度明显降低.
而在图7(c)中展示的为不同结构上面板横剖面不同位置冲击波超压峰值和冲量峰值分布情况. 从图中看出,结构耦合面压力峰值和冲量从中心点往外逐渐降低,表现出明显局部特性且各峰值均大幅度降低.
图8给出了基准模型PN-1芯层在冲击波作用过程中的变形形貌. 从图中看出结构上面板变形模式与实体板在局部爆炸载荷作用下的变形模式相类似[11],即中心区域主要呈现出局部塑性大变形且存在开裂失效,外围区域表象出整体塑性变形. 而下面板主要呈现出整体塑性大变形并没有出现开裂失效.
从RE芯层变形位移云图看出,由于负泊松比效应,结构两侧材料开始向内收缩流向冲击区. 随着时间推移,辅助变形芯层并不总是表现出收缩现象,而是在局部辅助变形和膨胀变形依次发生且向夹层两端延伸. 冲击结束后,局部辅助变形区逐渐增大,膨胀变形区逐渐减小. 整个弯曲-拉伸变形阶段,局部膨胀变形和辅助变形交替向夹层两端延伸. 由此得出,随着变形量增大,内凹胞元所引起的负泊松比效应使得该芯层向中间受载区域处收缩,对结构起到了支撑与缓冲作用. 从图9中得出上、下面板变形量分别为33 mm和28 mm. 在上面板的压缩以及下面板的支撑作用下,芯层中心区域出现较为明显的压缩变形,压缩量约14 mm.
通过对结构面板变形速度的分析,探讨其动态响应特征. 图10(a)给出了PN-1中上、下面板速度变化曲线. 从中得出,阶段一(初始耦合阶段)内冲击波刚接触上面板,面板产生了很大的速度,峰值达到546 m/s,随后在芯层的缓冲下峰值急剧下降进入阶段二(芯层开始变形),在0.06 ms时,结构的上、下面板达到了相同速度. 在芯层的持续压缩作用下,下面板速度进一步增加,并最终超过了上面板的速度. 由于上/下面板变形速度的差异,结构开始出现变形不协调. 在上/下面板间变形的,粘接层在层间拉伸和剪切的双重作用下粘接层应力逐步增加并最终导致粘接单元失效,导致面板与芯层间分层现象加剧. 层间失效过程中,负泊松比芯层对于上面板的支撑作用降低并通过层间载荷传递作用使得上面板速度衰减过程中出现二次加载现象,如图绿线框所示.
为明确夹层结构在爆炸载荷下冲击能的耗散变化,图10(b)给出了PN-1各部件吸能变化曲线. 在0.1 ms之前,上面板运动使得芯层压缩,结构主要通过芯层胞壁弯曲变形耗能;进入阶段三(上面板回弹变形)后,由于粘接层的破坏,面板与芯层开始脱离,背板发生整体弯曲及拉伸变形,其吸能量迅速增加. 从图中看出,下面板变形开始时间略微滞后. 这表明负泊松比芯层在变形过程中并没有将载荷直接传递到下面板,而是先通过自身的塑性变形耗散了部分冲击能. 值的注意的是,在阶段二内由于上面板中心区域内出现了局部的撕裂失效,面板吸能量出现了部分释放使得上面板吸能曲线出现了骤降现象. 在阶段四(耦合作用结束)后各部件吸能量趋于稳定,下面板由于芯层的限制并没有显著回弹,其吸能量大于上面板. 最终各部件吸能占比从大到小分别为:芯层、下面板、上面板.
由于结构质量关系着装备的经济性与机动性,因此,如何在不改变结构质量的同时提高力学性能是结构设计的研究重点. 本节在面密度与PN-1相同情况下,提出了另外六种复合夹层结构(PN-2~7),用以探究引入聚乙烯层和陶瓷层对夹层结构抗爆性能的影响.
图11给出了不同芯层配置下夹层结构最终形貌. 当陶瓷层置于RE或下面板之前时(如PN-3、4、5、7),陶瓷层均出现了大面积压溃失效并呈现出脱落现象,这主要是陶瓷材料本身具有明显的脆性,在局部强冲击作用下,中心区域会被直接压碎,当背板支撑强度较弱时陶瓷破片会出现脱层现象,对后续结构产生严重侵蚀破坏. 同时,PN-3、5中由于层间应力集中现象导致聚乙烯层中心区域出现局部拉伸断裂,芯层材料未被有效利用. 而在PN-2、6中,受背面聚乙烯层的支撑作用,陶瓷层破坏程度明显小于上述四种结构. 同时各芯层与面板贴合较好,只在二、三芯层中心区域出现了部分脱层失效. 由于负泊松比芯层的缓冲及吸能作用,结构下面板变形模式表现为整体塑性大变形且变形量最小.
造成这种差异的原因主要是,前置的陶瓷和聚乙烯层提高了上面板支撑刚度,提高了复合夹层结构整体抗弯刚度,使得冲击波衰减程度更高,降低了载荷传递芯层和下面板能量;此外,脱落的陶瓷破片虽然能吸收部分能量,但其较大的动能会加剧对下层结构冲击作用,使得变形增大.
芯层配置变化对结构宏观失效影响机理较为复杂. 由于芯层失效的产生取决于芯层材料的强度及芯层的应力状态,选用合理的芯层顺序可以降低芯层的应力水平,有效缓解芯层失效. 图12给出了各工况陶瓷层变形失效云图,陶瓷芯层在冲击波载荷作用下破碎较为严重,以陶瓷层失效形貌的正/俯视图作为参考,陶瓷芯层以面板中心出向外呈现出“蛛网”状裂纹失效形貌. 由于陶瓷脆性较大,其失效模式表现为压溃破碎失效,且破坏范围较聚乙烯层大得多(如图11所示).
图12(b)为陶瓷面内三个特征点等效应力时程曲线. 在其背面以模型中心点为起点,沿中轴线间隔40 mm的3点作为数据提取点依次为A、B、C. 通过应力波动曲线可以发现:所有结构中的3点等效应力时程曲线在数值大小以及应力波动持续时间上存在显著差异;A点对应单元最早失效,其压力数据截止于0.1 ms时刻;在冲击波加载阶段初期,三个特征点的等效应力随时间的增加而逐渐增加,不同结构下各等效应力峰值差异明显,位于边缘处D点的等效应力相较于其余两特征点波动变化略低,整体均维持了一个逐渐升高的变化趋势. 结合各结构中陶瓷层的应力云图可以看出,PN-6背板整体的受力状态较为均匀,结构背板芯层材料能够有效地为陶瓷面板提供支撑,结构芯层排列顺序较为合理. 结合PN-5中应力曲线和云图得出,陶瓷层内出现了明显的应力集中现象导致层内各特征点处的应力变化存在明显区别,这主要是下面板刚度较低无法为提供有效的支撑作用,此外受陶瓷破片的局部冲击作用,下面板会出现局部凹坑变形,降低结构的整体防护性能.
从上面板中心点速度曲线对比看出,由于结构芯层配置改变,速度峰值以及震荡(迁跃)幅度存在明显变化. 这是由于第一层芯层直接与上面板相接触,因此上芯层材料力学性能直接关系着其对上面板的支撑效果. 增加第一层芯层的刚度,会加强芯层对上面板的支撑作用使得中心区域不易被侵蚀. 从图中看出,随着面板支撑强度不断增加,上面板峰值逐渐减小,当将陶瓷与纤维层分别置于上/中芯层时(PN-6),上/下面板速度峰值相较于基准工况PN-1各降低了18.84%、16%且衰减速率最快. 而当陶瓷置于第三芯层时(PN-3、PN-5),下面板速度仅降低7.64%,同时还会出现明显波动和衰减速率降低. 这是因为该类工况下聚乙烯层出现了局部冲塞失效,层间载荷衰减能力减弱导致. 另外,在粘接层失效过程中,芯层失去了对上面板的支撑作用,并通过粘接层传递了一部分动能给上面板,且在界面发生脱层后,在冲击波持续作用下,由于失去了芯层支撑上面板速度在衰减过程中表现出二次加载现象(红框标注),导致其速度衰减程度有所下降.
综上所述,将陶瓷与聚乙烯层分别放置第一、二芯层不仅能对冲击波起到明显衰减作用,同时可以防止陶瓷层出现大面积脱落失效. 其次将RE层置于第三芯层能够实现对层间载荷的缓冲作用并增大载荷作用面积,进一步降低了传递到下面板的载荷强度.
为对比纯内凹负泊松比夹层与复合夹层结构抗爆性能差异,图14给出了结构上、下面板最大变形量. 结构上、下面板均产生相似变形特征,所有工况中只有PN-1上面板最大变形量大于下面板. 整体变形与结构的整体抗弯刚度密切相关,而局部变形与面板的局部刚度有关. 芯层顺序能改变夹芯板的截面惯性矩,从而影响结构抗弯刚度,有利于改善整体弯曲变形. 然而,降低芯层刚度会削弱芯层对上面板的支撑作用,使得上面板局部变形刚度下降,从而导致上面板的局部变形的增加. 因此芯层配置的变化对上面板影响程度更大.
其中,SIC-PE-RE(PN-6)上/下面板塑性变形量最小,分别为11 mm、26 mm,相较于PN-1分别降低了53%、5.7%. 将刚度最低的RE布置在第三层芯层,有效降低了芯层传递的动能,从而起到了较好的缓冲作用. 合理芯层配置顺序能更有效利用各芯层力学特性.
总体来说,相较于PN-1,采用复合夹层可以降低面板变形并提高结构整体变形均匀性. 若以下面板的最大塑性变形作为抗爆性能的评判标准,则PN-6防护性能最优. 该结论与Li[12]对空中爆炸载荷下梯度蜂窝芯层动响应特性研究结论一致.
为了探究芯层排列顺序对结构变形响应的内在机制影响,根据计算结果给出了不同结构各个部件吸能占比,如图15.
从图中看出夹层结构中PN-3总吸能量最大,为5963 J,其相较于PN-1提高约40%. 但由于其芯层出现严重压溃失效,并不利于提升结构整体防护效能. 这主要是因为将负泊松比芯层置于第一层芯层会降低参与流固耦合的夹层结构质量,从而提高爆炸冲击波载荷传递给芯层动能所导致. 相反,增加第一层芯层刚度可以有效提高上面板的支撑作用,从而降低了动能传递. 与此同时,将刚度较高的芯层布置靠前,可以有效提高结构对冲击波的衰减效果,降低了载荷传递的冲量大小,缓解了结构整体变形,结构总吸能量降低. 如图14中PN-6、PN-7所示.
在纯负泊松比夹层(PN-1)中,下芯层吸能量占据总吸能量66%,随着聚乙烯和陶瓷层的引入,面板的支撑强度得到提升,芯层能量吸收占比提高,其中最高占比总吸能量的80%. 此外,陶瓷由于其高硬度、高抗压强度的力学特性,使得结构整体刚度得到显著改善,结构变形量得以缓解.
本文采用ABAQUS软件建立数值模型,从响应过程、失效形式变化和能量吸收等角度,对空中爆炸冲击下RE-PE-SIC复合夹层结构的响应过程进行了分析讨论,主要结论如下:
(1)相较于纯内凹复泊松比夹层,引入的复合芯层可以改善结构变形. 当采用SiC-PE-RE芯层配置时,层间载荷传递强度明显降低,结构整体变形最小,同时有效缓解了芯层局部压溃失效与脱层. 以下面板最大塑性变形量作为结构抗爆性能评价指标,芯层排列顺序为SiC-PE-RE的抗爆性能最好.
(2)复合夹层结构上、下面板中心点速度响应与芯层配置顺序息息相关. 上面板支撑强度越大,面板中心点处最大速度就越小. 随着芯层对上面板支撑作用增加,面板中心点速度峰值逐渐减小. 当层间出现脱层失效时,上面板速度曲线出现明显的突变现象并伴随着速度增加的趋势,同时下面板速度衰减速率也会降低.
(3)复合夹层结构芯层排列顺序组合对结构总能量吸收影响较大. 将内凹负泊松比结构置于第一层芯层会降低参与耦合的质量,提高冲击载荷传递给芯层的动能,导致聚乙烯和陶瓷层出现局部压溃失效,结构整体吸能量较PN-1增加了40%. 而PN-6中总吸能量相较于PN-1降低了15%.
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2024年第45卷第5期
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.025
  • 接收时间:2024-06-03
  • 首发时间:2026-04-01
  • 出版时间:2024-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-03
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    重庆交通大学机电与车辆工程学院,重庆,400074

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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