Article(id=1246045607522054677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246045605047415288, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.027, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1709136000000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775010023240, onlineDateStr=2026-04-01, pubDate=1729785600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775010023240, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775010023240, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775010023240, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246045605047415288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2024', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='565', pageEnd='708', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775010022651, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775010094858, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246045907972636933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246045605047415288, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246045907972636934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246045605047415288, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=565, endPage=575, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246045607874376229, articleId=1246045607522054677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=Simulation of Uniform Corrosion Process of U71Mn Hot-rolled Rail Based on Cellular Automata, columnId=1244229834482757770, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The impact of environmental corrosion on rail service operations poses a direct safety threat. Therefore, the quantitative characterization of rail corrosion damage is of great significance for evaluating rail reliability. Uniform corrosion experiments on U71Mn hot-rolled rail samples in a 3.5 wt. % NaCl solution at room temperature were first carried out. Changes in the diameters of two samples with corrosion time were measured. According to the experimental results, the corrosion mechanism of rail samples in the 3.5 wt. % Nacl solution was analyzed. A corrosion model employing cellular automata was developed to simulate the uniform corrosion behavior of rail samples in the NaCl solution. The corrosion rate was quantified by tracking sample diameter changes through the cellular automaton simulation over varying corrosion time. A unified prediction formula for different sample diameters with corrosion time was established. Results revealed an average relative error of 8.7% between predicted and measured data, indicating the efficacy of cellular automata in accurately simulating the uniform corrosion process of U71Mn hot-rolled rail samples.

, correspAuthors=Qianhua Kan, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yunlai Sun, Zhenghong Fu, Yanan Hu, Yuxuan Liu, Zefeng Wen, Qianhua Kan), CN=ArticleExt(id=1246045615436706536, articleId=1246045607522054677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=基于元胞自动机方法的U71Mn热轧钢轨均匀腐蚀过程模拟, columnId=1241831201896469478, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

钢轨在服役过程中由于环境腐蚀造成的损伤会直接威胁行车安全. 因此,开展钢轨材料的腐蚀损伤定量表征对钢轨的服役可靠性评价具有重要意义. 本文首先开展了U71Mn热轧钢轨材料在室温3.5 wt. % NaCl溶液中的均匀腐蚀实验,测量了两种试样直径随腐蚀时间的变化,根据实验结果对钢轨材料在3.5 wt. % Nacl盐溶液中的腐蚀机理进行分析. 然后采用元胞自动机方法建立钢轨材料试样的腐蚀模型,对试样在3.5 wt. % NaCl溶液中的均匀腐蚀行为进行模拟,根据元胞自动机方法模拟得到的腐蚀不同时间后试样直径的变化数据,对腐蚀速率进行量化,建立不同试样直径随腐蚀时间变化的统一预测公式. 结果表明,预测结果与实验结果的平均相对误差为8.7%,即采用元胞自动机方法可合理模拟出U71Mn热轧钢轨试样的均匀腐蚀过程.

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** E-mail:.
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Main chemical composition of U71Mn hot rolled rail (mass fraction, %)

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CSiMnPSFe
0.700.201.160.0140.010余量
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U71Mn热轧钢轨主要化学成分(质量分数,%)

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CSiMnPSFe
0.700.201.160.0140.010余量
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The diameter of specimens after corrosion at different time intervals (mm)

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腐蚀时间(天)01020306090
#110.0210.0210.019.979.959.91
#210.0210.0210.019.999.949.88
#310.0110.0110.009.989.959.86
平均值10.01710.01710.0079.9809.9479.883
方差2.22×10-52.22×10-52.22×10-56.67×10-52.22×10-54.22×10-4
#48.018.017.997.997.977.91
#58.028.028.017.997.977.92
#68.008.007.987.977.967.90
平均值8.0108.0107.9937.9837.9677.910
方差6.67×10-56.67×10-51.56×10-48.89×10-52.22×10-56.67×10-5
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腐蚀不同时间后试样直径(mm)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
腐蚀时间(天)01020306090
#110.0210.0210.019.979.959.91
#210.0210.0210.019.999.949.88
#310.0110.0110.009.989.959.86
平均值10.01710.01710.0079.9809.9479.883
方差2.22×10-52.22×10-52.22×10-56.67×10-52.22×10-54.22×10-4
#48.018.017.997.997.977.91
#58.028.028.017.997.977.92
#68.008.007.987.977.967.90
平均值8.0108.0107.9937.9837.9677.910
方差6.67×10-56.67×10-51.56×10-48.89×10-52.22×10-56.67×10-5
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The variation in sample diameter simulated at different time intervals (mm)

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天数(天)01020306090
d=10 mm109.9599.9489.939.9169.891
d=8 mm87.9687.9537.9427.9347.906
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不同天数模拟试样直径变化(mm)

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天数(天)01020306090
d=10 mm109.9599.9489.939.9169.891
d=8 mm87.9687.9537.9427.9347.906
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基于元胞自动机方法的U71Mn热轧钢轨均匀腐蚀过程模拟
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孙运来 1 , 付正鸿 1 , 胡雅楠 1 , 刘宇轩 1 , 温泽峰 2 , 阚前华 1, **
固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024,45(5): 565-575
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固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 45(5): 565-575
基于元胞自动机方法的U71Mn热轧钢轨均匀腐蚀过程模拟
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孙运来1, 付正鸿1, 胡雅楠1, 刘宇轩1, 温泽峰2, 阚前华1, **
作者信息
  • 1应用力学与结构安全四川省重点实验室,力学与航空航天学院,西南交通大学,成都,611756
  • 2轨道交通运载系统全国重点实验室,西南交通大学,成都,610031

通讯作者:

Simulation of Uniform Corrosion Process of U71Mn Hot-rolled Rail Based on Cellular Automata
Yunlai Sun1, Zhenghong Fu1, Yanan Hu1, Yuxuan Liu1, Zefeng Wen2, Qianhua Kan1, **
Affiliations
  • 1Applied Mechanics and Structure Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 611756
  • 2National Key Laboratory of Rail Transit Transportation system, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031
出版时间: 2024-10-25 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.027
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钢轨在服役过程中由于环境腐蚀造成的损伤会直接威胁行车安全. 因此,开展钢轨材料的腐蚀损伤定量表征对钢轨的服役可靠性评价具有重要意义. 本文首先开展了U71Mn热轧钢轨材料在室温3.5 wt. % NaCl溶液中的均匀腐蚀实验,测量了两种试样直径随腐蚀时间的变化,根据实验结果对钢轨材料在3.5 wt. % Nacl盐溶液中的腐蚀机理进行分析. 然后采用元胞自动机方法建立钢轨材料试样的腐蚀模型,对试样在3.5 wt. % NaCl溶液中的均匀腐蚀行为进行模拟,根据元胞自动机方法模拟得到的腐蚀不同时间后试样直径的变化数据,对腐蚀速率进行量化,建立不同试样直径随腐蚀时间变化的统一预测公式. 结果表明,预测结果与实验结果的平均相对误差为8.7%,即采用元胞自动机方法可合理模拟出U71Mn热轧钢轨试样的均匀腐蚀过程.

U71Mn热轧钢轨  /  均匀腐蚀  /  元胞自动机  /  腐蚀预测

The impact of environmental corrosion on rail service operations poses a direct safety threat. Therefore, the quantitative characterization of rail corrosion damage is of great significance for evaluating rail reliability. Uniform corrosion experiments on U71Mn hot-rolled rail samples in a 3.5 wt. % NaCl solution at room temperature were first carried out. Changes in the diameters of two samples with corrosion time were measured. According to the experimental results, the corrosion mechanism of rail samples in the 3.5 wt. % Nacl solution was analyzed. A corrosion model employing cellular automata was developed to simulate the uniform corrosion behavior of rail samples in the NaCl solution. The corrosion rate was quantified by tracking sample diameter changes through the cellular automaton simulation over varying corrosion time. A unified prediction formula for different sample diameters with corrosion time was established. Results revealed an average relative error of 8.7% between predicted and measured data, indicating the efficacy of cellular automata in accurately simulating the uniform corrosion process of U71Mn hot-rolled rail samples.

U71Mn hot-rolled rail  /  uniform corrosion  /  cellular automata  /  corrosion prediction
孙运来, 付正鸿, 胡雅楠, 刘宇轩, 温泽峰, 阚前华. 基于元胞自动机方法的U71Mn热轧钢轨均匀腐蚀过程模拟. 固体力学学报, 2024 , 45 (5) : 565 -575 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.027
Yunlai Sun, Zhenghong Fu, Yanan Hu, Yuxuan Liu, Zefeng Wen, Qianhua Kan. Simulation of Uniform Corrosion Process of U71Mn Hot-rolled Rail Based on Cellular Automata[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2024 , 45 (5) : 565 -575 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.027
钢轨是铁路系统中至关重要的组成部分,它们承受着列车的重量和运行压力. 随着铁路交通的增加和列车速度的提高,钢轨面临着更大的压力和磨损[1,2]. 钢轨的损伤类型有磨损、疲劳、腐蚀等,其中腐蚀最为常见. 钢轨在服役过程中会受到高湿和酸雨等环境因素的影响,极易发生腐蚀损伤[3]. 严重的钢轨腐蚀损伤不仅会危及行车安全,还会造成经济损失. 众多学者对钢轨的腐蚀行为进行了实验研究. 比如,邓羽[4]研究了U75V钢轨的缝隙腐蚀行为,发现缝隙腐蚀的萌生位置与金属基体的珠光体片层间距和珠光体层状方向有关. 刘雪莲[5]研究了U75V钢轨在3.5 wt. % NaCl溶液中的腐蚀疲劳行为,发现钢轨经过腐蚀之后在腐蚀坑处有多个裂纹源,经过腐蚀之后试样疲劳寿命大大降低. 戴宇恒[6]对U75V钢轨进行周浸腐蚀实验,发现随着周浸周期的增长,腐蚀坑个数因小蚀坑逐渐汇聚成大蚀坑而减少. 李宪哲[7]研究了U71Mn钢轨材料在高温和磨损条件下的腐蚀行为,发现高温和磨损会加剧钢轨材料腐蚀,从而减弱基体材料的力学性能. 左秀丽[8]研究了轻轨用钢模拟酸雨溶液中的腐蚀行为,结果表明,随着溶液pH的减小,钢轨的腐蚀程度加重. 朱敏等[9]研究了腐蚀对U71MnG钢轨磨损的影响,发现相对未经腐蚀的钢轨试样,经过腐蚀的钢轨试样平均磨损速率更大,磨损失重更多. 李闯等[10]对U71MnG钢轨和U68CuCr耐蚀钢轨进行了盐雾实验及电化学测试分析实验,结果表明,U68CuCr耐蚀钢在未腐蚀情况下存在阳极钝化现象,U71MnG钢轨无阳极钝化现象,随着腐蚀时间延长,两种钢轨抗腐蚀性能减弱.
由于腐蚀的环境影响因素众多,腐蚀损伤无法准确测量[11]. 元胞自动机(Cellular Automata)方法作为研究复杂非线性系统和非均匀动力系统的有效工具,在模拟金属材料腐蚀损伤演化过程中具有较好的通用性和稳定性. 陈梦成和郭东旭等[12,13]采用元胞自动机方法模拟了金属材料的腐蚀过程,考虑了腐蚀离子浓度、腐蚀概率等因素对腐蚀速率的影响. Chen等[14]使用二维元胞自动机模型来模拟钢管混凝土柱在腐蚀环境中的均匀腐蚀损伤演化过程,并将模拟结果与实验结果进行比较,发现模拟结果与实验结果之间具有良好的一致性. Wang等[15]采用基于随机方法的元胞自动机模型模拟金属元素的均匀腐蚀和迁移过程,证明了元胞自动机方法在模拟腐蚀过程中是一种有效的替代工具. Wang等[16]采用元胞自动机方法建立金属-薄膜-电解质系统模型来研究腐蚀薄膜在介观尺度下的扩散特性,研究扩散速率对薄膜生长和金属腐蚀的影响,结果表明,膜的生长速率随扩散步数呈幂律变化,腐蚀速率与反馈效应模型中膜的生长速率具有相同的规律. 王慧等[17]采用一个简单的元胞自动机模型对腐蚀环境中金属表面蚀坑的生长演化规律进行模拟,并得到了蚀坑深度随时间的变化曲线. 综上所述,元胞自动机方法在模拟金属结构腐蚀过程中具有比较好的优势,可用来模拟金属结构材料的腐蚀损伤演化过程.
基于以上现状分析,学者们对于钢轨的腐蚀损伤研究重点关注了腐蚀对钢轨性能退化的影响,但是没有对钢轨材料的腐蚀损伤进行定量表征. 本文采用元胞自动机方法对钢轨材料在3.5 wt. % NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为进行模拟. 首先开展了U71Mn热轧钢轨材料在3.5 wt. % NaCl溶液中的腐蚀实验并测量腐蚀不同时间后试样直径的变化数据,根据实验现象对U71Mn热轧钢轨材料在3.5 wt. % NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为进行机理分析;然后采用元胞自动机方法建立与钢轨试样标距段相同尺寸的腐蚀模型,对钢轨试样的均匀腐蚀过程进行模拟;最后根据元胞自动机方法模拟得到的结果对腐蚀速率进行量化,建立钢轨试样腐蚀不同时间后直径变化的预测公式,从而对钢轨材料的腐蚀损伤进行定量表征.
元胞自动机是一种全离散的动力学模型,可以用来描述单元间的相互作用,不需要建立和求解复杂的微分方程,只需要确定单元演化规则,并且便于并行计算和动态显示[18]. 元胞自动机主要是由元胞、元胞空间、邻居、离散的时间集以及局部规则等元素构成[19]. 简单来说,元胞自动机可以认为是由一个元胞空间和定义于该元胞空间上的集合所组成. 图1为元胞自动机的组成示意图.
元胞是元胞自动机最基本的组成元素,元胞分布在离散空间的网格上,具有有限个状态,每一个元胞在每一时刻都有自己的状态值. 元胞空间就是元胞分布空间的集合,对中心元胞(图1中红色部分)的状态进行更新需要知道相邻元胞的状态,邻居就是规定的中心元胞的邻近元胞(图1中心元胞的上下左右四个邻居). 演化规则是元胞自动机的核心部分,是元胞自动机的动态组成部分. 中心元胞在t+1时刻的状态是由t时刻中心元胞的状态及邻居元胞的状态来共同决定的,时间t是一个离散的、等距的无量纲量,仅仅表示计算过程的迭代步数.
元胞自动机的演化规则是局部的,对中心元胞的状态进行更新需要知道中心元胞和邻居的状态. 三维元胞自动机的邻居类型有六邻居型元胞、十八邻居型元胞、二十六邻居型元胞,如图2所示. 本文在模拟钢轨试样腐蚀过程中采用的邻居类型为六邻居型元胞.
元胞自动机的边界条件有定值型(所有边界以外的元胞的状态都为一固定值)、周期型(元胞边界之间相互连接)、映射型(边界以外的元胞状态是以边界为轴的对称状态),如图3所示. 本文边界条件采用的是定值型边界条件.
金属材料腐蚀过程中会伴随着复杂的化学反应并且会受到腐蚀环境的温度、pH、离子种类等因素的影响. 在模拟过程中难以将这些因素都考虑进去,因此模拟金属腐蚀过程中对模型进行假设,即不单独考虑腐蚀环境中的温度、pH、离子种类等因素对腐蚀过程的影响,而是引入腐蚀概率p来统一代替这些因素综合的影响. 腐蚀概率p代表了金属的电化学反应速率[12],本文腐蚀概率选取0.5,此时的模拟效果较好. 用MATLAB编程来模拟金属材料的腐蚀过程. 金属材料的腐蚀过程由定义的腐蚀规则来控制,腐蚀规则是模拟金属材料腐蚀过程中最关键的部分,定义的腐蚀规则如图4所示,其中,C表示腐蚀性元胞,表示腐蚀溶液里面具有腐蚀性的离子,N表示非腐蚀性元胞,表示腐蚀溶液里面不具有腐蚀性的离子,M表示金属元胞,表示被腐蚀的金属基体,R表示腐蚀元胞产物,表示腐蚀后的锈蚀产物.
规则(a):腐蚀性元胞C随机选择一个方向的邻居位置,此时若这个位置被另外一个腐蚀性元胞C占据,则该腐蚀性元胞C保持初始位置不动.
规则(b):腐蚀性元胞C随机选择一个方向的邻居位置,此时若这个位置被金属元胞M占据,则该金属元胞以腐蚀概率p被腐蚀性元胞C腐蚀.
规则(c):腐蚀性元胞C随机选择一个方向的邻居位置,此时若这个位置没有其他元胞占据,且下一时刻也没有其他元胞向这个位置移动,则这个位置被腐蚀性元胞占据.
规则(d):腐蚀性元胞C随机选择一个方向的邻居位置,此时若这个位置被金属元胞M占据,但下一时刻另外一个腐蚀性元胞C也向该金属元胞移动,则所有元胞保持位置不动.
规则(e):非腐蚀性元胞N随机选择一个格位,若这个位置被金属元胞M占据,则下一时刻非腐蚀性元胞保持位置不动.
规则(f):非腐蚀性元胞N随机选择一个格位,若这个格位为空,且下一时刻没有其他元胞向这个位置移动,非腐蚀性元胞N占据该位置.
实验材料为U71Mn热轧钢,通过电火花直读光谱仪(SparkCCD6500)测得其主要化学成分如表1所示. 从钢轨轨头位置进行取样,试样的具体尺寸如图5所示,腐蚀实验过程中试样直径d采用10 mm和8 mm两种尺寸的试样. 对试样标距段进行打磨抛光后,测量并记录每一个试样标距段的初始直径,为减小实验测量误差,在试样标距段中间位置、中间偏上和中间偏下的位置分别多次测量试样的直径,用三次测量数据的平均值作为试样的初始直径,每组实验采用三个平行试样,然后进行腐蚀实验.
对于金属材料的均匀腐蚀,表征腐蚀程度的方法通常有腐蚀重量、腐蚀深度和电流密度. 从工程应用的角度来看,腐蚀构件的有效截面尺寸是反映结构或设备寿命安全性的重要指标. 因此,本文采用腐蚀深度来表征腐蚀程度[20]. 对于棒状试样,用试样的有效截面积的损失即试样直径的变化情况来反应腐蚀深度的变化. 将制备后的试样放入室温3.5 wt. % NaCl腐蚀溶液中进行均匀腐蚀实验,腐蚀溶液采用分析纯固体NaCl和去离子水配置. 分别在10天、20天、30天、60天和90天取出试样,去除试样表面的锈蚀层并擦干水分后,采用电子游标卡尺对试样的直径进行多次测量(测量精度±0.01 mm,测量方法与试样初始直径的测量方法保持一致),测量直径后立即将试样放入腐蚀溶液中继续腐蚀. 文献[21]中指出,随着腐蚀时间的增加会在腐蚀坑表面形成一层固体盐膜,盐膜并不是保证腐蚀坑稳定性所必须的,因此除锈后立即放入腐蚀溶液中继续腐蚀对长期腐蚀过程的影响较小.
腐蚀不同天数后试样的直径测量结果情况如表2所示.
根据表2的测量数据,将直径的变化情况绘于图6中. 从图中可以看出,腐蚀前期,试样的直径基本没有变化,随着腐蚀时间的增加,试样的直径会慢慢减小. 整体来看,试样直径随腐蚀时间近似呈线性减小的趋势.
试样腐蚀不同天数之后,观察试样表面的腐蚀产物生成情况,发现随着腐蚀时间的增加,试样表面生成的腐蚀产物不断增多,腐蚀产物覆盖在试样表面. 当腐蚀到60天的时候,试样表面完全由红棕色的锈蚀产物覆盖,如图7所示,将试样表面的锈蚀产物刮下,烘干研磨成粉末然后进行X-射线衍射分析,根据锈蚀成分的XRD衍射图谱分析,试样表面的红棕色锈蚀产物主要是由Fe2O3、FeOOH(羟基氧化铁)构成,查阅相关文献[22-25],锈蚀成分中可能还含有Fe3O4.
腐蚀产物在试样表面形成致密的锈蚀层(见图7),这些致密的锈蚀层会在钢轨试样表面形成保护膜,保护膜的生成会减缓试样的腐蚀速率,保护膜对试样表面的均匀腐蚀起到抑制作用[12]. 把试样表面的锈蚀层用去离子水清洗干净并擦干,得到如图8所示的去处锈蚀后的试样表面的宏观形貌. 可以看出随着腐蚀时间的增加,试样表面的颜色逐渐加深,表明试样腐蚀程度越严重. 当腐蚀到90天的时候,对试样表面进行局部放大可以看到试样表面整层的剥落,试样的截面积损失较为严重,腐蚀损伤程度较大.
U71Mn热轧钢轨材料在3.5 wt. % NaCl溶液中表面腐蚀坑的形成包含以下电化学反应[22-25]
阳极溶解反应表示为:
阴极发生的反应为:
Fe2+可能发生的水解反应为:
伴随的产物转化:
U71Mn热轧钢轨材料基体作为阳极优先溶解,产生Fe2+,Fe2+在水溶液环境中容易水解,导致水合离子的形成,这个过程导致Fe(OH)2的形成,在这个过程中cl-可以看做催化剂,不直接参与反应,促进腐蚀反应的进行[22,23]. 同时钢材表面发生阴极反应,这个过程可能发生两种阴极反应. 此外,由Fe2+产生的Fe(OH)2是不稳定的,容易氧化形成Fe2O3. 研究表明,Fe3+在大量cl-存在的环境下会生成羟基氧化铁β-FeOOH,羟基氧化铁还有两种异构体α-FeOOH和γ-FeOOH,三种异构体在一定条件下可以互相转化[24]. 根据Evans模型[25],溶液中的FeOOH也可以被Fe2+还原成致密的Fe3O4析出物. 因此试样表面的红棕色绣层是由各种腐蚀产物组成的(图7所示),复杂电化学反应如图9所示.
采用三维元胞自动机方法建立与腐蚀实验试样标距段长度和直径相同的腐蚀模型,定义的腐蚀规则如图4所示,元胞邻居类型选择六邻居元胞,如图2所示. 将金属和腐蚀溶液组成的系统离散成元胞空间中的网格,本文选择的元胞自动机空间为d* 360°*h的三维元胞空间,其中d表示腐蚀模型的直径(d的值取10 mm和8 mm,与腐蚀试样的直径保持一致),h为腐蚀模型的高度(代表实际腐蚀试样标距段的长度,其值为22.5,具体尺寸见图5),360°表示模型为圆棒状(腐蚀试样为圆棒状试样). 腐蚀概率p代表了金属的电化学反应速率,腐蚀概率p的取值参照参考文献[12],概率p设定为0.5. 迭代过程中设定迭代6步相当于实际腐蚀一天(时间步的设定参照参考文献[14]中的设定方法),得到腐蚀不同天数试样表面的腐蚀形貌.
图10为腐蚀不同天数后试样表面的腐蚀坑形貌. 从图中可以看出,当腐蚀时间较短时,试样表面分布着的腐蚀坑数量较少,且腐蚀坑密度较小. 随着腐蚀时间的增加,试样表面的腐蚀坑数量逐渐增多,腐蚀坑的密度不断增大,最终腐蚀坑均匀分布在试样的表面,腐蚀程度越来越严重.
在腐蚀模型表面轮廓标记出位置坐标(根据位置坐标可以得到腐蚀不同天数的直径,与腐蚀试样直径的测量方法保持一致),并将得到的腐蚀不同时间的试样直径数据记录在表3中. 为了方便看出腐蚀速度的快慢,定义腐蚀速率r为试样初始直径与腐蚀不同时间后试样直径的差值与腐蚀时间的比值:
其中,d0为试样的初始直径(单位:mm),dt为模拟腐蚀不同时间后的直径(单位:mm),t为腐蚀时间(单位:天).
根据模拟得到的腐蚀不同天数试样直径的变化数据(见表3),根据式(8)可以计算出相应的腐蚀速率,结果如图11所示. 可以看到试样直径为10 mm和8 mm腐蚀速率的变化趋势基本一致,初始时候腐蚀速率都很快达到峰值,然后开始急剧下降,当到达一定的腐蚀天数后,腐蚀速率基本达到一个稳定值. 这是由于当试样最初浸入到腐蚀溶液中时,试样表面由于没有保护膜的存在,腐蚀速率很快,而当腐蚀一段时间之后,试样表面会生成保护膜,保护膜的生成会减缓试样的腐蚀速率,保护膜对试样表面的均匀腐蚀起到抑制作用[12]. 当保护膜均匀地覆盖在试样表面时,腐蚀速率达到最慢,最终让腐蚀速率保持在一个稳定值.
根据表3中基于元胞自动机方法模拟得到的腐蚀不同天数的直径变化数据,分别拟合直径10 mm和8 mm的试样直径随腐蚀时间变化的关系曲线,得到的表达式如下:
试样直径为10 mm拟合结果:
试样直径为8 mm拟合结果:
其中,y为腐蚀后试样的直径(单位:mm),x为腐蚀时间(单位:天)
通过观察式(9)和式(10)可以发现,表达式中第三项是相同的,第四项是试样初始直径,因此将式(9)和式(10)前三项进行加权平均,进而建立统一的表达式,如式(11)所示:
其中,d0y分别为腐蚀前后的直径(单位:mm),x为腐蚀时间(单位:天).
根据元胞自动机方法模拟得到试样直径随腐蚀天数的变化数据,建立腐蚀后试样直径随腐蚀时间变化的预测公式,见式(11). 根据式(11)可以得到不同试样直径腐蚀不同天数后的直径变化数据,并与实际腐蚀不同天数测量得到的试样直径数据对比,结果如图12所示,可以看出,预测的直径变化趋势与实际测量的直径变化趋势基本一致. 为了准确评估预测精度,定义腐蚀预测结果的平均相对误差e如下:
其中,δ预测为不同时间段预测的腐蚀深度变化值,δ测量为不同时间段实际测量的腐蚀深度变化值. 经计算发现,直径10 mm试样腐蚀20天预测值与实际测量值的最大相对误差为10%,直径8 mm试样腐蚀20天预测值与实际测量值的最大相对误差为10.8%,所有时间段的平均相对误差为8.7%,预测结果与实验结果吻合较好.
本文开展了U71Mn热轧钢轨在3.5 wt. % NaCl溶液中的腐蚀实验,根据实验结果对U71Mn热轧钢轨在3.5 wt. % NaCl溶液中的腐蚀机理进行分析,然后采用元胞自动机方法模拟了钢轨试样材料在3.5 wt. % NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为,对钢轨材料的均匀腐蚀损伤进行定量表征,建立腐蚀直径预测公式. 主要结论如下:
(1)U71Mn热轧钢轨在3.5 wt. % NaCl溶液中表现为均匀腐蚀行为. 随着腐蚀时间的增加钢轨试样表面生成红棕色的腐蚀产物、该腐蚀产物由Fe2O3、FeOOH、Fe3O4等组成,经过腐蚀之后,试样的直径随腐蚀时间呈近似线性减小的趋势.
(2)采用元胞自动机方法建立钢轨材料的腐蚀模型,模拟了U71Mn热轧钢轨材料的腐蚀行为,得到腐蚀不同天数钢轨试样直径的变化数据,根据模拟结果建立了腐蚀不同天数后试样直径变化的预测公式,所有时间段的预测结果与实验结果之间的最大相对误差为10.8%,平均相对误差为8.7%,预测结果与实验结果吻合较好. 说明建立的腐蚀预测公式能较好的预测U71Mn热轧钢轨材料在3.5% wt. Nacl溶液中腐蚀深度(试样直径)的变化.
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(12072295; U21A20167)
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2024年第45卷第5期
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.027
  • 接收时间:2024-02-29
  • 首发时间:2026-04-01
  • 出版时间:2024-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-29
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国家自然科学基金项目(12072295; U21A20167)
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    1应用力学与结构安全四川省重点实验室,力学与航空航天学院,西南交通大学,成都,611756
    2轨道交通运载系统全国重点实验室,西南交通大学,成都,610031

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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