Article(id=1246045607006155267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246045605047415288, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.029, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718208000000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775010023118, onlineDateStr=2026-04-01, pubDate=1729785600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775010023118, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775010023118, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775010023118, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246045605047415288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2024', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='565', pageEnd='708', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775010022651, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775010094858, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246045907972636933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246045605047415288, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246045907972636934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246045605047415288, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=587, endPage=594, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246045607220064779, articleId=1246045607006155267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=Phase-field Simulation of Lithium Dendrite Growth in Polymer-based Composite Solid-state Electrolytes, columnId=1244229834482757770, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Lithium metal is a highly promising anode material due to its high theoretical capacity and low reduction/oxidation potential, and has received extensive attention. However, the formation and growth of lithium dendrites poses the biggest challenge to its commercialization. The use of solid-state electrolyte, instead of liquid electrolyte, has become a potential path to inhibit the growth of lithium dendrites. However, issues such as poor metal-lithium interface contact and low ionic conductivity in solid-state electrolytes persist. Composite solid-state electrolytes, prepared by combining polymers with inorganic ceramic electrolytes, have shown effectiveness in inhibiting the growth of lithium dendrites. Although these composite solid electrolytes typically have high ionic conductivity, their elastic moduli are low. Currently, the mechanism of dendrite suppression by low-modulus composite solid-state electrolytes, especially low-modulus multiphase composite solid-state electrolytes, remains incompletely clarified. Therefore, this paper considers the mechanical effects of solid electrolytes and builds a mechanical-chemical model using the phase field method. By taking poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based composite-state electrolyte as an example, the study investigates the influence of composite solid electrolyte modulus on dendrite growth. The results show that the higher the electrolyte modulus, the greater the stress on the lithium metal, leading to a more uniform distribution of lithium ions on the interface between the electrolyte and the lithium anode electrode. The higher stress also tends to cause the plastic deformation of lithium dendrites, thus inhibiting their growth. This research deepens the understanding of the mechanism of inhibition of lithium dendrites by low-modulus multiphase composite solid electrolytes, and provides guidance for the design of composite solid electrolytes.

, correspAuthors=Shufeng Song, Ying Zhao, Ning Hu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yanfang Zhai, Jiayue Yang, Qibo Deng, Shufeng Song, Ying Zhao, Ning Hu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1246045616413979417, articleId=1246045607006155267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=聚合物基复合固态电解质中锂枝晶生长的相场模拟研究, columnId=1241831201896469478, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

固态锂金属电池是最具潜力的下一代高能量密度储能技术,但其面临的一个最迫切问题是锂枝晶的不均匀生长. 目前低模量复合固态电解质,特别是低模量多相复合固态电解质,抑制锂枝晶生长的机制还没有被完全明确. 因此,本文通过相场法构建了力学-化学模型,研究了复合固态电解质不同弹性模量对于锂枝晶生长的影响,结果表明电解质模量越高,锂金属的应力越大,易使锂枝晶发生塑性形变,从而抑制锂枝晶的生长. 本文的研究加深理解了低模量多相复合固态电解质抑制锂枝晶的机制,并为复合固态电解质的设计提供了指导.

, correspAuthors=宋树丰, 赵莹, 胡宁, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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The boundary conditions of the phase-field model

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边界条件左边界右边界上边界下边界
ξ
cLi+cLi+=1000 mol m-3
ϕϕ=0 Vϕ=0.1 V
σu=0u=0
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相场模型的边界条件

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边界条件左边界右边界上边界下边界
ξ
cLi+cLi+=1000 mol m-3
ϕϕ=0 Vϕ=0.1 V
σu=0u=0
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Parameters in the phase-field model[9]

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参数参数符号实际值
弹性模量(电极)ELi4.9 GPa
泊松比(电解质)νe0.42
泊松比(电极)νLi0.3
Vegard应变系数λi-0.866×10-3
-0.773×10-3
-0.529×10-3
各向异性常数δ0.1
反应常数Lσ0.5 s-1
势垒高度W3.5×105 J m-3
电导率(电解质)σe0.1 S m-1
电导率(电极)σLi107 S m-1
界面移动系数Lη1×10-10 m3(J×s)-1
对称因子α0.5
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相场模拟中使用的模型参数[9]

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参数参数符号实际值
弹性模量(电极)ELi4.9 GPa
泊松比(电解质)νe0.42
泊松比(电极)νLi0.3
Vegard应变系数λi-0.866×10-3
-0.773×10-3
-0.529×10-3
各向异性常数δ0.1
反应常数Lσ0.5 s-1
势垒高度W3.5×105 J m-3
电导率(电解质)σe0.1 S m-1
电导率(电极)σLi107 S m-1
界面移动系数Lη1×10-10 m3(J×s)-1
对称因子α0.5
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聚合物基复合固态电解质中锂枝晶生长的相场模拟研究
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翟艳芳 1 , 杨佳悦 2 , 邓齐波 3 , 宋树丰 1, ** , 赵莹 2, *** , 胡宁 3, ****
固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024,45(5): 587-594
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固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 45(5): 587-594
聚合物基复合固态电解质中锂枝晶生长的相场模拟研究
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翟艳芳1, 杨佳悦2, 邓齐波3, 宋树丰1, ** , 赵莹2, *** , 胡宁3, ****
作者信息
  • 1重庆大学航空航天学院,重庆,400044
  • 2同济大学航空航天与力学学院,上海,200092
  • 3河北工业大学机械工程学院,天津,300131

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** E-mail:.
*** E-mail:.
**** E-mail:.
Phase-field Simulation of Lithium Dendrite Growth in Polymer-based Composite Solid-state Electrolytes
Yanfang Zhai1, Jiayue Yang2, Qibo Deng3, Shufeng Song1, ** , Ying Zhao2, *** , Ning Hu3, ****
Affiliations
  • 1College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044
  • 2School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092
  • 3School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401
出版时间: 2024-10-25 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.029
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固态锂金属电池是最具潜力的下一代高能量密度储能技术,但其面临的一个最迫切问题是锂枝晶的不均匀生长. 目前低模量复合固态电解质,特别是低模量多相复合固态电解质,抑制锂枝晶生长的机制还没有被完全明确. 因此,本文通过相场法构建了力学-化学模型,研究了复合固态电解质不同弹性模量对于锂枝晶生长的影响,结果表明电解质模量越高,锂金属的应力越大,易使锂枝晶发生塑性形变,从而抑制锂枝晶的生长. 本文的研究加深理解了低模量多相复合固态电解质抑制锂枝晶的机制,并为复合固态电解质的设计提供了指导.

应力  /  复合固态电解质  /  相场法  /  锂枝晶

Lithium metal is a highly promising anode material due to its high theoretical capacity and low reduction/oxidation potential, and has received extensive attention. However, the formation and growth of lithium dendrites poses the biggest challenge to its commercialization. The use of solid-state electrolyte, instead of liquid electrolyte, has become a potential path to inhibit the growth of lithium dendrites. However, issues such as poor metal-lithium interface contact and low ionic conductivity in solid-state electrolytes persist. Composite solid-state electrolytes, prepared by combining polymers with inorganic ceramic electrolytes, have shown effectiveness in inhibiting the growth of lithium dendrites. Although these composite solid electrolytes typically have high ionic conductivity, their elastic moduli are low. Currently, the mechanism of dendrite suppression by low-modulus composite solid-state electrolytes, especially low-modulus multiphase composite solid-state electrolytes, remains incompletely clarified. Therefore, this paper considers the mechanical effects of solid electrolytes and builds a mechanical-chemical model using the phase field method. By taking poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based composite-state electrolyte as an example, the study investigates the influence of composite solid electrolyte modulus on dendrite growth. The results show that the higher the electrolyte modulus, the greater the stress on the lithium metal, leading to a more uniform distribution of lithium ions on the interface between the electrolyte and the lithium anode electrode. The higher stress also tends to cause the plastic deformation of lithium dendrites, thus inhibiting their growth. This research deepens the understanding of the mechanism of inhibition of lithium dendrites by low-modulus multiphase composite solid electrolytes, and provides guidance for the design of composite solid electrolytes.

stress  /  composite solid-state electrolyte  /  phase-field method  /  lithium dendrites
翟艳芳, 杨佳悦, 邓齐波, 宋树丰, 赵莹, 胡宁. 聚合物基复合固态电解质中锂枝晶生长的相场模拟研究. 固体力学学报, 2024 , 45 (5) : 587 -594 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.029
Yanfang Zhai, Jiayue Yang, Qibo Deng, Shufeng Song, Ying Zhao, Ning Hu. Phase-field Simulation of Lithium Dendrite Growth in Polymer-based Composite Solid-state Electrolytes[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2024 , 45 (5) : 587 -594 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.029
为了提高电池的能量密度,人们提出了几种负极替代材料. 在众多选择中,锂金属由于其低还原电位和高比容量而被认为是理想负极材料,但是锂枝晶问题却依然没有得到很好地解决,阻碍了其商业化进程. 锂枝晶的存在对电池造成容量衰减、短路等影响,甚至会引发电池的热失控等安全问题. 为了抑制其生长,人们已经进行了大量实验研究. 其中的一个潜在方法是使用固态电解质代替液态电解质. 固态电解质具有比液态电解质更高的刚度,被认为可以有效抑制锂枝晶的生长,且可以解决液态电解质的泄露、易燃等问题. 固态电解质主要分为无机陶瓷电解质和有机聚合物电解质,但各有缺点,将无机固态陶瓷与有机聚合物复合,制备的复合电解质不仅具有较高的离子电导率,还具备较高的刚度. 但近年来在复合固态电解质中发现了锂枝晶的存在,甚至在比液态锂电池更低的电流密度下开始生长. 对于其生长机理,人们从原子尺度到连续体尺度进行了大量数值仿真模拟,Monroe和Newman[1]最早研究了聚合物体系中电化学枝晶的生长,并指出当聚合物的剪切模量为金属锂的2倍时,可以有效抑制锂枝晶的生长,该模型后来由Tang[2]和Akollkar[3]等人进行了拓展. 但是这些模型难以捕捉电化学过程中复杂的移动界面及其形态变化,如电池循环过程中的锂电镀和锂枝晶生长.
相场法是一种基于非均相系统中弥散界面描述的现象学数值方法,在枝晶生长过程中通过相场建模,可以克服电化学沉积过程中负极和电解质运动界面跟踪的难题[4],在过去二十年中,该模型被广泛使用. Guyer等[5]最早将相场法应用于锂枝晶的研究,他们使用一维相场模型研究了电沉积的平衡态和动力学过程. 后来,Liang等[6]开发了非线性相场方程,捕捉了电极/电解质界面运动的Bulter-Volmer动力学,并且进一步开发了用来模拟电化学系统中二维电沉积动力学的模型. 近年来,相场法用于电极/电解质界面的研究主要集中于无机固态电解质,如电解质的缺陷[7]、裂纹[8]、堆压[9]等对锂枝晶生长的影响. 早期通过相场模型研究复合电解质锂沉积/剥离的工作主要有两个重要局限,一是多数模型忽略了电解质与锂枝晶的相互作用力,这种假设对于液态电解质是适用的,但是对于固态复合电解质则难以适用;二是多数相场模型都假设电解质为均一相,这对于有机无机复合电解质难以适用. 针对这些问题,Cao等[10]提出了改进的相场模型,考虑了电解质与锂枝晶的相互作用力,并将电解质设定了聚合物与无机陶瓷两相系统. 但是这些相关工作仍然存在两个关键问题,一是模型中电解质的弹性模量通常大于1.0 GPa,偏离了实际有机无机复合固态电解质的弹性模量范畴;二是一些工作进一步设定了电解质为聚合物与无机陶瓷两相系统,但一些高性能电解质通常为聚合物、无机纳米填料和塑化剂三相甚至多相系统.
基于Chen等[11]提出的相场法,参考Xin等[9]的研究,引入力学场来模拟固态电解质中锂枝晶的生长情况. 在充电过程中,锂离子通过固态电解质扩散到负极,与锂金属界面的电子相结合形成锂.
固态电解质与液态电解质不同在于需要考虑锂枝晶生长过程中受到的应力作用. 相场模型建立的基础是系统的吉布斯自由能,在恒温条件下,固态电解质中锂枝晶生长的总吉布斯自由能表示为:
其中ξ为相场序变量,表示物质的状态,当ξ=1时,表示锂离子得电子形成锂原子,沉积到金属锂表面,形成固相;当ξ=0时,表示锂离子未发生反应,处于液态,ci表示化学物质i的摩尔分数,ϕi表示物质i的电势.
表示化学自由能密度,R为摩尔气体常数,T为绝对温度,为物质i的参考化学势,gξ)为一双阱函数,为方便起见,取gξ)=2(1-ξ2W为势垒高度,cLi+表示为电解质中的Li+浓度,canion表示电解质中的阴离子浓度,分别表示归一化的Li+和阴离子浓度.
表示梯度自由能密度,其中κ=κ0[1+δcos(ωθ-θ0)],κ0为梯度能量系数,δ为各向异性强度,ω表示为各向异性模态,θ为界面法向量与参考轴的夹角.
表示静电能密度,n表示离子电荷数,对于锂离子,其值为1,F为法拉第常数.
felsξu)为弹性自由能能量密度,表示为:
式中为弹性应变张量,Cijkl为局部弹性张量,表示为:
根据复合材料混合法则,对弹性模量和泊松比进行插值,可得弹性模量为Eeff=ELihξ)+Ee(1-hξ)),泊松比为νeff=νLihξ)+νe(1-hξ)),分别表示为锂金属的弹性模量ELi(泊松比νLi)和电解质Ee(泊松比νe)的组合,hξ)=ξ3(6ξ2-15ξ+10)是插值函数.
表示Langevin噪声场,h′(ξ)是插值函数对非守恒阶参数的一阶导数,χ表示随机数序列,用来增加系统中的小波动,γ是波动幅度,这里取值为1. 在枝晶生长的过程中引入噪声场,可为枝晶生长提供形核条件.
相场方程:由Bulter-Volmer方程可以推导出由界面电化学反应驱动的序参量演化方程:
其中,
Lσ为界面移动系数,Lη为反应常数,α和1-α分别表示电荷转移系数,c0表示电解质的初始浓度,η=φLi-φe-Eeq是过电位,其中φLi为锂金属阳极电位,φe为电解液电位,Eeq为电化学反应平衡电位.
扩散方程:电解质中cLi+的扩散可以用Nernst-Planck方程表示如下:
其中,Deff=DLihξ)+De(1-hξ)),为有效扩散系数,DLiDe分别表示Li+在金属锂和电解质中的扩散系数,cS表示金属锂的点密度.
电势分布方程:对于电势分布,假设系统中的电荷为中性,则电流密度可以用泊松方程描述,由源项IT组成,表示由于电化学反应离开或进入的电荷,方程如下:
其中,σeff=hξσLi+(1-hξ))σe是有效电导率,σLiσe分别表示金属锂和电解质的离子电导率.
力学平衡方程:由于体系内部为力学平衡状态,力学平衡方程表示为:
其中,,其中表示总应变,λi表示Vegard应变系数,λihξδij表示锂离子插入时化学层面产生的膨胀所导致的局部本征应变,即弹性应变张量是总应变与局部本征应变之差.
由于枝晶的实际尺寸在微米级,因此枝晶生长属于微结构演化问题. 本文在COMSOL Multiphysics模拟软件中构建的二维模型如图所示,尺寸为6 μm×6 μm,左侧为金属锂,中间为PEO/LLZO/离子凝胶复合固态电解质,右侧为LiFePO4正极. 使用COMSOL软件中的偏微分方程模块,设计了定制的自由四边形网格,最大的单元边长为0.5 μm,求解时采用隐式的向后差分公式以确保数值解的稳定性和精确性. 在右侧施加0.1 V的电压,锂离子从正极向负极沉积. 该模型为双向耦合模型,锂枝晶生长到固态电解质中间,对电解质挤压导致应力发生,反过来,电解质中的应力引起弹性能的变化,驱动了界面反应,使相场序参量演化,即锂枝晶生长.
模型中设置的边界条件如下表所示:
相场方程中所用到的参数如下表所示:
图2为Maryam Golozar等[12]原位观测到的充电过程中锂枝晶在聚合物基电解质/锂界面的枝晶生长状况,从图中可以看出,锂枝晶生长初期通常是多个形核点汇聚在一起,多个枝晶共同生长,相互影响,相互错杂,彼此竞争. 因此本章中使用相场法进行多点成核模拟,探究锂枝晶生长情况.
当复合固态电解质模量为1 MPa时,相场序数、锂浓度、电势分布和应力演化如图3所示. 从图3(a)可以看出,沉积40 s后,负极界面出现明显的树枝状沉积物,并且沿电解质生长. 在电沉积较长时间后,在枝晶顶端出现分支,经过120 s的电化学沉积后,金属锂形成树枝状结构,主枝晶向电解质方向生长,枝晶尖端的界面生长速度非常快,而在靠近金属锂负极区域,枝晶生长明显受到抑制. 图3(b)和3(c)分别为相应的锂离子浓度和电势演化趋势,长枝晶由于扩散路径短优先得到沉积的锂离子,不仅加快了生长速度,还掠夺了短枝晶附近的Li+,使得位于低谷区的枝晶无法得到生长,因此在锂枝晶/电解质界面处有明显的浓度和电势梯度,枝晶尖端Li+浓度和电场变化梯度较大,枝晶生长驱动力较大.
虽然固态电解质模量很低,但是枝晶生长过程中仍然受到了电解质的影响. 如图3(d)所示,该图为枝晶在生长过程中的von Mises应力演化情况. 从图中可以看出,von Mises应力主要集中于枝晶尖端,在枝晶底部应力较小,这是由于电解质的弹性模量较低,对于枝晶的抑制作用不强. 枝晶在反应动力学的驱动下,向电解质内部生长,直至刺穿电解质,造成电池短路.
在复合固态电解质中通过增加无机填料LLZO可以提高电解质的弹性模量等力学性能. 当加入10%的LLZO后,得到弹性模量为20 MPa的复合固态电解质[13]. 从图4(a)可以看出,随着电解质弹性模量的提高,枝晶逐渐变粗,主枝干和侧支干的生长速度都受到抑制,在图4(b)和4(c)中锂离子浓度和电势的变化曲率趋于平缓,主要是由于电解质模量越大,对枝晶生长的压应力越高,使在电解质/锂负极界面的Li+浓度趋于平均,没有长枝晶对锂离子的掠夺. 电解质/锂界面的应力主要集中于枝晶尖端,且随着电解质模量的增大而增大(图4(d)),电解质弹性模量为200 MPa时,von Mises应力约为50 MPa,可能超过了锂枝晶的屈服应力[14,15],易导致锂枝晶的塑性变形. 且压应力一定程度上与锂枝晶生长的驱动力相互抵消,从而抑制了锂枝晶的生长.
图5可知,锂枝晶的生长与时间成正比,在相同时间内,随着电解质弹性模量的提高,锂枝晶的生长长度和速度明显降低,这表明电解质弹性模量的提高,对于锂枝晶的整个生长过程都有抑制作用.
本文构建了一个力学-化学双向耦合的相场模型来模拟基于低弹性模量聚合物基电解质的固态电池中锂枝晶的生长情况,研究了电解质的弹性模量对于锂枝晶生长的影响. 研究发现,当电解质的弹性模量很低时,枝晶的应力主要集中于尖端,电解质对于负极的应力较小,因此对锂枝晶的生长没有抑制作用. 随着电解质模量的提高,电解质较高的弹性模量抵消了枝晶生长的驱动力,促使锂枝晶发生塑性变形,促进锂离子在界面的均匀沉积,从而抑制锂枝晶的生长.
  • 重庆市技术创新与应用发展专项重点项目(Z20230084)
  • 河北省创新群体项目(A2020202002)
  • 河北省重点研发项目(202030507040009)
  • 天津市科技计划项目(20ZYJDJC0030)
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2024年第45卷第5期
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.029
  • 接收时间:2024-06-13
  • 首发时间:2026-04-01
  • 出版时间:2024-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-13
基金
重庆市技术创新与应用发展专项重点项目(Z20230084)
河北省创新群体项目(A2020202002)
河北省重点研发项目(202030507040009)
天津市科技计划项目(20ZYJDJC0030)
作者信息
    1重庆大学航空航天学院,重庆,400044
    2同济大学航空航天与力学学院,上海,200092
    3河北工业大学机械工程学院,天津,300131

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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