Article(id=1246045606666416639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246045605047415288, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.023, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716912000000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775010023036, onlineDateStr=2026-04-01, pubDate=1729785600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775010023036, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775010023036, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775010023036, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246045605047415288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2024', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='565', pageEnd='708', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775010022651, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775010094858, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246045907972636933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246045605047415288, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246045907972636934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246045605047415288, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=665, endPage=678, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246045606888714752, articleId=1246045606666416639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=Biomimetic Construction of CPC Foam Microstructure and Its Compressive Mechanical Properties, columnId=1244229834482757770, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Conductive polymer composite (CPC) foam exhibits excellent characteristics such as high plasticity, energy absorption, as well as thermal and acoustic insulation, and holds enormous potential for applications in various fields including construction, transportation, electronics, etc. However, the porous structure of CPC foam is usually simple and random, which limits its further application. The complexity of CPC processing makes it challenging to achieve a controlled design of micro-porous structures. Inspired by the idea that biomaterials can enhance their mechanical properties by virtue of their well-aligned anisotropic microstructures, highly aligned anisotropic porous biomimetic microstructures are constructed by a bidirectional freeze-casting process to enhance the compressive mechanical properties of CPC foam. Compared to traditional unidirectional freezing, the compressive elastic modulus and peak stress of aligned anisotropic porous microstructured CPC foam increase by 18.7% and 25.4%, respectively. Buckling and collapsing risks during cyclic compression are significantly reduced, and a peak stress of 91.1% and a strain recovery of 89.6% are still maintained after 2,000 cycles at 50% strain. A finite element model of the porous structure in CPC foam is built with parameters including elastic modulus, hole wall thickness, and Poisson's ratio, obtained from measured data or literature. The quasi-static compressive behaviors of biomimetic and disordered structures are investigated using the finite element method, and the deformation and stress distribution are compared with the corresponding experimental results. Through finite element simulations and experimental tests, it is found that the main mechanisms enhancing the compressive mechanical properties of the materials are as follows: stress distribution optimization effectively prevents plastic deformation caused by local stress concentration; the highly elastic behavior of micrometer pore wall and its 3D structure enhance the bionic structure's resilience; and the highly aligned anisotropic channels provide ample deformation space, improve deformation coordination, and enhance the structure's reversibility during loading and unloading.

, correspAuthors=Jun Hua, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jun Hua, Lei Huang, Yadong Yang, Xiaoru Xing, Zhenghong Zhu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1246045612056097402, articleId=1246045606666416639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=CPCs泡沫微结构仿生构筑及其压缩力学性能研究, columnId=1241831201896469478, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

CPCs(导电聚合物复合材料)泡沫具有高强度、吸能性、隔热隔音等优异特性,拥有应用于建筑、交通运输、电子产品等领域的巨大潜力. 然而,由于CPC加工的复杂性,难以实现微观多孔结构的可控设计,导致多孔结构简单而随机,限制了其进一步的应用. 受生物材料凭借排列有序的各向异性微结构来提升力学性能的启发,本文通过双向冷冻铸造工艺构筑高度对齐各向异性多孔仿生微结构CPCs. 与传统的单向冷冻相比,双向冷冻铸造技术制备的对齐各向异性多孔微结构CPCs泡沫的压缩弹性模量和峰值应力分别提高了18.7%和25.4%,且在循环压缩过程中产生屈曲及塌陷的几率明显降低,50%应变下循环压缩2000次后仍保持了91.1%的峰值应力和89.6%的应变恢复率. 结合有限元压缩模拟,压缩力学性能的主要增强机制有:优化了应力分布,有效避免局部应力集中导致塑性变形;微米级孔壁及其组成的3D结构的高弹性行为赋予了仿生结构较强的回弹能力;高度对齐的各向异性通道提供了足够的变形空间,提高了其变形协调能力,增强了结构加卸载过程中的可逆性.

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** E-mail:.
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Parameters of the finite element model

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部件弹性模量[32](GPa)泊松比[32]屈服强度[32](MPa)厚度(mm)密度(g·mm-3
孔壁100.3600.671.02×10-3
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有限元模型的参数

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部件弹性模量[32](GPa)泊松比[32]屈服强度[32](MPa)厚度(mm)密度(g·mm-3
孔壁100.3600.671.02×10-3
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Apparent density and porosity of biomimetic and disordered samples

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表观密度(mg·cm-3孔隙率(%)
仿生结构133.486.73%
无序结构133.186.76%
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仿生和无序结构样品表观密度和孔隙率

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表观密度(mg·cm-3孔隙率(%)
仿生结构133.486.73%
无序结构133.186.76%
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Mechanical properties of biomimetic and disordered structure samples under uniaxial monotonic compression

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样品弹性模量(kPa)峰值应力(kPa)
仿生结构试样327.164.6
无序结构试样335.997.5
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仿生和无序结构试样轴向单调压缩力学性能

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样品弹性模量(kPa)峰值应力(kPa)
仿生结构试样327.164.6
无序结构试样335.997.5
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Compressive mechanical properties of biomimetic and disordered structure specimens

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样品压缩弹性模量(kPa)峰值应力(kPa)
仿生结构80.554.8
无序结构67.843.7
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仿生和无序结构试样压缩力学性能

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样品压缩弹性模量(kPa)峰值应力(kPa)
仿生结构80.554.8
无序结构67.843.7
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CPCs泡沫微结构仿生构筑及其压缩力学性能研究
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华军 ** , 黄磊 , 杨亚东 , 邢小茹 , 朱正洪
固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024,45(5): 665-678
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固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 45(5): 665-678
CPCs泡沫微结构仿生构筑及其压缩力学性能研究
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华军** , 黄磊, 杨亚东, 邢小茹, 朱正洪
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  • 西安建筑科技大学理学院,西安,710055

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Biomimetic Construction of CPC Foam Microstructure and Its Compressive Mechanical Properties
Jun Hua** , Lei Huang, Yadong Yang, Xiaoru Xing, Zhenghong Zhu
Affiliations
  • School of Science, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055
出版时间: 2024-10-25 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.023
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CPCs(导电聚合物复合材料)泡沫具有高强度、吸能性、隔热隔音等优异特性,拥有应用于建筑、交通运输、电子产品等领域的巨大潜力. 然而,由于CPC加工的复杂性,难以实现微观多孔结构的可控设计,导致多孔结构简单而随机,限制了其进一步的应用. 受生物材料凭借排列有序的各向异性微结构来提升力学性能的启发,本文通过双向冷冻铸造工艺构筑高度对齐各向异性多孔仿生微结构CPCs. 与传统的单向冷冻相比,双向冷冻铸造技术制备的对齐各向异性多孔微结构CPCs泡沫的压缩弹性模量和峰值应力分别提高了18.7%和25.4%,且在循环压缩过程中产生屈曲及塌陷的几率明显降低,50%应变下循环压缩2000次后仍保持了91.1%的峰值应力和89.6%的应变恢复率. 结合有限元压缩模拟,压缩力学性能的主要增强机制有:优化了应力分布,有效避免局部应力集中导致塑性变形;微米级孔壁及其组成的3D结构的高弹性行为赋予了仿生结构较强的回弹能力;高度对齐的各向异性通道提供了足够的变形空间,提高了其变形协调能力,增强了结构加卸载过程中的可逆性.

CPCs泡沫  /  仿生  /  微结构  /  压缩力学性能  /  增强机制

Conductive polymer composite (CPC) foam exhibits excellent characteristics such as high plasticity, energy absorption, as well as thermal and acoustic insulation, and holds enormous potential for applications in various fields including construction, transportation, electronics, etc. However, the porous structure of CPC foam is usually simple and random, which limits its further application. The complexity of CPC processing makes it challenging to achieve a controlled design of micro-porous structures. Inspired by the idea that biomaterials can enhance their mechanical properties by virtue of their well-aligned anisotropic microstructures, highly aligned anisotropic porous biomimetic microstructures are constructed by a bidirectional freeze-casting process to enhance the compressive mechanical properties of CPC foam. Compared to traditional unidirectional freezing, the compressive elastic modulus and peak stress of aligned anisotropic porous microstructured CPC foam increase by 18.7% and 25.4%, respectively. Buckling and collapsing risks during cyclic compression are significantly reduced, and a peak stress of 91.1% and a strain recovery of 89.6% are still maintained after 2,000 cycles at 50% strain. A finite element model of the porous structure in CPC foam is built with parameters including elastic modulus, hole wall thickness, and Poisson's ratio, obtained from measured data or literature. The quasi-static compressive behaviors of biomimetic and disordered structures are investigated using the finite element method, and the deformation and stress distribution are compared with the corresponding experimental results. Through finite element simulations and experimental tests, it is found that the main mechanisms enhancing the compressive mechanical properties of the materials are as follows: stress distribution optimization effectively prevents plastic deformation caused by local stress concentration; the highly elastic behavior of micrometer pore wall and its 3D structure enhance the bionic structure's resilience; and the highly aligned anisotropic channels provide ample deformation space, improve deformation coordination, and enhance the structure's reversibility during loading and unloading.

CPC material  /  bionic  /  microstructure  /  compressive mechanical property  /  enhancement mechanism
华军, 黄磊, 杨亚东, 邢小茹, 朱正洪. CPCs泡沫微结构仿生构筑及其压缩力学性能研究. 固体力学学报, 2024 , 45 (5) : 665 -678 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.023
Jun Hua, Lei Huang, Yadong Yang, Xiaoru Xing, Zhenghong Zhu. Biomimetic Construction of CPC Foam Microstructure and Its Compressive Mechanical Properties[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2024 , 45 (5) : 665 -678 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.023
近年来,由于机器人、医疗器械、生物传感器[1,2]等新兴领域的需求,能够良好共形贴服在可变形表面的柔性电子器件快速发展. 随着材料的先进化、制造工艺的进步和元件的小型化,基于无机材料的电子器件由于刚性和脆性等不利因素,在发展过程中面临巨大的挑战. 因此,发展新型高性能柔性电子器件迫在眉睫[3-5]. CPCs仿生结构主要来自生物体内一些具有优越性能的多孔结构,其中包括骨骼、木质植物组织以及其他生物材料. 这些生物体内的结构在自然进化的过程中形成,以满足生物体的特定需求,并展现出一系列独特的力学和材料性能,主要体现在多孔性结构、分级结构、吸能能力、形状记忆和可逆变形等方面. CPCs泡沫由于高可塑性、导电性、柔性等优势[6-9],在光电传感[10,11]、电磁屏蔽[12,13]、超级电容器[14,15]等多种柔性电子器件上有广泛的应用前景. 然而CPCs泡沫的微观结构调控难度高,导致在制作过程中容易产生简单随机的微观结构[16]. 微观结构的简单性和随机性导致CPCs泡沫在重复加卸载使用过程中容易塌陷影响其力学性能及应用,因此对其微观结构进行优化设计显得尤为关键[17,18].
在自然界中,生物独特的结构特征常为高性能力学结构的设计提供灵感. 生物中有许多几何结构具有高刚性、弯曲强度、耐磨性和疲劳强度[19,20]等优异的力学性能. 在这些生物结构的启示下,可以制造出能够承受各种载荷的高性能结构. 具有良好排列的各向异性结构存在于自然界中各个方面,如天然木材,人体肌肉纤维等,如图1所示. 天然木材中与树干中轴平行的细胞组成垂直排列的各向异性结构,具有微米级孔道和纤维素链[21]. 这种高度对齐的各向异性孔道结构赋予了原木超高的力学强度来支持其自身生长. 肌肉纤维包含纳米级别的弹性胶原纤维束,其中的肌腱通过取向束状组织的“串联拉伸”来长距离传递肌肉力量. 在研究中发现,多孔结构[22,23]在低应变下,表现出线弹性行为;在高应变范围内,经历一定的塑性变形行为. 同时,在随着应变的增加,结构在初始情况下刚度较高,但是随着应变增加,由于内部孔隙的塑性变形导致刚度减小. 当外力取消的时候,多孔结构出现残余变形,这是由于塑性变形导致结构的某些部分无法恢复到最初的状态. Huang等[24]通过单向冷冻铸造制备了一种具有各向异性多孔微结构的仿生柔性轻质碳纳米管(CNT)/热塑性聚氨酯[25](TPU)复合材料,在实验中发现具有取向各向异性多孔结构[26]可以显著提高复合材料的力学性能和结构稳定性,在2000次循环压缩后依然保持良好的稳定性和可恢复性. 因此,在对CPCs泡沫的结构设计中,通过“微结构-材料”协同增强机制,可改善CPCs泡沫的力学性能.
目前主要研究是用模板诱导、3D打印和单向冷冻铸造等方法构筑单轴有序排列的材料. 模板诱导法制备的材料面临60%以上压缩变形,材料电阻呈先增大后减小的趋势,同时CB层上微裂纹的形成会使材料电阻增加,导致材料不符合传感器使用要求.3D打印法制备的传感器在表面受到压缩时,边缘处出现应力集中,导致材料电路通数增加电阻减小,不符合传感器使用要求. 同时,模板诱导工艺复杂,3D打印成本高且很难取得理想的微结构. 单向冷冻铸造技术在制备复合材料时,对材料在单轴上进行设计,仅在单轴上体现出明显的可逆压缩性能和出色的抗疲劳性. 采用双向冷冻铸造技术是在单向冷冻的基础上进一步修改材料的微结构设计,通过在横轴和纵轴实现双向有序排列,以期增强其压缩力学性能和结构稳定,满足传感、机械阻尼、废水吸附等领域的使用需求.
受此启发,本文采用双向冷冻铸造技术制备具有规则各向异性多孔微结构特征的CPCs泡沫. 通过微观结构分析[27]、压缩力学试验以及有限元模拟,研究仿生结构CPCs泡沫的压缩力学性能及其增强机制.
本实验采用弹性聚合物热塑性聚氨酯作为为CPCs泡沫的基体,以炭黑作为导电填料. 液氮的纯度为99.999%,二恶烷的纯度为99.9%.
采用双向冷冻铸造工艺构筑仿生微结构. 将TPU颗粒以1:20(将5 g TPU溶解在100 mL二恶烷中)的固液比溶解在溶剂中. 将CB(炭黑,使原材料的强度和硬度提升,同时在复合材料中作为一种填料,改善材料的流变性质,增强其可加工性[28,29])以0.38vol%的含量[30,31]加入到TPU中,并超声60分钟充分分散均匀,最终形成均匀的CB/TPU混悬液. 将混悬液在小于100 Pa的气体压力环境中静置10分钟,除掉混悬液中的气泡,然后倒入到定制冷冻模具(12 mm×12 mm×20 mm)中,并将模具放置在定向冷冻装置(冷热台)上. 定向冷冻装置以10 ℃/分钟降温至-187 ℃(即液氮温度),并保温2 h以确保混悬液完全冻实. 随后立即将冷冻样品连同模具转移到真空冷冻干燥机中,除去二恶烷有机溶剂,以获得高度对齐的多孔结构.
利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)Zeiss Gemini 300对材料的微观形貌进行表征.
压缩力学试验均在室温下采用微机电子万能试验机完成. 试验中,通过单调压缩和循环压缩两种方法测试试样的压缩力学性能,加载速率为5 mm/min.
通过能量损失系数可以表征CPCs泡沫在压缩过程中由于内部结构屈曲及塌陷所造成的能量耗损,可通过式(1)-(3)计算得出:
式中,E代表压缩过程中产生的总能量;ΔE代表一个压缩循环下的能量损耗;σ代表压缩应力;ε代表压缩应变;W代表能量损失系数.
本研究中有限元模型采用LS-DYNA中Belytschko-Tsay 4节点壳单元,材料本构选用分段线性弹塑性材料(*MAT_024). 如表1所示,通过本文试验中测得的密度、孔径大小和孔壁厚度,以及依据Lebedev等[32]实验获得的弹性模量、泊松比和屈服强度等来设定材料参数. 刚性平面选用*MAT_020. 为了增加接触稳定性,采用通用自动接触和自动面对面接触算法来模拟不同孔胞单元的自接触以及和刚性板的接触行为,动态摩擦系数设为0.20.
传统冷冻铸造法只在垂直方向上设计温度梯度进行定向冷冻,冰晶的生长不可控,所获得的片层结构是不规则的. 为解决这一问题,Bai等[33]提出了一种双向冷冻铸造技术(图3(b)),同时构建水平和垂直两个方向的温度梯度实现材料分级结构的更高水平的控制,实现对多尺度结构的可控制备. 双向冷冻技术是一种高效、环保的方法,可用于制备具有不同成分的高度有序多孔材料:陶瓷/金属颗粒、聚合物及其复合材料. 双向冷冻铸造技术是通过引入聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)楔形物实现的,在冷却阶段楔形物和前体悬浮液之间具有约15°的倾角,可以在冷冻期间产生双温度梯度,即水平方向的横向温度梯度(ΔTH)和垂直方向的轴向温度梯度(ΔTZ). 在双向冷冻技术中,冰晶作为模板,经过升华和热还原形成有序多孔分层结构. 冰晶成核的微观结构、孔隙率和取向,可通过悬浮液浓度/粘度、PDMS楔形物的倾角、冷却速率等参数进行调节.
本实验将PDMS前体溶液倒入模具中以完全覆盖铜板. 在120 ℃的烘箱中固化2 h后获得PDMS楔形物,制备成双向冷冻所需要的特制模具. 定向冷冻装置主要由三部分组成,分别为温控器、液氮泵组及变温台,如图2所示. 其中温控器负责实验中温度的控制,液氮泵组根据温控器的设置从液氮罐中抽取所需液氮至变温台,变温台则在其表面实现定向温度梯度. 然后将样品倒入冷冻模具中,再将冷冻模具置于变温台上,实现定向冷冻.
CPCs泡沫具有低密度特性. 对仿生和无序仿生样品进行密度分析. 样品的表观密度ρa可通过式(4)计算获得:
式中,m为样品的质量;V为样品的体积.
根据聚氨酯的理论密度ρt=1.005 g/cm3,可通过式(5)计算样品的孔隙率P
表2给出了仿生和无序结构样品表观密度和孔隙率. 由表中的孔隙率结果可见,无序结构和仿生结构样品都具有高孔隙率的特征,并且制备工艺对样品的孔隙率几乎没有影响.
由于生长机制的不同,最终材料形成的结构也不相同. 如图3(b)所示,双向冷冻的冰晶首先在PDMS楔形物的最低线处成核,然后浆料沿着垂直(ΔTZ)和水平(ΔTH)两温度梯度下生长,水平方向的温度梯度将控制并调节横向平面中冰晶的生长方向,使冰晶在垂直于冻结方向的横向平面有序生长[34]. 这种生长调控方式将有助于材料高度有序分层多孔结构的形成. 图3(a)所示单向冷冻浆料生长只是沿着轴向温度,导致冰的成核在生长表面上随机发生. 这就造成在垂直于冻结方向的平面中随机无序的冰晶取向,在经过真空冷冻干燥后,最终会产生无序多孔结构的材料.
针对微观结构调控机制上表现出的差异,进一步通过微观结构表征探究其原因. 图4(a)显示了仿生结构CPCs泡沫孔隙形成,由于双温度梯度对结构的调控,形成了高度对齐的孔隙结构. 仿生结构样品横向截面微结构SEM图像如图4(b),从中观察到在横向截面上表现出规则的分层多孔结构,并具有沿着孔道长度延伸的孔壁. 图4(c)显示了仿生结构CPCs泡沫纵截面微结构SEM图像,可以观察到由于双向冷冻过程中冰晶的纵向生长,在轴向形成排列整齐的通道状形态. 这种规则各向异性多孔微结构与肌肉束状组织及天然木材微米级取向孔道结构高度相似,标志着仿生微结构的成功构筑. 采用单向冷冻铸造工艺制备的无序结构样品,横截面SEM图像如图4(d)所示,可以观察到无序结构的横截面上表现出随机排列的多孔结构.
仿生与无序结构CPCs泡沫表现出显著的结构差异,这种结构差异必定造成其性能的不同. 对无序结构和仿生结构[35]进行轴向压缩力学性能测试,发现仿生结构轴向力学性能并无明显提升,如表3所示. 说明利用其轴向压缩力学性能来设计传感器没有意义. 而下面的研究中可以看出,仿生结构径向压缩力学性能比无序结构有较大提升,可以利用其对传感器优化. 所以本研究仅针对径向压缩力学性能.
图5给出了仿生和无序结构试样径向单调压缩应力-应变曲线. 由图5(a)和(b)可见,仿生和无序结构试样在单调压缩过程中变形模式可分为两个阶段,分别是线弹性阶段(Ⅰ)和密实化阶段(Ⅱ).
当应变约在40%以下时,试样径向近似表现为线弹性,应力与应变基本呈线性关系. 此时试样的变形为线弹性阶段(Ⅰ),采用该段拟合直线的斜率作为试样的压缩弹性模量. 在此阶段,试样内部孔壁承受径向压缩荷载,由于孔壁的弹性弯曲,应力缓慢增加.
当应变超过40%,试样逐渐受压密实,相邻孔壁之间相互挤压. 随着持续加载,应力快速增加. 此时试样的变形为密实化阶段(Ⅱ).
表3给出了仿生和无序结构试样径向压缩峰值应力和线弹性段的压缩弹性模量. 仿生结构试样的压缩弹性模量为80.5 kPa,相较无序结构试样增长18.7%;峰值应力为54.8 kPa,相较无序结构试样增长25.4%.
图6(a)为仿生结构试样在50%应变下径向循环压缩1次,50次,100次的应力-应变曲线. 仿生结构试样在经过50次循环压缩后,应力出现较小的软化现象,且在100次循环后,应力-应变曲线基本保持不变;图6(b)为无序结构试样在50%应变下径向循环压缩1次,50次,100次的应力-应变曲线. 无序结构试样经过50次循环压缩后,应力软化现象较仿生结构试样明显. 经过100次循环压缩后,应力软化现象更为明显.
图6(c)和(d)显示了仿生和无序结构试样的抗压强度及应力损失率随循环次数变化曲线. 结果显示,仿生结构试样经100次循环压缩后,抗压强度从54.8 kPa降低到51.4 kPa,应力损失率为6.2%;而无序结构试样经100次循环压缩后,抗压强度从43.7 kPa降低到36.6 kPa,应力损失率为8.4%,明显高于仿生结构. 此外,还可以通过压缩过程中能量损失来理解两种结构试样的循环压缩. 图6(e)为仿生结构和无序结构试样的能量损失系数随循环次数变化规律. 仿生结构试样,经过100次循环压缩后,能量损失系数从0.313略微降低到0.295,降幅为5.8%,这说明仿生结构在循环压缩过程中没有明显的塑性损伤积累,结构始终保持稳定;而无序结构试样经多次循环,能量损失系数从0.498显著降低到0.356,降幅达到26.7%. 无序结构试样在循环压缩过程中屈曲和塌陷造成的能量损失增加,塑性损伤不断积累,微结构孔壁开始发生断裂,导致能量损失系数随循环次数显著下降.
应力恢复率可由式(6)计算:
式中,ζ代表应力恢复率,σmax为循环压缩过程中最大峰值应力(即第1次循环下的峰值应力),σn为第n次循环过程中的峰值应力.
图7所示,仿生结构试样在50%应变下2000次循环压缩中的峰值应力及应变恢复率随循环次数变化规律. 仿生结构试样在高达2000次压缩循环中,峰值应力和应变恢复率随着循环次数的增加而逐渐减小,最终趋于稳定值. 其中经过2000次循环压缩仿生结构试样保持了91.1%的抗压强度和89.6%的应变恢复率. 这是因为试样中高度对齐多层结构能够均匀分担压应力,使得试样即使在承受较大的外部结构变形时其内部结构也不会产生过大损失. 因此,去除压力之后,仿生结构试样中的孔壁几乎可以恢复到其原始的结构,表现出良好的弹性性能.
由此可知,在单调压缩过程中,材料的结构保持稳定,压缩力学性能几乎不变. 在循环压缩过程中,其中每次压缩后,仅出现少量的塑性变形,应变恢复率的递减速率较低,材料微结构的孔胞稳定,孔壁未出现严重断裂现象,避免材料整体发生塑性形变,影响其压缩力学性能.
利用有限元方法[36,37]模拟了仿生和无序结构准静态压缩变形过程,对比模型压缩状态下的变形以及应力分布情况,再结合试验结果,揭示仿生微结构设计对CPCs泡沫力学性能的增强机制.
利用SEM电镜,对试验设计的CPCs仿生泡沫材料进行扫描,通过所得数据,对其孔壁与孔径进行同比例放大仿照设计. 依据1.4节对于CPCs泡沫设计所提供的参数,建立局部CPCs泡沫模型,并对其进行网格划分,如图8所示.
对于仿生结构,如图9所示,在材料达到30%的应变过程中,随着载荷的增加,应力通过对齐的孔壁逐级传递,将荷载平均分布在每一个孔单元上,避免了高应力区域的产生,使其变形统一. 这种载荷分级传递方法可以使应力分布更加均匀分布在各个单元孔胞上,从而提升CPCs材料的力学性能,增强材料的柔韧度,使其具备较高的压缩弹性模量.
图10中显示在准静态压缩模拟过程中应变ε=30%时仿生结构和无序结构的应变和应力云图. 在无序结构中(图10(c),(d)),载荷低效传递,导致应力分布不均匀,局部应力集中,发生严重变形,因此无序结构在压缩结束后结构无法得到有效恢复. 然而仿生微结构拥有有序排列各向异性特征,可以通过持续的弹性弯曲来适应所施加的载荷,将压缩能量通过孔壁传递存储在孔胞中. 卸载过程中存储的能量被释放,孔壁变形恢复.
经典Kirchhoff理论要求欧拉-伯努利梁的横截面在弯曲变形过程中保持平面,应变沿欧拉-伯努利梁的高度分布遵循线性关系[38-41]. 同样,这个理论也适用于在一个平面内薄板发生弯曲变形. 在载荷作用下,薄板一侧被拉伸,另一侧被压缩. 当一个薄板的厚度很小时,薄板在弯曲过程中的局部变形将非常小[42]. 因此仿生结构CPCs泡沫中微米级孔壁在压缩弯曲过程中的局部变形将非常小,整体结构大变形下孔壁仍然处于线弹性. 因此,仿生结构CPCs泡沫在压缩过程中表现出柔性特征,以至于在较大的几何变形后依旧可以恢复到其原始形状. 在模拟过程中采用的是理想化模型,而在实际压缩过程中,仍有小部分的孔壁会超出弹性变形范围之外的局部应变,但与无序结构的CPCs材料相比,材料产生局部塑性应变的概率很小. 因此,在制备CPCs材料过程中,放弃传统的单轴制备技术(3D打印法、模板诱导法、单向冷冻铸造法),改用双向冷冻铸造技术. 制备的材料在横纵方向上保持结构有序排列,载荷在微结构通道中通过逐级传递方式向四周扩散,避免应力集中导致材料局部破坏影响材料整体结构稳定.
综合上述分析可知,微孔结构中较薄的孔壁以及通过孔壁组成的规则三维网络结构赋予了CPCs泡沫较强的回弹能力,使得结构在较大变形下孔壁依然能保持弹性变形,材料整体具有较高的弹性性能. 因此,仿生微结构CPCs泡沫表现出良好的力学性能,并且可以存储一定的压缩能量,在压缩结束后,可以有效恢复,达到循环反复压缩的效果.
本文依据生物多层结构的各向异性微结构特征,通过双向冷冻铸造技术,实现了CPCs材料在微观结构的尺度调控,制备了具有高度对齐各向异性仿生微结构特征的CPCs泡沫. 通过试验与有限元模拟相结合的方法研究CPCs材料在径向上的压缩力学性能. 主要结论如下:
(1)在试验中,进行微观结构调控的CPCs材料较无序结构明显提升力学性能,不仅压缩弹性模量增加了18.7%,而且抗压强度增加了25.4%. 同时,仿生结构CPCs材料在循环压缩过程中随着循环次数的增加,应变恢复率、抗压强度、能量损耗系数等压缩力学性能基本保持稳定. 在应变为50%循环压缩2000次的情况下,依然保持91.1%的抗压强度和89.6%的应变恢复率.
(2)通过有限元模拟,将仿生微结构和无序结构的CPCs材料进行压缩对比,揭示了仿生微结构对CPCs泡沫力学性能增强的潜在机制,即优化了应力分布,有效避免局部应力集中导致塑性变形. 仿生微结构在径向体现出其柔性特征,通过高度对齐的孔壁实现载荷高效分级传递,改善应力分布,有效降低局部应力.
(3)依据经典Kirchohoff理论,对试验和模拟数据结合分析,CPCs材料具有高弹性行为的微米级孔壁及其组成的3D结构赋予了仿生结构较强的回弹能力. 通过试验所得应变恢复率和有限元模拟的应力云图,可知仿生微结构CPCs材料拥有的高度对齐各向异性通道提供了足够的变形空间,减少了相邻单元孔壁互相约束,提高变形协调能力,增强了泡沫压缩过程中的可逆性,提升了材料的弹性能力.
  • 西安建筑科技大学校人才科技基金项目(DB12062)
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2024年第45卷第5期
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.023
  • 接收时间:2024-05-29
  • 首发时间:2026-04-01
  • 出版时间:2024-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-29
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西安建筑科技大学校人才科技基金项目(DB12062)
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    西安建筑科技大学理学院,西安,710055

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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