Article(id=1246031930085454161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246031922707677827, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1708444800000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775006762286, onlineDateStr=2026-04-01, pubDate=1724515200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775006762286, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775006762286, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775006762286, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246031922707677827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2024', volume='45', issue='4', pageStart='427', pageEnd='564', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775006760527, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775006830786, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246032217470779944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246031922707677827, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246032217470779945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246031922707677827, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=547, endPage=564, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246031930928509274, articleId=1246031930085454161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=Analysis of Pullout Failure Mode and Group Anchor Effect of the Two-anchor System of EBTP Anchorage in Earthen Sites, columnId=1244229834482757770, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The study examined the two-anchor system of Extension-Type Bamboo/Rebar Tension-Pressure (EBTP) anchor rods in earthen sites. Indoor two-anchor digital image correlation (DIC) pullout tests with anchor spacing of 0.3 m and 0.6 m were conducted to clarify the load-displacement relationship and typical failure modes. Based on the characteristics of anchor slip failure modes, a 2D finite element method (FEM) was proposed for the two-anchor system. The slurry/soil interface under compression and rod/pulp interface in tension were simulated using the contact pairs and nonlinear springs, respectively. Experimental results indicated that, at 0.3 m spacing, horizontal cracking along the rammed earth layer was the primary failure mode, while at 0.6 m spacing, a conical cracking pattern emerged with a transition between tension and compression at an angle of 30°~45°, yielding a maximum crack radius of approximately 24 cm at the soil top surface. The bearing capacity decreased by approximately 7% at 0.3 m spacing compared to 0.6 m spacing. The simulation analysis illustrates that anchor spacing has a significant influence on the group anchor effect. For one thing, when the spacing exceeds 0.6 m, the group anchor effect is more limited, which is consistent with experimental results. For another, the depth of the expansion body demonstrates an approximately linear correlation with the ultimate bearing capacity of the anchor. Therefore, as anchor length increases, the bearing capacity initially increases sharply, followed by a more moderate increase. Although the group anchor effect gradually strengthens, the increment in bearing capacity due to increased anchor length outweighs the loss caused by the group anchor effect. These findings provide valuable insights for the design of EBTP anchor groups in earthen sites. The simulation methodology in this study can be used to predict and optimize anchorage design parameters for anchoring works at earthen sites.

, correspAuthors=Dongbo Li, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wei Lu, Ke Xue, Xiaoqi Yan, Jiaping Liu, Dongbo Li), CN=ArticleExt(id=1246031935567409662, articleId=1246031930085454161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=夯筑土遗址EBTP锚杆两锚系统拉拔破坏模式分析与群锚效应研究, columnId=1241831201896469478, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以夯筑土遗址EBTP锚杆两锚系统为研究对象,分别开展间距为0.3 m和0.6 m的室内两锚DIC拉拔试验,明确荷载-位移关系与典型破坏模式;在此基础上,依据锚杆滑移失效特征,将承压段浆体/土体界面和受拉段杆体/浆体界面力学行为分别通过接触对和非线性弹簧模拟,提出锚固系统二维有限元数值模拟方法,结合试验结果验证了其可靠性. 试验结果表明,间距0.3 m时锚杆间土体主要沿夯层水平开裂破坏,0.6 m时以拉压转换位置为界呈30~45°的锥形开裂破坏,土体顶面最大开裂半径约24 cm,0.3 m间距相比0.6 m时承载力降低约7%;模拟分析显示,锚杆间距对群锚效应的影响较为显著,当间距大于0.6 m时群锚效应较为有限,与试验结果吻合较好;扩体深度与锚杆极限承载力近似线性相关;随着锚固长度的增加承载力增幅先大后小,群锚效应逐渐增强,但锚固长度增加引起的承载力的提升仍大于群锚效应造成的承载力损失. 研究结果对夯筑土遗址EBTP锚杆群锚设计具有指导意义.

, correspAuthors=李东波, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246031930085454161, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic physical properties of soil samples

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含水率(%)相对密度颗粒组成(%)最大干密度(g·cm-3
<1 mm1~5 mm>5 mm
2.872.719.9782.11.69
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土样基本物理性质指标

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含水率(%)相对密度颗粒组成(%)最大干密度(g·cm-3
<1 mm1~5 mm>5 mm
2.872.719.9782.11.69
), ArticleFig(id=1246042381754155609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246031930085454161, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Geometric parameters of numerical model

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材料长度(cm)半径(mm)埋深(cm)
锚杆451445
扩体53022.5
浆体603060
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数值模型几何参数

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材料长度(cm)半径(mm)埋深(cm)
锚杆451445
扩体53022.5
浆体603060
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Physical and mechanical parameters of anchor materials

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锚固材料弹性模量(MPa)密度(kg·m-3泊松比粘聚力(kPa)内摩擦角(°)
夯层10.861.550.3017.9734.10
夯层20.901.560.2918.0434.20
夯层30.861.560.3018.1235.20
夯层40.881.580.2918.1236.40
夯层50.911.530.3018.2435.50
夯层60.921.540.3018.3234.20
夯层70.941.530.3018.3235.90
夯层80.951.520.2918.1935.90
浆体601.550.30
锚杆81100.7180.15
扩体2100007.8500.30
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锚固体材料物理力学参数

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锚固材料弹性模量(MPa)密度(kg·m-3泊松比粘聚力(kPa)内摩擦角(°)
夯层10.861.550.3017.9734.10
夯层20.901.560.2918.0434.20
夯层30.861.560.3018.1235.20
夯层40.881.580.2918.1236.40
夯层50.911.530.3018.2435.50
夯层60.921.540.3018.3234.20
夯层70.941.530.3018.3235.90
夯层80.951.520.2918.1935.90
浆体601.550.30
锚杆81100.7180.15
扩体2100007.8500.30
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Contact mechanics behavior parameters

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ID接触行为摩擦系数法向刚度侵入系数
1不可分离0.60.10.001
2不可分离0.50.10.001
3可分离000
), ArticleFig(id=1246042382207140460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246031930085454161, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

接触力学行为参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ID接触行为摩擦系数法向刚度侵入系数
1不可分离0.60.10.001
2不可分离0.50.10.001
3可分离000
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Physical parameters of anchoring model under asymmetric conditions

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编号扩体深度(左)(m)扩体深度(右)(m)间距(m)总锚固深度(m)
10.150.2250.60.6
20.150.300.60.6
30.150.3750.60.6
40.2250.3750.60.6
50.30.3750.60.6
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非对称情况下锚固模型参数

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编号扩体深度(左)(m)扩体深度(右)(m)间距(m)总锚固深度(m)
10.150.2250.60.6
20.150.300.60.6
30.150.3750.60.6
40.2250.3750.60.6
50.30.3750.60.6
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夯筑土遗址EBTP锚杆两锚系统拉拔破坏模式分析与群锚效应研究
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芦苇 1, 2 , 薛科 1 , 闫笑琦 1 , 刘加平 2 , 李东波 1, 2, **
固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024,45(4): 547-564
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固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 45(4): 547-564
夯筑土遗址EBTP锚杆两锚系统拉拔破坏模式分析与群锚效应研究
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芦苇1, 2, 薛科1, 闫笑琦1, 刘加平2, 李东波1, 2, **
作者信息
  • 1西安建筑科技大学理学院,西安,710055
  • 2绿色建筑全国重点实验室/西安建筑科技大学,西安,710055

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Analysis of Pullout Failure Mode and Group Anchor Effect of the Two-anchor System of EBTP Anchorage in Earthen Sites
Wei Lu1, 2, Ke Xue1, Xiaoqi Yan1, Jiaping Liu2, Dongbo Li1, 2, **
Affiliations
  • 1College of Science, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055
  • 2National Key Laboratory of Green Building, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055
出版时间: 2024-08-25 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.009
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以夯筑土遗址EBTP锚杆两锚系统为研究对象,分别开展间距为0.3 m和0.6 m的室内两锚DIC拉拔试验,明确荷载-位移关系与典型破坏模式;在此基础上,依据锚杆滑移失效特征,将承压段浆体/土体界面和受拉段杆体/浆体界面力学行为分别通过接触对和非线性弹簧模拟,提出锚固系统二维有限元数值模拟方法,结合试验结果验证了其可靠性. 试验结果表明,间距0.3 m时锚杆间土体主要沿夯层水平开裂破坏,0.6 m时以拉压转换位置为界呈30~45°的锥形开裂破坏,土体顶面最大开裂半径约24 cm,0.3 m间距相比0.6 m时承载力降低约7%;模拟分析显示,锚杆间距对群锚效应的影响较为显著,当间距大于0.6 m时群锚效应较为有限,与试验结果吻合较好;扩体深度与锚杆极限承载力近似线性相关;随着锚固长度的增加承载力增幅先大后小,群锚效应逐渐增强,但锚固长度增加引起的承载力的提升仍大于群锚效应造成的承载力损失. 研究结果对夯筑土遗址EBTP锚杆群锚设计具有指导意义.

土遗址锚固  /  两锚同步拉拔试验  /  数值模拟  /  荷载-位移关系  /  群锚效应

The study examined the two-anchor system of Extension-Type Bamboo/Rebar Tension-Pressure (EBTP) anchor rods in earthen sites. Indoor two-anchor digital image correlation (DIC) pullout tests with anchor spacing of 0.3 m and 0.6 m were conducted to clarify the load-displacement relationship and typical failure modes. Based on the characteristics of anchor slip failure modes, a 2D finite element method (FEM) was proposed for the two-anchor system. The slurry/soil interface under compression and rod/pulp interface in tension were simulated using the contact pairs and nonlinear springs, respectively. Experimental results indicated that, at 0.3 m spacing, horizontal cracking along the rammed earth layer was the primary failure mode, while at 0.6 m spacing, a conical cracking pattern emerged with a transition between tension and compression at an angle of 30°~45°, yielding a maximum crack radius of approximately 24 cm at the soil top surface. The bearing capacity decreased by approximately 7% at 0.3 m spacing compared to 0.6 m spacing. The simulation analysis illustrates that anchor spacing has a significant influence on the group anchor effect. For one thing, when the spacing exceeds 0.6 m, the group anchor effect is more limited, which is consistent with experimental results. For another, the depth of the expansion body demonstrates an approximately linear correlation with the ultimate bearing capacity of the anchor. Therefore, as anchor length increases, the bearing capacity initially increases sharply, followed by a more moderate increase. Although the group anchor effect gradually strengthens, the increment in bearing capacity due to increased anchor length outweighs the loss caused by the group anchor effect. These findings provide valuable insights for the design of EBTP anchor groups in earthen sites. The simulation methodology in this study can be used to predict and optimize anchorage design parameters for anchoring works at earthen sites.

anchorage of earthen sites  /  synchronous pullout test of two-anchor system  /  numerical simulation  /  load-displacement relationship  /  group anchor effect
芦苇, 薛科, 闫笑琦, 刘加平, 李东波. 夯筑土遗址EBTP锚杆两锚系统拉拔破坏模式分析与群锚效应研究. 固体力学学报, 2024 , 45 (4) : 547 -564 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.009
Wei Lu, Ke Xue, Xiaoqi Yan, Jiaping Liu, Dongbo Li. Analysis of Pullout Failure Mode and Group Anchor Effect of the Two-anchor System of EBTP Anchorage in Earthen Sites[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2024 , 45 (4) : 547 -564 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.009
土遗址作为连接丝绸之路沿线各国的文化纽带,其保护与传承工作近年来受到广泛关注[1,2]. 然而在长期风雨、地震等环境影响作用下,土遗址常因受拉、受剪而开裂、错动,裂缝延伸渐至贯通,呈崩塌、倾覆等破坏模式[3-5]. 目前,主要采用基于竹木杆材的锚固技术隐蔽地增强其稳定性[6,7].
由于土遗址兼具建筑与文物双重属性,传统金属锚杆配合水泥砂浆的锚固系统由于耐久性差、易腐蚀、与土体相容性差等问题,并不适用于土遗址锚固. 当前学者主要采用天然竹木锚杆配合基于烧料姜石等天然水硬胶凝材料的改性浆体组成土遗址全长粘结式锚固系统,但此类锚固系统抗拔承载力较低,且锚固界面应力分布极不均匀,易造成遗址锚固力不足或局部过早损伤破坏等问题,难以满足城墙、承台等大型遗址锚固需求. 为此,课题组借鉴涂兵雄等提出的拉压复合锚杆[8-10]思路,研发了兼具拉力型和压力型锚杆受力特征的扩体型竹筋拉压复合锚杆(Extension Type Bamboo/Rebar Tension-Pressure Anchor Rod,EBTP锚杆)[11],该锚杆扩体(承压板)位于锚固段中部,前端杆体外套PVC管将其与浆体分隔,呈压力型锚杆受力特征;后端杆体与浆体直接粘接,呈拉力型锚杆受力特征. 受拉时荷载直接自扩体向锚杆两侧传递,因此具有以下受力性能优势:(1)应力分布较均匀,缓解了传统拉力型锚杆加载端易因应力集中和剪胀效应导致遗址本体开裂的问题;(2)承载力大幅提升. 荷载由受拉段和承压段共同承担,界面临界锚固长度大幅提升,粘结强度得以充分发挥,更适用于城墙、台基等大型遗址锚固工程.
在实际大型土遗址锚固工程中,通常由多根锚杆共同组成群锚系统以保障遗址的稳定性,但群锚的拉结作用效果并非简单将单锚承载力进行叠加,其锚固效果受土体位移场的重叠、开裂等因素影响,将产生一定的承载效率损失,且锚杆间距、锚固长度、布置方式等均会对群锚效应产生显著影响[12-14]. 因此,考虑土遗址文物保护的“最小干预”原则,如何基于群锚效应研究确定锚杆的合理布置,使其能够在保证遗址安全的前提下,最大程度避免过度加固对遗址造成的不必要损伤,是实现土遗址科学锚固的关键.
近年来,针对土遗址传统全长粘结拉力型锚杆群锚系统,相关学者探索了夯筑土遗址在二锚、三锚和四锚下,不同间距、边距和埋置深度条件的群锚效应差异,基于有限差分仿真计算软件的“接触面”单元,提出了考虑埋置深度、边距、夯土体层状性质、锚杆间距、锚杆数量等因素的木锚杆群锚效应数值模拟方法[12-15],揭示了此类锚杆的群锚作用特征;对压力型锚固系统,Máté Tóth[16,17]等基于CCD方法在拉伸载荷下单个锚的理想土锥体计算公式,提出了一种新的“虚拟边界法”来计算受拉荷载作用下密排锚群的土锥阻力. 唐树名等[18]通过模型试验研究,发现群锚间距的减小会导致群锚位移的增大. 黄晓刚等[19]建立囊式扩体锚杆群锚结构的数值模拟方法,分析了不同锚固间距下锚杆极限承载性能、周围岩土体位移及塑性区变化规律. 可见,目前国内外针对传统拉力型或压力型锚固系统的群锚效应研究已较为深入,但EBTP锚杆由于其结构特点与传力模式与传统锚杆存在本质差异,现有群锚效应理论可能并不完全适用,阻碍着EBTP锚杆群锚承载性能的准确评估.
鉴于此,本文尝试通过试验与数值模拟研究揭示EBTP锚杆群锚效应,首先采用基于DIC量测的双锚杆同步拉拔试验,明确锚固系统典型破坏模式和承载性能,在此基础上,基于有限元软件ANSYS,利用接触单元与非线性弹簧单元建立锚固系统二维有限元数值模拟方法,并据此研究了锚杆间距、锚固长度、扩体深度等因素对EBTP锚杆群锚效应的影响规律,为采用EBTP锚杆的锚固工程设计提供依据.
为探究EBTP锚杆群锚效应,构建室内两锚DIC模型,采用定制的透明岩土箱,将锚杆紧贴观测窗布置,采用DIC量测系统对锚杆及锚杆间土体的开裂、位移、应变等演化情况进行全过程追踪量测,初步明确EBTP锚固系统群锚影响范围、典型破坏模式等,为数值模型构建和可靠性验证提供依据.
试验材料主要包括夯筑用黄土,锚固浆料(主要由烧料礓石、糯米浆等配置),锚杆杆材(白蜡杆),PVC套管,黄铜扩体等.
夯筑用黄土取自陕西省西安市鄠邑区,取土深度约3.0~4.5 m,过5 mm筛,相关参数如表1所示:
浆灌浆材料主要由烧料礓石、糯米浆、椰壳纤维与水拌合,依据芦苇[20]等研究,取椰壳纤维掺量6%,长度6 mm配置浆液. 经测试,浆料的流动度约为106.3 mm,密度约为1.45 g/cm3,抗压强度约为1.55 MPa,抗折强度约为0.68 MPa.
白蜡杆与实际锚固工程材料相同,锚杆半径为14 mm,其物理参数参照文献[21].
PVC管仅用作预制锚孔和杆体与浆体的分隔;黄铜扩体刚度远大于其他锚固体,截面为两侧圆形切割后的类椭圆形,以便紧贴DIC观测窗布置. 实际工程中可由纤维增强材料等高耐久性材料代替.
EBTP锚杆的简化制作方法如图1所示,以压、拉区段长度比1∶1为例,由黄铜扩体将EBTP锚杆分隔为两个区段,扩体左侧是受拉段,长度为22.5 cm,扩体往右侧是承压段,长度为22.5 cm,;承压区段用PVC套管进行分隔,以避免浆体与杆体直接粘接.
为便于DIC量测,试验岩土箱材料选用透明钢化玻璃制作,岩土箱尺寸为1 m(长)×0.6 m(宽)×0.8 m(高),采用分层夯筑法完成土体夯实,模型共设置8个夯层,每层高度为7.5 cm,总高60 cm,两根锚杆间距分别设置为0.3 m和0.6 m,模型夯筑前预埋PVC管作为锚孔,夯筑完成后拆除,然后在锚孔对中放置EBTP锚杆,浇筑浆液,室内养护28 d后进行拉拔试验. 模型尺寸示意如图2(0.6 m间距)所示,具体制作流程为:
(1)岩土箱观测面预置薄钢板. 为保证DIC拍摄照片时观测面玻璃不被浆液或土体污染,夯筑前期做好干燥和清洁工作;在观测面紧贴放入与观测面尺寸一致的薄钢板,避免浆体、土体与观测面的直接接触,进行DIC测试前拆除薄钢板.
(2)预埋PVC管作为锚孔. 夯筑前,在岩土箱内预埋PVC管作为锚孔,管体直径60 mm. 考虑DIC量测需求,对PVC管截面进行局部切割,切割后的截面如图3(a)中红色虚线所示,切割后PVC管割线一侧紧贴岩土箱观测面玻璃布置,以充分展示锚固系统内部受力情况.
(3)模型夯筑. 黄土过5 mm筛并充分干燥后,按最优含水率16%拌合黄土;夯筑时,按照夯层分8次采用人工锤击法夯筑,每次夯实后土层厚度约7.5 mm±2 mm,确保夯实率不小于90%.
(4)锚杆放置与灌浆. 模型夯筑完成后拆除预埋PVC管,将EBTP锚杆沿扩体割线紧贴观测面垂直放入锚孔直至设计深度,采用无压力导管注浆,同时注意对浆体振捣;注浆完成后用水平尺对锚杆进行轴向校准,避免杆体倾斜. 在自然条件下至少养护28d后进行试验.
模型制作流程如图3(b)所示:
为研究群锚效应,试验采用同步单调加载方式对两锚杆施加拉拔荷载,直至位移骤增,标志锚固系统破坏. 试验用拉拔仪量测范围0~50 kN,油缸工作行程50 mm,压力显示分辨率0.001 kN;位移计量程100 mm,分辨率为0.01 mm.
采用3 mm厚方钢管制作加载框架,定制焊接中央拉杆的开孔方钢分配梁,以连接两根锚杆和油缸,保证锚杆同步受力;腊木杆加载端通过环氧树脂与圆形钢管连接,避免分配梁夹头损坏杆体;为避免箱体因荷载过大脱离地面,在观测面对侧土体顶面中部放置相应高度的砝码,以提供足够的反力. 通过后续试验观察到锚杆最大锥形破坏半径约为24 cm,而砝码外边缘与锚杆中心的距离远大于破坏半径,因此可以认为砝码不会对试验结果产生影响. DIC系统置于模型观测面正前方,CCD相机拍照间隔为1 s/张,完成精度标定和可靠性验证后对加载过程进行全程量测,后期采用VIC-2D软件计算并输出位移、应变等数据. 加载系统如图4所示.
分别对间距为0.3 m和0.6 m的两种情况进行监测,其开裂破坏现象分别如图5(a)和(b)所示.
对间距为0.3 m情况,在加载初期,裂纹情况不明显,随着荷载的增加,锚杆扩体位置处率先出现较小斜向裂纹,随后,承压段浆体/土体界面开始出现裂纹,而扩体部分裂纹向夯土延伸,并逐渐沿夯层贯通;加载后期,两根锚杆同时被拔出,左侧最大裂纹与水平线夹角约45°,右侧最大裂纹与水平线夹角约35°,两根锚杆中间形成一道明显的沿夯层贯通的横向裂纹;
对间距0.6 m情况,在加载初期,右侧锚杆最先在扩体处开裂,随着荷载的增加,浆体/土体界面开裂情况逐渐明显,扩体处裂纹逐渐斜向上扩展,同时左侧锚杆也在扩体部位出现裂缝,且两根锚杆均在受拉段处开始形成新的“V”形裂缝;加载后期,裂纹相互贯通至夯土顶面,呈典型锥形破坏趋势,右侧土体开裂损伤情况相较于左侧更为严重,浆体/土体界面裂缝宽度增大,伴随土粒掉落,荷载达14.07 kN时,右侧锚杆瞬间滑出,锚固系统失效,这可能是由于右侧锚杆浇筑后浆体局部收缩导致粘结不充分所致. 需说明的是,土体表面处的最大锥形破坏半径约为0.24 m,而两根锚杆中心点距离岩土箱侧壁的边距约0.2 m,小于右侧锚杆最大破坏半径,可能存在一定边界效应. 在后续研究中,将对岩土箱尺寸进行优化,以最大程度兼顾试验便利性并避免边界效应影响.
试验结束后,取出破坏后的EBTP锚杆,观察可知,扩体上部承压段主要沿浆体/土体界面破坏,而扩体下部受拉段主要沿杆体/浆体界面破坏,两部分主控界面存在显著差异,能为数值模型建立提供依据. 锚杆滑移失效情况如图6所示.
试验测得荷载-位移关系曲线如图7所示. 两种锚杆间距情况下荷载-位移曲线均经历了线性增长、非线性过渡、急剧变形三个阶段. 加载初期曲线均近似线性变化,重合度较高,但随着荷载增大,两种间距下的曲线在加载中后期呈现一定差异.
间距为0.3 m时,在荷载6.89 kN时曲线出现一次陡降,与土体夯层开裂时间对应,当荷载超过10 kN后,曲线出现拐点,斜率开始减小,位移增幅扩大,当荷载达到13.14 kN时,锚杆位移剧增,杆体被拔出;间距为0.6 m时,随着荷载增大,曲线对应开裂时间出现多次波动,当荷载达到9.53 kN后,曲线出现拐点,相较0.3 m情况有一定滞后,当荷载达到14.07 kN时,右侧锚杆位移急剧变化,裂纹相互贯通,锚固系统失效.
可见,0.3 m间距下两锚系统极限抗拔承载力(两根锚杆的承载力之和)相较于0.6 m间距降低了约7%,且0.6 m间距下曲线线性增长段更长,进入拐点所需的荷载更大.
采用通用有限元软件ANSYS对拉拔试验进行数值模拟分析,考虑应力分布的对称性,采用二维平面模型进行建模. 为避免边界效应影响,模型总长扩展为2 m,其他相关几何参数与试验保持一致. 相关参数如表2所示.
EBTP锚杆、浆体以及夯土体均采用Plane42单元模拟,其中土体按照夯层分别设置材料参数,采用Drunker-Prager本构模型,依据文献[12-14]所述试验与测试方法,在群锚拉拔试验完成后,将试样逐层剖开,取不同土层较完整部分测试其物理力学参数,得到锚固体材料物理力学参数,夯层间采用节点耦合,变形协调;浆体、杆体材料强度较高,考虑为线弹性本构,参数由试验测得;扩体刚度远大于其他材料,弹性模量取一大值. 各锚固材料参数如表3所示.
依据锚固系统拉拔试验得到的锚杆滑移破坏模式,扩体上部承压段主要发生浆体/土体界面滑移失效,下部受拉段主要发生杆体/浆体界面滑移失效. 基于上述现象,考虑计算效率与收敛效率,采用接触对单元和非线性弹簧单元分别模拟浆体/土体和杆体/土体界面的力学行为.
按照锚固系统受力特征,将浆体/土体界面设置为不可分离接触,但容许相对滑动;扩体上部与浆体充分挤压,设置为不可分离式接触;扩体下部与土体和浆体接触面、受拉段杆体底部与土体接触面均设置为可分离接触,即界面之间为法向单向接触,一旦分离,法向接触压力变为0. 接触对分别采用Conta172和Targe169单元作为接触单元和目标单元,参照文献[22]方法,考虑界面摩擦特性、接触特点、模型收敛性、计算效率等因素,经多次试算,综合确定摩擦系数、法向刚度、侵入系数,如表4所示.
为了更精确地模拟杆体/浆体界面的力学行为,采用非线性弹簧单元表征界面粘结-滑移本构关系,通过控制网格尺寸划分,在受拉区杆体/浆体界面生成重合节点(相同位置含两个节点,分别属于杆体和浆体,即重合但不合并),重合节点处生成长度为0的非线性弹簧单元(Combine39). 由于软件提供的非线性弹簧单元力学行为由荷载-位移关系(F-D曲线)定义,因此需要根据试验测得的粘结-滑移(τw)曲线换算得到,如图8(b)所示. 由于同一界面内各点处的F-D曲线与对应节点所连接的长度有关,可由下式计算相应荷载[23]
式中,Li表示第i个弹簧节点所对应的计算长度,对于端部节点,计算长度取端部节点到相邻节点一半长度;对于中间节点,计算长度取该节点与相邻两侧节点距离的一半之和.
杆体/浆体间粘结-滑移模型采用文献[24]基于现场试验结果和已有研究成果建立的双线型黏结-滑移模型,模型相关参数分别为:ω1=0.49 mm,ω2=2.25 mm,τmax=0.1836 MPa.
模型下边界采用固定约束,左右侧面采用法向对称约束,上边界保持自由,建立的有限元模型如图8所示.
图9为两种间距下数值模拟所得的荷载-位移曲线与试验所得荷载-位移曲线的对比,附图为曲线相应点处位移云图.
图9可知,锚杆间距为0.3 m时,加载前期曲线近似线性增长,与试验结果一致,两条曲线高度重合,此时锚固界面处于弹性阶段,云图显示此阶段已出现位移场重叠现象;随着荷载增加,曲线逐渐平缓,相应位移场重叠效应加剧,土体位移场对应于试验夯层开裂位置出现联通,界面此时进入塑性软化阶段,但总体趋势仍与试验结果保持一致;加载后期曲线趋于平稳,此阶段模拟值(14.61 kN)略高于试验值(13.14 kN),主要由于数值模型未考虑土体的开裂所致;
锚杆间距为0.6 m时,荷载-位移曲线变化规律与0.3 m间距时相似,模拟值与试验值同样在加载前期吻合较好,但在加载后期最大荷载模拟值(15.68 kN)普遍略高于试验值(14.07 kN),原因与0.3 m情况相似;但两种间距下土体位移场变化趋势存在差异,即0.6 m间距下荷载较小时两锚杆位移场仍相互独立,直至荷载较大后发生重叠,但重叠区域位移值处于较低水平,群锚效应有限. 综上可知,两种间距下相同位移时对应的承载力模拟值与试验值差异主要集中于加载后期,但误差均不超过15%,验证了本文模拟方法的可靠性.
值得说明的是,根据文献[1718]提出的CCD方法,两种间距时在承压段和受拉段均分别形成了夹角不同的“V”形位移场边界,与试验土体开裂区域相近,这也是EBTP锚杆与传统全长粘结式锚杆受拉拔荷载时所形成土体位移场的最大差异,将直接影响群锚效应的估算精度.
为进一步探究土体位移场变化规律,在土体表面和承压段内、受拉段内选取三条水平测线,研究拉拔荷载下土体竖向位移与锚杆位置的关系,三条测线距土层表面深度依次为0 m、0.225 m(扩体埋深处)和0.375 m(扩体埋深可设置最大值),依次编号为L1、L2和L3,测线位置如图10所示. 利用DIC量测识别三条测线的竖向位移情况,同时提取数值模拟在相同位置处(编号M1~M3)的纵向位移进行对比,结果如图11所示.
图11可知,在分别对0.3 m间距和0.6 m间距模型施加13.14 kN和14.07 kN极限荷载情况下,锚杆附近土体竖向位移均明显大于其他区域,且随与锚杆间距离增大而指数衰减,同时,随着深度增大,各测线土体的纵向位移呈递减趋势,试验值与模拟值变化趋势均呈现较好的一致性. 不同的是,0.3 m间距时,各测线锚杆附近土体位移吻合较好,锚杆间土体位移量较大且变化不显著,但模拟值普遍大于试验值,主要由于数值模型未考虑夯层开裂所致;0.6 m间距时,各测线锚杆附近土体位移较为一致,而锚杆间土体位移变化幅度较0.3 m更大,且在两锚杆中间部位土体竖向位移量已经非常有限,与试验结果一致,说明0.6 m间距下位移场重叠效应几乎消失. 需说明的是,试验时由于右侧锚杆先行拔出,因此测线位移在右侧锚杆附近较大,这主要由于模型制作缺陷所致,不能代表竖向位移的真实变化规律.
为进一步明确不同参数对EBTP锚杆群锚效应的影响,采用本文数值模拟方法,选取锚杆横向间距,扩体深度以及相同比例下锚固长度3个因素进行敏感度分析,揭示群锚效应规律.
图12为六种不同横向间距下模型荷载-位移曲线,附图为三种典型工况下的位移云图. 由图可知,不同间距下荷载-位移曲线变化趋势基本一致,随着锚杆之间横向间距增大,锚杆的极限承载力逐渐增大,但当间距达到0.6 m时,相比于横向间距为0.3 m的工况,锚杆极限抗拔承载力增加了7.4%,随着锚杆之间横向间距继续增大,锚杆承载力增幅有限,极限荷载基本趋于一致,群锚效应基本消失,与试验结果一致;参照第五节数值模拟结果,所有横向间距工况均取荷载为14.36 kN,提取6种间距下表层土体M1测线的竖向位移绘制于图13. 可见,与荷载-位移曲线变化趋势相对应,随着横向间距增大,锚杆附近表层土体的位移随之逐渐减小,且锚杆中部土体位移降低幅度逐渐增大;当横向间距超过0.6 m时,锚杆所在位置处土体竖向位移差异很小(约26~27 mm),且锚杆间中点表层土体位移稳定于一较小值,从位移场重叠角度验证了群锚效应消失的临界距离为0.6 m. 但需说明的是,该中点处位移的模拟结果(16.8 mm)与试验结果(2.2 mm)仍存在一定差异,这主要是由于数值模型中土体基于连续变形假设,未能充分考虑开裂等损伤影响所致.
选取横向间距为0.6 m,锚固长度为0.6 m的EBTP两锚系统为研究对象,研究扩体位置对称情况下和非对称情况下扩体埋深对荷载-位移曲线和表层土体M1测线竖向位移的影响.
图14为对称情况下扩体在不同深度下的模型荷载-位移曲线,附图为四种工况极限荷载下(参考线A)的位移云图. 由图可知,随着扩体深度的增加,产生相同位移情况下(参考线A),锚杆的极限抗拔承载力呈规律性增大,相应位移场边界逐渐增大,但位移场重叠现象并不明显,表明对称情况下扩体埋深与极限承载力近似线性相关;通过提取相同荷载情况下(参考线B)表层土体M1测线的竖向位移绘制于图15,可见,除0.15 m扩体埋深情况外,其余埋深情况表层土体位移差异较小,群锚效应并不显著.
在扩体非对称情况下,第一组固定左侧锚杆扩体埋深0.15 m,右侧扩体埋深分别取0.225 m、0.3 m,0.375 m(表5编号1、2、3),研究扩体埋深在受拉段范围内变化时的群锚效应;第二组固定右侧锚杆扩体埋深0.375 m,左侧扩体埋深取0.15 m、0.225 m,0.3 m(表5编号3、4、5),研究扩体埋深在承压段范围内变化时的群锚效应.
图16为扩体在非对称情况下分别获得的两组荷载-位移曲线及位移云图. 可知,无论扩体埋深在承压段或受拉段内变化,随着扩体深度的增加,锚杆的极限抗拔承载力均近似线性增加,各组位移场分布情况相近,位移场重叠效应不显著. 比较发现,第一组和第二组不同埋深情况下极限抗拔承载力增幅分别约为0.4 kN和0.83 kN,扩体埋深在承压段范围内的变化相较于受拉段更为明显,表明承压段的力学性能对锚杆承载性能的影响更大.
当施加15.20 kN(见图16(a)和16(b)中线B)相同荷载时(该荷载为左侧扩体埋深0.15 m,右侧扩体埋深0.225 m工况下的极限荷载),提取五种扩体埋深表层土体M1测线的竖向位移绘制于图17. 由图可知,锚杆扩体深度相同情况下,随着扩体埋深的增加,锚杆附近表层土体位移逐渐减小,群锚效应减弱,但影响幅度较为有限;同时,由于右侧扩体相较于左侧扩体位置更深,两锚杆对称中心右侧测线位移整体大于左侧,表明扩体埋深对土体位移影响较大.
取EBTP锚杆拉压段比例为固定值1∶1,研究不同锚固长度对群锚效应的影响. 由图18可知,随着锚固长度的增加,锚杆极限承载力显著提升,但增幅呈先大后小趋势,在锚固长度为0.6 m至0.9 m时,极限抗拔承载仅增加0.54 kN,位移场重叠效应并不显著;但当锚固长度达到1.2 m时,极限抗拔承载力相较于0.9 m提升了7.2 kN,增幅约为44%,且0.9 m情况下位移场重叠效应明显加剧;随着锚固长度进一步增大,极限承载力增幅逐渐收窄,这主要由于在锚固长度超过0.9 m后,群锚效应逐渐显著,抵消了部分由锚固长度增加而引起的承载力增量,但总体而言,锚固长度增加引起的承载力提升仍大于群锚效应引起的承载力损失.
基于模拟结果,综合分析各影响因素对EBTP锚杆极限抗拔承载力的影响,给出锚固设计建议. 取锚杆拉压段比例1∶1,横向间距0.3 m~1.2 m,锚杆扩体对称埋深0.15 m~0.375 m,锚固长度为0.6 m~1.5 m,图19为锚杆间距分别与扩体埋深和锚固长度对承载力的联合影响关系. 由图19(a)可知,以横向间距0.6 m为界,大于此值时极限承载力较大,同时,扩体深度的增加使得锚杆极限承载力近似线性增大;由图19(b)可知,锚固长度对相较于横向间距对极限承载力的影响更大,当横向间距大于0.6 m时,极限抗拔承载力几乎不随着横向间距的变化而改变,且极限承载力较大值集中在锚固长度1.5 m以上,但继续增加锚固长度时承载力的增幅逐渐降低.
综上,在设计中对于拉压段比例为1∶1的EBTP锚杆,建议锚杆横向间距尽可能大于0.6 m,以降低群锚效应,锚固长度最有效建议值为1.5 m. 此外,在条件允许的情况下,扩体埋深尽可能取较大值,即若不考虑应力集中引起的遗址本体开裂损伤,仅从承载力提升角度建议选择压力型锚杆.
通过夯筑土遗址EBTP锚杆两锚系统拉拔试验,明确锚固系统破坏模式与承载性能,基于有限元软件ANSYS提出EBTP锚杆群锚效应二维有限元模拟方法,研究了锚固参数对承载力与群锚效应的影响规律,得到如下结论:
(1)试验结果表明,锚杆间距0.3 m时,主要发生锚杆间夯层开裂与界面滑移破坏,承载力相比0.6 m间距降低约7%;间距0.6 m时,主要发生锥形开裂与界面滑移破坏,锥形角度约为30°~45°,表层土体最大破坏半径约为24 cm. 此外,EBTP锚杆承压段和受拉段的滑移失效主控界面分别为浆体/土体界面和杆体/浆体界面;
(2)将承压段(浆体/土体界面)和受拉段(杆体/浆体界面)锚固界面力学行为分别通过接触对和非线性弹簧模拟,提出群锚效应二维有限元模拟方法,并与试验结果对比验证了该方法的可靠性;
(3)模拟研究表明,群锚效应随锚杆间距增大逐渐减弱;扩体埋深增大,极限承载力近似线性增长,且承压段长度对极限承载力的影响较受拉段更大;随着锚固长度的增加,群锚效应逐渐显著,极限承载力增幅先大后小,但锚固长度增加引起的承载力的提升仍大于群锚效应造成的承载力损失;
(4)土遗址锚固工程设计中,可参考本文模拟方法预测和优化锚固设计参数.
研究结果能为夯筑土遗址EBTP锚杆锚固工程设计提供依据和参考.
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFF0906000)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52008332; 52378195)
  • 中国博士后基金地区专项支持计划项目(2021M693877)
  • 西部绿色建筑国家重点实验室自主研究课题基金项目(LSZZ202225)
  • 西安建筑科技大学前沿交叉领域培育专项项目(X20220074)
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2024年第45卷第4期
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.009
  • 接收时间:2024-02-21
  • 首发时间:2026-04-01
  • 出版时间:2024-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-21
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFF0906000)
国家自然科学基金项目(52008332; 52378195)
中国博士后基金地区专项支持计划项目(2021M693877)
西部绿色建筑国家重点实验室自主研究课题基金项目(LSZZ202225)
西安建筑科技大学前沿交叉领域培育专项项目(X20220074)
作者信息
    1西安建筑科技大学理学院,西安,710055
    2绿色建筑全国重点实验室/西安建筑科技大学,西安,710055

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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