Article(id=1246031929158512971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246031922707677827, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713888000000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775006762064, onlineDateStr=2026-04-01, pubDate=1724515200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775006762064, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775006762064, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775006762064, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246031922707677827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2024', volume='45', issue='4', pageStart='427', pageEnd='564', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775006760527, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775006830786, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246032217470779944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246031922707677827, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246032217470779945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246031922707677827, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=441, endPage=455, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246031929502445903, articleId=1246031929158512971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=A Semi-analytical Model of Stress Interaction with Inclusions and Cracks in an Infinite Plane, columnId=1244229834482757770, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The mechanical properties of materials are affected by inevitable defects such as inclusions and cracks. Accurate knowledge of their elastic fields is required to prevent stress concentration, which can lead to fracture and plastic damage. To study mutual interactions in an isotropic plane with cracks and inclusions, heterogeneous inclusions are approximated as homogeneous inclusions with the same elastic modulus as the matrix plus unknown eigenstrain based on the equivalent inclusion method, while mixed-mode Ⅰ/Ⅱ cracks are approximated as climb/glide dislocations with unknown densities according to the distributed dislocation technology. Interactions in the plane are fully considered in the governing equation system, and a solvable matrix is established with all unknowns in a unified framework. The conjugate gradient method is used to iteratively solve the unknowns, and the fast Fourier transform is introduced to improve computational efficiency. The stress field of cracks in any direction is settled by the stress transformation law, and the stress intensity factors at crack tips are determined by the converged dislocation densities with the assumption of crack-induced displacements in parabolic shapes. The influence of the heterogeneous properties of inclusions on stress intensity factors at crack tips is then properly captured. The situations of cracks/inclusions are discussed in detail, providing a description of the elastic fields and stress intensity factors. The complexity does not necessarily increase with the number of inclusions and cracks, and the calculation cost depends only on the mesh density. The effectiveness of the model developed in this study is verified using the finite element method. This model has potential application prospects in the fracture failure of heterogeneous materials and the plastic zone problems near crack tips. The conclusions may offer insight into the modeling scheme of various defective structures and the fracture behavior of materials.

, correspAuthors=Qingbing Dong, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zurong Wu, Qingbing Dong, Guang Xiong), CN=ArticleExt(id=1246031946304828394, articleId=1246031929158512971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=含夹杂和裂纹的平面内应力干涉半解析模型, columnId=1241831201896469478, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

材料不可避免引入的夹杂、裂纹等缺陷影响其力学特性. 为了研究各向同性全空间内裂纹与夹杂的相互干涉作用,本文基于等效夹杂法与分布位错技术相结合的方法,将非均质夹杂近似为与基体具有相同弹性模量且含有未知本征应变的均质夹杂,将Ⅰ/Ⅱ混合型裂纹近似为密度未知的攀移位错和滑移位错,建立了可仿真各向同性全空间内夹杂和裂纹干涉作用的半解析模型,并基于位错分布求解了裂纹尖端的应力强度因子. 模型采用共轭梯度法迭代求解了未知量,并借助快速傅里叶变换算法提高计算效率,最后通过有限元方法验证了模型的有效性. 本模型可为缺陷材料内各结构的干涉作用以及由此诱导的断裂行为的解析提供理论方法.

, correspAuthors=董庆兵, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
** E-mail:.
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含夹杂和裂纹的平面内应力干涉半解析模型
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吴祖荣 1, 2 , 董庆兵 1, 2, ** , 熊广 1, 2
固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024,45(4): 441-455
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固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 45(4): 441-455
含夹杂和裂纹的平面内应力干涉半解析模型
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吴祖荣1, 2, 董庆兵1, 2, ** , 熊广1, 2
作者信息
  • 1高端装备机械传动全国重点实验室,重庆,400044
  • 2重庆大学机械与运载工程学院,重庆,400044

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** E-mail:.
A Semi-analytical Model of Stress Interaction with Inclusions and Cracks in an Infinite Plane
Zurong Wu1, 2, Qingbing Dong1, 2, ** , Guang Xiong1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044
  • 2School of Mechanical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044
出版时间: 2024-08-25 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.016
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材料不可避免引入的夹杂、裂纹等缺陷影响其力学特性. 为了研究各向同性全空间内裂纹与夹杂的相互干涉作用,本文基于等效夹杂法与分布位错技术相结合的方法,将非均质夹杂近似为与基体具有相同弹性模量且含有未知本征应变的均质夹杂,将Ⅰ/Ⅱ混合型裂纹近似为密度未知的攀移位错和滑移位错,建立了可仿真各向同性全空间内夹杂和裂纹干涉作用的半解析模型,并基于位错分布求解了裂纹尖端的应力强度因子. 模型采用共轭梯度法迭代求解了未知量,并借助快速傅里叶变换算法提高计算效率,最后通过有限元方法验证了模型的有效性. 本模型可为缺陷材料内各结构的干涉作用以及由此诱导的断裂行为的解析提供理论方法.

夹杂  /  裂纹  /  等效夹杂法  /  分布位错技术  /  应力强度因子

The mechanical properties of materials are affected by inevitable defects such as inclusions and cracks. Accurate knowledge of their elastic fields is required to prevent stress concentration, which can lead to fracture and plastic damage. To study mutual interactions in an isotropic plane with cracks and inclusions, heterogeneous inclusions are approximated as homogeneous inclusions with the same elastic modulus as the matrix plus unknown eigenstrain based on the equivalent inclusion method, while mixed-mode Ⅰ/Ⅱ cracks are approximated as climb/glide dislocations with unknown densities according to the distributed dislocation technology. Interactions in the plane are fully considered in the governing equation system, and a solvable matrix is established with all unknowns in a unified framework. The conjugate gradient method is used to iteratively solve the unknowns, and the fast Fourier transform is introduced to improve computational efficiency. The stress field of cracks in any direction is settled by the stress transformation law, and the stress intensity factors at crack tips are determined by the converged dislocation densities with the assumption of crack-induced displacements in parabolic shapes. The influence of the heterogeneous properties of inclusions on stress intensity factors at crack tips is then properly captured. The situations of cracks/inclusions are discussed in detail, providing a description of the elastic fields and stress intensity factors. The complexity does not necessarily increase with the number of inclusions and cracks, and the calculation cost depends only on the mesh density. The effectiveness of the model developed in this study is verified using the finite element method. This model has potential application prospects in the fracture failure of heterogeneous materials and the plastic zone problems near crack tips. The conclusions may offer insight into the modeling scheme of various defective structures and the fracture behavior of materials.

heterogeneous inclusion  /  equivalent inclusion method  /  mixed-mode Ⅰ/Ⅱ crack  /  distributed dislocation technology  /  stress intensity factor
吴祖荣, 董庆兵, 熊广. 含夹杂和裂纹的平面内应力干涉半解析模型. 固体力学学报, 2024 , 45 (4) : 441 -455 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.016
Zurong Wu, Qingbing Dong, Guang Xiong. A Semi-analytical Model of Stress Interaction with Inclusions and Cracks in an Infinite Plane[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2024 , 45 (4) : 441 -455 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.016
材料在制造或服役过程中可能形成夹杂、空洞、微裂纹等缺陷. 夹杂可分为均质夹杂和非均质夹杂,其中与基体材料具有相同弹性模量并含有本征应变的夹杂为均质夹杂,而与基体材料属性不同的夹杂为非均质夹杂. 空洞由于其特殊的属性特征,可视为弹性模量为0的非均质夹杂,其内部无任何应力. 裂纹本质是材料内部的连续性缺陷,具有连续分布的特征;同时,Ⅰ/Ⅱ混合型裂纹具有自由表面,裂纹尖端不产生相对位移. 通常,夹杂与基体的交界处由于材料属性突变产生应力集中,从而导致微裂纹形成,而裂纹扩展路径上的夹杂会加速或阻挡裂纹生长. 这些缺陷相互干涉、共同作用,最终导致材料的疲劳失效[1,2].
等效夹杂法(Equivalent Inclusion Method,EIM)是针对材料中夹杂的非线性应力/应变问题提出的解析方法,该方法假设夹杂与基体具有相同弹性模量,其对弹性场的影响通过等效的本征应变反应. 迄今,已有很多研究基于Eshelby张量解析了规则形状、数量较少的夹杂问题. Benedikt等[3]研究了嵌入在各向同性弹性体中相互作用的球形夹杂附近应力状态,以及夹杂分布对夹杂/基体界面处应力的影响;Dundurs等[4]在圆形Eshelby夹杂应力解的基础上采用极限的思想得到半无限条带状夹杂的应力场;Lee等[5]研究了椭圆柱夹杂外部点Eshelby张量的封闭解,分析了圆形柱状夹杂的影响作用;Wu和Yin[6]求解了包含多边形非均质夹杂的二维无限域的弹性场;Wu等[7]在此基础上解析了三维区域的多面体夹杂. 近年来,EIM的灵活运用为夹杂问题的求解提供了新思路:Chen等[8]将涂层结构近似为位于材料界面的非均质夹杂,综合运用共轭梯度法[9](Conjugate Gradient Method,CGM)和快速傅里叶变换(Fast Fourier Transform,FFT),研究了接触载荷下材料结构塑性演变规律;Zhou等[10]提出了无限空间中多个任意形状三维非均质夹杂的半解析求解方法,并分析了材料内空洞对弹性场的影响;进一步,Zhou等[11,12]提出了一种采用三维和二维快速FFT相结合的方法用于快速求解表面载荷下各向同性三维半空间中任意形状夹杂问题,研究了在硬涂层下基体内部不同弹性模量的非均质夹杂对弹性场的影响.
裂纹是局部应力集中导致的材料缺陷,其破坏材料自身的连续性并在尖端处产生应力奇异性. 通常,根据断裂面的相对位移方向,二维平面内裂纹形式可分为Ⅰ型(张开型)、Ⅱ型(剪切型)、Ⅰ/Ⅱ混合型等. 位错本质则属于晶体沿晶格方向形成的缺陷,Hills等[13]借助位错的力学解析形式,提出了分布位错技术(Distributed Dislocation Technology,DDT),将裂纹近似为沿裂纹走向的刃型位错[14-16],其中Ⅰ型裂纹近似为攀移位错,Ⅱ型裂纹近似为滑移位错. 运用此方法,王强胜等[17]借用叠加原理和Gauss-Chebyshev数值积分法求解了半空间在赫兹压力作用下表面裂纹尖端的应力强度因子(Stress Intensity Factor,SIF),并分析了裂纹长度、裂纹埋入深度对裂尖SIF的影响;李文俊等[18]利用相同方法求解了赫兹压力下次表面偏折裂纹的力学性质,探究了不同深度、长度比、载荷比对裂尖SIF和裂纹扩展方向的影响. 张启洞等[19]借助该方法研究了微裂纹对于主裂纹扩展行为的影响. Chen等[20]研究了接触载荷作用下半平面内沿着任意方向的剪切型裂纹粘滑摩擦情况,并详细讨论了摩擦系数、裂纹角度和裂纹位置的影响. 为避免讨论裂纹尖端奇异性问题,Zhou等[21-23]采用规则网格离散裂纹段并将计算节点设置在网格中心,解析了全空间内分段函数表征的分布位错的应力影响因子,迭代获得各向同性全空间内可描述裂纹干扰行为的位错分布,以及影响裂纹尖端塑性的主要因素;Dong等[24,25]将断面相对滑移单元作为最外层的收敛条件,提出了半空间内递进加载模式下滑移区域演变的数值算法,解析了加载-卸载、滚/滑动等非稳态接触条件下断面的滑移行为. 借助分布位错法表征裂纹可研究裂纹面的接触行为及与裂纹尖端塑性区和裂纹扩展紧密相关的SIF等,是探索实际裂纹问题的强有力工具.
在材料制造过程中夹杂物经常聚集形成微缺陷或被作为增强纤维/颗粒添加到复合材料中,但其存在常在其周围引起应力集中,从而形成裂纹和位错. 因此,研究多种夹杂物、位错和裂纹的相互作用对材料的优化和性能改进具有重要意义. 针对此类问题,Li和Chen等[26]讨论了两个长条状夹杂物和裂纹之间的相互作用,提出了一种预测由裂纹尖端附近夹杂物引起的Ⅰ型裂纹SIF的方法;Tao等[27]研究了裂纹、圆形夹杂和刃型位错之间的相互作用,表明非均质夹杂与刃型位错对SIF的影响存在竞争关系;Zhang等[28]求解了含多个椭圆夹杂的二维无限平面在温度均匀变化下的弹性场,利用连续分布的位错模拟平面的边界,应用等效夹杂法和分布位错技术得到的应力叠加求解平面的热应力;Dong等[29]开展了接触载荷作用下各向同性半空间基体中含表面涂层的近表面裂纹和界面裂纹的研究,结果表明裂纹面在基体和涂层中闭合的模式不同. 含非匀质属性特征的周期性分布复合材料也是研究者关注的问题之一:Zhou等[30]通过FFT中设定循环边界条件的方法建立了具有周期性结构复合材料的半解析模型,分析了三维全空间内各向异性复合材料的应力场和有效模量;Dong等[31]也基于本方法研究周期性分布的非均质夹杂/裂纹相互作用的复合材料有效弹性模量问题. 本模型基于以上算法提出了采用应力坐标转换方法解析任意方向裂纹问题,并研究了夹杂的非均匀特性对裂纹的干涉作用,相关结论可为复杂材料组织的力学性能解析提供理论工具.
本论文提出的模型结合了等效夹杂法和分布位错技术等,将各向同性全空间所含的非均质夹杂和Ⅰ/Ⅱ混合型裂纹均匀化,形成了考虑夹杂/裂纹干涉作用的半解析方法,采用CGM迭代求解表征材料非弹性行为的本征应变和位错密度,采用FFT提高计算效率,并基于位错分布外推得到裂纹尖端的位错密度,从而求解裂尖的SIF;最后,采用有限元方法验证模型的有效性,为缺陷材料内各结构的干涉作用以及由此诱导的断裂行为的解析提供理论参考.
在各向同性全空间中存在着任意形状非均质夹杂和统一方向的Ⅰ/Ⅱ混合型裂纹,本研究选择包含所有夹杂和裂纹的矩形区域作为计算域. 基于等效夹杂法和分布位错技术求解全空间中夹杂和裂纹干涉问题原理如图1所示. 其中,局部坐标系x′O′y′的原点位于计算域中心,坐标轴方向则取决于裂纹走向. 计算域划分为Nx×Ny个大小相同的Δx×Δy的矩形网格单元,应力计算点位于每个单元的中心,单元可通过(xαyβ)表示,其中1≤αNx,1≤βNy. 单元数量及尺寸可根据所要研究的裂纹、夹杂情况而定.
非均质夹杂具有与基体材料不同的弹性模量,且包含各种非弹性应变. 基于等效夹杂法,非均质夹杂均可近似为与基体材料具有相同弹性模量且含未知本征应变的均质夹杂. 在计算域中,所有非均质夹杂Ωφ均近似为由若干单元组成的均质夹杂,通过细化单元网格可相对精确的捕捉任意形状的夹杂.
裂纹常经历混合模式加载:Ⅰ型裂纹主要承受拉/压应力作用,表现为裂纹面的张开或闭合;Ⅱ型裂纹主要承受剪切应力作用,产生沿裂纹面的切向位移. 利用分布位错技术,Ⅰ型裂纹近似为具有未知位错密度ρ的攀移位错,Ⅱ型裂纹近似为具有未知位错密度的滑移位错. 本模型中,每个Ⅰ/Ⅱ混合型裂纹Γφ可分解成若干连续的裂纹段,每个裂纹段都沿着矩形单元的中心线,以方便求解每一裂纹段的位错密度.
通过该模型探究了单裂纹到多夹杂/多裂纹等不同情况的应力分布. 对于尚未探明的斜裂纹问题[21,22],本模型借助应力坐标转换公式(1),进行2次坐标转换可有效解决. 当斜裂纹角度为α时,将全局坐标系下的远场载荷值转化成局部坐标系下的值,施加到本模型中. 有限元处理部分将在下一节进行介绍.
非均质夹杂通过等效夹杂法近似为与基体材料具有相同弹性模量且含未知本征应变的均质夹杂Ω,均质化单元的总应力由本征应力σ*,位错诱发应力σc和外载荷诱发应力σl组成,可以被表示为[28]
其中C为基体材料的弹性模量,Cφ为非均质夹杂的弹性模量,ε*为均质夹杂的本征应变.
在本模型中,假设裂纹的两个表面彼此不接触. 因此,每个裂纹都应满足沿法向和切向的自由牵引力条件. 除外载诱发应力和位错诱发应力外,还需导入本征应变诱发应力,由此建立如下控制公式:
计算域D中每个矩形单元内的本征应力σ*可由非均质夹杂近似后的均质夹杂单元内本征应变引起的本征应力叠加得到,如式(4)所示. 要说明的是,每个矩形单元内的本征应变认为是均匀的,但整个夹杂内的本征应变又处于非均匀状态.
其中,Ba-ξβ-ζ是矩形单元[αβ]中点(xαyβ)处的应力与以(xξyζ)为中心的矩形单元[ξζ]中的本征应变之间的影响系数. Ba-ξβ-ζ的表达式参考Zhou等[10]的工作.
基于上述方法本模型可处理任意形状的夹杂,处理方式是将其离散为若干个大小相同的矩形夹杂. Dong等[33]采用该方法求解了球形夹杂的问题,尽管规则网格不能光滑捕捉到夹杂的边界区域,但仍能得到较合理的结论,从而证明了本模型仿真任意形状夹杂的适用性. 需要提及的是:计算域内网格密度越大,夹杂边界附近应力越准确.
如前所述,Ⅰ/Ⅱ混合型裂纹被近似为攀移位错和滑移位错,未知的位错密度ρ有待通过分布位错技术确定. 在计算域D中,裂纹位于原点O,长度为a,为了表征位错沿裂纹方向的连续性,每个网格内的位错密度可采用分段函数表示:ρ=cx+d. 如图2所示,位错沿整个裂纹连续分布. 且用于表征每个裂纹段近似分布的分段线性函数在两个相邻裂纹段上连续,即参数对cd应满足以下关系:
理论上,裂纹尖端处由于材料结构的失稳而产生无限应力. 本文为避免尖端属性的讨论,应力计算点设置在单元中心,而裂纹尖端位于单元边界上,本模型采用分段线性函数拟合非线性的位错密度,并不能准确表征尖端处的应力状态. 需要提及的是:计算域内离散网格尺寸越小,应力计算越准确.
在各向同性全空间中,攀移位错和滑移位错在点(xy)处产生的应力可根据位于(xdyd)处的Burgers向量分量b得出[13]
其中σc为位错诱发应力;Burgers向量b分别由攀移位错和滑移位错确定;κ为全空间材料的Kolosov常数(对于平面应变问题,κ=3-4υυ为泊松比);μ为剪切模量;是影响函数[10].
在计算域各点(xy)处,由中心在(0,0)处且沿中心线分布的攀移位错和滑移位错而产生的应力可以通过对公式(6)积分得到:
沿每个裂纹段的位错密度ρ分别由线性分段函数近似. 计算域内的矩形单元[αβ]中观测点(xαyβ)处应力可通过所有位错产生的应力求和得到:
其中,是与攀移位错和滑移位错及应力计算点位置相关的影响函数[21],将矩形单元中点(xαyβ)处的应力与单元[ξζ]的位错密度参数联系起来,即可叠加得到每个单元中由位错密度诱发产生的应力值.
同时由于裂纹两端闭合,裂纹尖端的攀移位移和滑移位移均为零,使得dΔx从一端(x1y)到另一端(x2y)的位移为零,求和公式需满足如下条件:
计算域中网格单元的应力由本征应变和位错诱发的应力相互叠加得到,通过控制公式(2)-(3)考虑两者的共同作用,以上条件保证统一建模后计算结果的准确性. 在上一节中,裂纹引起的应力用位错密度的代表参数cd表示;本征应力用本征应变表示,通过将公式(4)和(8)代入到公式(2)-(3)中可以整理得到:
公式(10)-(11)和前述公式(5)和(9)构成一组可解的控制公式. 采用FFT算法以提高公式(10)-(11)中耗时的平面求和的计算效率[34].
CGM用以迭代求解非均质夹杂和Ⅰ/Ⅱ型裂纹共同作用的应力问题,控制方程为式(10)-(11),两式本质上属于未知参量b的线性方程组G b=a,求解目标分为两部分,其一是非均质夹杂内部的本征应变ε*,其二是攀移位错和滑移位错的密度ρ,对两者分别使用CGM,直至两者收敛精度同时达设定值,本模型中收敛精度为1×10-6. 应用该方法,Zhou等[10,22]研究了各向同性三维半空间中任意形状夹杂问题;Dong等[29]研究了接触载荷作用下各向同性半空间基体表面涂层与界面/近表面裂纹的干涉问题.
本质上,CGM是求解对称正定矩阵方程的数学方法,尽管本模型中离散后的矩阵方程非必要对称,但上述研究表明CGM仍具有一定的适用性. CGM求解关于未知参量b的线性方程组Gb=a如下:
其中,b是表征本征应变ε*和位错密度ρ的未知参量,两者分别对应的矩阵G由影响函数Ba-ξβ-ζEa-ξβ-ζFa-ξβ-ζ构成;下标中的整数i表示迭代步骤;向量dr分别代表共轭方向和共轭残差;向量rTr的转置;变量τ是每次迭代的步长. 采用上面所示的迭代过程求解式(10)-(11)时,一般只需5-10步即可实现深度收敛.
根据SIF的定义[35],只要已知长度为l的裂纹的应力,则裂纹尖端附近的SIF可由以下公式获得:
应力可由本征应变和位错密度的解确定,式(18)可改写为下式[29]
其中(σyy+iσxyl表示外部载荷引起的应力,(σyy+iσxy*为本征应力分量. 值得注意的是,裂纹在外载作用下于裂纹尖端产生的应力具有奇异性,其值接近无限大. 本模型中用分布位错来等效裂纹,在式(19)中由位错在裂纹尖端产生的应力同样具有奇异性,而由于外载和非均质夹杂在裂纹尖端处产生的应力是有限的,两者应力值对于上式计算可以忽略不计,所以(σyy+iσxyl和(σyy+iσxy*可以从式(19)中合理地舍去. SIF可由下式求得:
位错密度在物理意义上被定义为裂纹面之间任意点斜率的负值,通过归一化处理[36],位错密度可以表示为ρt)=ωtФt)和ωt)是一项初等函数,Фt)和)是光滑的连续函数. 其基本解可表示为[37,38]. SIF可通过以下公式获取:
取极限,公式(21)可以写成:
假设Фt)和由多项式表示[13],再结合最小二乘法回归分析[36],SIF可以表示为:
水平裂纹左右俩侧的kIk可进一步表示为:
其中(+1)代表左侧,(-1)代表右侧.
本节简要介绍有限元验证模型,并对比有限元模型与数值模型的计算结果,以证明本文所建立模型的功能和适用性. 经对比分析,本模型能够较好解决裂纹/夹杂干涉问题. 且与有限元模型相比,该方法能够直接处理全空间问题,不会产生因有限元方法造成的截断误差.
本文是研究各向同性全空间内夹杂/裂纹的干涉作用,其中夹杂与裂纹位于目标计算域lx×ly内,并无周期性约束的要求,因此数值模型中无需对包含夹杂/裂纹相互作用的矩形区域边界施加约束. 有限元建模中,为了消除边界效应计算域进行合理放大,固定不施载一侧的边界,同样不存在周期性边界条件,保证与数值模型的同等约束条件. 如图3所示,在中心划分出与本模型相同大小的目标域,计算域约为目标域的100倍. 有限元目标计算域网格与本模型网格尺寸保持一致,以确保两者计算结果相匹配,同时便于提取相应单元上的应力值以对比分析;为精确求解裂尖SIF,裂纹区域的网格需进一步细化. 局部坐标系x′O′y′位于目标计算域中心,裂纹、夹杂的各种初始条件设置与数值模型一致,以实现相同的验证条件. 在有限元模型中,裂尖SIF通过J积分的方式获得,将线积分的J积分在有限元中用计算更加方便准确的环形区域积分代替,在两裂尖位置设置8个以裂尖为中心且向外扩大的环形区域,即可利用有限元准确计算出裂纹尖端的SIF,并用以验证本模型的计算结果.
针对斜裂纹问题需进行的2次坐标转换,数值模型的应力转换已在上一节完成,有限元模型部分的处理方式如图3所示. 将有限元中心计算域和局部坐标系逆时针旋转角度α,在全局坐标系下,施加载荷分别为σxxτxyτyxσyy,其中τxy=τyx. 经应力坐标转换后,本模型在局部坐标系下需施加的远场载荷分别为. 模型间的应力对比需在同一坐标系下进行,因此在局部坐标系中提取有限元模型应力再与数值模型对比.
定义单个长度为a1=20 μm的水平裂纹Γ1位于矩形计算域中心,局部坐标系原点O′(0,0)位于裂纹中心,基体的弹性模量Es=420 GPa,泊松比υ=0.3. 在远场载荷σxx=σyy=τxy=1 GPa作用下,计算得到本模型和有限元模型的von Mises应力场. 如图4所示,在拉伸应力和剪切应力作用下,裂纹尖端出现明显的应力集中,且两种方法具有很好的一致性. 取特定单元(y=1 μm上)(避开裂纹尖端的奇异性)上的主应力及von Mises应力值进行对比验证. 值得注意的是:本模型计算的应力为矩形单元中心的应力,并不能准确捕捉裂纹尖端的奇异性,而有限元模型为了更精确计算裂纹的响应行为,需对裂纹尖端附近的网格进行细化,因此图5以及后文中的应力对比图中,应力提取点并不完全对应,从而导致模型应力计算的误差. 图5所示,各主应力及von Mises应力值在除裂纹尖端附近吻合较好,证实了本模型准确性,且能清楚显示出裂纹尖端周围的应力突变. 从图5还可观察到,距离裂纹较远位置处的应力情况与远场载荷基本一致,这主要是因为裂纹对应力的干扰作用具有一定的区域性,干扰区域外的应力不受裂纹影响.
不同于线弹性断裂力学中已知的无限大薄板中心裂纹,其SIF值与施加外载成线性关系[35],本模型基于位错密度求解得到裂纹尖端SIF,其沿裂纹呈线性分段函数形式分布. Hills[13]提出采用分布位错技术求解裂纹问题,假设裂纹面相对位移可用抛物线方程拟合得到. 本模型基于该假设外推得到裂纹尖端的位错密度,进而得到裂尖的SIF,有限元基于裂尖周围应力利用J积分求解SIF,对比有限元结果证明了模型的有效性. 但值得注意的是:复杂载荷作用下裂纹面的位移并不完全呈现抛物线形式,由此而导致SIF的计算误差. Dong等[29]详细讨论了本方法求解半空间竖直裂纹问题,分析了SIF误差可能产生的原因. 因此为了验证此种方法的准确性,需计算多组不同载荷下的SIF值进行对比. 基于长度为a1=20 μm的水平裂纹,在不同大小远场载荷σxx=σyy=τxy=50 MPa~300 MPa作用下计算得到本模型和有限元模型中裂纹左右两尖端的SIF值KK,因所求两侧SIF的值基本一致,本文选取裂纹尖端左侧的值进行对比. 同时采用线弹性断裂力学中SIF的理论公式进行进一步验证. 如图6所示,有限元模型和理论公式中的SIF具有较好的一致性,由本模型计算得到的SIF也在可接受的误差范围内. 理论公式中KK的值和载荷呈正相关,在成倍数增长的载荷作用下,本模型计算出SIF的值也呈同样规律. 由此可验证本模型对裂纹尖端SIF计算的准确性.
结合本模型和应力坐标转换公式[39],限于网格局限性的斜裂纹问题也能得到求解. 本模型和有限元模型对斜裂纹的处理过程已在前述章节中详细介绍,本节将进一步验证本模型对斜裂纹计算的准确性.
设定斜裂纹角度为30°,将有限元模型中的矩形计算域逆时针旋转30°,斜裂纹仍位于矩形计算域中心,长度l1=20 μm,有限元模型在全局坐标系下施加远场载荷σxx=σyy=τxy=1 GPa,而本模型施加经应力坐标转换后的远场载荷 GPa, GPa, GPa. 图7为本模型和有限元模型计算得到的von Mises应力,裂纹尖端均出现应力集中现象,在相同应力梯度下,两者吻合较好.
在有限元结果中将局部坐标系x′O′y′逆时针旋转30°,在本模型及有限元模型各自局部坐标系内取特定单元(y=1 μm上)的应力值进行对比分析,如图8所示,边界处的拉伸和剪切应力值与应力坐标转换的结果吻合,裂纹尖端也出现应力集中,对比结果也进一步证实本模型准确性,表明了本模型对于斜裂纹的处理能力. 为了说明本模型对斜裂纹处理能力的普适性,进一步验证倾角为60°的斜裂纹,验证步骤和30°相同;60°情况下经应力坐标转换后本模型施加的远场载荷分别为 GPa, GPa, GPa. 提取特定单元(y=1 μm上)的von Mises应力值进行对比,如图9所示,结果吻合较好,说明本模型对于各角度的斜裂纹均具有较好的处理能力.
本模型不仅可以计算横/竖裂纹的SIF,亦可以求解斜裂纹的SIF. 设置斜裂纹角度为45°,有限元模型施加远场载荷σxx=σyy=τxy=50 MPa~300 MPa,本模型施加相应的经应力坐标转换后的载荷,对比有限元模型、线弹性断裂力学解析模型与本模型的计算结果如图10所示. 在斜裂纹角度为45°的情况下,三种模型所得KK的值也分别具有较好的一致性,本模型与解析公式计算的误差在可接受范围内,且本模型计算的KK值也随着载荷增加同比增大,说明本模型能够较为准确计算斜裂纹的SIF.
夹杂的存在会改变裂纹的尖端应力进而影响裂纹扩展,本模型进一步探究了夹杂对裂纹区域应力场的影响. 在章节3.2基础上引入两个分别位于裂纹左/右尖端附近的方形非均质夹杂Ω1Ω2,其边长l=20 μm,中心位置分别为(-25 μm,0)和(25 μm,0),弹性模量Ei=240 GPa,泊松比υ=0.3. 模型施加远场载荷σxx=σyy=τxy=1 GPa,并完成数值仿真. 图11为本模型和有限元模型计算得到的von Mises应力,两者之间仍具有很好的一致性. 与单裂纹情况相比,裂纹尖端附近的夹杂增加了应力场的复杂性,且尖端应力受到明显影响. 取特定单元(y=1 μm上)的主应力及von Mises应力值进行对比,如图12所示. 各应力值吻合较好,进一步证明了模型准确性. 表明在裂纹和双夹杂的复杂相互干涉作用下,本模型仍可得到较为正确的结果. 由应力云图可以观察到引入夹杂后会影响裂纹尖端应力情况,图13进一步对比了有(Y)/无(N)夹杂缺陷的单裂纹von Mises应力分布特征. 由于夹杂与基体的力学特性差异,夹杂所在区域应力显著减小,而裂纹尖端两处的应力明显增大,说明本模型能够准确反映由夹杂引起的裂纹尖端应力变化.
为进一步探究夹杂对裂纹尖端SIF的影响,施加远场载荷σxx=σyy=τxy=50 MPa~300 MPa,对比本模型与有限元模型结果如图14所示,可以观察到:有限元模型与本模型计算出的SIF差值逐渐增大,特别是剪切型裂纹尖端的SIFK,但相对误差基本在4.2%左右,不影响裂纹作用的分析. 说明本模型在夹杂影响下也能对裂纹尖端SIF提供较为准确的判断. 夹杂对裂纹作用的影响主要是因为夹杂引入了非弹性的本征行为,而本模型假设各离散单元中的本征应变均匀,因此本征应力的计算精度取决于网格单元大小,从而在计算表征裂纹行为的位错密度时进一步造成计算偏差. 因此,图14所示算例可见,有夹杂时K误差明显比无夹杂时大. 同时,相较于无夹杂时KK的值均有所增大,表明夹杂的存在一定程度加剧了裂纹尖端的应力集中.
图15可得出,在保证夹杂与裂纹间距不变的情况下,随着非均质夹杂弹性模量的增加裂纹尖端的SIF逐渐减小. 其中,在非均质夹杂的弹性模量满足Ei=Es时可以得到全空间中不存在夹杂物时裂纹尖端的SIF值K0. 这表明夹杂物的弹性模量同样对裂尖应力存在一定影响,可在后续的研究中针对夹杂物的弹性模量对全空间裂纹应力分布和塑性区域的影响进行探讨.
本模型不仅能较好解决上述问题,对于多裂纹/多夹杂情况也具有较强的处理能力,基于上一小节的多夹杂/单裂纹情况,保持中心裂纹Γ1位置不变,再插入一个长度a2=30 μm的横裂纹Γ2,中心位于点(0,-15 μm),两条裂纹Γ1Γ2和两个方形非均质性夹杂Ω1Ω2嵌入矩形计算域,施加远场载荷σxx=σyy=τxy=1 GPa. 在有限元模型相同位置插入长度一致的裂纹,因为本模型考虑裂纹面为自由表面,故有限元模型中两条裂纹均不施加接触. 得到计算结果后,取特定单元(y=1 μm上)的应力值进行对比,如图16所示,相比与单裂纹,多裂纹/多夹杂的复杂情况下,拉伸和剪切应力的值也更加复杂多变,并由于这是随机选取的一条裂纹,表明本模型在多裂纹/多夹杂的复杂干涉情况下仍然可以得到准确结果. 且有限元模型和本模型的结果对比具有一致性,展现本模型对更加复杂情况的处理能力,扩大了本模型的适用范围.
本模型基于各向同性全空间,结合分布位错技术和应力坐标转换求解了空间中任意方向裂纹问题;基于等效夹杂法处理任意形状的多个非均质夹杂,将两者综合得到非均质夹杂和多裂纹相互干涉作用的半解析解,并基于位错特征求解干涉作用下裂纹尖端的SIF. 本模型也能够处理多个非均质夹杂物和多裂纹的相互作用,而不会增加额外的复杂性. 本文逐步讨论了单裂纹到多裂纹/多夹杂的情况,展现了本模型对裂纹、夹杂耦合影响的准确描述能力. 并通过对比本模型及有限元模型两者干涉后的应力场及裂尖的SIF,验证了本模型的正确性. 但本模型中的应力场是裂纹和夹杂不接触时在远场载荷作用下的结果,没有考虑当裂纹和夹杂存在交叉的情况,这将在后续的研究中进行深入探究. 本方法在非均质材料断裂失效及裂纹尖端弹塑性问题中依然具有潜在的应用前景.
  • 重庆大学机械传动国家重点实验室项目(SKLMT-MSKFKT-202211)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52275175)
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2024年第45卷第4期
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.016
  • 接收时间:2024-04-24
  • 首发时间:2026-04-01
  • 出版时间:2024-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-24
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重庆大学机械传动国家重点实验室项目(SKLMT-MSKFKT-202211)
国家自然科学基金项目(52275175)
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    1高端装备机械传动全国重点实验室,重庆,400044
    2重庆大学机械与运载工程学院,重庆,400044

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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