Article(id=1246031926432219790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246031922707677827, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710000000000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775006761415, onlineDateStr=2026-04-01, pubDate=1724515200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775006761415, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775006761415, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775006761415, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246031922707677827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2024', volume='45', issue='4', pageStart='427', pageEnd='564', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775006760527, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775006830786, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246032217470779944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246031922707677827, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246032217470779945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246031922707677827, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=496, endPage=507, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246031926683878033, articleId=1246031926432219790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=Modeling and Analysis on Case Ⅱ Diffusion Coupled with Swelling Deformation Behavior in Polymers, columnId=1244229834482757770, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

For some polymers below or near their glass transition temperature, a particular type of non-Fickian solvent diffusion, known as Case Ⅱ diffusion, is typically observed. To describe the coupling effect of Case Ⅱ diffusion and swelling deformation in polymers, theoretical models are established based on continuum mechanics. Here, governing equations for solvent penetration into polymer are derived and specialized in the reference configuration, including the mechanical-chemical equilibrium state equation, the concentration-dependent diffusion equation, and the molecular number conservation equation. Additionally, a visco-hyperelastic constitutive equation taking into account the time-dependent deformation characteristics of the material is integrated to reflect the competition mechanism between relaxation rate of the polymeric network and migration of solvent in Case Ⅱ diffusion. This modeling approach is used to analyze the transient free swelling process for two material systems, so as to investigate the behavior of unidirectional Case Ⅱ diffusion in columnar and tabular polymer specimens without constraint. By applying appropriate boundary and initial conditions, the concentration, stress, and deformation field variables during the unidirectional diffusion are directly obtained. The distribution and evolution of these calculation results are compared with experimental observations, moderately validating the effectiveness and adaptability of the proposed coupling analysis method regarding polymer swelling. This developed theory may provide important guidance for practical applications such as membrane designing or drug delivery systems, where Case Ⅱ diffusion commonly occurs. It also aids in enhancing understanding of the combination of different polymer-solvent diffusion scenarios, from Fickian to non-Fickian circumstances.

, correspAuthors=Xu Li, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yan Luo, Neng Li, Xu Li, Qimin Liu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1246031937446462464, articleId=1246031926432219790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=聚合物中Case Ⅱ扩散与材料溶胀变形的耦合行为分析, columnId=1241831201896469478, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

立足于连续介质力学理论,建立了一套描述聚合物中Case Ⅱ扩散与材料溶胀变形耦合行为的理论模型,其控制方程包括力-化学平衡状态方程、溶剂扩散方程和分子数守恒方程,以及反映聚合物力学行为时间依赖性的粘-超弹本构方程. 将该理论方法用于分析两种材料体系的瞬态自由溶胀过程,探讨无约束情况下柱状和板状聚合物试样中发生单向Case Ⅱ扩散的行为特征. 结合适当的边界条件和初始条件,直接求解单向扩散的浓度场和应力/变形场函数,并将其分布、演变规律与实测结果进行对比,较充分验证了本文建立的聚合物溶胀耦合分析框架的有效性和适应性. 这些结果丰富了Case Ⅱ扩散相关的表征理论,可望为后续的薄膜设计、药物输送等实际应用场景提供重要支撑.

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Mechanical and diffusion parameters of PEGDA cylindrical sample

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扩散系数DadGτηχ
1.94×10-12 m2/s17.602.90 MPa67.24 s3.91×106 N·s/m20.4650
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柱状PEGDA试样的力学与溶胀参数

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扩散系数DadGτηχ
1.94×10-12 m2/s17.602.90 MPa67.24 s3.91×106 N·s/m20.4650
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Mechanical and diffusion parameters of polyimine sheet samples

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扩散系数DadGτηχ
5.71×10-12 m2/s22.052.20 MPa496.55 s14.4×106 N·s/m20.6811
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聚亚胺平板试样的力学与溶胀参数

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扩散系数DadGτηχ
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聚合物中Case Ⅱ扩散与材料溶胀变形的耦合行为分析
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罗焱 1 , 李能 1 , 李旭 1, ** , 刘齐民 2
固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024,45(4): 496-507
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固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 45(4): 496-507
聚合物中Case Ⅱ扩散与材料溶胀变形的耦合行为分析
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罗焱1, 李能1, 李旭1, ** , 刘齐民2
作者信息
  • 1武汉理工大学理学院,新材料理论与应用湖北省重点实验室,武汉,430070
  • 2武汉理工大学土木工程与建筑学院,道路桥梁与结构工程湖北省重点实验室,武汉,430070

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Modeling and Analysis on Case Ⅱ Diffusion Coupled with Swelling Deformation Behavior in Polymers
Yan Luo1, Neng Li1, Xu Li1, ** , Qimin Liu2
Affiliations
  • 1Hubei Key Laboratory of Theory and Application of Advanced Materials Mechanics, College of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070
  • 2Hubei Key Laboratory of Roadway Bridge and Structure Engineering, School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070
出版时间: 2024-08-25 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.013
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立足于连续介质力学理论,建立了一套描述聚合物中Case Ⅱ扩散与材料溶胀变形耦合行为的理论模型,其控制方程包括力-化学平衡状态方程、溶剂扩散方程和分子数守恒方程,以及反映聚合物力学行为时间依赖性的粘-超弹本构方程. 将该理论方法用于分析两种材料体系的瞬态自由溶胀过程,探讨无约束情况下柱状和板状聚合物试样中发生单向Case Ⅱ扩散的行为特征. 结合适当的边界条件和初始条件,直接求解单向扩散的浓度场和应力/变形场函数,并将其分布、演变规律与实测结果进行对比,较充分验证了本文建立的聚合物溶胀耦合分析框架的有效性和适应性. 这些结果丰富了Case Ⅱ扩散相关的表征理论,可望为后续的薄膜设计、药物输送等实际应用场景提供重要支撑.

聚合物  /  Case Ⅱ扩散  /  溶胀变形  /  本构方程  /  耦合分析

For some polymers below or near their glass transition temperature, a particular type of non-Fickian solvent diffusion, known as Case Ⅱ diffusion, is typically observed. To describe the coupling effect of Case Ⅱ diffusion and swelling deformation in polymers, theoretical models are established based on continuum mechanics. Here, governing equations for solvent penetration into polymer are derived and specialized in the reference configuration, including the mechanical-chemical equilibrium state equation, the concentration-dependent diffusion equation, and the molecular number conservation equation. Additionally, a visco-hyperelastic constitutive equation taking into account the time-dependent deformation characteristics of the material is integrated to reflect the competition mechanism between relaxation rate of the polymeric network and migration of solvent in Case Ⅱ diffusion. This modeling approach is used to analyze the transient free swelling process for two material systems, so as to investigate the behavior of unidirectional Case Ⅱ diffusion in columnar and tabular polymer specimens without constraint. By applying appropriate boundary and initial conditions, the concentration, stress, and deformation field variables during the unidirectional diffusion are directly obtained. The distribution and evolution of these calculation results are compared with experimental observations, moderately validating the effectiveness and adaptability of the proposed coupling analysis method regarding polymer swelling. This developed theory may provide important guidance for practical applications such as membrane designing or drug delivery systems, where Case Ⅱ diffusion commonly occurs. It also aids in enhancing understanding of the combination of different polymer-solvent diffusion scenarios, from Fickian to non-Fickian circumstances.

polymer  /  Case Ⅱ diffusion  /  swelling deformation  /  constitutive model  /  coupling effect
罗焱, 李能, 李旭, 刘齐民. 聚合物中Case Ⅱ扩散与材料溶胀变形的耦合行为分析. 固体力学学报, 2024 , 45 (4) : 496 -507 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.013
Yan Luo, Neng Li, Xu Li, Qimin Liu. Modeling and Analysis on Case Ⅱ Diffusion Coupled with Swelling Deformation Behavior in Polymers[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2024 , 45 (4) : 496 -507 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.013
溶剂分子在聚合物中的扩散以及与这种扩散相伴随的材料溶胀变形,是许多前沿研究领域和应用场景中(如药物释放[1]、组织工程[2]、传感器件[3]、防水涂层[4]等)十分关心的力-化学耦合问题. 取决于溶剂分子与聚合物链段的相互作用,其内部扩散行为一般可分为两类,即Fick扩散和非Fick扩散. 当聚合物粘滞效应较强,导致链段松弛速率远小于溶剂分子扩散速率时,材料内部的溶剂运移不再遵循传统的Fick定律,而是呈现出如图1所示的两个显著特征[5]:(1)溶胀部分和未溶胀部分之间存在着尖锐的溶剂扩散分界面,也叫尖锐前沿(见图1(a));(2)溶胀部分是橡胶态,而未溶胀部分仍是玻璃态,两者的力学性能差异较大(见图1(b)). 这种具有“软/硬”分界面的非Fick扩散现象,也被称为Case Ⅱ扩散. 相当数量的实验观测结果表明,Case Ⅱ扩散在聚合物中并不鲜见,如有机玻璃PMMA/甲醇[6]、聚氯乙烯PVC/丙酮[7]、聚苯乙烯PS/二氧六环[8],以及凝胶PEGDA/水[9]等材料体系的溶胀过程都表现出明显的Case Ⅱ扩散特性.
自从Case Ⅱ扩散现象被发现以来,就有学者尝试基于不同的物理图像与假设,提出相应的理论模型,对其输运性质和材料响应进行表征. Thomas和Windle最早假设聚合物粘性在溶剂分子的扩散过程中逐渐减弱,从而建立了一套描述非Fick扩散尖锐前沿的理论模型框架[10],但他们的模型无法准确定量地描述材料溶胀行为. Wu和Peppas提出使用Deborah数来刻画聚合物网络松弛速率和溶剂分子扩散速率的竞争机制,材料本构方面则采用了一个弹簧和一个粘壶串联的Maxwell模型来表征聚合物粘弹性[11],但这种线性流变学模型似乎过于简单. Argon等[12]考虑了聚合物的粘塑性,使用一种更符合实际的流变学本构方程与Case Ⅱ扩散模型联立,求解了溶剂渗入半无限大材料时的粘塑性变形特征与扩散前沿移动速率,并探讨了不同边界条件的影响,但他们的研究主要局限在较特定的几何区域(半空间体). Ferreria等认为扩散引起的材料变形和应力会阻碍流体分子布朗运动,因此提出一种修正的非Fick扩散模型,其中扩散通量使用Darcy定律和Kozeny-Carman方程计算,材料本构方面则采用了广义Maxwell模型[13]. Wilmers和Bargmann将热传导中的双相滞后概念应用于扩散定律,得到了能描述Case Ⅱ扩散尖锐前沿及其动力学特性的方程,增进了对Case Ⅱ扩散物理机制的理解[14],这不失为一种可行的建模和分析方法. Miao等使用分子动力学方法,尝试在两个唯象参数的基础上模拟从Fick到Case Ⅱ的不同类型扩散现象,但这套模型并未考虑非局域时间因素(如聚合物粘度)的影响[15]. 总的来说,上述前期工作大多是分别从扩散法则或本构关系着手,去建立、修正模型. 然而,要准确表征聚合物中的Case Ⅱ扩散行为,必须同时考虑材料的粘弹响应(涉及分子链的松弛效应)和链网络中的液体分子扩散规律(随溶胀过程瞬态变化). 目前,从理论角度实现聚合物中Case Ⅱ扩散与溶胀变形的耦合行为分析,尤其是理论结果与实验观测形成直观对比的工作,还几乎未见报道.
本文基于连续介质力学理论,探讨聚合物/溶剂体系的力-化学平衡条件、粘-超弹本构方程、非Fick扩散法则以及分子数守恒方程,其中采用并联网络表征的粘-超弹性本构关系可以反映聚合物链段松弛效应与溶剂扩散速率的竞争机制,从而建立起能定量描述聚合物中Case Ⅱ扩散与材料溶胀耦合行为的大变形力学模型. 将该理论方法应用于两种不同的材料体系,分别讨论无约束情况下柱状和板状聚合物试样发生单方向Case Ⅱ扩散的过程,通过直接求解耦合方程组的浓度场函数和应力/变形场函数,揭示其分布特征与演变规律. 对于两种不同松弛效应的聚合物中Case Ⅱ扩散,理论计算与实测结果均吻合较好,这足以验证本文所建分析模型的适应性和有效性.
由于聚合物内部的分子链之间存在着大量空隙[16],当聚合物吸收溶剂分子时,材料会发生溶胀变形,如图2所示. 本文选取不受外部荷载的干燥聚合物网络作为参考状态. 将网络中的每个材料质点以其自身在参考状态下的材料坐标X标记. 当聚合物网络发生变形时,网络中坐标为X的材料质点将移动到坐标为xXt)的位置. 那么,在时间t的当前状态下,可以将变形梯度定义为:
设定聚合物内溶剂分子的化学势为μXt),单个溶剂分子的体积为υ. 在参考构型中,单位体积聚合物材料内的溶剂分子数量占比为CXt),若选取体积元为dV,其中包含的溶剂分子数目即为CXt)dV;选取聚合物内面积元为dA(法向单位矢量为),若定义单位面积上溶剂分子的流动矢量为,则单位时间通过该面积元的溶剂分子数量为. 相应地,在现时构型中,单位体积聚合物材料内的溶剂分子数量占比为cxt),选取体积元为dv,其中包含的溶剂分子数目即为cxt)dv;类似还可定义流动矢量)、面积元da(法向单位矢量为)和单位时间内通过该面积元的溶剂分子数量.
基于变形前后的体积元、面积元转换关系,不难得到c=C/det(F)和,这两个式子可以用来表示浓度、扩散通量在现时构型与参考构型间的转换关系.
对于聚合物材料,要描述其力-化学耦合行为,通常需要建立一个合适的自由能密度函数. 一般地,可设自由能密度函数W是变形梯度F和溶剂分子浓度C的函数,即W=WFC). 根据连续介质力学和热动力学理论,体系的化学势μ以及名义应力S可表示为:
上式即描述了聚合物溶胀变形过程中的力-化学平衡状态.
溶剂在聚合物内发生扩散时,不仅伴随着浓度变化,整个聚合物/溶剂体系的体积同样会发生变化. 当材料吸收溶剂分子时,聚合物内的三维长链聚合物网络空隙被溶剂小分子填充,而当溶剂向材料外部迁移时,其内部空隙不断被释放出来,聚合物会发生相应收缩. 该过程中,聚合物高分子链及网络自身体积是不变的,材料吸收或释放溶剂分子发生的显著体积变化,主要归因于溶剂分子占据了聚合物交联网络间的大量空隙. 因此,材料溶胀前后的体积比由侵入聚合物内部的所有溶剂分子体积决定:
在前述状态方程的推导过程中,是将变形梯度F、溶剂分子浓度C作为两个独立的场考虑的,并且用这两个场与自由能的偏导关系来表征聚合物的平衡状态. 然而(3)式表明,这两个物理场之间存在相互影响,因此有必要将(3)式作为一个条件约束,并引入一个拉格朗日乘子P,将之添加到自由能密度函数WFC)中,以描述这种耦合约束的影响. 结合式(2)和式(3)后,修正的系统状态方程如下:
其中,表示纯粹因聚合物高分子网络变形引起的应力部分. P在数学上是作为拉格朗日乘子引入条件约束,物理上则可理解为表征扩散过程中溶剂渗透引起的渗透压力作用,是一个待定的压强场. 与此同时,考虑到与聚合物溶胀伴随的显著变形,名义应力S与真实应力σ之间的差异在直接求解的耦合理论中是不可忽略的,根据连续介质力学中应力的定义,有:
对于大部分聚合物材料的力-化学耦合过程,都可以使用Flory和Rehner提出的溶胀弹性体自由能[17],该式由两部分组成,即体系自由能变化等于物理势能(变形)变化和化学势能(扩散)变化之和:
式(6)中的Wm是聚合物和溶剂混合自由能,它反映了溶剂小分子在聚合物中的运移或扩散效应,可直接采用Flory和Huggins基于似晶格模型提出的形式[18]
其中k是玻尔兹曼常数,T是热力学温度,χ是聚合物网络与溶剂混合焓的无量纲测度. 就实际过程而言,χ会随着溶剂分子浓度增加呈非线性增加,但在Flory聚合物理论框架内,在推导化学势时假设χ与聚合物内成分浓度无关,最终可采用饱和溶胀实验来进行该参数的测定.
此时,将式(7)代入式(4),即可得到关于聚合物内溶剂化学势μXt)的表达式为:
对于式(6)中的Ws,在一些有代表性的凝胶溶胀耦合分析工作中[19,20],采用的是直接表征软材料大变形的超弹性本构模型. 然而正如引言中所述,本文的关注点是溶剂分子Case Ⅱ扩散与聚合物溶胀变形的耦合行为,超弹性模型无法反映高分子链的松弛效应,必须使用粘-超弹本构模型,以便合理表征材料的粘弹性力学行为.
在Case Ⅱ扩散的过程中,聚合物的链段松弛速率通常远低于溶剂分子的迁移速率,为了刻画这两者的竞争机制,本文采用如图3所示的粘-超弹性本构模型来表征材料与时间相关的力学响应及变形特征. 该模型由两个部件并联而成,其中部件A是一个非线性弹簧,反映材料的超弹性变形,部件B则由一个线性弹簧和一个线性粘壶组成,反映材料的粘弹性流动.
图3所示的本构模型中,两个并联部件的变形梯度相同,即有FA=FB=F,而模型A部分与模型B部分的应力之和为整个模型的应力,即SA+SB=Sdef.
对于部件A的变形梯度,可以将各向同性的体积膨胀部分提取出来,将之表示为体积变形和偏量变形的乘积:
其中表示聚合物溶胀变形时的体积变化部分. 相应地,除体积变化外的偏量变形对应的右Cauchy-Green变形张量为:
在这种情况下,部件A的变形能密度可以看作其体积变形和偏量变形的函数,再利用应力应变关系可得部件A的应力:
对于自由能WA部分,由于聚合物溶胀的超弹性并不复杂,此处采用较为简单的Neo-Hooke模型:
其中G为非线性弹簧的剪切模量,I1为变形梯度F的第一主不变量.
对于部件B的应力,由于线性弹簧与粘壶串联,故这两部分的应力相等. 设ε为部件B的总应变,α为粘壶发生的应变,则粘壶上的应力分量为;而线性弹簧上的应力则为SB=Eε-α). 联立以上两式消去粘壶部分的应变α,得到:
通过式(13)消掉SA+SB=Sdef中的SB部分,可以得到聚合物溶胀变形的三维本构方程:
其中,聚合物网络变形的松弛时间τ=η/E,膨胀变形,偏量变形,其中I*为单位四阶张量. 最终得到三维情况下聚合物网络变形引起的名义应力Sdef与变形梯度F之间的关系,即给出了本文拟用于表征聚合物膨胀变形和粘-超弹性力学行为的本构方程.
扩散规律方面,本文仍沿用Feynman等很早提出的扩散通量与化学势的关系[21],即考虑溶剂分子浓度与化学势对扩散效应的共同影响,据此给出现时构型中扩散方程的具体形式为:
上式作为较简单的扩散模型,D是与溶剂分子浓度、聚合物变形状态均无关,且保持各向同性的扩散系数.
为了得到参考构型中的扩散规律,将式(8)代入到式(15)中,并将现时构型下的浓度c以及扩散通量转化为参考构型中的浓度C以及扩散通量. 注意该过程中的C是参考构型坐标X的浓度函数,不能直接对现时构型坐标x求偏导数,因此需使用求导链式法则,将其变换为对参考构型坐标X的偏导数形式:
出于简化计算的目的,Thomas和Wu均建议将式(16)中方括号内第一个分式部分与扩散系数D组成一个整体[10,11],称之为混合扩散系数,并从实验角度考察了该系数的变化规律,发现D12主要取决于溶剂分子的数量浓度C,两者近似遵从指数关系:
其中D0反映了溶剂分子侵入干燥高分子网络的扩散速率,ad>0)则是一个表征溶剂分子浓度相关性的唯象参数,可以通过扩散实验测定.
最后考虑溶剂分子数量的守恒定律,即位于聚合物材料内参考坐标为X的体积元中,溶剂分子浓度随时间的增长率应该等于通过该体积元向外扩散的溶剂分子通量的负散度,也就是有:
将上式代入式(16)中,可以得到由变形梯度F、溶剂分子数目浓度C、与名义应力Sdef相关的参数P以及其它材料参数共同决定的系统质量守恒方程,即:
在前节中,我们建立了Case Ⅱ溶剂扩散与聚合物溶胀变形的耦合理论框架,其主要体现为包含浓度场的质量守恒方程、包含应力应变关系的本构方程以及描述力-化学平衡的状态方程. 现运用该理论求解具体问题,考虑自由溶胀的柱状和板状聚合物试样(初始为完全干燥状态),将聚合物试样下端浸入到具有恒定化学势的纯液体溶剂中,允许其发生自由溶胀直至完全平衡,如图4所示. 对于图4(a)所示的柱状PEGDA试样[9],可以直接简化为一维问题;对于图4(b)所示的板状聚亚胺试样,严格来讲该体系的溶胀变形属于二维问题(可忽略厚度方向),但是在自由溶胀状态下,由于边界上不受载荷作用,也没有其它因素影响,二维薄板可看成由许多一维的细长柱状聚合物在宽度方向上汇总而成,其中每一根细长聚合物柱都处于自由溶胀状态,因此该体系的溶胀变形问题仍然简化至一维情形. 聚合物试样的长度取为L,并在聚合物的上表面建立参考坐标系,规定沿聚合物试样长度的方向坐标为X3,而另外两个方向坐标分别为X1X2,在Case Ⅱ扩散过程中,伴随着溶剂侵入的尖锐分界面将沿着试样长度方向移动.
考虑到聚合物为自由溶胀,且除顶端外试样不受任何约束,因此满足应力关系σ11=σ22=σ33=0和变形关系λ1=λ2=λ3=λ,代入状态方程,可以得到三个方向的名义应力表达式:
将式(20)代入式(19),结合分子不可压缩条件(3),再与式(14)联立,经过适当的代换后即可得到聚合物内发生溶剂分子单向Case Ⅱ扩散的控制方程组. 注意到式(14)和式(19)中的υC实际上可合并为一个变量处理,令υC=Ф,那么Ф表示的就是聚合物材料内的溶剂分子体积浓度(之前的C是分子数目浓度). 最终写出以体积浓度场和名义应力场表示的溶胀变形支配方程如下:
可以看出式(21)和式(22)是直接耦合的,需同时求解这两个偏微分方程. 在一维自由溶胀的情况下,该问题具有如下边界条件和初始条件:
凝胶材料与溶剂未接触时(t0),柱状试样处于完全无应力的干燥网络状态,故初始条件可表示为:
除末端固定外,凝胶试样与溶剂的接触边界不受载荷作用,在溶胀发生后的任何时刻,该边界均处于无应力状态,满足σ33Lt)=0. 此外,一旦溶剂分子与凝胶高分子网络在边界处发生接触,Case Ⅱ扩散的特性是外部溶剂分子与凝胶内部发生交换的速率将远大于溶剂分子侵入凝胶棒后的扩散速率,这种情况下接触边界的化学势将保持不变,即μLt)=0. 利用上述两个关系,可以得到任意时刻在X3=L处均满足的关系式:
网络不发生任何松弛时,初始时刻浓度边界条件ФL,0)为:
类似地,初始时刻的应力边界条件为:
至此,一维单向聚合物试样在溶剂分子Case Ⅱ扩散作用下的自由溶胀瞬态过程,可通过在上述边界条件下求解偏微分方程组来实现对浓度场、应力场和变形场的描述.
为检验本文提出的理论分析方法的准确性,选取了Lee等[9]针对柱状PEGDA试样完成的实验观测结果和作者自行完成的板状聚亚胺溶胀实验观测结果,来与理论求解结果进行对比. 在Lee等[9]的实验中,使用了旋转流变仪测定材料的粘性系数η、通过压缩力学试验测定材料的模量G和松弛时间τ,并借助核磁共振技术较精细的表征了扩散系数Dad,混合焓因子χ则是通过测定材料的饱和溶胀比来推算的. 借鉴他们的做法,我们对聚亚胺材料进行了一系列类似的试验,获得了相应的力学参数及饱和溶胀比,但因直接测定扩散系数的设备需求太高,聚亚胺的扩散系数是通过宏观观测实验,以及与PEGDA试样扩散效应的对比估算而得. 表1表2分别给出了两种材料体系的性能参数,可以看出这两种聚合物的松弛效应明显不同(松弛时间存在量级差).
图5给出了从式(22)和式(23)出发求解得到的柱状PEGDA溶胀与Case Ⅱ扩散过程中的浓度场和名义应力场的数值解,其中横坐标是归一化的试样长度,纵坐标是归一化的溶剂浓度. 图6给出了不此外,由图5图7不难看出,Case Ⅱ扩散的最显著特性是溶剂浓度在扩散界面处呈现出较为急同时刻以溶剂分子体积浓度表示的扩散云图. 图7则给出了求解得到的板状聚亚胺溶胀与Case Ⅱ扩散过程中的浓度场和名义应力场的数值解,图8给出了不同时刻以溶剂分子体积浓度表示的扩散云图. 两组计算结果的浓度随位置变化曲线的特征相同,从浓度的分布和演化趋势可以看出,试样内部的溶胀区与未溶胀区之间存在着很显著的“尖锐分界面”,且随着时间的推移,分界面逐渐沿着试样长度方向移动,最终将使整个聚合物材料完全溶胀. 但两种材料体系的实际扩散速率有很大区别,PEGDA棒的溶胀观测时间约为900 s,而聚亚胺板的溶胀观测时间约为120 h,本文建立的耦合分析模型对于这两个算例均适用,图中的扩散形貌也验证了本模型的有效性. 剧的变化(曲线拐点),但在远离界面处浓度变化相对缓和,且随着扩散过程的推进,材料溶胀区的占比越来越大,考虑到这些发生溶胀的聚合物已经由玻璃态转变为橡胶态,因此对应的浓度曲线走势也会趋于平缓,即呈现出经典Fick扩散的特征. 换言之,Case Ⅱ扩散这种非经典质量传输行为基本只发生在溶剂受材料松弛效应扰动位置附近的较小空间尺度内,而且只存在于松弛效应起作用的极短时间范围内,因此从宏观物理量来看,溶胀区与未溶胀区的分界面仍然满足连续性条件.
从耦合方程组的求解结果中提取扩散分界面的位置坐标,可以得到两种聚合物试样在Case Ⅱ扩散过程中尖锐分界面随时间的变化曲线,如图9所示,并与溶胀实验测定的数据进行对比. 由这两图可以看出,随着时间的增加,尖锐分界面的位置不断下移,且对于两种不同松弛效应的聚合物中Case Ⅱ扩散,理论模型的预测结果与实验测定结果总体吻合度良好,说明该模型能够反映聚合物中Case Ⅱ溶剂扩散的核心特征,也足以验证其适应性. 当然,柱状PEGDA试样的理论预测结果与实验曲线更为接近一些,而板状聚亚胺试样在溶胀起始阶段的理论曲线与实验数据有一定偏差,这是可以理解的,毕竟在板状试样求解时为了简化问题,涉及到宽度方向的均匀性假设. 这组结果对比也说明,尽管两种材料体系都遵循Case Ⅱ扩散规律,但其扩散分界面的移动特征仍有不同. 从机理上分析,聚亚胺材料自身还具有一定的塑性,故后续有必要在这类玻璃态聚合物的本构模型中引入粘塑项,以便得到更准确的表征结果.
经历了一段时间的自由溶胀后,聚合物轴向(试样长度方向)发生显著的大变形,且轴向的每个单元变形都会导致径向长度的变化,也即完全溶胀后的试样长度可由如下积分确定:
图10给出了约900 s过程中,理论计算出的柱状PEGDA试样相对伸长量与实验测定值的对比结果,从图中的曲线走势可以看出,两者总体而言同样较为吻合,这从另一方面验证了本文关注的Case Ⅱ溶剂扩散与聚合物溶胀耦合理论分析的正确性. 图11给出了t=100 h时刻的聚亚胺板状试样溶胀实测状态与模拟状态的对比,可以看到,计算求解得到的试样形貌与实验观测到的聚亚胺扩散分界面类似,反映了材料溶胀大变形的特点.
最后,若聚合物本构关系仅考虑超弹性(图3中的部件A),其它材料参数均相同,对柱状PEGDA试样求解得到的浓度场如图12(a)所示,可以看出这是经典的Fick扩散,云图展示了由平衡试样两端浓度差引起的平滑梯度,不存在明显的尖锐分界面. 图12(b)还给出两种扩散过程中的质量吸收动力学曲线,这也十分直观的呈现了Case Ⅱ扩散与经典Fick扩散的显著差异:Fick扩散的质量吸收率随时间t呈抛物线的变化规律,而Case Ⅱ扩散的质量吸收率随时间t呈线性变化,曲线近似为直线[22]. 这明确验证了本文引言中的观点:要准确表征聚合物中的Case Ⅱ扩散行为,必须同时考虑材料的粘性响应和溶剂分子的运移特征.
本文基于非平衡态热力学理论,探讨了扩散过程中材料体系的力-化学平衡条件,并结合聚合物网络变形的不可压缩特性,对该体系的状态方程进行了修正,得到聚合物内溶剂化学势、名义应力与系统自由能密度函数之间的对应关系. 采用粘-超弹本构模型来表征材料与时间相关的力学响应特征,以刻画聚合物链段松弛速率与溶剂分子迁移速率的竞争机制. 考虑聚合物溶胀大变形的特点,利用参考构型与现时构型中相关物理量的转换关系,最终得到直接反映Case Ⅱ扩散与溶胀耦合效应的控制方程,即同时含有浓度场C、应力场Sdef以及变形梯度F的聚合物本构方程和溶剂分子数守恒方程.
在本文建立的耦合理论框架下,针对聚合物中发生单向Case Ⅱ扩散引起的自由溶胀问题,探讨了控制方程的具体简化形式,并结合适当的边界条件和初始条件,考虑了两种材料体系(柱状PEGDA和板状聚亚胺)在无约束情况下的分析求解. 对两种不同松弛效应的聚合物试样,理论计算得到的浓度场分布均呈现出与经典Fick扩散的明显差异,且溶胀形成的尖锐分界面演化规律、试样轴向变形与实验观测结果总体较为吻合,这些都验证了本文建立的耦合模型及分析方法的正确性. 此外,直观的对比结果表明,材料的粘性响应是表征Case Ⅱ扩散的关键,本文基于粘-超弹力学模型得到的耦合分析结果较真实反映了Case Ⅱ扩散的特点.
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(12002247)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(WUT:2020IB007)
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2024年第45卷第4期
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.013
  • 接收时间:2024-03-10
  • 首发时间:2026-04-01
  • 出版时间:2024-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-10
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国家自然科学基金项目(12002247)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(WUT:2020IB007)
作者信息
    1武汉理工大学理学院,新材料理论与应用湖北省重点实验室,武汉,430070
    2武汉理工大学土木工程与建筑学院,道路桥梁与结构工程湖北省重点实验室,武汉,430070

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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