Article(id=1246031925635302019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246031922707677827, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713110400000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775006761225, onlineDateStr=2026-04-01, pubDate=1724515200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775006761225, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775006761225, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775006761225, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246031922707677827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2024', volume='45', issue='4', pageStart='427', pageEnd='564', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775006760527, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775006830786, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246032217470779944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246031922707677827, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246032217470779945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246031922707677827, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=533, endPage=546, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246031925861794437, articleId=1246031925635302019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=Multi-resolution Topology Optimization Method for Composite Structures with In-plane Periodicity, columnId=1244229834482757770, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

At a microscopic level, composite materials exhibit intricate structural designs, necessitating detailed finite element mesh discretization for their analysis and design, leading to extensive computational demands. While the in-plane periodic structure, a typical composite structure, can sustain various directional forces at a macroscopic level, defining its performance remains challenging and its design and analysis are complex. This paper introduces a method for optimizing the topology of in-plane periodic structures based on thick plate theory and a multi-resolution meshing strategy. Initially, a coarse mesh is used to distinguish between macro and micro configurations, address the micro boundary value problem, and perform a similar analysis of the mechanical characteristics of the irregular single cell; subsequently, the macroscopic boundary value problems are solved using uniform equivalent properties, and a fine mesh is employed to revise the design variables and chart the density variables. It is found that assuming a thick plate that accounts for out-of-plane shear deformation makes the two-scale topology optimization design closer to real load-bearing scenarios. Employing a multi-resolution meshing strategy circumvents the issue of limited solvable problem size caused by excessive finite element computation, while maintaining the resolution of the optimized configuration.

, correspAuthors=Wenke Qiu, Liang Xia, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yinkang Zou, Shaohua Li, Wenke Qiu, Liang Xia), CN=ArticleExt(id=1246031940051124371, articleId=1246031925635302019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=面内周期性结构多分辨率拓扑优化设计, columnId=1241831201896469478, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

复合材料在微观尺度上具有复杂的结构形式,对其进行结构分析设计需要精细化有限元网格剖分,导致计算规模庞大. 面内周期性结构作为一种常见的复合材料结构形式,在宏观尺度上可以承受任意方向载荷,但是其性能表征困难,设计分析难度较大. 本文基于厚板假设和多分辨率网格策略,建立了面内周期性结构的高效拓扑优化方法. 首先,利用粗糙网格对宏微观结构进行解耦分析,求解微观边值条件,进行非均质单胞的力学性能等效表征;其次,根据均匀化等效性能求解宏观边值条件,利用精细网格进行设计变量更新和密度变量映射. 一方面,考虑面外剪切变形的厚板假设使双尺度拓扑优化设计更符合实际承载场景;另一方面,利用多分辨率建模策略,在不牺牲优化构型分辨率的前提下,避免有限元计算量过大导致可求解问题规模受限的问题.

, correspAuthors=邱文科, 夏凉, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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Stiffnesses of homogeneous unit cells

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拉伸刚度矩阵A(×106 N/m)拉伸-弯曲耦合刚度矩阵B(×106 N/m)弯曲刚度矩阵D(×106 N/m)面外横向剪切刚度矩阵H(×106 N/m)
单胞A
单胞B
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微观单胞等效刚度

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拉伸刚度矩阵A(×106 N/m)拉伸-弯曲耦合刚度矩阵B(×106 N/m)弯曲刚度矩阵D(×106 N/m)面外横向剪切刚度矩阵H(×106 N/m)
单胞A
单胞B
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Comparison of main parameters

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密度网格位移网格迭代次数平均单次迭代时间(s)
三维SIMP[18]30×30×3030×30×3020072.76
面内SIMP30×30×30409336.55
面内多分辨率10×10×1018347.55
5×5×519457.34
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主要指标对比

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密度网格位移网格迭代次数平均单次迭代时间(s)
三维SIMP[18]30×30×3030×30×3020072.76
面内SIMP30×30×30409336.55
面内多分辨率10×10×1018347.55
5×5×519457.34
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邹胤康 , 李少华 , 邱文科 ** , 夏凉 ***
固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024,45(4): 533-546
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固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 45(4): 533-546
面内周期性结构多分辨率拓扑优化设计
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邹胤康, 李少华, 邱文科** , 夏凉***
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  • 华中科技大学智能制造装备与技术全国重点实验室,武汉,430074

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*** E-mail:.
Multi-resolution Topology Optimization Method for Composite Structures with In-plane Periodicity
Yinkang Zou, Shaohua Li, Wenke Qiu** , Liang Xia***
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  • State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074
出版时间: 2024-08-25 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.015
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复合材料在微观尺度上具有复杂的结构形式,对其进行结构分析设计需要精细化有限元网格剖分,导致计算规模庞大. 面内周期性结构作为一种常见的复合材料结构形式,在宏观尺度上可以承受任意方向载荷,但是其性能表征困难,设计分析难度较大. 本文基于厚板假设和多分辨率网格策略,建立了面内周期性结构的高效拓扑优化方法. 首先,利用粗糙网格对宏微观结构进行解耦分析,求解微观边值条件,进行非均质单胞的力学性能等效表征;其次,根据均匀化等效性能求解宏观边值条件,利用精细网格进行设计变量更新和密度变量映射. 一方面,考虑面外剪切变形的厚板假设使双尺度拓扑优化设计更符合实际承载场景;另一方面,利用多分辨率建模策略,在不牺牲优化构型分辨率的前提下,避免有限元计算量过大导致可求解问题规模受限的问题.

面内周期性结构  /  厚板假设  /  多分辨率网格  /  双尺度拓扑优化

At a microscopic level, composite materials exhibit intricate structural designs, necessitating detailed finite element mesh discretization for their analysis and design, leading to extensive computational demands. While the in-plane periodic structure, a typical composite structure, can sustain various directional forces at a macroscopic level, defining its performance remains challenging and its design and analysis are complex. This paper introduces a method for optimizing the topology of in-plane periodic structures based on thick plate theory and a multi-resolution meshing strategy. Initially, a coarse mesh is used to distinguish between macro and micro configurations, address the micro boundary value problem, and perform a similar analysis of the mechanical characteristics of the irregular single cell; subsequently, the macroscopic boundary value problems are solved using uniform equivalent properties, and a fine mesh is employed to revise the design variables and chart the density variables. It is found that assuming a thick plate that accounts for out-of-plane shear deformation makes the two-scale topology optimization design closer to real load-bearing scenarios. Employing a multi-resolution meshing strategy circumvents the issue of limited solvable problem size caused by excessive finite element computation, while maintaining the resolution of the optimized configuration.

in-plane periodic structures  /  thick plate theory  /  multi-resolution mesh  /  two-scale topology optimization
邹胤康, 李少华, 邱文科, 夏凉. 面内周期性结构多分辨率拓扑优化设计. 固体力学学报, 2024 , 45 (4) : 533 -546 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.015
Yinkang Zou, Shaohua Li, Wenke Qiu, Liang Xia. Multi-resolution Topology Optimization Method for Composite Structures with In-plane Periodicity[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2024 , 45 (4) : 533 -546 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.015
由微观单胞在平面内周期性排列的复合材料板作为一种常见的结构形式,在航空航天、汽车工业等各种工业领域应用广泛,不仅可以承受面内载荷,还可以承受与平面呈任意夹角的面外载荷[1,2]. 为了精确且便捷地模拟各类微观单胞力学性能,学者们提出了大量理论模型和实验测试方法[3],而对于微观结构的定制化设计大多处于经验设计阶段. 随着增材制造技术的发展,利用拓扑优化技术实现面内周期性结构复杂微观构型的设计和制造逐步成为可能[4-6]. 连续体结构拓扑优化通过优化算法寻求一定约束条件下设计域内的最佳材料分布形式,将材料利用率最大化. 经过几十年的发展,目前代表性算法有均匀化法[7,8]、基于密度场的SIMP(Solid isotropic material with penalization)方法[9]、ESO/BESO(Evolutionary structural optimization/Bi-directional evolutionary structural optimization)方法[10,11]、水平集方法[12,13]和移动组件法[14]等. 根据设计对象和优化目标的不同,针对面内周期性结构的连续体拓扑优化设计的研究主要包括微结构性能定制设计和宏微观多尺度设计.
微结构设计通过对周期性点阵材料微结构进行拓扑优化设计,可以获得体积模量最大、剪切模量最大、负泊松比等特定性能. Kato等[15]基于SIMP方法提出了双尺度解耦分析方法,研究了二维周期性微结构刚度最大化问题. Zhang等[16]进一步扩展该方法,对初始结构进行优化得到单元密度场,再依据密度场填充不同类型单胞,该方法得到的优化结构具有较好的刚度和吸能属性. Xia等[17]发布了基于能量均匀化的二维微结构设计MATLAB开源代码,给出了适用多种问题的周期性边界条件格式,大大降低了该领域的研究门槛,Gao等人[18]随后将其扩展到三维问题求解. 宏微观多尺度设计的每一次迭代都需借助多尺度计算方法建立耦合关系,并分析结构宏观响应. Liu等[19]提出了一种双尺度拓扑优化方法,在宏观尺度上采用PAMP(Porous anisotropic material with penalization)插值模型,微观尺度上采用SIMP模型,以最小柔度为优化目标实现宏微观结构一体化设计. Huang等[20]首次使用BESO方法设计多孔材料的周期性微观结构,以获得最大体积和剪切模量,该方法使用离散变量,优化结构边界清晰,且随后将其扩展到电磁渗透率[21]、粘弹性行为[22]等优化问题. Zong等[23]通过可变的连续切割曲面,利用曲面和基本微结构构型相交,基于VCUT(Variable Cutting)参数化水平集方法实现了边界连续的结构拓扑优化设计. Liu等[24]利用多对曲面相交产生多个虚拟结构用于生成优化结构,将VCUT方法扩展到M-VCUT用于微结构优化设计,并将该方法应用于薄板微结构设计[25]. Xia等[26]基于FE2方法考虑非线性多尺度结构并行优化问题,并利用模型降阶方法加速计算. 上述方法在建立二维/三维非均质模型时均采用全向周期性假设,这一理论基础对面内周期性结构求解带来难以忽视的影响. Terada等[27]基于面内周期性假设提出了一种双尺度边界问题的求解方法,宏观尺度上采用厚板模型,微观尺度上采用三维实体模型. Nishi等[28]基于这一理论模型提出了双尺度拓扑优化方法,采用梯度法更新单胞拓扑构型,但是受商业软件限制,该方法可求解问题规模不大,需要额外进行后处理得到边界清晰的优化构型.
拓扑优化框架要求在消耗尽可能小的计算成本下获得高分辨率的优化结果,而这一目标通常取决于材料插值模型、优化建模策略、自由度数量、有限元求解器和后处理等诸多因素[29]. 基于密度场的SIMP方法将密度变量用有限元网格离散,为了得到高分辨率设计和光滑边界需要加密网格,其弊端是大大增加了有限元分析的计算量,尤其在三维问题中,细化网格带来的计算量激增[30]. 为了在计算成本可控的前提下提高求解精度,通常采用的方法有多分辨率拓扑优化方法[31]、扩展多尺度有限元方法[32]、并行计算等. 多分辨率拓扑优化方法(Multiresolution topology optimization,MTOP)通过将有限元分析网格与离散密度场解耦,利用粗糙网格完成有限元分析,精细网格描述设计变量和密度变量空间,可以显著减少有限元计算量,并将该方法扩展到自适应网格细化方法[33](Adaptive multiresolution topology optimization,AMTOP),进一步提升计算效率. Park等[34]将多分辨率拓扑优化方法用于多材料设计,首先采用多分辨率拓扑优化方法生成具有不同弹性模量的微观结构,再从微观结构库中选择合适的微观结构替换固体材料,且随后将该方法应用于3D打印骨植入物设计[35]. Xu等[36]提出了一种用于功能梯度结构拓扑优化的等几何分析方法,并采用多分辨率方法缩减计算规模,实现高效等几何拓扑优化. 扩展多尺度有限元方法(Extended multiscale finite element method,EMs-FEM)规避了均匀化框架中的尺度分离和微观结构周期性假设,从而无需在微观尺度上精确求解,而直接在宏观尺度上实现结构力学响应的模拟,也是一种广受重视的多尺度算法.
面内周期性结构的微观单胞设计需要考虑宏微观耦合分析和位移平衡条件,致使有限元过程反复调用参与迭代,从而导致计算量增加,可求解问题规模受限. 目前的面内周期性微结构设计流程大多为获取密度变量的分布趋势后,通过后处理重构三维模型,使优化构型边界清晰化. 而目前大部分研究采用较低分辨率的密度网格进行优化设计,结构边界清晰度不高,在模型重构过程中需引入更多的人工交互来清晰化边界,且重构过程所导致的性能误差难以量化. 因此,本文将多分辨率拓扑优化方法拓展至面内周期性结构的微结构设计,基于面内周期性结构的厚板假设,通过宏微观位移场耦合分析,提出了一种微观单胞的等效力学性能表征和双尺度拓扑优化方法,以实现宏观板结构的力学性能最大化,并借助多分辨率网格划分策略在缩减有限元求解规模的同时获得高分辨率的设计结果,实现优化问题的高效精确求解. 全文安排如下:第2节基于厚板理论建立面内周期性单胞的双尺度分析和等效表征模型;第3节借助多分辨率网格划分策略定义拓扑优化列示和相应的灵敏度计算方式;第4节通过两类算例分别验证等效性能表征和双尺度优化方法的有效性,并展示多分辨率方法对缩减计算规模和减少迭代时间的优势;第5节总结全文.
面内周期性结构的承载性能均匀化表征通常基于Kirchhoff薄板理论,而对于面外剪切变形不可忽略的结构,如高超声速飞行器的热防护结构或船舶船壳中的船体侧壁、船底等应用场景中,板厚通常较大且受力工况复杂,需要借助Mindlin厚板理论进行宏微观分析. Mindlin厚板理论是Kirchhoff薄板理论的扩展,与Kirchhoff薄板理论相比,除了两者适用模型的几何尺寸不同外,更在于厚板理论考虑了面外剪切载荷对整体结构的影响,面外剪切载荷的考虑与否直接影响了等效性能表征的精度及等效宏观板有限元计算的准确性. 由于Mindlin厚板理论考虑了面外剪切变形的存在,结构中面法线虽始终保持直线,但不再垂直于中面[37]. 本节基于Mindlin厚板理论对面内周期性结构进行宏微观双尺度位移场与本构关系的耦合分析,并提出了微观周期性边界条件,使微观应变与宏观应变/曲率保持一致、等效均质板的局部应变能密度与微观单胞的平均应变能相同,从而实现微观应力与宏观等效应力/弯矩的耦合映射关系,如图1所示.
考虑面外剪切变形的宏观尺度位移场如图2所示,其解析形式为:
式中,xii=1~3)为宏观坐标,uii=1~3)为宏观板位移,是中面的宏观位移,φ1φ2分别为绕轴x1和轴x2的角度.
宏观板结构的应变关系遵循Mindlin板理论,即式(1)各项对相应坐标求偏导,同时由于宏微观尺度坐标满足尺度分离假设,满足线弹性材料的应变-位移关系,在均匀化框架下,有宏观应变E为:
式中,为宏观等效应变,其中为面内法向应变,为面内剪切应变,为弯曲曲率,为扭转曲率,为面外剪切应变,且与平板绕轴角度相关,即:
通过求解宏观应力与应变的关系,可得材料的宏观本构矩阵DH,用于表征面内周期性单胞的等效力学性能. 结合平面应力假设和经典层合板理论,微观单胞的本构方程可以写作:
其中中,σii=1~8)为宏观等效应力,矩阵为ABD均为3×3矩阵,AiiBiiDiii=1,2,6)分别用于表征面内拉伸刚度、面内拉伸-弯曲耦合刚度、面内弯曲刚度,Hiii=1,2)为面外横向剪切刚度.
面内周期性结构在宏观尺度上存在方向x1x2的周期性,微观单胞的坐标形式如图3所示.
微观位移场根据宏观应变和微观坐标的耦合关系,可得:
其中中,为微观位移场,是由单胞非均质性引起的位移波动量,分别定义为:
其中中,zi为微观单胞在宏观尺度上的坐标,yi为与zi在数值上相等的独立变量.
微观应变由微观位移场求导得:
其中中,y分别定义为:
因此,微观单胞的本构方程为:
其中中,σ为微观应力,C为微观单胞的弹性矩阵,仅与构成微观单胞的材料常数有关.
Xia等[38,39]提出了一种利用位移边界条件将单位测试应变施加到微观单胞边界上的方法,借助相对面位移差为常数的性质,消去了由单胞非均质性引起的位移波动量,实现基于应力应变的等效均匀化求解. 根据方程(8)和方程(9),以周期性位移边界条件的形式对微观单胞施加8组单位测试应变,施加在边界面Y[±1]和边界面Y[±2]上的位移约束分别为:
以测试应变为例,该应变状态旨在求解微观单胞抵抗弯曲变形的能力,此时,边界面的周期性位移边界条件为:
以测试应变为例,该应变状态旨在求解微观单胞抵抗扭转变形的能力,此时,边界面的周期性位移边界条件为:
在施加面外横向剪切测试应变时,由于宏观广义应变受绕轴角度的影响,导致微观平衡问题的解是不确定的,且位移边界条件无法限制单元的刚体旋转[40]. 因此,在求解面外横向剪切刚度时,需要额外施加约束条件以避免刚体旋转:
对单胞分别施加上述8组位移边界条件和相应约束进行有限元分析,通过对有限元结果进行后处理,计算宏观广义等效应力,最后通过求解本构方程,得到微观单胞的等效均质材料的弹性矩阵,用于表征其宏观尺度等效力学性能. 由于面内周期性单胞的体积积分可以转化为边界面上的表面积分,宏观广义等效应力可改写为:
其中,为边界面Y[α]上微观应力σαjβ方向分量,即:
其中,为边界面Y[α]上的单位基向量.
基于密度场的拓扑优化框架将密度变量用有限元网格离散,为了得到高分辨率设计和光滑边界需要加密网格,将导致计算量激增,在三维拓扑优化问题中尤为严重. 多分辨率拓扑优化技术的核心思想是将对计算效率影响最大的有限元计算过程采取粗离散,达到缩减计算规模、提升计算效率的目的,对设计变量单元和密度变量单元采取细离散,并通过投影法实现耦合和灵敏度分析.
Nguyen等[31]提出了多分辨率拓扑优化方法,采用多层级网格划分策略,即利用粗糙网格完成有限元分析,即有限元网格/位移网格;中等网格用于优化迭代计算,即设计变量网格;精细网格用于表示材料密度分布和计算刚度矩阵,即密度变量网格,如图4所示. 其中,设计变量网格和密度变量网格均在有限元网格范围内均匀分布. 通过设计变量网格与单元密度网格间的投影映射关系,形成高分辨率的拓扑优化结果,从而有效提升优化计算效率与优化结果的品质[41].
为了精确计算位移网格的单元刚度矩阵,将密度网格中心作为位移网格单元的高斯积分点:
其中,Nnod为位移单元节点数,Nn为位移单元高斯积分点数,在图4所示的多分辨率网格划分策略中,Nn取值为25. B为应变矩阵,DH为均匀化等效计算所得的材料本构矩阵,ρi为单元密度变量,p为惩罚因子.
为了避免数值不稳定和棋盘效应的产生,采用投影法保证网格独立性[42],使用与设计变量网格相关联的设计变量计算密度网格中的单元密度[43,44]
其中,dn为设计变量. Si为以密度单元为圆心,过滤半径rmin为半径的圆形成的子域,如图5所示,其中,为了实现稳定的计算结果,过滤半径/位移单元尺寸需不小于0.75,与传统变密度法相比,多分辨率方法对过滤半径的限制更为松弛、对优化细节的处理也更稳定[31]. Δω为设计变量对应点与密度变量对应点的距离,即:
以宏观结构柔度最小为优化目标和材料体积分数为优化约束,建立面内周期性结构的拓扑优化模型. 假设宏观结构由单一类型微观单胞阵列而来,其结构优化模型为:
其中,d为设计变量向量,c为宏观结构柔顺度,f为宏观载荷向量,u为宏观结构位移向量,Vs为体积分数约束.
根据优化列式(23),目标函数对设计变量的灵敏度由伴随法可得:
令伴随向量λ满足fT-λTK=0,结合平衡方程可知,当λ=u时,消除式中的隐式微分项. 在MTOP算法框架内,由投影法进一步推导得:
体积约束对设计变量的灵敏度为:
其中,式(25)和式(26)中单元密度对设计变量的灵敏度由式(21)可知:
基于多分辨率网格划分策略,本文发展了一种适用于面内周期性结构宏微观一体化设计方法,其算法流程归纳如下:
(1)基于Mindlin厚板假设建立多分辨率网格模型,定义优化参数;
(2)基于有限元网格施加单位测试应变,求解微观单胞边值条件,得到微观单胞均匀化力学性能;
(3)组装宏观板整体刚度矩阵,求解宏观板边值条件,得到宏观板位移场;
(4)基于设计变量网格和密度变量网格完成灵敏度分析,更新设计变量;
(5)重复步骤(2)、(3)、(4),直至优化迭代过程收敛.
为了验证本文所提方法的有效性和优势,本节首先选取经典单胞进行均匀化计算,将等效本构矩阵作为宏观板材料输入商业有限元软件,对比等效模型和精细模型有限元分析结果,以验证等效过程的有效性;随后,基于多分辨率网格划分策略求解平板弯曲问题的最小柔度优化问题,并与基于SIMP法的宏微观一体化设计结果和单次迭代时间进行比较.
宏观模型为微观单胞以面内周期性排列而成,考虑两种不同拓扑构型的微观单胞,外围轮廓尺寸均为20×20×20 mm的正六面体,用于表示材料分布的密度网格也均为20×20×20,如图6所示. 单胞为均质材料,材料属性参数设定为:弹性模量E=5 GPa,泊松比ν=0.3.
单胞A为正六面体桁架单胞,单胞外围尺寸LA=20 mm,桁架尺寸lA=4 mm;单胞B为蜂窝板单胞,单胞外围尺寸LB=20 mm,上下板厚hB=3 mm,蜂窝芯层截面构型及离散建模如图7所示.
采用第2节提出的等效性能表征平台计算两种微观单胞的等效本构矩阵如表1所示,由于两种单胞均为对称结构,不存在由非对称性引起的拉伸-弯曲耦合刚度,则拉伸-弯曲耦合刚度矩阵B0矩阵. 分析两种单胞的拉伸刚度矩阵A、弯曲刚度矩阵D和面外横向剪切刚度矩阵H得:单胞A的抗弯能力明显优于抗拉能力和抗扭转能力,表明桁架结构单胞抵抗轴向载荷的能力显著优于其抵抗切向载荷的能力;单胞B复杂的内部构型为结构抗拉能力和抗弯能力均带来明显改善,但抵抗面外横向剪切载荷的能力与单胞A相比有所削弱.
将均匀化等效计算得到的本构矩阵作为板壳结构的材料属性输入商业软件ABAQUS,考虑如图8所示的相同边界条件,其中均布载荷为10 N/m2. 对比由微观单胞按10×10周期性阵列的宏观精细模型和等效均匀化模型的有限元分析结果,以验证等效均匀化过程的有效性,有限元分析结果如图9所示.
在一端固定,一端受压工况下,均匀化计算后的有限元分析结果U3方向(即Z方向)最大位移与精细模型有限元结果差异均在5%以内,分别为4.92%和1.37%,位移分布形式相同,由此可验证等效均匀化计算的有效性和可靠性.
考虑如图10(a)所示的宏观板结构的柔顺度最小化问题,分别采用基于三维周期性的SIMP方法、基于面内周期性的SIMP方法和基于面内周期性的多分辨率拓扑优化方法,比较三种方法的优化结果、可求解问题规模和平均单次迭代时间,以验证本文所提方法的有效性和高效性. 不失一般性,所有几何、材料及载荷参数均采用无量纲形式. 其中,宏观板由图10(b)所示单胞按10×10周期性阵列所得,两端简支,中线受面外线载荷q=1,体积分数约束,材料弹性模量E0=1,Emin=10-9,泊松比ν=0.3,惩罚因子p=3,最小过滤半径rmin=5. 计算环境均为Intel(R)Core(TM)i7-7700 3.60 GHz CPU,32.0 GB RAM,Windows 10 OS,MATLAB R2020b.
分别采用三维周期性SIMP方法、面内周期性SIMP方法和本文提出的面内周期性多分辨率拓扑优化方法求解优化问题,得到的优化构型如图11所示. 值得注意的是,三维周期性SIMP方法与面内周期性方法由于力学基本假设不同,两者优化构型具有明显差异,而面内周期性SIMP方法和本文提出的面内周期性多分辨率拓扑优化方法求解的优化构型相同.
表2分别给出了上述三种方法的求解规模、迭代次数和迭代时间等主要指标. 值得注意的是,三维周期性SIMP方法与面内周期性方法由于力学基本假设不同,两者优化构型具有明显差异. 基于面内周期性Mindlin假设的拓扑优化方法由于其复杂的有限元计算过程导致单次迭代时间明显增加,可求解问题的规模也因此受限. 采用不同位移网格规模的多分辨率拓扑优化结果相同,且引入多分辨率网格策略的拓扑优化方法在平均单次迭代时间上具有明显优势,但是并非密度网格和位移网格比例越大,即位移网格越粗糙,迭代速度越快,原因在于使用过于粗糙的位移网格会导致密度网格耦合过程的循环次数增多,迭代时间增加. 以网格规模60×60×60的密度网格为例,选取不同的位移网格数量,研究密度网格和位移网格的相对比例对迭代时间的影响,平均单次迭代时间与位移网格粗糙程度的关系如图12所示. 当采用单一分辨率精细网格,即密度网格与位移网格规模比例为1时,平均单次迭代时间较长;当采用多分辨率网格策略时,平均单次迭代时间明显缩短,但是当位移网格过于粗糙,即密度网格与位移网格规模比例为30时,平均单次迭代时间受循环进程的影响有所增加.
图13为微观单胞拓扑优化的迭代过程及其对应的目标值变化情况,位移网格规模为10×10×10,目标函数和体积分数在迭代过程中无明显振荡,且在优化末段实现收敛,证明基于面内周期性Mindlin假设进行微观单胞优化设计的稳定性. 对于两端简支的宏观板,由于仅受单一方向面外载荷,材料沿平行于载荷面的方向随着迭代进展被逐步去除,最终优化构型在垂直于载荷面方向呈现类似“X”型结构,能够较好抵抗面外剪切载荷.
本文基于面内周期性Mindlin假设和多分辨率拓扑优化方法,发展了一种适用于面内周期性结构宏微观一体化设计的高效拓扑优化方法,通过数值算例验证了所提方法对可求解问题规模和计算效率的积极影响. 与传统三维微结构设计相比,本文所提方法具有理论更贴近实际,均匀化过程概念简明、迭代计算高效等优点. 同时,本文所提方法主要关注经典周期点阵结构,对于应用更加广泛的广义周期点阵结构,可以通过引入映射函数进行扩展. 后续计划重构光滑界面网格,通过增材制造完成代表性样件制备,开展力学实验量化验证优化方法性能. 此外,基于多分辨率策略提出的拓扑优化平台有望进一步扩展至多相材料拓扑优化设计,通过引入隔热材料,在解决多相材料热应力匹配问题的基础上,实现广义面内周期性结构承载/隔热一体化设计,为厚板零件设计提供有力参考.
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(11972166)
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2024年第45卷第4期
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.015
  • 接收时间:2024-04-15
  • 首发时间:2026-04-01
  • 出版时间:2024-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-15
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国家自然科学基金项目(11972166)
作者信息
    华中科技大学智能制造装备与技术全国重点实验室,武汉,430074

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gtlxxb/CN/10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.015
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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