Article(id=1246028560188682428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246028557319783390, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1704124800000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775005958839, onlineDateStr=2026-04-01, pubDate=1719244800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775005958839, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775005958839, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775005958839, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246028557319783390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2024', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='289', pageEnd='426', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775005958156, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775006058227, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246028977123471371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246028557319783390, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246028977123471372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246028557319783390, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=352, endPage=362, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246028560461312190, articleId=1246028560188682428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=Numerical Analysis on the Local Stress-strain Response of U75V Notched Bar Considering Ratchetting, columnId=1244229834482757770, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The ratchetting-fatigue interaction of engineering materials has been extensively investigated in the recent decades. However, as an essential engineering problem, the fatigue failure of notched components with ratchetting has not yet been well touched. It is known that the local stress/strain field at the notch root is a prerequisite for further fatigue life assessment. Neuber's rule is a widely used semi-analytical method for predicting the local stress/strain at the notch root, but its feasibility is not verified when remarkable ratchetting occurs at the root. Therefore, in this work, the cyclic deformation of a notched bar made of U75V steel under asymmetrically uniaxial stress-controlled cyclic loading is simulated using the finite element method. A cyclic elasto-plastic constitutive model is selected and verified according to the experimental results of U75V steel. A UMAT subroutine is developed and implanted into the finite element software Abaqus. Based on the simulation, the stress/strain distributions and corresponding stress/strain concentration coefficients at the notch root, as well as their evolutions during cyclic deformation, are studied. Then, the applicability of Neuber's rule to analyze the local stress-strain response at the notch root of notched components is discussed, taking ratchetting into consideration. The results show that during cyclic deformation, the local stress at the notch root is relaxed, and the stress concentration coefficient decreases accordingly. Meanwhile, the ratchetting strain becomes concentrated at the notch root, and the strain concentration coefficient increases with the number of cycles. The geometric mean of stress and strain concentration coefficients also gradually increases with the number of cycles, significantly differing from the theoretical stress concentration coefficients. This suggests that Neuber's rule cannot accurately describe the stress-strain response at the notch root of notched components when significant ratchetting behavior occurs. Therefore, modifications should be made to Neuber's rule to expand its application scope.

, correspAuthors=Guozheng Kang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Kaicheng Qu, Huiliang Luo, Qianhua Kan, Guozheng Kang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1246028569093190074, articleId=1246028560188682428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=考虑棘轮行为的U75V缺口圆棒局部应力-应变分析, columnId=1241831201896469478, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文通过对U75V钢缺口圆棒在单轴非对称应力控制循环载荷作用下循环变形行为的有限元模拟,分析了缺口局部的应力-应变分布及演化情况,研究了缺口弹塑性应力与应变集中系数随循环周次的变化规律,讨论了Neuber准则对考虑棘轮行为的缺口局部应力-应变分析的适用性. 结果表明:在循环变形过程中,缺口根部的局部应力产生松弛现象,应力集中系数随循环次数的增加而减小;棘轮应变主要集中在缺口位置,应变集中系数随循环次数的增加而增大;应力集中系数与应变集中系数乘积的平方根随循环次数的增加而逐步增大,并且明显不同于理论应力集中系数. 这说明,在缺口根部出现明显的棘轮行为时,使用Neuber准则无法对缺口的局部应力应变行为进行准确描述.

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language=CN, label=图14, caption=非对称应力循环加载下不同应力水平时缺口圆棒的(KσKε1/2随循环次数演化曲线, figureFileSmall=/VNkAOjBhEB6ijAHKd7bNQ==, figureFileBig=1heSG3/BgEtvMD5ZOXagIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246028574470288045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246028560188682428, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Constitutive model parameters of U75V steel

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
E=207.1 GPa,ν=0.3,γ=15,Y0=338 MPa,Qsa=296 MPa,μ=0.1
:0.026,0.108,0.199,0.397,0.596,1.502,3,5.988,8,11.494(%);
σ10-σ10:406,502.9,549.6,615.1,665,834.2,1007.6,1142,1172.7,1186.6(MPa);
r(1)-r(10):55.8,72.1,36.0,31.3,38.6,106.9,211.6,178.9,89.7,45.7(MPa)
ξ(1)-ξ(10):3870.9,930.2,502.6,251.7,167.9,66.6,33.3,16.7,12.5,8.7;
), ArticleFig(id=1246028574638060210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246028560188682428, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

U75V钢的本构模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
E=207.1 GPa,ν=0.3,γ=15,Y0=338 MPa,Qsa=296 MPa,μ=0.1
:0.026,0.108,0.199,0.397,0.596,1.502,3,5.988,8,11.494(%);
σ10-σ10:406,502.9,549.6,615.1,665,834.2,1007.6,1142,1172.7,1186.6(MPa);
r(1)-r(10):55.8,72.1,36.0,31.3,38.6,106.9,211.6,178.9,89.7,45.7(MPa)
ξ(1)-ξ(10):3870.9,930.2,502.6,251.7,167.9,66.6,33.3,16.7,12.5,8.7;
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考虑棘轮行为的U75V缺口圆棒局部应力-应变分析
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瞿开城 , 罗会亮 , 阚前华 , 康国政 **
固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024,45(3): 352-362
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固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 45(3): 352-362
考虑棘轮行为的U75V缺口圆棒局部应力-应变分析
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瞿开城, 罗会亮, 阚前华, 康国政**
作者信息
  • 应用力学与结构安全四川省重点实验室,西南交通大学力学与航空航天学院,成都,610031

通讯作者:

Numerical Analysis on the Local Stress-strain Response of U75V Notched Bar Considering Ratchetting
Kaicheng Qu, Huiliang Luo, Qianhua Kan, Guozheng Kang**
Affiliations
  • Applied Mechanics and Structure Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, SouthwestJiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031
出版时间: 2024-06-25 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.001
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本文通过对U75V钢缺口圆棒在单轴非对称应力控制循环载荷作用下循环变形行为的有限元模拟,分析了缺口局部的应力-应变分布及演化情况,研究了缺口弹塑性应力与应变集中系数随循环周次的变化规律,讨论了Neuber准则对考虑棘轮行为的缺口局部应力-应变分析的适用性. 结果表明:在循环变形过程中,缺口根部的局部应力产生松弛现象,应力集中系数随循环次数的增加而减小;棘轮应变主要集中在缺口位置,应变集中系数随循环次数的增加而增大;应力集中系数与应变集中系数乘积的平方根随循环次数的增加而逐步增大,并且明显不同于理论应力集中系数. 这说明,在缺口根部出现明显的棘轮行为时,使用Neuber准则无法对缺口的局部应力应变行为进行准确描述.

缺口圆棒  /  应力集中系数  /  应变集中系数  /  应力松弛  /  Neuber准则

The ratchetting-fatigue interaction of engineering materials has been extensively investigated in the recent decades. However, as an essential engineering problem, the fatigue failure of notched components with ratchetting has not yet been well touched. It is known that the local stress/strain field at the notch root is a prerequisite for further fatigue life assessment. Neuber's rule is a widely used semi-analytical method for predicting the local stress/strain at the notch root, but its feasibility is not verified when remarkable ratchetting occurs at the root. Therefore, in this work, the cyclic deformation of a notched bar made of U75V steel under asymmetrically uniaxial stress-controlled cyclic loading is simulated using the finite element method. A cyclic elasto-plastic constitutive model is selected and verified according to the experimental results of U75V steel. A UMAT subroutine is developed and implanted into the finite element software Abaqus. Based on the simulation, the stress/strain distributions and corresponding stress/strain concentration coefficients at the notch root, as well as their evolutions during cyclic deformation, are studied. Then, the applicability of Neuber's rule to analyze the local stress-strain response at the notch root of notched components is discussed, taking ratchetting into consideration. The results show that during cyclic deformation, the local stress at the notch root is relaxed, and the stress concentration coefficient decreases accordingly. Meanwhile, the ratchetting strain becomes concentrated at the notch root, and the strain concentration coefficient increases with the number of cycles. The geometric mean of stress and strain concentration coefficients also gradually increases with the number of cycles, significantly differing from the theoretical stress concentration coefficients. This suggests that Neuber's rule cannot accurately describe the stress-strain response at the notch root of notched components when significant ratchetting behavior occurs. Therefore, modifications should be made to Neuber's rule to expand its application scope.

notched bar  /  stress concentration coefficient  /  strain concentration coefficient  /  stress relaxation  /  Neuber's rule
瞿开城, 罗会亮, 阚前华, 康国政. 考虑棘轮行为的U75V缺口圆棒局部应力-应变分析. 固体力学学报, 2024 , 45 (3) : 352 -362 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.001
Kaicheng Qu, Huiliang Luo, Qianhua Kan, Guozheng Kang. Numerical Analysis on the Local Stress-strain Response of U75V Notched Bar Considering Ratchetting[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2024 , 45 (3) : 352 -362 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.001
材料在承受非对称应力循环载荷时,若应力水平超过其屈服应力,将会产生塑性应变累积,该现象称为棘轮行为[1]. 棘轮变形诱导的损伤(可称为棘轮损伤)会加速疲劳失效进程,而疲劳损伤又会加速棘轮变形的演化,即产生明显的棘轮-疲劳交互作用[2]. 车轴、活塞和涡轮叶片等工程结构部件在服役过程中不可避免地会受到非对称应力循环载荷作用. 因此,棘轮-疲劳交互作用诱发的失效是工程中常见的失效形式,已经得到了较为广泛的研究[3-7]. 值得注意的是,目前已有研究主要针对均匀材料,而工程构件常伴随着孔、槽、圆角等缺口几何不连续特征. 由于在缺口根部区域会出现应力集中现象,缺口构件的疲劳失效通常发生在应力集中区域[8]. 缺口的非局部损伤行为导致考虑棘轮行为的缺口疲劳寿命评价较为复杂[9]. 因此,需要对缺口构件的棘轮行为和棘轮-疲劳交互作用开展进一步的研究. 准确获得缺口根部的局部应力-应变响应是开展进一步研究的前提.
目前,缺口根部的局部应力-应变响应的获取方法主要有3种:即实验测试法、有限元分析法和半解析法[10]. 实验测试法是最直接的方法. 但是,由于应力集中的影响,缺口局部材料大多处于弹塑性状态,其应力场很难测得. 另外,由于缺口的几何特征,传统的应变测试方法,例如应变计和引伸计等,无法直接测得缺口根部区域的应变场分布[11,12]. 近些年发展起来的非接触式全场应变测试方法(例如数字图像相关DIC方法)[13]也仅能测试表面应变场数据,无法得到三维缺口构件内部的应变分布[14],且对于尖锐缺口,其测试精度也难以保证. 在选用合适的材料本构模型与参数的情况下,有限元分析法(FEA)可以对缺口根部的局部应力-应变响应给出较为准确的预测[15]. 在材料本构模型中,随动硬化律的合理构建是描述材料棘轮变形行为的关键. Armstrong和Frederick提出的随动硬化律(简记为A-F模型)[16],由于形式简单而得到了广泛应用. 但是,模拟结果发现,A-F模型对棘轮变形的预测过高[17]. 后来,一些学者在该模型的基础之上进行了改进,先后提出了Chaboche[17]、Ohno-Wang[18]和Ohno-Abdel-Karim-[19]随动硬化模型等. 然而,有限元分析的方法计算量大且耗时长. 因此,为了便于工程应用,半解析法也受到了广泛关注. 该方法主要采用三类常用准则:即线性准则、Neuber准则[20]和Glinka准则[21],其中Neuber准则应用最广. 该准则根据缺口结构的理论应力集中系数Kt与弹塑性状态下的应力集中系数Kσ和应变集中系数Kε的关系式,结合Remberg-Osgood循环应力-应变关系来确定缺口根部在加/卸载过程中的局部应力和应变响应[22]. 后来,Hoffmann和Seeger[23]将Neuber准则推广到了多轴应力状态. 需要指出的是,半解析方法目前主要用于预测不考虑棘轮行为的缺口局部应力和应变. 在考虑棘轮行为时,该方法的适用性还需要进一步验证.
因此,本文以U75V钢缺口圆棒为研究对象,对其在非对称应力循环载荷下的缺口局部应力-应变响应进行有限元模拟,进而评价Neuber准则的适用性. 本文主要内容如下:首先介绍采用的弹塑性本构模型及其参数确定方法,进而对U75V钢材料的棘轮行为进行模拟,验证本构模型的合理性;然后,建立缺口圆棒有限元模型,对其在不同应力水平下缺口的局部应力和棘轮应变响应进行模拟,揭示弹塑性应力集中系数和应变集中系数的演化规律;最后,给出应力集系数与应变集中系数的几何平均值的演化规律,并与理论应力集中系数比较,讨论Neuber准则在考虑棘轮行为的缺口局部应力-应变分析中的适用性.
本文所用U75V钢的实验数据来自文献[24]的研究工作. U75V钢在单轴应变循环载荷下呈现循环软化的特点,在单轴非对称应力循环载荷下发生显著的棘轮变形. 为了描述这些实验现象,本文在弹塑性本构理论框架下,综合考虑各向同性硬化律和随动硬化律,对U75V钢单轴循环载荷下的循环软化特性和棘轮行为进行理论描述. 随动硬化律采用Ohno和Abdel-Karim[19]在Ohno-Wang模型I[18]和A-F模型[16]的基础上提出的Ohno-Abdel-Karim随动硬化模型,模型中采用的材料参数可以使用U75V钢的单轴拉伸应力-应变曲线确定.
(1)主控方程
在小变形框架下,将总应变ε分解为弹性应变εe和塑性应变εp两部分,响应的主控方程如下:
其中,σ为应力张量,Ce为四阶Hook弹性张量;为塑性应变率张量,为累积塑性应变率,s为偏应力张量,α为背应力张量;Fy为屈服函数,Y为各向同性变形抵抗应力.
(2)随动硬化律
Ohno-Abdel-Karim模型[19]将总的背应力分为若干项,来分段近似不同变形阶段下背应力的复杂演化规律:
其中,α为总背应力;bk为第k个单位背应力分量;rk为第k个背应力分量的模.
背应力的演化包括线性强化项和动态恢复项两部分:式(6)右侧的第一项表示线性强化项;第二项表示基于A-F模型[16]和Ohno-Wang模型Ⅰ[18]的动态恢复项.
其中,ξkk=1,2,…,M)为材料参数;μk为控制棘轮演化率的参数;Hfk)是临界面函数,当fk<0,Hfk)=0,否则Hfk)=1,H函数通过临界面函数fk来调节动态恢复项的强弱,达到合理描述应力松弛和棘轮行为的目的;<x>为步进函数,,步进函数项是为了反映多轴应力状态下背应力和塑性应变率张量之间的方向余弦要大于零的要求;为背应力的模.
(3)各向同性硬化律
各向同性硬化律通过屈服面半径的演化来描述,即:
其中,Qsa为各向同性变形抗力的饱和值. 若Qsa大于初始屈服应力Y0,则材料表现出循环硬化行为;若Qsa小于初始屈服应力Y0,则材料表现出循环软化行为;若Qsa等于初始屈服应力Y0,则材料为循环稳定材料. γ为材料参数,控制各向同性变形抗力Y的演化速率.
在本构模型的有限元实现过程中,使用径向回退映射算法,建立隐式应力积分离散格式,推导一致切线刚度矩阵形式,并编写UMAT(用户材料子程序). 该模型的非线性阶次较低,适合于有限元的实现. 本构模型的有限元实现过程参见Kobayashi和Ohno[25].
根据图1所示的U75V钢单轴拉伸应力-应变曲线,确定主控方程(2)中弹性张量Ce的材料弹性模量E为207.1 GPa. 泊松比取值为0.3.
尽管文献[19]指出Ohno-Abdel-Karim随动硬化模型参数可以由单轴拉伸应力-应变曲线确定,但是该曲线同时包括随动硬化和各向同性硬化的贡献. 因此,直接使用单轴拉伸曲线确定随动硬化参数,会产生一定程度的误差. 所以,本文采用Kang等[26]提出的方法,将单轴拉伸曲线中的各向同性硬化的贡献分离出来,得到仅包含随动硬化贡献的单轴拉伸应力-应变曲线,进而确定随动硬化模型参数. 具体步骤如下:首先,通过对称应变控制循环实验获得每一循环周次的应力幅值σa和累积塑性应变p数据;然后,用首次循环的应力幅值σa0σa进行归一化并绘制σa/σa0-p曲线,进而拟合得到函数σa/σa0=hp),拟合曲线如图1所示;而后,假设累积塑性应变p等同于单轴拉伸曲线的塑性应变εp,利用函数hp)将单轴拉伸曲线的应力σ折减为σ*=σ/hp),得到仅包含随动硬化贡献的单轴拉伸σ*-ε曲线;最后,在该曲线上选取参考点,根据式(9)和式(10)来确定Ohno-Abdel-Karim模型的参数. 累积塑性应变的计算公式为:,式中pNN个循环的累积塑性应变,Δεi和Δσi分别表示第i个循环的应变范围和应力范围[27].
其中,为选取参考点的塑性应变值,σk为参考点的应力值;σ0为弹性极限,. 本文选取的背应力分量的个数M为10,参考点个数为10个,所选取参考点在表1中予以列出. 本文不考虑不同背应力分量的μk的差异性,即假设μ=μk,并且μ可通过试错法根据一个实验工况下的棘轮应变演化曲线来确定.
对于各向同性硬化模型参数γ,本文通过对对称应变控制循环实验下的应力幅σa随累积塑性应变p的演化曲线,按照式(11)进行拟合得到.
其中,Qsa=Y0Y,ΔY为第一个循环的应力幅值σa0与循环稳定后的应力幅值σa,s的差值. 本文选取了U75V钢在幅值为0.4%的应变控制循环加载工况下的实验数据来确定各向同性硬化模型参数.
根据上述的参数确定方法,得到的U75V钢材料参数如表1所示.
在Abaqus有限元分析软件中建立代表性体积单元有限元模型,采用上述弹塑性本构模型的用户材料子程序(UMAT),分别对U75V钢在单轴拉伸、对称应变控制循环和非对称应力控制循环载荷下的应力/应变响应进行模拟. 然后,将模拟结果与实验结果进行对比分析,验证该模型对U75V钢的棘轮行为描述的准确性.
单轴拉伸实验与模拟结果的对比如图2所示,可见,该模型可以较好地反映U75V钢的单轴拉伸特性. U75V钢在幅值为0.4%的应变循环载荷下的应力-应变滞回环曲线的实验和模拟结果如图3所示. 由图可知,模拟得到的滞回环曲线与实验结果具有较好的一致性,采用的本构模型能够较为准确地捕捉该材料的循环软化特性.
本文在平均应力为150 MPa、应力幅值分别为500 MPa和600 MPa的两种应力控制循环载荷工况下,对U75V钢的棘轮变形行为进行模拟. 模拟结果与实验结果的对比分析见图4图5所示. 由图4图5可知,模拟得到的两种载荷工况下的U75V钢的滞回环曲线演化与实验结果较为吻合,说明模型能够较好地模拟该材料的棘轮变形行为.
上述实验与模拟结果的对比表明,本文采用的弹塑性本构模型可以较为合理描述U75V钢的循环软化特性和棘轮行为. 因此,本文将使用该本构模型开展后续U75V钢缺口圆棒考虑棘轮行为的局部应力-应变场分析.
基于第2节讨论的弹塑性本构模型和模型参数,在应力控制循环载荷下,对U75V钢缺口圆棒缺口根部的局部应力-应变响应进行有限元模拟. 采用轴对称半圆形缺口圆棒有限元模型,如图6所示. 圆棒半径为5 mm,半圆形缺口半径为1 mm. 沿轴向施加对称和非对称应力循环载荷,应力率为100 MPa/s,循环次数为100. 在对称循环载荷工况考虑了不同应力幅值(300 MPa、400 MPa和500 MPa)的影响;而在非对称循环载荷工况,分别讨论了平均应力(50 MPa、100 MPa和150 MPa)和应力幅值(200 MPa、300 MPa和400 MPa)的影响.
本节选取平均应力为100 MPa、应力幅值为400 MPa的载荷工况(即100±400 MPa)模拟结果,来分析缺口局部应力场的分布及其演化规律. 在指定循环周次下、应力峰值处缺口根部区域的轴向应力分布如图7所示. 为了更加清晰地描述局部轴向应力分布的特点,在以缺口圆棒中轴线为起点和缺口根部为终点的参考线上,提取在指定循环周次下、应力峰值处的轴向应力数值模拟结果并绘制轴向应力分布曲线,如图8所示. 在参考线上一共有24个单元,在靠近缺口根部区域单元尺寸相对更小. 输出模拟所得单元积分点的应力-应变进行分析,并以此表示缺口根部的应力-应变分布情况. 由图7图8可知,缺口根部区域产生了明显的应力集中现象,缺口根部应力远大于施加的名义应力值;而在远离缺口根部区域,应力基本呈均匀分布. 此外,还可以发现,由于局部棘轮应变的影响,随着循环次数的增加,缺口根部的最大轴向应力逐渐下降.
为了分析缺口圆棒在对称和非对称应力控制循环载荷下的缺口局部轴向应力-应变滞回环曲线的特点,图9给出应力幅值为400 MPa时,平均应力分别为0 MPa和100 MPa的数值模拟结果. 由图可知,在对称应力循环载荷下,缺口根部应力-应变曲线随循环周次基本没有变化;而在非对称应力循环载荷下,随着循环次数的增加,缺口根部发生了显著的棘轮变形,且峰值应力逐渐下降,产生峰值应力松弛现象.
此外,图10给出了应力水平对缺口根部应力峰值随循环周次演化的影响. 由图10可知,应力幅值和平均应力越高,缺口局部应力峰值松弛的程度越大.
在进行缺口局部应变响应分析之前,定义棘轮应变εr如式(12)所示,式中εmaxεmin分别表示单个循环中应变的最大值和最小值[1].
不同应力水平下的圆棒缺口根部(Local)棘轮应变εL,r和远离缺口根部区域的名义(Normal)棘轮应变εN,r随循环周次的演化曲线如图11所示. 由图可知:在各工况下,缺口根部的棘轮应变εL,r远大于名义棘轮应变值εN,r;在100±200 MPa工况下,远离缺口根部区域未进入屈服,名义棘轮应变值εN,r为0,而缺口根部由于应力集中,产生了明显的棘轮应变. 同时,由图11还可以看出,应力幅值和平均应力越高,缺口局部棘轮应变越大. 棘轮应变随循环周次增加而增加,导致缺口应力重新分布,产生了如图8(b)所示的应力峰值松弛现象.
Neuber准则将理论应力集中系数Kt与弹塑性应力集中系数Kσ和应变集中系数Kε关系定义如下:
理论应力集中系数为Kt通过弹性计算得到. 弹塑性应力集中系数为Kσ=σ/S,弹塑性应变集中系数为Kε=ε/e,其中σε分别为缺口局部应力和应变,Se分别为名义应力和应变. 本文在考虑缺口构件棘轮行为的情况下,将σε分别定义为应力峰值时对应的缺口局部应力和应变,Se分别定义为对应的名义应力和应变. 通过对缺口圆棒进行弹性分析可以得到本文所建立的缺口圆棒模型的理论应力集中系数为Kt=3.11.
在对称应力循环载荷时,不同应力幅值工况下缺口圆棒的应力集中系数Kσ、应变集中系数Kε和它们的几何平均值(KσKε1/2在循环加载过程中基本不变. 本文所构建的缺口圆棒模型在3种对称加载应力幅值工况下的(KσKε1/2值的范围为2.9-3.3,与理论应力集中系数Kt=3.11接近. 这表明,在对称应力循环载荷作用下,Neuber准则是适用的.
在非对称应力循环载荷时,不同应力水平工况下缺口圆棒的应力集中系数Kσ和应变集中系数Kε随循环周次的演化情况分别如图12图13所示. 由图12可知,应力水平越高、Kσ越小;同时,Kσ随循环次数增加而逐渐减小,这是因为缺口根部产生应力松弛导致的. 由图13可知,应力水平越高、Kε越大;且Kε随循环次数增加而逐渐增大,这是由于缺口根部的棘轮变形导致的.
图14给出了不同应力水平时非对称应力循环载荷作用下缺口圆棒的(KσKε1/2随循环次数的变化情况. 由图可知,(KσKε1/2与理论应力集中系数Kt的差距随循环次数的增加而逐渐增大;并且应力水平越高,二者的差距越大. 在非对称循环加载过程中,弹塑性应力集中系数Kσ和应变集中系数Kε与理论应力集中系数Kt并不满足式(13)所示的Neuber准则. 这表明,Neuber准则不能合理描述考虑棘轮行为的缺口根部的应力和应变响应.
然而,由于本文计算的缺口形式和尺寸较为单一,还不能对如何改进Neuber模型提出具体建议. 后续工作中,应该针对更多形式的缺口以及不同的缺口尺寸进行系统的、考虑棘轮行为的有限元分析,获得足够的数据,进而探讨如何改进Neuber模型,为相关构件的疲劳寿命分析提供便捷的半经验局部应力-应变计算公式.
本文对U75V钢缺口圆棒在不同载荷水平下缺口局部应力-应变响应进行了有限元模拟,通过对缺口局部的应力-应变响应和应力/应变集中系数的分析,得到以下结论:
(1)本文所选用的弹塑性本构模型可以较好地描述U75V钢的循环软化特性和棘轮行为.
(2)U75V钢缺口圆棒在非对称应力循环加载下,缺口根部产生显著的棘轮变形,并伴随有根部峰值应力松弛现象;缺口应力集中系数随循环周次的增加而逐步下降,应变集中系数随循环周次的增加而增加.
(3)在对称应力循环加载下,Neuber准则可以用于缺口局部的应力-应变分析;而在非对称应力循环加载下,由于缺口棘轮变形的影响,Neuber准则不再适用,需要结合系统的模拟数据进行合理的修正.
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2024年第45卷第3期
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.001
  • 接收时间:2024-01-02
  • 首发时间:2026-04-01
  • 出版时间:2024-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-02
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国家自然科学基金项目(12072295)
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    应用力学与结构安全四川省重点实验室,西南交通大学力学与航空航天学院,成都,610031

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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