Article(id=1246028559836360890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246028557319783390, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.054, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1698076800000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775005958756, onlineDateStr=2026-04-01, pubDate=1719244800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775005958756, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775005958756, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775005958756, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246028557319783390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2024', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='289', pageEnd='426', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775005958156, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775006058227, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246028977123471371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246028557319783390, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246028977123471372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246028557319783390, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=363, endPage=378, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246028560578752703, articleId=1246028559836360890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=Optimization Study on the Width of Narrow Coal Pillar along the Goaf Tunnel with Peridynamics, columnId=1244229834482757770, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Coal-rock mass exhibits extremely complex and discontinuous deformation, as well as heterogeneous characteristics. Traditional numerical methods, such as the finite element method (FEM), are difficult to accurately describe the entire process of damage accumulation and progressive failure. Based on the non-local peridynamics (PD) method, the corresponding micro-modulus function and critical elongation are derived by reconstructing the kernel function of the constitutive force function. This approach introduces heterogeneity by incorporating random pre-breaking bonds into the homogeneous discrete model. As a result, peridynamics can be applied to the simulation and analysis of deformation and failure of natural heterogeneous materials and structures. Taking the Fucun coal mine as an example, a heterogeneous peridynamics simulation model is established. The deformation and failure laws of the roadway's surrounding rock and failure characteristics of coal pillars with different widths are analyzed. It is found that when the width of the coal pillar is 5 m, the roadway is at the edge of the extrusion deformation zone. The significant change in abutment pressure results in severe deformation and damage to the roadway's surrounding rock. When the width of the coal pillar increases to 6 m and 7 m, the roadway's surrounding rock gradually moves away from the extrusion deformation area. Consequently, the influence of the basic roof rotation movement in the goaf on the coal pillar weakens, resulting in reduced deformation and damage to the roadway. However, when the width of the coal pillar continues to increase, the roadway's surrounding rock enters an area where the stress increases. The high bearing pressure from the external stress field leads to an increase in deformation and damage to the roadway. Considering the deformation and damage characteristics of the roadway's surrounding rock and coal pillar, a reserved width of 7 m for the coal pillar is finally determined. The proposed peridynamics simulation model provides a new and effective simulation tool for optimizing the size of coal pillars in gob-side entry driving.

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煤岩体具有极为复杂的非连续变形、非均质性特征,以有限元法为代表的传统数值方法难以准确描述其损伤累积、渐进破坏全过程. 基于非局部近场动力学方法(Peridynamics,PD),通过重构本构力函数核函数,推导了相应的微模量函数与临界伸长率. 在均匀离散模型中引入用随机预断“键”表征的非均质性,使近场动力学方法能够适用于天然非均质材料与结构的非连续变形破坏分析. 以付村煤矿为例,建立了近场动力学数值计算模型,分析了不同煤柱宽度条件下巷道围岩变形、破坏规律以及煤柱破损特征. 研究发现:当煤柱宽度为5 m时,巷道煤壁处于挤压变形区边缘,由于支承压力剧烈变化,巷帮变形破损严重;煤柱宽度增大至6 m和7 m时,巷道煤壁逐渐远离挤压变形区,煤柱受到采空区基本顶回转运动的影响相对减弱,巷帮变形和破损量较小;当煤柱宽度继续增大,巷道围岩将进入到应力增高区域,由于外应力场支承压力较大,巷帮变形及破损量会随之增大. 综合考虑巷道围岩变形破坏、煤柱破损特征,最终确定煤柱留设宽度为7 m. 本文工作表明,提出的煤岩体破损分析的近场动力学模型能够有效描述煤岩体的损伤累积和渐进破坏过程,为沿空掘巷护巷煤柱尺寸优化提供了新的计算工具.

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language=CN, label=图21, caption=不同模拟方案对应沿空巷道围岩破坏模式, figureFileSmall=kGMPoZQpJx9opTqaum0RIA==, figureFileBig=ivNkacui9s7Z/YbT89qNXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246028578173858592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246028559836360890, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Geological conditions of roof and floor of coal seam

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
顶底板岩层类别厚度(m)岩性特征
基本顶细砂岩6.80浅灰色,细粒结构,硅质胶结,成分以石英为主,含有云母片及星点状黄铁矿
直接顶砂质泥岩2.80灰黑色,含少量植物化石印痕,水平层理明显
煤层34.00黑色,以亮煤为主,玻璃光泽
伪底砂质泥岩0.80浅黑色,砂泥质结构,薄层状
直接底细砂岩8.80深灰色,水平层理,含植物化石碎片和黄铁矿,裂隙较为发育
), ArticleFig(id=1246028578274521890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246028559836360890, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

煤层顶底板岩层地质条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
顶底板岩层类别厚度(m)岩性特征
基本顶细砂岩6.80浅灰色,细粒结构,硅质胶结,成分以石英为主,含有云母片及星点状黄铁矿
直接顶砂质泥岩2.80灰黑色,含少量植物化石印痕,水平层理明显
煤层34.00黑色,以亮煤为主,玻璃光泽
伪底砂质泥岩0.80浅黑色,砂泥质结构,薄层状
直接底细砂岩8.80深灰色,水平层理,含植物化石碎片和黄铁矿,裂隙较为发育
), ArticleFig(id=1246028578370990883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246028559836360890, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Physical and mechanical parameters of coal seam and roof and floor rock layer

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩层及岩性
指标
密度kg/m3抗拉强度MPa抗压强度MPa断裂能N/m弹性模量E(GPa)内聚力MPa厚度m
基本顶-细砂岩24602.862.28513.39.66.8
直接顶-砂质泥岩24831.5528.4237.23.552.8
煤层14201.7310.58.56.31.254.0
伪底-砂质泥岩25302.467.95628.811.00.8
直接底-细砂岩28733.084.18811.112.68.8
采空区矸石11202.51.54.0
), ArticleFig(id=1246028578459071270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246028559836360890, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

煤层及顶底板岩层物理力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩层及岩性
指标
密度kg/m3抗拉强度MPa抗压强度MPa断裂能N/m弹性模量E(GPa)内聚力MPa厚度m
基本顶-细砂岩24602.862.28513.39.66.8
直接顶-砂质泥岩24831.5528.4237.23.552.8
煤层14201.7310.58.56.31.254.0
伪底-砂质泥岩25302.467.95628.811.00.8
直接底-细砂岩28733.084.18811.112.68.8
采空区矸石11202.51.54.0
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基于近场动力学的窄煤柱宽度优化研究
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赵世军 1 , 章青 2, ** , 张惟昭 3 , 缪玉松 1 , 赵新波 1
固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024,45(3): 363-378
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固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 45(3): 363-378
基于近场动力学的窄煤柱宽度优化研究
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赵世军1, 章青2, ** , 张惟昭3, 缪玉松1, 赵新波1
作者信息
  • 1青岛理工大学理学院,青岛,266520
  • 2河海大学力学与材料学院,南京,211100
  • 3山东能源集团西北矿业有限公司,西安,710018

通讯作者:

Optimization Study on the Width of Narrow Coal Pillar along the Goaf Tunnel with Peridynamics
Shijun Zhao1, Qing Zhang2, ** , Weizhao Zhang3, Yusong Miao1, Xinbo Zhao1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Science, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520
  • 2College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing, 211100
  • 3Xibei Mining Co., Ltd., Shandong Energy Group, Xi'an, 710018
出版时间: 2024-06-25 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.054
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煤岩体具有极为复杂的非连续变形、非均质性特征,以有限元法为代表的传统数值方法难以准确描述其损伤累积、渐进破坏全过程. 基于非局部近场动力学方法(Peridynamics,PD),通过重构本构力函数核函数,推导了相应的微模量函数与临界伸长率. 在均匀离散模型中引入用随机预断“键”表征的非均质性,使近场动力学方法能够适用于天然非均质材料与结构的非连续变形破坏分析. 以付村煤矿为例,建立了近场动力学数值计算模型,分析了不同煤柱宽度条件下巷道围岩变形、破坏规律以及煤柱破损特征. 研究发现:当煤柱宽度为5 m时,巷道煤壁处于挤压变形区边缘,由于支承压力剧烈变化,巷帮变形破损严重;煤柱宽度增大至6 m和7 m时,巷道煤壁逐渐远离挤压变形区,煤柱受到采空区基本顶回转运动的影响相对减弱,巷帮变形和破损量较小;当煤柱宽度继续增大,巷道围岩将进入到应力增高区域,由于外应力场支承压力较大,巷帮变形及破损量会随之增大. 综合考虑巷道围岩变形破坏、煤柱破损特征,最终确定煤柱留设宽度为7 m. 本文工作表明,提出的煤岩体破损分析的近场动力学模型能够有效描述煤岩体的损伤累积和渐进破坏过程,为沿空掘巷护巷煤柱尺寸优化提供了新的计算工具.

近场动力学  /  沿空掘巷  /  煤柱尺寸  /  数值模拟  /  宽度优化

Coal-rock mass exhibits extremely complex and discontinuous deformation, as well as heterogeneous characteristics. Traditional numerical methods, such as the finite element method (FEM), are difficult to accurately describe the entire process of damage accumulation and progressive failure. Based on the non-local peridynamics (PD) method, the corresponding micro-modulus function and critical elongation are derived by reconstructing the kernel function of the constitutive force function. This approach introduces heterogeneity by incorporating random pre-breaking bonds into the homogeneous discrete model. As a result, peridynamics can be applied to the simulation and analysis of deformation and failure of natural heterogeneous materials and structures. Taking the Fucun coal mine as an example, a heterogeneous peridynamics simulation model is established. The deformation and failure laws of the roadway's surrounding rock and failure characteristics of coal pillars with different widths are analyzed. It is found that when the width of the coal pillar is 5 m, the roadway is at the edge of the extrusion deformation zone. The significant change in abutment pressure results in severe deformation and damage to the roadway's surrounding rock. When the width of the coal pillar increases to 6 m and 7 m, the roadway's surrounding rock gradually moves away from the extrusion deformation area. Consequently, the influence of the basic roof rotation movement in the goaf on the coal pillar weakens, resulting in reduced deformation and damage to the roadway. However, when the width of the coal pillar continues to increase, the roadway's surrounding rock enters an area where the stress increases. The high bearing pressure from the external stress field leads to an increase in deformation and damage to the roadway. Considering the deformation and damage characteristics of the roadway's surrounding rock and coal pillar, a reserved width of 7 m for the coal pillar is finally determined. The proposed peridynamics simulation model provides a new and effective simulation tool for optimizing the size of coal pillars in gob-side entry driving.

peridynamics method  /  gob-side entry driving  /  coal pillar dimension  /  numerical simulation  /  width optimization
赵世军, 章青, 张惟昭, 缪玉松, 赵新波. 基于近场动力学的窄煤柱宽度优化研究. 固体力学学报, 2024 , 45 (3) : 363 -378 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.054
Shijun Zhao, Qing Zhang, Weizhao Zhang, Yusong Miao, Xinbo Zhao. Optimization Study on the Width of Narrow Coal Pillar along the Goaf Tunnel with Peridynamics[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2024 , 45 (3) : 363 -378 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.054
沿空掘巷技术能够改善巷道围岩的受力状态,提高煤炭资源采出率,降低回采巷道的维护成本,在我国得到了大规模的推广应用[1,2]. 煤柱的稳定性将直接影响巷道围岩以及沿空巷道承载结构的力学响应,因此,合理确定煤柱尺寸是保证采掘工作面正常接续的关键[3-5].
国内外众多学者运用数值方法对煤柱合理尺寸及其损伤与破坏问题开展了大量的研究工作[6]. 屠世浩等[7]利用FLAC3D分析了窄煤柱应力分布规律,提出了在保证工作面顺序接替条件下的煤柱护巷与沿空掘巷相结合的回采巷道布置方案. 孟祥军等[8]基于FLAC3D研究了倾斜厚煤层相邻工作面回采期间围岩应力分布、变形特征及相应的控制技术. 赵鹏翔等[9]利用ABAQUS开展了倾斜煤层沿空掘巷窄煤柱力学特征及尺寸效应分析,建立了峰值应力随煤柱宽度变化的拟合方程,得到了掘进过程中不同宽度煤柱的破坏形式. 崔楠等[10]从能量角度出发,研究了不同煤柱宽度条件下煤柱可释放弹性应变能的响应,依据煤柱的应变能密度分布特征选取最佳煤柱尺寸. 何文瑞等[11]基于对沿空巷道侧方覆岩结构及稳定性分析,研究不同煤柱宽度条件下巷道围岩的应力环境,得到了合理的煤柱尺寸.
煤岩体作为一种复杂地质体,其特殊的非连续性和非均质性显著影响其力学响应和稳定性. 大量的工程实践表明,煤岩体的破坏通常是区域破坏,通过一点的应力状态建立破坏准则并不能合理解释围岩的塌落现象[12-14]. 传统数值方法大多基于连续介质力学和局部理论,借助于偏微分方程的求解结果,以分析材料或结构的破坏过程,往往忽略或简化处理煤岩体内部的不连续变形和材料的非均质性. 尚缺少能够有效处理煤岩体中原生裂隙扩展、贯通或新生裂隙成核、演化发展的计算模型和分析方法,难以准确描述煤岩体损伤破坏的全过程[15,16].
近场动力学(Peridynamics,PD)是由美国Sandia国家实验室Stewart A. Silling提出的一种积分型非局部数值计算理论[17,18]. 该理论汲取了分子动力学和无网格法的优点,兼容了裂纹等各种不连续结构的物理属性[19]. PD基于非局部作用建立积分型本构模型,在离散过程中不需要进行网格划分,天然具有无网格方法的特点,再加上其本构力函数自然包含损伤和断裂的描述,因此避免了传统破坏分析中的不连续性判断和网格的二次剖分等问题[20,21]. 积分型非局部PD理论及其计算方法的提出为固体材料与结构的破坏分析开辟了新的途径,在涉及非局部长程效应、多裂纹扩展和多点损伤破碎等非连续变形破坏问题分析时具有独特优势[22]. 此外,PD采用统一的模型描述从原子尺度到宏观尺度的变形破坏问题,避免了传统的多尺度力学方法在不同尺度力学量传递等方面的复杂性,便于进行跨尺度数值计算.
本文针对传统数值方法在处理不连续变形问题的局限,考虑煤岩体材料的非均质特性,对传统PD模型进行修正,构建了煤岩体材料与结构变形破坏分析的近场动力学模型,编写了FORTRAN计算程序. 以付村煤矿3411工作面运输巷为工程背景,结合付村煤矿的地质采矿条件和实际生产现状,分析了护巷煤柱的合理留设尺寸及其变形破坏特征,揭示了巷道围岩变形破坏演化规律,为护巷煤柱尺寸的优化提供新的有效途径.
PD理论将研究对象视为由大量物质点组成的体系,物质点之间采用“键”相连. 如图1所示,对于空间域R上物质点xi,在任意时刻t的PD运动方程可以表示为:
式中,Hx表示物质点xiδ为半径的近场作用范围;为加速度,bxt)为体力密度,Vij为等价积分体积.
定义ξ=xj-xi为相对位置矢量,η=uj-ui为相对位移矢量,fηξ)即为物质点对xixj之间的本构力函数. 根据斯托克斯定理成立的充要条件,存在可微的标量函数w满足:
式中,wηξ)为点对势能函数(变形能密度).
对于初始微观弹脆性模型(Prototype Microelastic Brittle Model,PMB)[23],其材料力学性质与微观弹性模量c以及临界伸长率s0有关. 储存在物质点对间“键”中的点对势能函数wηξ)为:
物质点xi在其近场范围δ内的变形能密度为:
式中,系数1/2表示每个物质点的变形能密度各占据物质点对变形能密度的一半.
在PD中,用物质点在其近场范围内断“键”数目与“键”总数目的比值表示局部损伤:
根据Silling和Askari[23]定义的PMB材料,用“键”的伸长率s表征外荷载对物质点对xixj之间相互作用的影响,当s超过某一与材料力学性能有关的定值,则它们之间的“键”将会发生不可恢复的永久截断. 该定值为关于δ的函数,如图2所示,称之为临界伸长率s0.
Silling等通过推导,得到了均质各向同性弹脆性材料(PMB材料)的本构力函数表达式:
式中,μtξ)为与时间相关的标量函数;c为微观弹性模量,简称为微模量.
在PMB模型中,微模量c和临界伸长率s0是两个重要的材料参数. 经典的PMB模型将微模量视为常数,没有反映长程力的空间分布特征,影响PD的计算精度. 为此,在本构力函数中引入核函数κξδ)对PMB模型进行修正[24],在本文中,考虑长程力空间递减变化,构造了能反映物质点对间长程力空间递减变化的二次多项式型本构力函数核函数κξδ),其形式为:
基于PD中应变能密度、断裂能与连续介质力学对应的能量等效原则,可以导出PMB模型中的微模量c和临界伸长率s0. 如图3所示,对于二维模型,在断裂面单位面积上截断所有的“键”所做的功为G0G0即能量释放率:
式中,z表示物质点xi到断裂面的距离;θ为旋转角度.
在断裂表面完全分离和裂纹尖端附近没有其他耗散机制的前提下,可以推导能量释放率G0的近似表达式为:
进而可以得到微模量函数cξδ)以及修正模型中临界伸长率s0的表达式:
求解PD运动方程涉及时间积分以及空间离散与积分. 如图4所示为二维结构中心正交的均匀离散示意图,结构可离散为四边形子域,离散后的配置点置于子域中.
在参考构型中的物质点xi受到其近场范围δ内其他物质点xj作用而产生的单位体积力可以通过求和的方式得到,对于(准)静态问题,可以采用动态松弛法进行求解,在求解时需增加阻尼项,空间积分方程可离散为以下形式:
对时间的数值积分可以通过Velocity-Verlet差分格式得到,物质点的位移uxt)和速度分别为:
式中,Δt为时间步长,且远小于临界时间步长Δtc,即需要满足,Δχ为“键”的最小长度,CL为材料中纵波速度.
传统理论中的应力边界条件不能直接施加在PD中,外力通常需通过体积力密度施加,集中力和面力施加在边界几层物质点上,假设模型受外力p时,可将其转化为PD中的外体力密度:
为初步确定护巷煤柱宽度范围,如图5所示,根据极限平衡理论[3],可以计算常规地质条件下沿空巷道护巷煤柱宽度W
式中,W为煤柱宽度;W1为上区段工作面回采后在采空区侧煤体中产生的塑性区宽度;W2为考虑煤层厚度较大而增加的护巷煤柱稳定性系数;W3为锚杆有效作用长度,W3=2.0 m;h为煤层厚度,h=4 m;μ为侧压系数,且μ=ν/(1-ν);ν为泊松比,ν=0.25;φ0为煤层界面内摩擦角,φ0=30°;C0为煤层界面的内聚力,C0=1.5 MPa;K为应力集中系数,K=2.0;γ为上覆岩层的平均容重;H为巷道埋深,H=500 m;Pz为锚杆对煤帮的支护阻力,Pz=0.25 MPa.
将相关参数代入式(17)、(18)和(19)计算可得W1=2.49 m,W2=1.35-2.25 m,由此计算得到沿空掘巷的护巷煤柱合理宽度范围为W=5.84-6.74 m,在上述计算过程中忽略了构造应力以及煤层倾角等因素的影响,因而在数值计算模型中考虑护巷煤柱宽度范围为W=5-10 m,且宽度间隔1 m设置6个模拟方案,以保证护巷煤柱宽度在合理的范围内.
煤岩体具有由裂纹、节理、层理和断层所切割的各种工程地质特征,其非连续、非均质特性显著影响巷道围岩的稳定性. 在数值模型中,用物质点的局部初始损伤表示材料内部缺陷,如图6所示. 本文在均匀离散计算模型中引入用随机预断“键”系数表示的初始损伤量,表征材料孔隙、裂纹等微缺陷,以此反映煤岩体的非连续、非均质性[25,26]. 如图7所示,用随机断“键”得到的损伤量作为非均质模型的初始条件,M为随机断“键”率,Dindex为对应的物质点损伤指数.
对于物质点对xixj的非均质度分别为Mxi)与Mxj),则物质点对间的“键”ξ=xj-xi保持完好的概率为:
式中,Mx)为某一物质点的非均质度,即随机断“键”率;Mc为材料的临界非均质度.
在均匀离散模型中,假定各处的非均质度均为Mx),即物质点的初始损伤指数为:
在PD中,采用“键”的微模量函数cξδ)和临界伸长率s0两个参数表征材料的力学性能. 由于亿万年的地质沉积作用,煤系地层呈现出类似“三明治”状的分层结构,煤层及煤层顶底板可以视作由不同岩层组合而成的复合材料. 在计算模型中,默认岩层的分层是规则的,对于跨越岩层和岩层内所有的“键”,其微模量函数cξδ)和临界伸长率s0可取每组物质点对应材料相应力学参数的调和平均值,即:
相应的煤层及煤层顶底板岩层之间的复合“键”微模量以及临界伸长率为:
巷道在掘进过程中,煤岩体地应力不断释放,开挖释放载荷计算是岩土工程数值分析的重要环节. 在本文研究中,忽略了煤岩体的构造应力,假定初始应力场完全由自重应力产生,将计算模型底面竖直方向位移固定,侧面法向水平位移固定,仅在模型自重作用下达到平衡状态,由此可计算开挖释放荷载. 考虑到键型PD理论中没有应力、应变的概念,在具体实施过程中,可先对计算模型施加自重荷载,求得物质点所受的体力密度,作为巷道后续开挖模拟时施加的初始条件并提取出来,并将在此过程中物质点产生的位移归零. 具体流程见图8所示.
付村煤业位于山东省微山县境内,核定年生产能力为300万吨. 该矿的主采煤层为3煤(分为3煤和3煤),呈现单斜构造,煤层倾角为0~12.5°,厚度5.19~5.57 m,厚度稳定,该煤层属于光亮、半光亮型煤,性脆且有玻璃光泽. 3411工作面运输巷位于3408回采工作面的临近侧,沿3煤底板掘进,总长1522.1 m,工作面埋深平均为480~530 m,3411工作面采用一次采全高后退式回采方法. 3煤层及其顶底板岩层地质条件见表1.
为保障矿井的高效集约化生产的要求,实现3411工作面与3408工作面的连续接续生产,需在3408工作面回采期间进行3411工作面运输巷的掘进,在掘进过程中将受到3408工作面推进的动压及采空区的影响,巷道以及护巷煤柱易受到超前支撑压力、工作面采动压力以及采空区的影响. 导致巷道围岩应力及位移分布不均,合理布置3411工作面运输巷、优化护巷煤柱合理宽度,确定支护方案并尽可能控制支护成本,对保证工作面的安全接续具有重要的意义,也是亟需解决的技术难题.
为满足通风、行人以及物料、煤炭运输的需要,设计巷道断面尺寸为4.2 m×3.8 m,巷道断面面积约为16 m2,属于大断面巷道,计算模型的几何尺寸按不小于巷道几何尺寸的10倍选取,尺寸为60 m×40 m,如图9所示,计算模型中各岩层厚度以及材料的物理力学参数详见表2. 该问题可以简化为平面应变问题,在键型PD模型中的泊松比,ν=0.25. 在基于PD方法进行计算时,采用正交均匀的物质点离散,物质点间的间距为|Δx|=0.1 m,删除巷道范围以及采空区部位的物质点,计算模型的物质点总数为232320个. 通常选取较大的近场范围可以提高计算精度,但会影响计算效率,一般选取δ=3|Δx|可以兼顾计算精度与效率. 在本文中,由于设置了由随机预断“键”表征煤岩体的非均质性,为避免模型边界处过早发生破坏,近场范围尺寸适当增大,选取为δ=6|Δx|.
工作面在回采以前处于初始应力状态,随着工作面的推进,直接顶板会发生冒落,基本顶出现规律性破断与回转. 采空区冒落的矸石是松散的岩块堆积体,考虑对采空区进行充填,随着时间的推移,充填后采空区矸石的支撑强度提高并占据采空区部分体积,能够支撑部分破断垮落的煤层顶板. 在本文的计算模型中,选取小模量材料表示压实后的采空区矸石.
巷道埋深在-500 m左右,巷道周边岩层较密实、孔隙率较低,故选取材料的非均质度为5%. 对模型施加力边界条件,上覆岩层的平均容重为γ=20 kN/m3,力载荷施加在计算模型上侧端三层物质点上,模型左侧边界、右侧边界约束水平方向位移,下侧边界约束竖直方向位移.
图10-图15分别为不同煤柱宽度条件下计算得到的巷道围岩水平方向和垂直方向的位移云图. 从图中所示结果可以看出,不同煤柱宽度对巷道围岩变形破坏特征有显著影响. 由于采空区基本顶破断、下沉回转作用,对护巷煤柱产生挤压变形区,导致其承受较大的压力,沿采空区侧巷道煤壁发生片帮并剥落. 煤柱宽度不仅影响两帮煤壁的变形量,更是对巷道围岩的变形破坏形态有显著影响.
巷道围岩的变形量是煤柱留设宽度合理性的重要评价指标,根据上述计算结果可知,当煤柱宽度为7 m时,巷道围岩的变形量相对较小. 为准确描述巷道围岩的变形,需要进一步对其进行深入分析. 为此,在巷道围岩一定范围内设置监测线和监测点,具体为:在顶板中,沿竖直方向每隔0.5 m设置一行监测点,共计9行189个位移监测点;在巷道两帮,沿水平方向每隔0.5 m设置一列监测点,每侧煤帮共计7列63个位移监测点,如图16所示. 根据计算结果,可以得到巷道顶板、两帮的位移分布曲线以及其随煤柱宽度不同而变化的规律.
当煤柱宽度为5 m时,巷道煤壁处于挤压变形区边缘,巷帮变形量大;随着煤柱宽度增大至6 m和7 m时,巷道煤壁逐渐远离挤压变形区,巷帮变形量将会减小;当煤柱宽度继续增大,巷道围岩将进入到外应力场范围,即应力增高区域,巷帮变形量会随之增大. 不同煤柱宽度条件下巷道围岩顶板位移分布规律特征如图17所示,不同煤柱宽度对巷道围岩顶板竖直方向位移有较大影响,当煤柱宽度为5 m时,巷道围岩顶板下沉量最大,下沉量为282 mm,煤柱宽度由6 m增大至10 m时,巷道围岩顶板的最大下沉量依次为271 mm、267 mm、273 mm、276 mm、279 mm;巷道围岩顶板竖直方向位移呈现出明显的不对称现象,靠近采空区侧巷道顶板下沉量明显大于靠近实体煤一侧,这是因为煤层基本顶在煤柱上方发生断裂,由基本顶的回转下沉作用引起的巷道顶板不对称变形;同时,煤柱上方顶板由于靠近采空区,更易受到开采扰动的影响,下沉量相对较大;基本顶在发生断裂以后,以煤柱为支点向采空区大幅度回转,不同的煤柱宽度导致顶板下沉量差异较大,煤柱太小或太大都将引起支承压力在水平方向上呈现出剧烈的变化.
不同煤柱宽度条件下巷道围岩两帮位移分布特征分别如图18图19所示,由于受到采空区基本顶下沉、回转运动的影响,煤柱侧煤壁水平方向变形量明显大于实体煤侧;巷道两帮煤壁肩部的变形量要大于其他部位,在图18(b)图19(b)所示的巷道煤柱帮变形破坏曲线中尤为显著;从图18(a)图19(a)所示巷道实体煤帮变形破坏曲线中可以看出,实体煤侧上部煤壁的变形在整体上要大于下部变形,这与工程现场实际情况相一致.
沿空巷道的掘进过程打破了采空区侧向应力的平衡状态,在上覆岩层竖直方向应力以及岩块破断回转弯矩的叠加作用下,将在煤柱靠近采空区、巷道两侧煤壁产生应力集中区,此时煤柱极易发生片帮破坏. 因此,准确掌握煤柱发生破坏的塑性区范围以及分布规律,对合理选取巷道支护方案具有重要的指导意义.
基于PD方法计算得到不同宽度煤柱的损伤破坏特征,如图20所示. 当煤柱宽度为5 m时,煤柱受到上覆岩层竖直方向应力与采空区基本顶回转弯矩共同作用,处于支承压力的剧烈变化区,在煤柱巷道侧、采空区侧都会产生较大范围的损伤破坏区,具体表现为巷道侧煤壁表面片帮剥落,靠近巷道一定范围内的煤体裂隙发育,巷道围岩的整体性被破坏,形成较大范围的破碎带;随着煤柱宽度的增大,煤柱受到采空区基本顶回转运动的影响相对减弱,在巷道侧煤壁以及沿采空区煤壁同样会产生损伤区,但损伤区的范围也相对减小;当煤柱的宽度继续增大超出内应力场范围时,由于外应力场支承压力较大,易造成煤柱破损严重.
巷道掘进是一个先加载后卸载的过程,在此过程中打破了原有的应力平衡状态,加之受到基本顶回转下沉运动的影响,巷道两帮会出现不同程度应力集中,导致巷道煤壁剥落、片帮. 不同煤柱宽度条件下巷道围岩变形破坏特征如图21所示,由图可知:巷道围岩区域内煤体整体处于支承压力影响范围,由于高支承压力的反复作用,巷道围岩内的大量次生裂纹将快速成核、贯通、扩展导致宏观裂纹的产生,从而诱发巷道围岩出现整体的失稳破坏. 巷道上覆岩层与采空区基本顶回转运动的共同作用造成了不同煤柱宽度条件下巷道围岩变形破坏的差异,煤柱宽度为5 m时,煤柱受到的支承压力最大,巷道围岩破损严重;随着煤柱尺寸增大,其受到的支承压力先减小后又增大,当煤柱尺寸为7 m时,巷道围岩的破损程度相对较小.
(1)在修正PMB模型基础上,推导了相应的微模量函数和临界伸长率的表达式,通过在均匀离散模型中,利用随机预断“键”表征煤岩体的非均质性,将所构建的PD模型应用到煤岩体结构破坏分析领域,该模型能够更加准确描述岩石类准脆性材料的断裂破坏过程.
(2)当煤柱宽度较小时,煤柱受到上覆岩层竖直方向应力与采空区基本顶回转弯矩共同作用,巷道煤壁处于挤压变形区边缘,支承压力变化剧烈,煤壁表面片帮剥落,巷帮变形量大;随着煤柱宽度增大,煤柱受到采空区基本顶回转运动的影响相对减弱,巷帮变形量减小;当煤柱宽度继续增大,巷道围岩将进入到应力增高区域,巷帮变形量会随之增大. 煤柱宽度不仅影响两帮煤壁的变形量,更是对巷道围岩的变形破坏形态有显著影响.
(3)巷道上覆岩层与采空区基本顶回转运动的共同作用造成了不同煤柱宽度条件下巷道围岩变形破坏的差异,在高支承压力的反复作用下,巷道围岩内的大量次生裂纹将快速成核、贯通、扩展导致宏观裂纹的产生,从而诱发围岩出现整体的破损,通过定性分析巷道围岩、煤柱破坏形态与定量分析巷道围岩变形量,得到了付村煤矿3411工作面运输巷护巷煤柱的合理宽度为7 m.
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(12302264; 11932006; 52104004)
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2024年第45卷第3期
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.054
  • 接收时间:2023-10-24
  • 首发时间:2026-04-01
  • 出版时间:2024-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-24
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(12302264; 11932006; 52104004)
作者信息
    1青岛理工大学理学院,青岛,266520
    2河海大学力学与材料学院,南京,211100
    3山东能源集团西北矿业有限公司,西安,710018

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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