Article(id=1246028559354015925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246028557319783390, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1706976000000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775005958640, onlineDateStr=2026-04-01, pubDate=1719244800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775005958640, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775005958640, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775005958640, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246028557319783390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2024', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='289', pageEnd='426', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775005958156, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775006058227, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246028977123471371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246028557319783390, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246028977123471372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246028557319783390, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=401, endPage=415, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246028559597285559, articleId=1246028559354015925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=Study on Hardening Effect of Metallic Glass under Cyclic Loading, columnId=1244229834482757770, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study investigates the mechanical behavior of binary Cu-Zr metallic glass under cyclic loading using the molecular dynamics simulation method. Firstly, simulations of single indentation are performed on metallic glasses with four different alloy ratios (Cu50Zr50, Cu54Zr46, Cu60Zr40, and Cu64Zr36), and their corresponding force-depth curves are obtained. The evolution of their microstructures is analyzed using Voronoi indices. To further reveal the hardening mechanism of the metallic glasses under cyclic loading with different alloy ratios and loading rates, the hardness, average atomic volume, residual indentation depth, local shear strain, and large-strain atoms involved in indentation are analyzed. The results indicate that the yield capacity of metallic glass increases with the Cu content under different alloy ratios, primarily due to a higher Cu content resulting in more short-range-ordered structures, thus enhancing the yield capacity. Simulation results also show that after cyclic loading, the average hardness at large-depth indentation of metallic glass with the four different alloy ratios increases by 1.86% to 3.17% compared to that of single indentation. The generation and accumulation of shear bands during the cyclic process, as well as the decrease in the average atomic volume in the region beneath the indenter, lead to a denser structure, effectively resisting further deformation and serving as the main factors contributing to the hardening effect. After cyclic indentation of Cu50Zr50 metallic glass at different loading speeds (80 m/s, 100 m/s, and 150 m/s), it is found that the higher the loading rate, the more micro-plastic deformation, residual indentation depth, and large-strain atoms in the matrix. This leads to a higher average hardness and a more pronounced hardening effect in the metallic glass. This work not only contributes to a better understanding of the plastic deformation mechanism of binary Cu-Zr metallic glass under cyclic loading, but also provides reference data for potential applications and the design of new nanostructured materials.

, correspAuthors=Jun Hua, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhenghong Zhu, Jun Hua, Xiaoru Xing, Dong Zhao), CN=ArticleExt(id=1246028566584996189, articleId=1246028559354015925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=循环荷载作用下金属玻璃的硬化行为研究, columnId=1241831201896469478, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文采用分子动力学模拟方法研究二元Cu-Zr金属玻璃在循环荷载作用下的力学行为,并通过荷载-位移曲线、Voronoi指数、局部剪切应变等多种方式分析了不同合金比例和不同加载速率下的硬化行为. 结果表明,Cu-Zr金属玻璃的屈服能力随Cu含量的增加而增加,主要是由于Cu含量高的金属玻璃有着更多的短程有序结构. 四种不同比例的金属玻璃经过循环荷载诱导后,大深度压痕下的平均硬度比单次压痕下的平均硬度分别增加了1.86%~3.17%. 循环过程中剪切带的产生和累积,以及压头下方区域的平均原子体积减少,使得结构更加紧密,从而可以抵抗进一步的变形,这是导致硬化行为的主要因素. 采用不同加载速率对Cu50Zr50金属玻璃进行单次压痕和循环压痕,加载速率越高,金属玻璃的平均硬度越高,硬化效应也越明显.

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Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 2017, 470: 160-167., articleTitle=Influence of loading rate on the mechanical performance of metallic glass, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1246028572733846118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246028559354015925, awardId=DB12062, language=CN, fundingSource=西安建筑科技大学校人才科技基金项目(DB12062), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1246028566815682917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246028559354015925, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1246028566819877222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246028559354015925, companyId=1246028566815682917, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Mechanics, School of Science, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1246028566828265831, 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246028559354015925, language=CN, label=图10, caption=Cu50Zr50MG卸载时的剪切应变分布图, figureFileSmall=gtSLd2eAlOMw+2D5fPvqMQ==, figureFileBig=jVvA62/3ZC+Mv7PMm7UpxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246028571190342173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246028559354015925, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=F-h curves at different loading rates during cyclic indentation, figureFileSmall=LYRE6RltKeqhQs1zdY+zhA==, figureFileBig=rbKAxl1pO0IqEucwlvbenA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246028571286811169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246028559354015925, language=CN, label=图11, caption=循环压痕过程中不同加载速率下荷载随压痕深度的变化曲线, figureFileSmall=LYRE6RltKeqhQs1zdY+zhA==, figureFileBig=rbKAxl1pO0IqEucwlvbenA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246028571362308647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246028559354015925, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Residual indentation depth at different rates during cycling process, figureFileSmall=GqHgRIfxkwSKIStGwi8wfQ==, figureFileBig=gafTh72z51pKbQkZvG7iwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246028571425223212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246028559354015925, language=CN, label=图12, caption=循环过程中不同速率下的残余压痕深度, figureFileSmall=GqHgRIfxkwSKIStGwi8wfQ==, figureFileBig=gafTh72z51pKbQkZvG7iwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246028571580412469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246028559354015925, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=F-h curves of single indentation and large depth indentation at different loading rates, figureFileSmall=HXLgcYVVeTZulWsHsbz5rA==, figureFileBig=vMts/oW7NgeREQDonoHw6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246028571668492857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246028559354015925, language=CN, label=图13, 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ArticleFig(id=1246028572494770781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246028559354015925, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Average hardness of different MGs during single indentation and large depth indentation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
平均硬度(GPa)Cu50Zr50Cu54Zr46Cu60Zr40Cu64Zr36
单次压痕7.527.778.268.67
大深度压痕7.667.938.478.94
), ArticleFig(id=1246028572591239777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246028559354015925, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同MG在单次压痕和大深度压痕下的平均硬度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
平均硬度(GPa)Cu50Zr50Cu54Zr46Cu60Zr40Cu64Zr36
单次压痕7.527.778.268.67
大深度压痕7.667.938.478.94
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循环荷载作用下金属玻璃的硬化行为研究
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朱正洪 , 华军 ** , 邢小茹 , 赵冬
固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024,45(3): 401-415
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固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 45(3): 401-415
循环荷载作用下金属玻璃的硬化行为研究
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朱正洪, 华军** , 邢小茹, 赵冬
作者信息
  • 西安建筑科技大学理学院力学系,西安,710055

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** E-mail:.
Study on Hardening Effect of Metallic Glass under Cyclic Loading
Zhenghong Zhu, Jun Hua** , Xiaoru Xing, Dong Zhao
Affiliations
  • Department of Mechanics, School of Science, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055
出版时间: 2024-06-25 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.005
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本文采用分子动力学模拟方法研究二元Cu-Zr金属玻璃在循环荷载作用下的力学行为,并通过荷载-位移曲线、Voronoi指数、局部剪切应变等多种方式分析了不同合金比例和不同加载速率下的硬化行为. 结果表明,Cu-Zr金属玻璃的屈服能力随Cu含量的增加而增加,主要是由于Cu含量高的金属玻璃有着更多的短程有序结构. 四种不同比例的金属玻璃经过循环荷载诱导后,大深度压痕下的平均硬度比单次压痕下的平均硬度分别增加了1.86%~3.17%. 循环过程中剪切带的产生和累积,以及压头下方区域的平均原子体积减少,使得结构更加紧密,从而可以抵抗进一步的变形,这是导致硬化行为的主要因素. 采用不同加载速率对Cu50Zr50金属玻璃进行单次压痕和循环压痕,加载速率越高,金属玻璃的平均硬度越高,硬化效应也越明显.

金属玻璃  /  循环荷载  /  硬化效应  /  剪切带  /  分子动力学模拟

This study investigates the mechanical behavior of binary Cu-Zr metallic glass under cyclic loading using the molecular dynamics simulation method. Firstly, simulations of single indentation are performed on metallic glasses with four different alloy ratios (Cu50Zr50, Cu54Zr46, Cu60Zr40, and Cu64Zr36), and their corresponding force-depth curves are obtained. The evolution of their microstructures is analyzed using Voronoi indices. To further reveal the hardening mechanism of the metallic glasses under cyclic loading with different alloy ratios and loading rates, the hardness, average atomic volume, residual indentation depth, local shear strain, and large-strain atoms involved in indentation are analyzed. The results indicate that the yield capacity of metallic glass increases with the Cu content under different alloy ratios, primarily due to a higher Cu content resulting in more short-range-ordered structures, thus enhancing the yield capacity. Simulation results also show that after cyclic loading, the average hardness at large-depth indentation of metallic glass with the four different alloy ratios increases by 1.86% to 3.17% compared to that of single indentation. The generation and accumulation of shear bands during the cyclic process, as well as the decrease in the average atomic volume in the region beneath the indenter, lead to a denser structure, effectively resisting further deformation and serving as the main factors contributing to the hardening effect. After cyclic indentation of Cu50Zr50 metallic glass at different loading speeds (80 m/s, 100 m/s, and 150 m/s), it is found that the higher the loading rate, the more micro-plastic deformation, residual indentation depth, and large-strain atoms in the matrix. This leads to a higher average hardness and a more pronounced hardening effect in the metallic glass. This work not only contributes to a better understanding of the plastic deformation mechanism of binary Cu-Zr metallic glass under cyclic loading, but also provides reference data for potential applications and the design of new nanostructured materials.

metallic glass  /  cyclic loading  /  hardening effect  /  shear band  /  molecular dynamics simulation
朱正洪, 华军, 邢小茹, 赵冬. 循环荷载作用下金属玻璃的硬化行为研究. 固体力学学报, 2024 , 45 (3) : 401 -415 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.005
Zhenghong Zhu, Jun Hua, Xiaoru Xing, Dong Zhao. Study on Hardening Effect of Metallic Glass under Cyclic Loading[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2024 , 45 (3) : 401 -415 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.005
金属玻璃(Metallic glass,MG)是20世纪60年代才发展起来的一种新兴金属材料,被视为21世纪的新型功能材料[1]. 它是熔融状态下的金属液体经过快速冷却而制得,也称为“非晶合金”[2]. 该合金呈现长程无序、短程有序的特点,且不存在晶界、位错、孪晶等晶体缺陷,这些独特的结构特性使得MG在力学、物理和化学方面有着优异性能,比如高强度、高硬度、高断裂韧性、较大的弹性极限、耐磨性、耐腐蚀和导电性能等[3-6]. 迄今为止,Co-Fe-Ta-B金属玻璃的压缩强度5185MPa是块体金属玻璃的最高强度[7],Pd基金属玻璃拥有最高的断裂韧性[8],断裂韧度可达200 MPa·m1/2. 但是,金属玻璃在低温和室温下具有低延展性和较差的塑性,这严重阻碍了金属玻璃的发展及其应用[9]. 在过去的几十年里,这种材料的变形行为吸引了国内外许多研究者[10-14]. Packard等[15]发现MG的塑性主要是由于应力集中在超过屈服阶段的区域内形成一条狭窄的剪切带(Shear band,SB). SB是基体在外力作用下由剪切转变区(Shear transformation zone,STZ)聚集而产生的[16]. 在外力作用下,STZs在软区(自由体积较大的原子区域)内被激活,自组织发生原子重组,达到屈服荷载后快速传播形成剪切带,在传播过程中剪切带被硬区(相对于软区,自由体积较小的原子区域)阻碍[17,18]. 此外,SB和其他不可逆塑性变形对MG的力学行为具有明显影响[11,19]. 在循环加载过程中,微塑性应变的出现和累积成为不可忽视的因素,导致进一步的变形. 金属玻璃在循环载荷作用下的性能是一个关键问题,是新结构材料应用前的重要评价指标.
为了进一步分析金属玻璃在循环荷载下的疲劳机制,科研工作者进行了大量的研究. Sha等[20]采用分子动力学(Molecular dynamic,MD)方法研究了金属玻璃在拉伸-压缩循环作用下的疲劳机制. 研究表明,循环拉伸-压缩下,随着循环次数的增加,STZs开始聚集使得剪切带开始萌芽,当剪切带萌芽达到剪切带临界厚度后,快速传播穿透整个试样,形成一条新生剪切带,然后沿着剪切面发生破坏. Bai等[21]采用MD方法研究了金属玻璃在循环拉伸作用下的疲劳机制,研究表明,SB增厚是MG的内在疲劳机制. Jiang[22]利用ABAQUS软件研究了应变幅值和循环频率对金属玻璃疲劳的影响. 研究表明,随着应变幅值的增大,加载循环次数显著减少;在同一应变幅值下,疲劳寿命随着循环频率的增加而增加.
实验和模拟[23-25]已经证实,压痕初始阶段属于弹性阶段,荷载-位移曲线遵循赫兹理论,当荷载-位移曲线中由于荷载不变位移突增产生第一个锯齿(pop-in)时,则表明金属玻璃产生SB. 压痕是通过在局部施加集中应力来检测单个SB的有效方法[14],因此压痕也被广泛用于研究金属玻璃的力学行为和机械性能. Packard等[23,24]用球形金刚石压头对Pd基金属玻璃和Fe基金属玻璃进行了循环压痕实验,载荷在弹性范围内. 经过实验测试发现在一个重新加载循环中屈服载荷增加20%~30%,并且这种硬化行为随着循环次数的增加而累积. 据推断,该硬化行为是由压头下方微小结构变化的累积引起的. Aqeeli[26]进行了一系列循环压痕实验,重点研究了弹性加载幅值和加载速率对Pd基金属玻璃的影响. 实验表明,存在一个负荷阈值,低于该阈值,在金属玻璃中不会引发循环硬化. 随着加载速率的升高和弹性循环次数的增加,出现明显硬化. Avila等[27]采用MD方法建立Cu64.5Zr35.5金属玻璃模型,通过控制压头最大荷载进行循环压痕模拟. 随着循环次数的增加,压痕最大位移也逐渐增加,其原因是剪切带内配位数为12和13的原子明显增多. Wang等[28]使用STZ动力学模型研究金属玻璃在循环纳米压痕下的变形行为,发现循环压痕后表现出的硬化行为与自由体积的减少有关. Lashgari等[29]采用MD方法对Fe基非晶合金进行循环压痕模拟,研究表明,Fe基非晶合金在循环加载过程中硬化的主要原因是五重对称性的增加. Deng等[30]采用MD方法对Cu63.5Zr36.5金属玻璃进行循环压痕模拟,研究表明,循环压痕后需要更高的荷载才能使MG发生屈服.
这些实验和模拟研究分析了单一合金比例的金属玻璃在弹性循环荷载下剪切带的演变过程、力学行为及不同循环次数对金属玻璃力学性能的影响. 但很少探究循环荷载作用下合金比例对金属玻璃的力学性能以及剪切局部化的影响.
为进一步了解合金比例对金属玻璃循环荷载作用下力学行为的影响,本文采用典型的二元Cu-Zr金属玻璃进行MD模拟,通过控制压头压入的速度进行循环压痕模拟,并考虑合金比例、加载速率对金属玻璃力学行为的影响,结合径向分布函数、Voronoi指数、剪切应变,深入分析金属玻璃中的加工硬化现象.
利用大规模原子/分子大规模并行模拟器(LAMMPS)建立了MG的原子结构模型并模拟压痕过程[31]. 建立大小为3.25 nm×3.25 nm×3.25 nm的Cu原子微小立方构型,约4212个原子,然后通过ratio命令在晶体模型中随机改变Zr原子以替换Cu原子的占比分数,分别得到化学组分为Cu50Zr50、Cu54Zr46、Cu60Zr40和Cu64Zr36的初始模型. 模型初始温度设置为300 K,经过2.2 ns升温至2500 K使初始模型被快速加热和熔化,并使温度保持在2500 K弛豫500 ps,促使两种原子的充分混合. 然后以2×1012 K/s的冷却速率将模型降至300 K. 冷却完成后,在xyz方向以6×5×5的倍数进行周期性地复制,获得大模型的尺寸约为25.14 nm×21.25 nm×21.25 nm,约63万个原子. 将大模型保持在300 K下弛豫500 ps以消除由周期性复制引起的界面效应. 然后将MG模型升温至600 K并在600 K下退火500 ps,最后冷却至300 K并弛豫1000 ps以获得非晶态的MG模型. 最终得到同一冷却速率下制备的四种不同化学成分的MG模型. 在制备过程中三个方向采用周期性边界条件,时间步长为2 fs,通过NPT系综进行温度和压力控制.
在循环压痕过程中采用半径为5 nm的金刚石刚性压头,模型如图1所示. 其中压头底部距离基体上表面1 nm,防止在初始位置受到原子间相互作用力的影响. 在金属玻璃基体中有三种类型的原子,即固定层、恒温层和牛顿层原子[32]. 底部1 nm的原子被设置为固定层,以避免压痕过程中基体的移动. 在固定层的上部设置1 nm厚的恒温层,而恒温层上部的基体原子被设置为牛顿层. 循环压痕模拟使用速度Verlet算法,时间步长为1 fs,xy方向设置为周期性边界条件,初始温度为300 K. 在压痕开始前,模型在NPT系综下松弛500 ps,然后压头以100 m/s向z轴负方向运动,压入深度达到2 nm后以相同速度进行卸载,循环3次,最后进行一次压入深度为7 nm的大深度压痕模拟,如图2所示.
模拟过程中利用EAM势函数可以有效的描述MG中Zr和Cu原子之间的相互作用[33,34]. EAM势函数如下:
其中,Fα表示嵌入能,是电子密度ρ的函数;φ表示原子间的对势,rij表示i原子和j原子间的距离,αβ表示原子ij的元素类型.
模拟过程中采用金刚石球形压头,其中的C-C原子相互作用采用AIREBO势描述[35],该势广泛应用于C原子之间的相互作用,其总能量表达式如下:
其中,分别表示共价键合力、原子间相互作用和二面角效应.
此外,金刚石压头和基体材料之间的相互作用关系由12-6 Lennard-Jones(L-J)势进行描述[36,37],主要是采用该势函数在压痕模拟过程中取得的结果与实验较为吻合,得到广泛应用,其能量表达式如下:
其中,ε为能量标度参数,其值等于最小势能;σ为碰撞半径,其值等于原子零点势的距离;r为原子间的距离. 第一项为短程排斥力,第二项为远程吸引力. 值得注意的是,εσ这两个参数是根据Lorentz-Berthelot混合规则确定的C-Cu和C-Zr相互作用,该规则已被广泛用于估计非金属原子的LJ参数[38],其计算公式如下:
单一原子间的参数如下:εC=0.03 eV,εCu=εZr=0.1 eV,σC=3.1 Å,σCu=1.236 Å,σZr=2.352 Å[39,40]. 通过公式(4)和公式(5)得到不同原子间的L-J势参数,对于C和Cu原子,ε=0.05477 eV,σ=2.168 Å. 对于C和Zr原子,ε=0.05477 eV,σ=2.726 Å. 截断半径rc取为7.0 Å.
径向分布函数(Radial distribution function,RDF),用gr)表示. 它是揭示液态和非晶结构特征的有力工具[41]. gr)描述的是距离中心原子r位置处,厚度为δr的球壳内的平均原子数密度ρr)与整体的平均原子数密度ρ0的比值. RDF计算式为:
其中,V表示体系的体积,Nir)表示在rr+δr球壳内的原子数,N表示体系的原子数.
二元Cu-Zr体系的MG在300 K下的径向分布函数如图3所示. RDF曲线中的第一峰给出了关于非晶结构内局部信息. 从曲线可以看到,随着Cu元素的增加,第一峰的位置略微向左移动,表示体系更紧密,这与Cu相对于Zr具有较低的原子半径一致.
从RDF曲线中可以明显观察到,四种合金成分的MG第二峰都出现劈裂现象,表明制备所得的MG具有无定形性质,属于非晶态结构. 劈裂主要是由于系统中短程有序结构的形成,比如全二十面体、五重对称性. 与其他二元合金相比较[42],Cu-Zr体系第二峰分裂更为明显,也说明了该体系具有良好的玻璃形成能力.
对四种不同比例的MG进行单次压痕的模拟,得到300 K下的荷载随压痕深度(F-h)的变化曲线,如图4所示. 四种不同比例的MG在单次压痕下所受荷载的变化趋势一致,这与实验[10,43]所观察到的现象一致,荷载都随着压痕深度的增加而增加. 当h<0 nm时,基体内部荷载几乎为0 nN,主要是由于压头还未接触到基体. 在图中可以明显的看到,当h=0 nm附近,所受荷载呈现先减小再增大的规律. 主要是在下压的过程中金刚石和基体原子的相互作用由吸引力转变为排斥力. 当压头接触基体时,排斥力大于吸引力,随着压头向下运动,总体呈现排斥力. h=0~2.5 nm时,荷载大致呈线性增长,这是与压头与基体材料之间的接触面积增大有关. 随着压头的进一步的下压,h=2.5 nm~7 nm阶段,荷载增加速率变缓.
当压头压至同一深度时,含Cu量越高的MG,在压痕过程中所受荷载也越高. 由此可见,在Cu-Zr二元MG体系中增加Cu的比例可以提高整个系统的承载能力,这与Jasim等[15]的实验结果一致.
F-h曲线中出现明显的锯齿现象(图中红色圆圈的地方),与压痕实验测试中出现的pop-in现象吻合[23,24],它是MG材料发生屈服的标志. 随着MG中Cu含量增多,屈服强度随之增加,且发生屈服的位置越靠后. 为了进一步研究锯齿现象发生前后的变化机制,采用局部剪切应变分析MG原子结构转变的关系. 其计算表达式如下[44]
其中,εxyεyzεzxεxxεyyεzz是i原子局部的应变分量. 在OVITO中通过对原子着色的方法直观展示出金属玻璃的局部变形程度,该方法可以很好的观察到非晶合金内局部的剪切变形情况.
图5给出了Cu64Zr36MG发生屈服前后的剪切应变图,其中(a)表示屈服发生之前(图4中的i处)的原子剪切应变图,(b)则表示屈服发生之后(图4中的ii处). 通过对剪切应变图的比较,发现屈服的发生与剪切带的形成及局部化有关,也表明屈服和塑性变形伴随着锯齿现象的发生. 在图5中可以观察到,在基体表面与压头接触的地方存在部分原子堆积,称为“堆积(pile-up)”. 这是由于,在压头下压过程中,剪切带的产生会促进压痕区域的原子发生错动,在表面出现堆积现象,并释放了结构中的内应力,因此观察到的压痕力增加有所减缓[39].
为了能够更好的解释这一现象,采用了Voronoi多面体分析法对MG进行分析,它是分析非晶结构内部原子排列的有力工具. 在这种方法中,通过沿着连接中心原子和所有相邻原子的线构建平分平面,空间被划分成围绕每个原子的多面体[45]. 每个原子的Voronoi多面体可以由<n3n4n5n6>进行表示,其中n3是指每个Voronoi单元中具有3条边的面的数量. 在分析的过程中采用这四个指数是因为对于i>6的ni通常是稀缺的,它们的贡献可以忽略不计. 每个原子的Voronoi指数之和等于其配位数. MG是短程有序、长程无序的非晶态结构,结构中的短程有序决定了原子重排的程度和MG在压痕下的剪切带的产生.
在压痕过程中采用OVITO软件对四种不同比例的MG进行分析,绘制五种主要的Voronoi指数的比例随压痕深度的变化曲线,如图6所示. 在图中可以明显看到,随着压痕深度的增加,Voronoi指数的比例发生了变化. 对于不同比例的MG,在初始压痕时,样品中Cu含量的增加虽然改变了MG中元素的初始占比,但多面体<0,0,12,0>和<0,2,8,1>的占比也随之增加,所以Voronoi指数<0,0,12,0>和<0,2,8,1>所对应的多面体是MG中主要的短程有序结构. 从图6(a)中可以看出,对于Cu50Zr50样品,压痕过程中Voronoi指数<0,0,12,0>和<0,2,8,1>两种类型随着压痕深度的增加而减小,其余指数的比例在压痕过程中几乎无变化. Cu含量越多的样品在压痕过程中Voronoi指数<0,0,12,0>和<0,2,8,1>的减小趋势也越强. 随着压痕深度的增加可以看出<0,2,8,2>保持稳定,而Voronoi指数<0,3,6,3>和<0,1,10,2>表现出更大的增量. 这一结果表明,富含Cu元素的Cu-Zr二元MG的脆性局域变化与Voronoi指数<0,0,12,0>和<0,2,8,1>的急剧下降以及Voronoi指数<0,3,6,3>和<0,1,10,2>的生成有关.
可见,压痕过程中MG的变形演变比较依赖于MG的合金比例,合金比例的轻微变化引起了载荷的机械响应明显变化.
图4中,第一次锯齿现象出现的时候表示对应材料发生屈服,进入弹塑性阶段. 为了研究在弹塑性状态下循环荷载对材料的作用机理,循环荷载的加载方式如图2所示. 在300 K下,四种不同比例的MG在循环幅度为3 nm的循环压痕曲线如图7所示,与实验[10]在循环压痕阶段的曲线有着相同的趋势. 为了更好的对比不同成分的压痕曲线,将MG中Cu含量为54%、60%、64%的曲线分别向右平移3、6、9 nm. 在图中可以看到,对于四种不同比例的金属玻璃,第二次循环的压痕曲线明显偏离第一次压痕循环曲线,这意味着该循环幅度下的荷载超过弹性范围,说明该循环幅度是可取的. 对于不同合金比例的MG,每次压头运动至循环压痕深度时,Cu含量越大,其所受荷载也越大. 对于同一比例的MG,下一次循环压痕开始的时候会比上一次循环开始时的位置靠右,这主要是由于前一次压痕卸载后有一部分金属玻璃无法恢复,产生了塑性变形. 当达到循环压痕深度后进行卸载,可以看到卸载瞬间,荷载呈断崖式下降.
经过3次循环压痕后,模拟大深度压痕所得的荷载随压痕深度(F-h)的曲线如图8所示,与Zhao等[14]的研究结果一致. 可以看出,在压痕过程中,基体中Cu含量越多,其荷载最小值所在位置越向右偏移,因为循环压痕对四种不同Cu含量的MG产生了不可恢复塑性变形. 随着压头的下压,荷载增加速率先快后缓. 当h<2 nm时,荷载的增加速率随MG中Cu含量的增加而增加. 与单次压痕所得的力-位移曲线相比,大深度压痕模拟所得的曲线中出现“驼峰”状(图中红色圆圈),在该位置,不同比例的MG发生了屈服. 为了更好的观察图中的“驼峰”状,以Cu64Zr36为例,将单次压痕和大深度压痕下的F-h曲线绘制在图8中的小图,可以清晰的看到,当循环幅度超过弹性范围时,压头在屈服点被触发前需要更大的荷载,并且也更深地穿透到MG中,这表明在累积压痕变形后需要更大的荷载才能屈服.
为了更好的观察不同比例的MG在同一幅度下循环压痕力学性能,对单次压痕和经过循环诱导后的大深度压痕的硬度进行对比分析.
根据力-位移曲线除了可以看出材料的屈服强度,还可以采用Oliver-Pharr方法[39]计算得到材料的硬度. 先通过力-位移曲线中的卸载部分计算材料的刚度,然后再计算材料在压痕过程中的硬度,计算公式如下:
其中,F是压入过程所受荷载;Ac为对应荷载下压头在压入过程中的接触面积;R是模拟所采用的压头半径;hc是根据方程确定的实际压痕深度;h是压痕深度;ε是几何常数,对于球形压头,ε=0.75. S是通过力-位移曲线中卸载部分得到的接触刚度. 根据Qiu等[39]的研究可知,卸载过程中刚度趋于无穷大,所以hc近似于h,从而有效面积可以通过以下公式计算:
由此可以通过计算得到四种不同比例的MG在单次压痕和大深度压痕过程中硬度随压痕深度(H-h)的变化,如图9所示,与Qiu等[39]的研究趋势一致,压痕初期,硬度快速增加,随后保持稳定. 在图9(a)中可以看出,单次压痕下材料硬度随着压痕深度的增加而增加,随后在一定范围内波动,趋于稳定. 同一压痕深度下,含Cu量越高的MG,其硬度也较高.
h=5~7 nm阶段(即图9中紫色虚线矩形框)的硬度作为单次压痕以及大深度压痕的平均硬度,计算值如表1所示.
对于同一比例的MG,经过循环压痕后,大深度压痕阶段的平均硬度均比单次压痕的平均硬度高. 比较不同合金比例的MG可知,在单次压痕和大深度压痕过程中,平均硬度有着相同的规律,随着Cu含量的增加,平均硬度也随之增加. 四种不同比例的金属玻璃经过循环压痕后得到不同程度的硬化效果,大深度压痕下的平均硬度比单次压痕下的平均硬度分别增加了1.86%、2.12%、2.54%、3.17%.
图10分别展示了Cu50Zr50MG在循环最大深度处第一次、第三次卸载时的剪切应变云图. 在图10(a)中可以发现第一次循环压痕过程中,基体内部已经产生微塑性变形,由STZs聚集产生剪切带. 随着循环次数的增加,第三次压痕卸载时可以发现在压头下方大应变原子明显增加,产生剪切应变集中现象,基体内部结构发生微塑性转变,并且剪切带在一定区域内增多.
以Cu50Zr50MG为例,通过对图中紫色区域进行平均原子体积的计算发现,第一次压痕后该区域内的原子平均体积为18.93 Å3,经过三次循环后,该区域的平均原子体积为18.72 Å3,减少了1.13%. 说明在循环压痕之后,压头下方区域变得致密. 经过三次循环压痕后,致密化区域增大,原子体积减小. 同样,通过对比第一次压痕和第三次压痕卸载时的平均原子体积,得到Cu54Zr46、Cu60Zr40、Cu64Zr36在同一区域的平均原子体积分别减少1.25%、1.41%、1.62%. 可以看出,MG经过循环压痕后,平均原子体积的减少量随Cu含量的增加而增加.
通过模拟结果可知强化机制可能是循环荷载诱导下使材料密度增加的同时产生微塑性变形,从而使MG模型,特别是压头下的部分,经历局部组织转变. 该区域原子体积减小变得更加致密,变形需要更大的荷载,从而能够抵抗进一步的变形,这也是MG经过循环荷载诱导后硬度增加的原因.
加载速率是影响MG力学性能的另一个因素. 在室温下对Cu50Zr50MG进行循环压痕幅度为3 nm,加速速率为80 m/s、100 m/s和150 m/s的循环压痕模拟. 在之前的压痕模拟过程中,加载速率大多选择50 m/s~200 m/s[39,46]. 在保证计算精度的前提下,选择合适的加载速率有利于节约计算资源和时间. 金属玻璃在实际应用中较为广泛,采用不同的加载速率可以应用于不同的场景. 与此同时,选取三种不同的加载速率进行研究,可以更全面的获得不同加载速率下的力学行为及微观机理. 图11显示了不同加载速率下的循环压痕过程中的荷载随压痕深度(F-h)的变化曲线. 为了方便观察,将加载速率大于80 m/s的曲线向右做平移处理. 从图中可以看出在循环压痕过程中,压头运动至同一压痕深度时,加载速率越大,材料所受荷载也就越大. 经过三次循环,加载速率为80 m/s、100 m/s和150 m/s曲线在最大循环深度时的平均荷载分别为259.1 nN、373.87 nN、513.58 nN. 且随着循环次数的增加,曲线的起始点会相对靠右,这是由于前一次压痕荷载后,Cu50Zr50MG内部有部分基体原子无法恢复,产生了塑性变形.
为了进一步揭示循环压痕对金属玻璃的影响,图12统计了每次循环压痕结束后基体的残余压痕深度(hw). 从图中可以看出,残余压痕深度随着循环次数的增加而累积. 这表明金属玻璃在循环压痕过程中产生了塑性变形. 且加载速率越大,塑性变形越大. 进一步说明了循环荷载作用下加载速率对金属玻璃的影响较大,且加载速率越大,影响越显著.
经过循环诱导后再进行大深度压痕模拟,为了对比分析,绘制不同加载速率下单次压痕和大深度压痕中荷载随压痕深度(F-h)的变化曲线,如图13所示,与实验[47]的现象一致. 无论是单次压痕还是大深度压痕,在压痕过程中荷载随着位移的增加而增加,且压头处于同一位置时,MG所受的荷载随着加载速率的增大而增大. 同一加载速率下,与单次压痕相比,经过循环诱导后的力-位移曲线存在明显的锯齿现象,该处是对应加载速率下的屈服点(图13中紫色圆圈处). 随着加载速率的增大,屈服荷载增加.
利用公式(8)-(11)计算不同速率下单次压痕和大深度压痕的硬度,取其稳定阶段(图13中红色矩形框)作为对应情况下的平均硬度,结果如图14所示. 无论是单次压痕还是大深度压痕的平均硬度都随着加载速率的增大而增大. 加载的速率越高,MG的硬化效应越明显. 经过80 m/s、100 m/s和150 m/s三种不同加载速率的循环诱导后,大深度压痕的平均硬度比单次压痕分别提高了0.74%、1.86%、3.36%.
为了进一步揭示循环荷载作用下加载速率对Cu50Zr50MG的影响,以第一次循环压痕为例,图15展示了Cu50Zr50MG在不同加载速率下不同压痕深度时的剪切应变分布图. 其中,h=0 nm是压头底部刚好接触/离开基体上表面,h=2 nm是压头位于最大循环压痕深度,h=-1 nm是压头卸载后回到初始位置. 从图中可以看出,在第一次循环的加载过程中,即使加载速率不同,随着压痕深度的增加,塑性变形增加,压头下方拥有大剪切应变的原子越多. 这是因为在加载过程中,MG软区内的STZs优先被激活,产生剪切应变,当STZs自组织协同发展后产生剪切应变集中现象. 当h=2 nm,压头运动至循环最大深度,塑性变形达到最大. 在卸载过程中,应变区域逐渐缩小,残余压痕深度也随之减小,这是由于体系内部分原子向上运动,得到恢复. 对比h=0 nm和h=-1 nm时的剪切应变分布图发现,基体内的应变分布图几乎一致,残余压痕深度不变,说明完全卸载后体系达到稳定状态. 从图中还可以发现,在同一压痕深度下,加载速率越高,应变区域更广,堆积现象越明显,且卸载后的应变区域以及残余压痕深度越大. 主要是由于,加载速率越高,原子在每个时间步长内被压头推向更大的位移,被激活的STZs越多,压头下方的应变更高,该区域的原子没有足够的时间来恢复或调整,产生塑性变形,从而使得基体抗变形的能力更强. 因此,加载速率的增加导致基底硬化.
原子剪切应变,则被认为是大应变原子(LS)[32]. 图16表示Cu50Zr50MG在不同加载速率下循环压痕过程中大应变原子随压痕位移(D)的变化趋势. 从图中可以发现,在第一次循环压痕过程中,加载速率越大,大应变原子增加的速度越快,且在最大循环压痕幅度时大应变原子在体系中的占比也越大. D=3 nm时,第一次循环压痕开始卸载,大应变原子比例下降,是由于体系内部分原子在卸载过程中恢复弹性. 第一次循环压痕完全卸载时(D=6 nm),加载速率越大,体系中残余的大应变原子也越多.
根据上述讨论及分析可以看出,金属玻璃经过不同加载速率的循环压痕后,其屈服荷载和硬度均得到提升. 主要是由于,加载速率越快,产生更多的STZs,基体内微塑性变形越明显,大应变原子含量越多,且在循环压痕过程中,微塑性变形的不可逆和累积使得残余塑性变形越大,基体硬化程度越高,并且在循环过程中逐渐累积,硬化得到进一步强化.
本文采用MD方法研究了二元Cu-Zr系列MG在循环荷载作用下的压痕力学行为,对不同合金比例和加载速度下的硬化行为进行探讨. 得出以下结论:
(1)MG在压痕过程中剪切带的产生伴随着锯齿现象发生,标志着材料发生屈服. 随着Cu含量的增加,MG屈服时的荷载增加,主要原因是含Cu量越高的MG中<0,0,12,0>、<0,2,8,1>较高,且在压痕后期与<0,1,10,0>、<0,2,8,2>增加有关,说明材料的力学性能对化学成分比例有依赖性. 可以在Cu-Zr体系的MG中通过增加Cu的含量来提高材料的承压能力,从而制备更优异的MG材料.
(2)与单次压痕相比,大深度压痕模拟所得的荷载深度曲线中出现“驼峰”状的曲线段,说明经过积累后需要更大的荷载才能引发屈服. 四种不同比例的MG发生屈服时的荷载也随Cu含量的增加而增加,平均硬度相比单次压痕分别提高了1.86%、2.12%、2.54%、3.17%. 通过循环压痕诱导后,压头下方部分原子的平均体积减少,使得结构更加紧密,变形需要更高的荷载,从而能够抵抗进一步的变形.
(3)对于单次压痕和经循环诱导后的大深度压痕,加载速率越高,MG的平均硬度越高,硬化效应越明显. 经过80 m/s、100 m/s和150 m/s三种不同加载速率的循环诱导后,大深度压痕的平均硬度比单次压痕分别提高了0.74%、1.86%、3.36%. 由于加载速率越大,被激活的STZs越多,微塑性变形越多,且随着循环次数的增加而累积,导致加载速率越高,其屈服荷载和硬度都得到提升.
  • 西安建筑科技大学校人才科技基金项目(DB12062)
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2024年第45卷第3期
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.005
  • 接收时间:2024-02-04
  • 首发时间:2026-04-01
  • 出版时间:2024-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-04
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西安建筑科技大学校人才科技基金项目(DB12062)
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    西安建筑科技大学理学院力学系,西安,710055

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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