Article(id=1246028557869237214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246028557319783390, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1705593600000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775005958287, onlineDateStr=2026-04-01, pubDate=1719244800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775005958287, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775005958287, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775005958287, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246028557319783390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2024', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='289', pageEnd='426', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775005958156, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775006058227, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246028977123471371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246028557319783390, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246028977123471372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246028557319783390, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=289, endPage=301, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246028558179615713, articleId=1246028557869237214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=Study on the Interaction between Stacking Fault Pyramid and Point Defects in Zirconium, columnId=1244229834482757770, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Zirconium and its alloys are used as nuclear fuel cladding materials due to their excellent mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and small thermal neutron absorption cross-sections. When exposed to radiation, a large number of irradiation-induced defects emerge in the zirconium alloy, seriously diminishing its mechanical properties and service life. This study employs molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the interaction between the stacking fault pyramid and point defects (i.e., interstitial atoms and vacancies) in zirconium. It is found that, at 0 K and 300 K, the stacking fault pyramid exclusively absorbs interstitial atoms; while at 600 K, it absorbs both interstitial atoms and vacancies. To explain this phenomenon, the binding energy of interstitial atoms/vacancies and the stacking fault pyramid is calculated. The results indicate that the binding energy is related to the type/position of point defects: the binding energy of interstitial atoms is much greater than that of vacancies, making interstitial atoms more likely to be absorbed. At the same time, the proximity to the stacking fault pyramid amplifies the binding energy, rendering both point defects more susceptible to absorption. These simulation results provide a new insight into understanding the growth mechanism of irradiation-induced defects in zirconium.

, correspAuthors=Haidong Fan, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Rongxuan Xie, Yan Liu, Chuanlong Xu, Xiaobao Tian, Wentao Jiang, Qingyuan Wang, Haidong Fan), CN=ArticleExt(id=1246028560880746534, articleId=1246028557869237214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=锆中层错金字塔与点缺陷的相互作用研究, columnId=1241831201896469478, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

锆及其合金具有优异的力学性能和耐腐蚀性能、极小的热中子吸收截面,被用作核燃料包壳材料. 在辐照环境中,锆合金内部产生大量的辐照缺陷,严重降低其力学性能和服役寿命. 本文运用分子动力学方法研究了锆中层错金字塔与点缺陷(间隙原子、空位)的相互作用,发现当温度为0K和300K时层错金字塔只能吸收间隙原子;当温度为600 K时层错金字塔可以同时吸收间隙原子和空位. 为了解释此现象,本文计算了间隙原子/空位与层错金字塔的结合能,结果表明结合能与点缺陷的类型/位置有关:间隙原子的结合能远大于空位结合能,故间隙原子更易于被吸收;同时距离层错金字塔越近,结合能越大,两种点缺陷也更易于被吸收. 本文的模拟成果有助于学界认识锆中辐照缺陷的长大机制,为锆合金的抗辐照设计提供理论指导.

, correspAuthors=范海冬, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
** E-mail:.
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The formation energy of SIA

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间隙原子种类OBCBSBOS
形成能(eV)2.7762.8682.8682.8932.857
), ArticleFig(id=1246028565439955191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246028557869237214, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

间隙原子的形成能

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间隙原子种类OBCBSBOS
形成能(eV)2.7762.8682.8682.8932.857
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锆中层错金字塔与点缺陷的相互作用研究
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谢荣轩 , 刘燕 , 许传龙 , 田晓宝 , 蒋文涛 , 王清远 , 范海冬 **
固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024,45(3): 289-301
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固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 45(3): 289-301
锆中层错金字塔与点缺陷的相互作用研究
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谢荣轩, 刘燕, 许传龙, 田晓宝, 蒋文涛, 王清远, 范海冬**
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  • 四川大学力学系,成都,610065

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Study on the Interaction between Stacking Fault Pyramid and Point Defects in Zirconium
Rongxuan Xie, Yan Liu, Chuanlong Xu, Xiaobao Tian, Wentao Jiang, Qingyuan Wang, Haidong Fan**
Affiliations
  • Department of Mechanics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065
出版时间: 2024-06-25 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.004
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锆及其合金具有优异的力学性能和耐腐蚀性能、极小的热中子吸收截面,被用作核燃料包壳材料. 在辐照环境中,锆合金内部产生大量的辐照缺陷,严重降低其力学性能和服役寿命. 本文运用分子动力学方法研究了锆中层错金字塔与点缺陷(间隙原子、空位)的相互作用,发现当温度为0K和300K时层错金字塔只能吸收间隙原子;当温度为600 K时层错金字塔可以同时吸收间隙原子和空位. 为了解释此现象,本文计算了间隙原子/空位与层错金字塔的结合能,结果表明结合能与点缺陷的类型/位置有关:间隙原子的结合能远大于空位结合能,故间隙原子更易于被吸收;同时距离层错金字塔越近,结合能越大,两种点缺陷也更易于被吸收. 本文的模拟成果有助于学界认识锆中辐照缺陷的长大机制,为锆合金的抗辐照设计提供理论指导.

锆  /  分子动力学  /  辐照点缺陷  /  层错金字塔

Zirconium and its alloys are used as nuclear fuel cladding materials due to their excellent mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and small thermal neutron absorption cross-sections. When exposed to radiation, a large number of irradiation-induced defects emerge in the zirconium alloy, seriously diminishing its mechanical properties and service life. This study employs molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the interaction between the stacking fault pyramid and point defects (i.e., interstitial atoms and vacancies) in zirconium. It is found that, at 0 K and 300 K, the stacking fault pyramid exclusively absorbs interstitial atoms; while at 600 K, it absorbs both interstitial atoms and vacancies. To explain this phenomenon, the binding energy of interstitial atoms/vacancies and the stacking fault pyramid is calculated. The results indicate that the binding energy is related to the type/position of point defects: the binding energy of interstitial atoms is much greater than that of vacancies, making interstitial atoms more likely to be absorbed. At the same time, the proximity to the stacking fault pyramid amplifies the binding energy, rendering both point defects more susceptible to absorption. These simulation results provide a new insight into understanding the growth mechanism of irradiation-induced defects in zirconium.

zirconium  /  molecular dynamics simulations  /  irradiation-induced point defects  /  stacking fault pyramid
谢荣轩, 刘燕, 许传龙, 田晓宝, 蒋文涛, 王清远, 范海冬. 锆中层错金字塔与点缺陷的相互作用研究. 固体力学学报, 2024 , 45 (3) : 289 -301 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.004
Rongxuan Xie, Yan Liu, Chuanlong Xu, Xiaobao Tian, Wentao Jiang, Qingyuan Wang, Haidong Fan. Study on the Interaction between Stacking Fault Pyramid and Point Defects in Zirconium[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2024 , 45 (3) : 289 -301 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.004
核能是一种清洁高效能源,但安全性仍是核能开发的主旋律. 锆及其合金拥有良好的力学性能、耐腐蚀性能以及较小的热中子吸收截面,被用作核燃料包壳材料,是核反应堆的第一道安全屏障[1,2]. 反应堆中的服役环境十分恶劣,在高能粒子的撞击下,锆合金内部产生大量的辐照缺陷,例如点缺陷[3]、位错环[4]、层错四面体和层错金字塔[5,6]等. 在塑性变形过程中,这些辐照缺陷还会与位错、晶界和孪晶界等发生相互作用,导致辐照硬化/脆化、辐照肿胀、辐照蠕变等现象,严重降低锆合金的力学性能和服役寿命[7-9]. 可见,开展辐照缺陷演化研究有助于开发抗辐照材料,具有重要的学术意义和工程应用价值.
受高能粒子撞击时,金属材料内部发生频繁的级联碰撞产生大量的点缺陷(包括间隙原子和空位)[10]. 点缺陷是最常见的辐照缺陷,并会与位错、位错环和晶界等发生相互作用,影响材料的力学性能[11]. Clouet等人研究了铝、金、铜和镍中空位与位错的相互作用,发现位错吸收压缩层的空位,而排斥拉伸层的空位[12]. Voskoboinikov等人在刃型位错附近进行级联碰撞模拟,在低温时位错会吸收间隙原子发生攀移,而在高温时位错会同时吸收空位和间隙原子发生攀移[13]. 螺型位错则有不同的反应结果,其更易于吸收间隙原子发生交滑移[14]. 在镁中,间隙原子和空位都会阻碍位错运动,但间隙原子的阻碍效果更强;在位错运动过程中,间隙原子会被位错吸收并随位错一起运动,而空位不会被吸收[15]. 对于点缺陷与位错环的相互作用学界也有一定的研究,这是辐照位错环的生长机制. Dai等人探究了在空位浓度为0.5%时<a>型和<c>型位错环的生长情况,发现低温下<a>型位错环的生长速率大于<c>型位错环,但在高温下两种位错环的生长速率相差不大[16]. Wang等人使用分子模拟方法研究了钨中1/2<111>位错环和间隙原子的相互作用,并指出位错环的生长是依靠捕获间隙原子实现的,位错环对间隙原子的捕获能力依赖于位错环的尺寸和位错环的方向[17]. 另外,钨中空位型/间隙型位错环与空位的相互作用机制不同,当空位分布于空位型位错环中心时,空位型位错环对其具有排斥效果;当空位分布于间隙型位错环中心时,间隙性位错环对其具有吸引作用[18]. 在FCC(面心立方)金属中,点缺陷还会与层错四面体发生相互作用. Osetsky等人计算了不同尺寸层错四面体与点缺陷的结合能,发现越大的四面体与间隙原子的结合能越低,而与空位的结合能则取决于空位位置. 另外,对间隙原子而言,最大结合能出现在层错四面体面外的中间位置;对空位,最大结合能出现在层错四面体边缘中间位置[19].
在密排六方(HCP)金属锆中,层错金字塔是一种重要的辐照缺陷(点缺陷簇),由大量空位聚集、坍塌而形成[5,6]. Bacon等人分析了锆中缺陷簇的结构,发现基面上的位错环经过弛豫后会形成一个三维结构,该结构与面心立方(FCC)金属中的层错四面体十分相似[5]. Liu等人在透射电子显微镜中也观察到三角形位错环,位错环的三条边位于柱面或锥面上[6]. 在分子动力学模拟中也多次观察到层错金字塔的出现. Voskoboinikov等人在锆中进行级联碰撞模拟后发现了金字塔型的空位团簇,并证明它是由基面位错环坍塌形成的[20]. Maxwell等人发现具有相同空位数的层错金字塔与<a>位错环的形成能是相同的[21]. Dai等人运用分子模拟和连续体模拟发现基面I1型位错环具有金字塔型的层错,该现象出现的原因是存在金字塔型的缺陷[22]. 但Tian等人却有不一样的解释,他们指出层错金字塔形成的可能原因是辐照缺陷碎片引起的局部应变[23]. 当锆中空位的浓度为0.005时,空位会聚集形成层错金字塔和层错四面体,但层错四面体占大多数[24]. 在低温条件下,层错金字塔的尺寸还会随着温度的升高而增加[24]. Christiaen等人发现当层错金字塔的尺寸增加到一定规模时会坍塌形成I1型<c>位错环[25]. 层错金字塔是由六边形基面空位板形成的,当空位板的边长超过3.7 nm时,层错金字塔难以形成[26]. 可见,层错金字塔的尺寸对其结构和稳定性具有重要的影响. 众所周知,层错金字塔吸收点缺陷是其生长的重要方式,然而学界对层错金字塔的生长机制缺乏深入研究,例如层错金字塔能否吸收点缺陷、层错金字塔与点缺陷的相互作用、不同尺寸的层错金字塔对点缺陷的吸收效率、温度对吸收效率的影响等,这些基本问题对理解层错金字塔的生长机制至关重要. 基于此背景,本文采用分子动力学方法,探究了点缺陷(间隙原子、空位)与层错金字塔的相互作用模式,揭示了相互作用的能量机理,旨在深化学界对锆中辐照缺陷演化的理解.
本文采用LAMMPS软件开展相关分子动力学模拟[27],使用OVITO软件进行可视化操作,包括原子着色和缺陷分析[28]. 本文的原子构型采用中心对称参数(centro-symmetry parameter)着色,同时为了更清楚地观察微观结构的演变,图中均隐藏了完美的HCP原子. 所有模拟均采用Mendelev和Ackland开发的EAM#3势函数进行模拟[29],该势函数在描述锆金属中层错能、弹性常数、晶格常数、内聚能等方面表现优异[30],并在先前被多次用于研究辐照缺陷演化,例如级联碰撞、位错环、位错与位错环的相互作用等[31,32].
模拟试样如图1所示,模型的XYZ轴分别沿着和[0001]方向,长度分别为24.25 nm、23.53 nm和31 nm,共包含756000个原子. 三个方向均施加了周期性边界条件. 首先,在基面(0001)上删除108个锆原子,构建一个正六边形的空位型位错环(层错金字塔的底面,边长为1.9 nm),并对整个系统采用共轭梯度算法进行能量弛豫操作,在此过程中位错环自发生长为层错金字塔[26]. 然后,在试样中引入浓度为0.1%的点缺陷[33](间隙原子和空位),间隙原子是通过在体系中随机引入Zr(锆)原子实现,空位是通过在体系中随机删除Zr原子实现. 引入完成后,再次对系统进行能量弛豫得到稳定结构. 最后,使用等温等压系综(NPT)将体系升温至目标温度并保持零应力状态,用于观察层错金字塔与点缺陷的相互作用. 为了解释层错金字塔与群体点缺陷的相互作用机制,本文还计算了单个点缺陷与层错金字塔的结合能,相关模拟参数将与后续模拟结果一起介绍.
在先前的研究中,间隙原子在高温下会迁移聚集形成团簇[21],团簇的行为不在本文的研究范围内,所以本文首先研究在低温100 K下层错金字塔与点缺陷的相互作用. 如图2(a)所示,在100 K下,层错金字塔的形态和位置并未发生变化,附近的空位也未发生移动,表明在低温下空位和层错金字塔均保持稳定,也未观察到层错金字塔吸收空位的现象. 对于间隙原子,如图2(b)所示,在层错金字塔上观察到了点缺陷,可以推测层错金字塔吸收了间隙原子.
为了研究温度对层错金字塔和点缺陷相互作用的影响,本文将温度变化到0 K、300 K和600 K. 为了防止间隙原子团簇化,本文仅在层错金字塔的六个锥面附近随机引入六个间隙原子或空位,如图3(a)所示,并且间隙原子和空位的位置均相同. 层错金字塔底边尺寸仍为1.9 nm. 对于间隙原子和空位,本文对每种缺陷的每个温度均重复了5次模拟,每次模拟中点缺陷的分布位置不同. 重复模拟的结果相同,因此本文选取其中一组进行详细描述. 图3显示在不同温度下,层错金字塔与间隙原子的相互作用. 间隙原子分别命名为i1、i2、i3、i4、i5、i6,如图3(a)所示. 如图3(a)-(b)所示,当温度为0 K时分布在层错金字塔四周的间隙原子并没有发生移动和团簇化,并且未被层错金字塔吸收,这和100 K温度时的观察一致,这可能是由于低温下间隙原子很难发生扩散,且层错金字塔对间隙原子的吸引力较小.
当温度为300 K时,如图3(c)-(i)所示,在升温过程中层错金字塔已经开始吸收间隙原子. 首先,i4间隙原子被吸收,如图3(d)所示,i4间隙原子距离层错金字塔最近,且紧靠在层错金字塔底面棱边的顶点处. 然后,i1间隙原子被吸收,如图3(e)所示,i1间隙原子位于层错金字塔底面附近. 接下来,位于层错金字塔中间面偏下位置,紧靠层错金字塔斜棱边的i6间隙原子被吸收,如图3(f)所示. i2和i5间隙原子在升温的过程中构型发生变化,最终也被层错金字塔吸收,如图3(g)和(h)所示,i2和i5间隙原子都位于层错金字塔中间偏上位置. 最后,距离层错金字塔最远且分布在塔顶部的i3间隙原子被吸收. 当温度为600 K时,间隙原子在温度升至300 K时已全部被吸收. 由于间隙原子在高温下的迁移速率较高,600 K时间隙原子的吸收速率也更高. 综合比较上述结果可知,温度升高有利于层错金字塔吸收间隙原子,且能吸收较远的间隙原子,吸收速率也更高;分布在层错金字塔底部的间隙原子最易被吸收,越靠近顶部的间隙原子越难被吸收.
空位与层错金字塔的相互作用结果显示在图4中,空位分别命名为v1、v2、v3、v4、v5、v6. 如图4(a)-(b)所示,当温度为0 K时空位在层错金字塔周围的位置分布并未发生改变,这可能是由于在低温时空位难以扩散[34]. 当温度为300 K时,如图4(c)-(d)所示,反应结果与0 K时一致. 当温度为600 K时,如图4(e)-(g)所示,层错金字塔开始吸收空位. 如图4(f)所示,随着反应时间不断增长,可以发现v6空位逐渐靠近层错金字塔,但未被吸收;到2160 ps时,距离层错金字塔最近且位于棱边顶点的v4空位首先被吸收,吸收后的v4空位一直沿着金字塔的棱边运动. 紧接着在2300 ps时,不断靠近层错金字塔的v6空位被吸收,v6空位的初始位置是距离层错金字塔第二近的,紧靠层错金字塔的斜棱边,v6空位被吸收后一直沿着层错金字塔的侧面向顶点运动,如图4(g)所示. 整个模拟一共运行了10770 ps,但并未观察到其它几个空位被吸收. 根据上述结果可以得知,温度升高也会促进层错金字塔吸收空位,但也只能吸收距离较近的空位. 与间隙原子与层错金字塔的相互作用对比,可以发现层错金字塔吸收空位较难.
图3图4可以看出层错金字塔在吸收六个间隙原子或一个空位后未发生明显的结构变化. 此前Poletaev和Starostenkov对FCC金属(Cu、Au、Ag)中层错四面体吸收点缺陷后的结构变化进行了分析,其结果显示当一个空位被层错四面体吸收至其棱边处后,层错四面体的构型没有明显变化,而在吸收三个空位后会形成台阶. 随着吸收空位的数量增加,发生台阶迁移和四面体体积的增加,并逐渐形成更大的完美层错四面体. 当连续吸收四个间隙原子后,层错四面体上没有形成台阶,但其中一个顶点被截短. 当吸收超过四个间隙原子时,层错四面体上出现了台阶[35]. Wang等对Al和Cu中层错四面体吸收空位的研究中也观察到类似的团簇生长机制[36]. 对于本文所建立的层错金字塔,并未观察到台阶和显著的生长现象,这可能是因为当前吸收的点缺陷数量较少.
本节探究层错金字塔尺寸对层错金字塔与点缺陷相互作用的影响. 层错金字塔底边尺寸由1.9 nm变为3.0 nm,温度设置为0 K、300 K和600 K,点缺陷仍随机分布在层错金字塔的六个锥面附近. 首先分析间隙原子与3.0 nm的层错金字塔的相互作用. 间隙原子分别命名为I1、I2、I3、I4、I5、I6,如图5(a)所示. 如图5(a)-(b)所示,当温度为0 K时层错金字塔不与间隙原子发生任何相互作用. 当温度为300 K时,如图5(c)-(i)所示,在升温过程中已经出现间隙原子被吸收的现象,与图3中小尺寸层错金字塔相似. 如图5(d)所示,I5间隙原子位于层错金字塔的底部附近,距离层错金字塔最近,因此最先被吸收. 然后随着温度不断升高,位于层错金字塔中间层的I3间隙原子被吸收,如图5(e)所示. 紧接着距离层错金字塔较远的I4间隙原子被吸收,如图5(f)所示. 接下来按照距离层错金字塔由近及远的顺序,I6、I1和I2间隙原子先后被吸收,如图5(g)-(i)所示. 当温度为600 K时,反应现象同上,不再赘述. 对比图3图5能明显发现,无论是大尺寸还是小尺寸的层错金字塔都优先吸收位于塔底附近且距离较近的间隙原子. 另外,观察大尺寸层错金字塔吸收间隙原子的温度可以发现,大部分的间隙原子都是在温度接近300 K时被吸收的,而小尺寸层错金字塔吸收间隙原子温度大多处于100 K左右,由此可见大尺寸层错金字塔吸收间隙原子比小尺寸层错金字塔更难,吸收所需要的温度更高.
接下来探究空位与3.0 nm的层错金字塔的相互作用,空位在层错金字塔四周的位置分布与间隙原子相同. 空位分别命名为V1、V2、V3、V4、V5、V6,如图6(a)所示. 图6(a)-(b)表示温度为0 K时空位与层错金字塔的相互作用结果. 图6(c)-(d)表示温度为300 K时空位与层错金字塔的相互作用结果. 对比图6(a)-(d)可知,当温度为0 K或300 K时空位没有发生扩散,也没有观察到层错金字塔对空位的吸收. 当温度为600 K时,空位与层错金字塔的相互作用结果如图6(e)-(g)所示. 首先可以观察到V1空位首先被吸附到层错金字塔的斜棱边附近,但并没有被吸收,如图6(f)所示. 直到模拟运行到11440 ps时,V1空位被完全吸附在层错金字塔上,并且随着模拟时间不断增加,空位沿着水平方向不断移动. 在本文的模拟时长25000 ps内,仅观察到V1空位被吸收. 对比图4图6可知,层错金字塔尺寸增大并不会促进其吸收空位.
为了解释上述间隙原子和空位与层错金字塔不同的反应结果,本节开展了能量分析,计算了层错金字塔与点缺陷的结合能. 在锆中空位具有唯一的构型,而间隙原子却有八种构型,分别是octahedral(O)型、split(S)型、crowdion(C)型、tetrahedral(T)型、basal octahedral(BO)型、basal split(BS)型、basal crowdion(BC)型和basal tetrahedral(BT)型[37]. 尽管本文的间隙原子是随机引入的,但并不是每种间隙原子都会出现. 因此本文首先单独构建了以上八种间隙原子,研究其最有利构型. 经过模拟发现仅有O型、BO型、BS型、BC型、S型这五种间隙原子可以稳定存在,这与Tikhonchev等人的计算结果相符合[37]. 紧接着,本文计算了以上五种间隙原子的形成能:
其中Ef代表间隙原子的形成能,Ei表示只存在一个间隙原子时系统的总能量,Ep表示无间隙原子时完美晶体的能量,Ec表示一个锆原子的内聚能(-6.635 eV). 形成能的高低代表间隙原子形成的难易程度. 计算得到的间隙原子的形成能如表1所示. 对比以上五种间隙原子的形成能,发现O型间隙原子能量最低,这与第一性原理计算所得的结果一致[38,39]. 这说明O型间隙原子最易出现且最稳定,因此在后续的能量计算中仅计算了O型间隙原子与层错金字塔之间的结合能.
点缺陷与层错金字塔的结合能计算如下:
其中Ebind代表点缺陷与层错金字塔的结合能,EP代表只包含层错金字塔的系统能量,Ed代表只包含点缺陷(间隙原子、空位)的系统能量,Ep+d代表同时包含层错金字塔和点缺陷的系统能量,EZr代表纯锆系统的能量(不包含任何缺陷). 结合能表示层错金字塔与点缺陷之间吸引能力的大小,结合能为正表示互相吸引,结合能为负表示互相排斥. 本文计算了不同点缺陷在不同层/位置与层错金字塔的结合能.
首先分析间隙原子与层错金字塔的结合能. 从第2节中可以知道层错金字塔吸收间隙原子的难易程度与间隙原子的位置分布有关,因此本文分别计算了位于层错金字塔底层和中间层且与层错金字塔存在不同距离的间隙原子的结合能. 据式(2)计算的结合能云图如图7所示,其中黑色六边形代表层错金字塔的横截面(底层/中间层横截面),黑色圆点表示所计算的O型间隙原子的位置. 图中部分区域未绘制能量云图是因为在对体系进行能量弛豫的过程中间隙原子就被吸收,故结合能无法计算. 图7(a)表示底边尺寸为1.9 nm的层错金字塔与底层间隙原子的结合能云图,在间隙原子未吸收区域中,结合能的最大值出现在金字塔棱边的中间位置,为0.1315 eV. 图7(b)表示底边尺寸为1.9 nm的层错金字塔与中间层间隙原子的结合能云图,未吸收区域中结合能的最大值也出现在金字塔棱边的中间位置,为0.306 eV. 对比图7(a)和(b)可知,底层对间隙原子的吸收范围更广,这与2.1节所得结论相符,即层错金字塔优先吸收位于底层的间隙原子. 图7(c)表示底边尺寸为3.0 nm的层错金字塔与底层间隙原子的结合能云图,未吸收区域中最大结合能位置仍出现在金字塔棱边中间位置,为0.0995 eV. 图7(d)表示底边尺寸为3 nm的层错金字塔与中间层间隙原子的结合能云图,未吸收区域中最大值位于金字塔棱边中间位置,为0.2630 eV. 对比图7(c)和(d),可以得到上述相同结论. 综合对比图7(a)-(d)可知,随着尺寸的增加,尽管吸收区域变化不大,但结合能的最大值逐渐减小,这意味着尺寸越大的层错金字塔吸引间隙原子的能力就越弱,与2.2节所得结论相符.
接下来分析空位与层错金字塔的结合能. 图8(a)-(d)展示了空位与层错金字塔的结合能云图. 在计算空位与层错金字塔的结合能时,始终未出现空位被直接吸收的现象. 图8(a)表示1.9 nm层错金字塔与底层空位的结合能云图,结合能最大值出现在金字塔的棱边处,为0.0322 eV. 此时出现了能量云图不对称的情况,这可能是因为层错金字塔本身不是严格对称的. 在先前的模拟中,也发现层错金字塔的形成是由三条不相邻棱边的层错首先开始生长,进而带动其他棱边的层错生长[26]. 图8(b)表示1.9 nm层错金字塔与中间层空位的结合能云图,结合能最大值出现在层错金字塔棱边的顶点位置,为0.1035 eV. 对比图8(a)和(b)可知,空位在中间层的结合能大于底层,且最大结合能出现的位置不同. 更重要的是,无论在层错金字塔的中间层还是底层,棱边的中间位置都出现了负结合能的区域,这是空位的排斥区域,且中间层的排斥效果更加明显,这导致了2.1节和2.2节中出现的层错金字塔对空位难吸收的现象. 图8(c)表示3.0 nm层错金字塔与底层空位的结合能云图,结合能最大值出现在金字塔的棱边处,为0.0314 eV. 图8(d)表示3.0 nm层错金字塔与中间层空位的结合能云图,结合能最大值出现在层错金字塔棱边的顶点位置,为0.119 eV. 对比图8(a)-(d)可以发现,不同尺寸层错金字塔与空位结合能的最大值是几乎相等的,这也就意味着尺寸增加并不会促使层错金字塔吸收/排斥空位.
对比图7图8可知,层错金字塔吸收间隙原子的能力更强,分布在层错金字塔附近的间隙原子在能量弛豫过程中就被吸收;另外,底层/中间层间隙原子的结合能均大于底层/中间层空位的结合能,这表明同样情况下层错金字塔更易吸收间隙原子. 由前文建模过程可知,层错金字塔是从基面空位型位错环生长而成的,所以层错金字塔中储存的是空位. 由于层错金字塔更加易于吸收间隙原子,间隙原子会与金字塔中的空位复合,所以吸收间隙原子会导致层错金字塔的尺寸减小,这说明层错金字塔难于生长. 如引言所述,大尺寸的层错金字塔会坍塌退化形成位错环,但在实验中并未观察到大尺寸的金字塔和坍塌形成的位错环[25],本文揭示的金字塔难以生长现象可能是一个重要原因.
本文使用分子动力学方法研究了层错金字塔与点缺陷(间隙原子、空位)的相互作用,揭示了点缺陷与层错金字塔不同的反应类型,并计算了这两种点缺陷与层错金字塔之间的结合能. 得到的主要结论如下:
(1)间隙原子在温度100 K以上即可被层错金字塔吸收,大尺寸层错金字塔相比小尺寸层错金字塔更难吸收间隙原子. 空位只在600 K以上才能被吸收,且层错金字塔的尺寸不会对吸收空位的能力产生显著影响.
(2)层错金字塔与间隙原子的结合能远高于与空位的结合能. 在层错金字塔附近,存在一个间隙原子的吸收区域,而无空位的吸收区域. 可见,层错金字塔更加易于吸收间隙原子.
  • 国家自然科学基金(12232008; 12072211)
  • 重点实验室基金(2020JCJQLB05703)
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2024年第45卷第3期
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.004
  • 接收时间:2024-01-19
  • 首发时间:2026-04-01
  • 出版时间:2024-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-19
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国家自然科学基金(12232008; 12072211)
重点实验室基金(2020JCJQLB05703)
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    四川大学力学系,成都,610065

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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