Article(id=1246023207862513745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246023204117005194, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.035, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1689955200000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775004682745, onlineDateStr=2026-04-01, pubDate=1713974400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775004682745, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775004682745, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775004682745, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246023204117005194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2024', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='145', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775004681852, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775004747143, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246023478026027853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246023204117005194, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246023478026027854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246023204117005194, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=253, endPage=265, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246023208143532125, articleId=1246023207862513745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=Selecting Mapping Function with Highly Efficient Convergence (MFHEC) for ICM Method of Structural Topology Optimization, columnId=1244229834482757770, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this paper, the filter function in the ICM method and the penalty function in the variable density method are both referred as the mapping functions. Different forms of mapping functions have a significant impact on the convergence efficiency of structural topology optimization. Therefore, it is necessary to study how to construct a suitable mapping function for the optimization model. Aimed at this problem, how to construct and select a mapping function in the establishment of the structural topology optimization model is studied, and the influence of different mapping functions on the convergence efficiency of structural topology optimization is discussed. An approach is proposed to construct a mapping function to achieve high-efficiency convergence in structural topology optimization. Five common forms of mapping functions are also given. An optimization model and a solution algorithm matching the mapping function with highly efficient convergence (MFHEC) are proposed. Firstly, the convergence rates of the filter function and the quasi-filter function of the same form of mapping functions are compared. Then the convergence rates of the fast filter function of different forms of mapping functions are compared. Taking the structural topology optimization problem of minimizing structural volume under displacement constraints as an example, the ICM method is adopted to establish the models and solve the problems. The higher convergence efficiency of MFHEC is verified by the results of numerical comparison. The results show that the fast filter function has a faster convergence rate than other functions in the same form of mapping functions. Compared with five different forms of mapping functions, the filter function of power function form has the fastest convergence efficiency. Finally, it should be emphasized that the conclusions of the mapping function studied in this paper are equally applicable to the filter function of the ICM method and the penalty function of the variable density method. The proposed method for constructing MFHEC is very useful for improving the efficiency of the ICM method and the variable density method.

, correspAuthors=Xirong Peng, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yunkang Sui, Xirong Peng), CN=ArticleExt(id=1246023222710350523, articleId=1246023207862513745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=结构拓扑优化ICM法中高效率收敛映射函数MFHEC的选取, columnId=1241831201896469478, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文把ICM方法中的过滤函数和变密度方法中的惩罚函数统称为映射函数,研究了该函数的选取问题,探讨了其选取对于结构拓扑优化优化迭代收敛效率的影响. 为此,本文提出了高效率收敛的映射函数构造途径,写出了5类常见的具体映射函数形式,提出同高效率收敛映射函数MFHEC(Mapping function with highly efficient convergence)相配套的优化模型和寻优解法,先是自行比较了同类映射函数的过滤函数和准过滤函数寻优中收敛的快慢,然后相互比较了不同形式映射函数的快滤函数寻优收敛的快慢. 以ICM方法求解位移约束下结构体积极小的拓扑优化问题为例,通过数值计算比较,印证了MFHEC函数的高效率收敛性. 结果表明:同类函数比较中,快滤函数的收敛速度更快;5种不同类型映射函数比较中,幂函数形式的过滤函数收敛速度更快. 最后需要强调的是:本文研究的映射函数的结论,包括ICM方法的过滤函数和变密度方法中的惩罚函数,二者都是同样适用的.

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language=CN, label=图18, caption=算例4不同形式过滤函数所得到的最优拓扑图形, figureFileSmall=vn29bG5z51robFKNzvIi/w==, figureFileBig=aqP9Pi56vcc369RfVAzXYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246023227311502100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246023207862513745, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Five neighbored filter functions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
磨光函数的数学归属磨光函数pxi过滤函数和准过滤函数
1幂函数快滤函数
2修正的Sigmoid函数
快滤函数
3指数函数
快滤函数
4正弦函数快滤函数
5有理函数快滤函数
), ArticleFig(id=1246023227386999573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246023207862513745, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

五对互邻的过滤函数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
磨光函数的数学归属磨光函数pxi过滤函数和准过滤函数
1幂函数快滤函数
2修正的Sigmoid函数
快滤函数
3指数函数
快滤函数
4正弦函数快滤函数
5有理函数快滤函数
), ArticleFig(id=1246023227487662870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246023207862513745, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Parameters for five fast filter functions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号函数形式名称快滤函数参数取值
1幂函数αm=3.3755
2修正的Sigmoid函数αs=5.7227
3指数函数αz=3.8520
4正弦函数αe=2.2140
5有理函数
), ArticleFig(id=1246023227575743255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246023207862513745, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

对5种快滤函数比较时的参数取值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号函数形式名称快滤函数参数取值
1幂函数αm=3.3755
2修正的Sigmoid函数αs=5.7227
3指数函数αz=3.8520
4正弦函数αe=2.2140
5有理函数
), ArticleFig(id=1246023227651240728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246023207862513745, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Parameters of filter functions for Example 3

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
函数形式名称体积过滤函数参数单元刚度过滤函数参数
幂函数13.3755
有理函数040/9
), ArticleFig(id=1246023227718349593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246023207862513745, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

算例3中过滤函数的参数取值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
函数形式名称体积过滤函数参数单元刚度过滤函数参数
幂函数13.3755
有理函数040/9
), ArticleFig(id=1246023227781264154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246023207862513745, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of results obtained by different filter functions for Example 3

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
过滤函数形式迭代次数体积比位移约束值
幂函数470.342459.965
有理函数1010.314059.997
), ArticleFig(id=1246023227848373019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246023207862513745, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

算例3采取不同函数形式的过滤函数时优化结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
过滤函数形式迭代次数体积比位移约束值
幂函数470.342459.965
有理函数1010.314059.997
), ArticleFig(id=1246023227949036316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246023207862513745, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Comparison of results obtained by different filterfunctions for Example 4

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
过滤函数形式迭代次数体积比位移约束值(B,C)
幂函数490.4607(59.967,-59.967)
有理函数900.4240(59.998,-59.998)
), ArticleFig(id=1246023228028728093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246023207862513745, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

算例4采取不同函数形式的过滤函数时优化结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
过滤函数形式迭代次数体积比位移约束值(B,C)
幂函数490.4607(59.967,-59.967)
有理函数900.4240(59.998,-59.998)
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结构拓扑优化ICM法中高效率收敛映射函数MFHEC的选取
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隋允康 1 , 彭细荣 2, **
固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024,45(2): 253-265
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固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 45(2): 253-265
结构拓扑优化ICM法中高效率收敛映射函数MFHEC的选取
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隋允康1, 彭细荣2, **
作者信息
  • 1北京工业大学材料与制造学部,北京,100022
  • 2湖南城市学院土木工程学院,益阳,413000

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** E-mail:.
Selecting Mapping Function with Highly Efficient Convergence (MFHEC) for ICM Method of Structural Topology Optimization
Yunkang Sui1, Xirong Peng2, **
Affiliations
  • 1College of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100022
  • 2School of Civil Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang, 413000
出版时间: 2024-04-25 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.035
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本文把ICM方法中的过滤函数和变密度方法中的惩罚函数统称为映射函数,研究了该函数的选取问题,探讨了其选取对于结构拓扑优化优化迭代收敛效率的影响. 为此,本文提出了高效率收敛的映射函数构造途径,写出了5类常见的具体映射函数形式,提出同高效率收敛映射函数MFHEC(Mapping function with highly efficient convergence)相配套的优化模型和寻优解法,先是自行比较了同类映射函数的过滤函数和准过滤函数寻优中收敛的快慢,然后相互比较了不同形式映射函数的快滤函数寻优收敛的快慢. 以ICM方法求解位移约束下结构体积极小的拓扑优化问题为例,通过数值计算比较,印证了MFHEC函数的高效率收敛性. 结果表明:同类函数比较中,快滤函数的收敛速度更快;5种不同类型映射函数比较中,幂函数形式的过滤函数收敛速度更快. 最后需要强调的是:本文研究的映射函数的结论,包括ICM方法的过滤函数和变密度方法中的惩罚函数,二者都是同样适用的.

结构拓扑优化  /  映射函数  /  求解效率  /  ICM方法

In this paper, the filter function in the ICM method and the penalty function in the variable density method are both referred as the mapping functions. Different forms of mapping functions have a significant impact on the convergence efficiency of structural topology optimization. Therefore, it is necessary to study how to construct a suitable mapping function for the optimization model. Aimed at this problem, how to construct and select a mapping function in the establishment of the structural topology optimization model is studied, and the influence of different mapping functions on the convergence efficiency of structural topology optimization is discussed. An approach is proposed to construct a mapping function to achieve high-efficiency convergence in structural topology optimization. Five common forms of mapping functions are also given. An optimization model and a solution algorithm matching the mapping function with highly efficient convergence (MFHEC) are proposed. Firstly, the convergence rates of the filter function and the quasi-filter function of the same form of mapping functions are compared. Then the convergence rates of the fast filter function of different forms of mapping functions are compared. Taking the structural topology optimization problem of minimizing structural volume under displacement constraints as an example, the ICM method is adopted to establish the models and solve the problems. The higher convergence efficiency of MFHEC is verified by the results of numerical comparison. The results show that the fast filter function has a faster convergence rate than other functions in the same form of mapping functions. Compared with five different forms of mapping functions, the filter function of power function form has the fastest convergence efficiency. Finally, it should be emphasized that the conclusions of the mapping function studied in this paper are equally applicable to the filter function of the ICM method and the penalty function of the variable density method. The proposed method for constructing MFHEC is very useful for improving the efficiency of the ICM method and the variable density method.

structural topology optimization  /  mapping function  /  solving efficiency  /  ICM method
隋允康, 彭细荣. 结构拓扑优化ICM法中高效率收敛映射函数MFHEC的选取. 固体力学学报, 2024 , 45 (2) : 253 -265 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.035
Yunkang Sui, Xirong Peng. Selecting Mapping Function with Highly Efficient Convergence (MFHEC) for ICM Method of Structural Topology Optimization[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2024 , 45 (2) : 253 -265 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.035
结构拓扑优化自1988年Bends ø e提出连续体结构拓扑优化的均匀化方法以来,得到了深入广泛的发展[1],其中影响较大的方法有变密度方法[2,3]、ESO方法(the Evolutionary Structural Optimization method)[4]及其改进的BESO方法(the Bidirectional Evolutionary Structural Optimization method)[5]、ICM(独立连续映射)方法(the Independent Continuous and Mapping method)[6-8]、泡泡法[9]、拓扑导数法[10]、水平集方法[11,12]、相场法[13]、可移动变形组件(MMC)法(the Moving Morphable Components method)[14]、以及封闭B样条(CBS)方法(the Closed B-Splines method)等[15].
本文旨在通过选择恰当的映射函数提高ICM方法的收敛效率,这种做法也可以用于变密度方法. 为了讨论方便,本文把ICM方法里的过滤函数和变密度方法里的惩罚函数统称为映射函数. 虽然本文的讨论对于两种方法都适用,但是ICM方法的过滤函数可以用于多种场合,而变密度方法的惩罚函数只用于惩罚人造密度一种场合. Yi G L和Sui Y K等[16]研究了借鉴ICM方法提升变密度方法.
ICM方法定义独立的结构拓扑设计变量,并通过“磨光函数”与“过滤函数”实现拓扑变量“离散—光滑”以及“光滑—离散”间的映射. 隋允康等的专著[7,8]提出了构造过滤函数所需满足的性质,研究结果表明合理的构造过滤函数可提高求解效率[17,18],合理选择适当的过滤函数幂指数可提高应力约束连续体结构拓扑优化的计算效率[19],采用复合指数形式[20,21]及对数形式[22]的过滤函数,分别研究了位移约束、屈曲约束和动力响应振幅为约束等拓扑优化问题,结果表明采取上述形式的过滤函数可使优化求解效率提高.
变密度法定义人造密度作为单元拓扑连续变量,0代表相应单元为无,1代表相应单元为有,通过惩罚函数,在优化过程中将中间变量向0及1两端逼迫,以得到灰度单元较少的材料拓扑分布. 常见的材料惩罚函数有SIMP(the Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization)模型[2,3]及RAMP(the Rational Approximation of Material Properties)模型[23]. Susana研究表明采取惩罚函数参数连续变化的策略可以得到更好的优化结果,但通常需要更多的迭代步数[24]. 毛虎平等[25]提出一种指数形式的惩罚函数解决SIMP和RAMP惩罚函数中系数太大得不到合理拓扑的问题. 昌俊康等[26]提出了一种新的惩罚函数,弱化相对密度小的单元,强化相对密度大的单元,使结构单元趋于“两极分化”.
本文拟做如下4件工作:
(1)旨在追求优化模型的高效率收敛,提出相关映射函数MFHEC(Mapping function with highly efficient convergence,高效率收敛的映射函数)的构造途径;
(2)写出具体的各种映射函数,且自行和相互比较寻优收敛的快慢;
(3)提出同MFHEC配套的优化模型和寻优解法;
(4)以ICM方法为例编程,通过计算比较,印证MFHEC函数的高效率收敛性.
ICM方法的本质在于如下两点:①阶跃函数及其跨栏函数沟通了结构拓扑优化同低于拓扑层次的结构优化的严格关系,从而解决了结构拓扑优化模型中力学性能无法表达为拓扑变量函数的困难;②以过滤函数逼近跨栏函数使离散的结构拓扑优化列式变成了独立连续的结构拓扑优化列式,进而可以按连续的优化问题进行寻优求解.
阶跃函数表达为:
定义阶跃函数的逆函数称为跨栏函数:
跨栏函数与阶跃函数的图形如图12所示.
因为跨栏函数与阶跃函数互为逆函数,所以可以一并做出两个逼近:以磨光函数逼近阶跃函数,以过滤函数逼近跨栏函数,图形如图3图4所示.
由于光滑可微的磨光函数与过滤函数可以分别无限逼近阶跃函数与跨栏函数,那么不难预期二者在结构优化问题的求解中会发挥重要的作用,因此如何构造、评价和选择适当的过滤函数是寻求高效率收敛的求解算法关键.
由上述可见,ICM方法的精确映射函数为阶跃函数及其逆函数跨栏函数,而它们的近似逼近函数分别是磨光函数和过滤函数. 变密度方法给出的近似映射函数称为惩罚函数.
ICM方法提出以来,构造过滤函数的途径有3种:
(1)直接写出过滤函数. 只要吻合图1且注意可微性、单增性和边值性即可;
(2)从磨光函数写出其逆函数即可得到过滤函数;
(3)从磨光函数写出其准逆函数.
关于准逆函数,隋允康等的专著[7,8]虽然给出了具体做法,却没有予以定义. 为了使用方便,对于准逆函数做如下定义:
Px)为取定的磨光函数,则称:
为准逆操作(Quasi-Inverse operation)下的过滤函数,简称准过滤函数(Quasi-Filter Function). 某种数学形式下的过滤函数及其准过滤函数称为该数学形式的互邻过滤函数.
(1)快、慢的判断准则
一对互邻的过滤函数,都是对于跨栏函数的逼近,建立结构拓扑优化模型时,采用哪一个呢?不难设想二者在寻优收敛中会有快、慢的区别,预期寻优收敛较快的称为快滤函数,反之,预期寻优收敛较慢的称为慢滤函数.
其实,鉴别收敛快、慢比较难,不如转换为对跨栏函数逼近程度高、低的问题. 为此,引入一个判断准则:逼近跨栏函数程度的高、低分别同过滤函数在寻优中的收敛快、慢相对应. 也就是说,该准则用逼近程度的高低代替了收敛的快慢.
(2)互邻过滤函数的界点
为了确定过滤函数逼近跨栏函数程度的高低,对于各种形式的一对互邻过滤函数进行深入研判,首先从二者的交叉点着手. 以幂函数为例,图5给出了其幂指数α=3的情况,与此对应,准过滤函数中的幂指数等于1/3,这对互邻过滤函数交叉点的横坐标为t=0.682. 进一步需要弄清楚幂指数改变对于交叉点的影响,计算出:α=2时,t=0.618;α=6时,t=0.778. 可见t在0.7左右取值.
本文取表1所示具有代表性的5种函数包括幂函数进行研究,4种函数同幂函数类似,各自互邻过滤函数交叉点的横坐标位置t均在0.7左右取值. 于是,称t=0.7为各自互邻过滤函数交叉点的界点.
(3)判断准则的具体化
如何鉴别一对互邻过滤函数究竟孰更加逼近跨栏函数呢?还是以幂函数形式为例,图5所示过滤函数ft)和准过滤函数fqt)两曲线,皆逼近图2的跨栏函数. 在t∈[0,0.7]的区间,函数ft)离跨栏函数近;在t∈[0.7,1]的区间,函数fqt)离跨栏函数近. 如果用这两个分段函数定义逼近跨栏函数,函数在t=0.7左右不可微,带来求解的麻烦.
为了保证逼近函数的可微性,宜在ft)和fqt)中选一个较为恰当. 有两个理由可以认为ft)比fqt)更加逼近跨栏函数:其一是[0,0.7]的区间比[0.7,1]区间大得多,而在前一区间上ft)比fqt)更接近跨栏函数;其二是在区间[0.7,1]上ft)比fqt)的导数值变化略缓而使收敛趋于稳定. 进而,ft)和fqt)则分别被认为是快滤函数和慢滤函数. 因此,上述这两个理由是快、慢的判断准则的具体化.
幂函数的快滤函数和慢滤函数已经明确了,本文研究的其它4种函数也遵循同样的道理,详见表1. 包括幂函数的5种函数都是从磨光函数出发,各生成两类过滤函数,即一对互邻函数. 它们应当满足三个条件,①数学形式简洁,便于构建优化模型;②用于寻优算法中,具有收敛快的优点;③应当具有与之配套的优化解法.
由于变密度方法的SIMP与RAMP的密度惩罚函数与ICM方法的刚度过滤函数有相似的功用[16],SIMP方法的惩罚函数与ICM方法中的幂函数形式的过滤函数是相同的,RAMP方法的有理形式的惩罚函数也可取作ICM方法中过滤函数的一种形式.
表1中第1类过滤函数是幂函数,形式简洁,建模与求解都较为方便,故以往ICM方法[7,8]及变密度法[2,3]的研究多采用它. 图5给出了互邻过滤函数的比较,fti)为快滤函数.
第2类磨光函数是对Sigmoid函数的修正,使其定义域从x∈(-∞,+∞)变换到x∈[0,1][27]. 图6给出了互邻过滤函数的比较,fqti)为快滤函数.
第3类磨光函数[7,8]给出了它与修正的Sigmoid函数的比较,两种函数不仅形式上相似,而且数值结果接近,由于指数函数的两个互邻的过滤函数只在分子上含有变量,数学形式更为简洁,建议建模时采用它,而舍弃修正的Sigmoid函数. 图7说明其fqti)为快滤函数.
第4类磨光函数[28]采用正弦函数作为过滤函数逼近了0/1规划,本质上其中的αe取了1,严格讲αe应当取更大的正数,该磨光函数才能逼近阶跃函数. 图8比较了当αe=3时的一对互邻的过滤函数,且说明其fti)为快滤函数.
第5类磨光函数是将RAMP方法的有理形式的惩罚函数引用作为过滤函数之一,写作表1的第5类情况的fti). 接着对其求逆函数得到磨光函数Pxi),最后按Pxi)求出准过滤函数fqti)=1-P(1-ti),竟然得到fqti)=fti)的罕见情况,是一个有趣的函数. 详见图9.
在实际进行建模和求解时,采用哪一种函数的快滤函数是值得探讨的问题,也就是需要对于5种快滤函数排个顺序. 每个形式的函数在取不同参数时图形都是不一样的,如何按照统一标准进行比较. 若该问题得以解决,则应当取最快的快滤函数对应的过滤函数建立拓扑优化模型,以期高效率的收敛. 本文的研究抓住标尺、界点、准则这3点着手解决问题.
(1)标尺
由于有理函数的过滤函数与准过滤函数形式是完全相同的,表明该图形(见图9)对跨栏函数(如图2所示)逼近时,是以过点(1,0)和点(0,1)连线为对称轴的曲线,可见有理函数便于把控,适合取作诸多函数比较快慢的标尺.
(2)界点
既然有理函数取作比较快慢的标尺,那就把界点t=0.7用于有理函数:将t=0.7点代入图10有理函数的过滤函数中,得,由前述的对称性,f(0.7)=0.3,于是αr=40/9,这是由界点计算出的有理函数参数.
(3)准则
图10上的点(0.7,0.3)为所示有理函数的对称点. 此点取为固定点,对其它4种形式的快滤函数,使其曲线过此点反求出各个函数对应的参数. 把5种不同快滤函数画在一张图上,按下述准则对它们排队:在[0,0.7]区间上,5种快滤函数离横坐标t轴的远、近则是它们慢、快的判据.
具体的排序结果将在本文的算例2给出.
以上构造的不同过滤函数形式收敛性能的比较,需要在结构拓扑优化建模及求解的算法中检验其收敛效率.
假定某种约束条件向量G=(G1,…,GMT对应的结构拓扑优化问题为:
其中t为离散拓扑变量向量,目标函数为结构重量.
以过滤函数逼近跨栏函数,从而使上式离散形式的结构拓扑优化列式变成了如下独立连续的结构拓扑优化列式:
其中fwti)是目标函数过滤函数,fgti)是约束过滤函数,为防止刚度矩阵奇异而设置的拓扑变量下限值,通常取为.
以下以位移约束结构拓扑优化问题为例,基于过滤函数的通用形式ft)写出优化模型及求解过程.
其中,uj为约束点位移函数,为位移约束值(位移下限约束可以通过不等式两边同乘负号转化为上限约束),N为单元总数,M为位移约束总数,fkti)是刚度矩阵过滤函数.
单元重量及单元刚度矩阵由过滤函数识别为:
其中,wi分别为单元重量和实体单元的固有重量,ki分别为单元刚度矩阵和实体单元的固有刚度矩阵.
由此,结构总重量可表示为:
利用莫尔定理可将位移函数显示化为:
其中,
分别为实工况单元结点力向量和虚工况单元结点位移向量,上标(v)表示相应物理量为第v次迭代的计算结果.
将式(8)和式(9)代入式(6),得:
于是式(11)转化为:
其中,.
式(14)中目标与约束分别为x的非线性函数与线性函数,为了便于近似且高效的求解,只需将目标函数进行二阶Taylor展开即可. 其中第i项为:
其中,
由式(12)得:
又由式(18)得:
从式(19)求二阶导数:
将式(19)代入式(16),将式(19)和式(20)代入式(17)得:
此时式(15)可以写为:
其中点为常数,记:
因优化问题的解与目标函数中的常数无关,即与式(14)二阶近似模型等价的列式可以略掉,得到:
其中,过滤函数可以按表1选取,例如当取为幂函数形式时,单元重量及刚度矩阵的过滤函数为:
对应的目标函数中的系数可求得为:
对式(26)可以采用ICM方法惯常使用的对偶二次规划法求解[7,8]. 编程时留出专门计算模型(26)中目标函数系数的接口:先是按式(21)和式(22)在当前点计算出目标函数对于变量xi的一阶和二阶导数值,代入式(24)和式(25)就得到了该优化模型中目标函数系数的两个接口值.
迭代收敛的指标为:
其中δ为指定的收敛精度值,如可取为δ=0.01.
针对本文的内容,给出如下3个算例予以印证.
以幂函数互邻函数为例建模和求解区别出它的快滤函数与慢滤函数.
位移约束下体积极小化拓扑优化问题如图11所示:基结构为160×100的平面体,厚度为1,材料弹性模量为1,泊松比为0.3. 一集中载荷F=1作用于右边界中心位置,载荷分散在右边界中间的三个节点上. 左边界采用固定支承. 初始基结构对应拓扑变量值为1,有限元网格为160×100的正方形单元,分析得到A点的竖直向下位移为22.94,位移约束条件为A点的竖直向下位移值小于60. 拓扑值下限取0.01. 收敛精度取0.005. 采用MMA求解器[29]求解.
幂函数形式的过滤函数,迭代139次,最优点体积比为0.3414,位移60.00,收敛时最优拓扑图形清晰,如图12(a)所示. 幂函数形式的准过滤函数,迭代181次,最优点体积比为0.4063,位移60.00,收敛时最优拓扑图形不清晰,存在大量灰色单元(拓扑变量值不取下限或上限),如图12(b)所示. 可见幂函数形式的过滤函数比准过滤函数收敛更快,收敛时体积比更小,拓扑图形更清晰. 验证了上节分析的正确性.
对5种函数形式的快滤函数排队比较.
按照本文第4节的叙述,对表2中5种快滤函数比较它们的收敛快慢,详见图13,它们的快滤函数排队比较,依据第4节的准则判断,收敛由快至慢的顺序是:幂函数、修正的Sigmoid函数、指数函数、正弦函数、有理函数.
对于2种函数的快滤函数优化效率比较.
据算例2的分析,取最快的幂函数和最慢的有理函数2种函数形式进行优化问题的应用比较. 体积过滤函数及单元刚度矩阵过滤函数的参数选取分别如表3中所示. 相应的过滤函数图形如图14图15所示.
位移约束下体积极小化拓扑优化问题仍采用算例1. 不同形式过滤函数均按第5节的建模方法和寻优算法,收敛精度取为0.01.
优化结果比较如表4图16所示. 幂函数形式的过滤函数比有理函数形式的过滤函数收敛更快,但有理函数形式的过滤函数得到拓扑图形更清晰且最优体积比更小,然而目标值及清晰度相差并不大,效率的提高更明显.
以多工况位移约束下结构体积极小化问题为例,对于幂函数和有理函数2种函数形式的快滤函数优化效率再比较.
算例4与算例1类似,只是载荷工况不同. 此处有两个载荷工况,工况1:集中载荷F1=1作用于右上角位置B点,作用方向竖直向上;工况2:集中载荷F2=1作用于右下角位置C点,作用方向竖直向下. 力学模型如图17所示. 分析得到B点的竖直向上位移为30.97,C点的竖直向下位移为-30.97. 位移约束条件为B点的竖直向上位移值小于60,C点的竖直向下位移大于-60.
优化结果比较如表5图18所示,所得结论与单工况的算例3是相同的.
本文针对结构拓扑优化ICM方法中的映射函数,提出了如何构造高效收敛的映射函数途径,并给出了5类具体的映射函数形式;比较区分了同类函数中的过滤函数和准过滤函数中孰为快滤函数或慢滤函数;对不同类型映射函数,相互比较了其快滤函数的收敛快慢;以位移约束优化问题为例,给出了一般形式的映射函数的ICM建模及求解方法,以位移过滤函数的倒数为设计变量,用复合函数求导原理推导了体积(或重量)目标函数的一阶及二阶导数的通用公式(即采取不同过滤函数时的可共用的接口函数),以方便采用对偶二次规划法求解优化模型. 结构拓扑优化算例印证了分析结论的正确性. 对应力、疲劳、频率等其它性能或多物理性能约束的优化问题,限于篇幅,本文没有举例说明,前期基于ICM方法发表的诸多研究大多数都是采用幂函数形式的过滤函数,也有采用其它形式的过滤函数,以上不同问题都是涉及到了[7,8].
本文的结果可以为变密度法惩罚函数取不同形式提供参考.
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  • 湖南省教育厅重点项目(21A0507)
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.035
  • 接收时间:2023-07-22
  • 首发时间:2026-04-01
  • 出版时间:2024-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-22
基金
湖南省自然科学基金(2022JJ30113)
湖南省教育厅重点项目(21A0507)
作者信息
    1北京工业大学材料与制造学部,北京,100022
    2湖南城市学院土木工程学院,益阳,413000

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gtlxxb/CN/10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.035
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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