Article(id=1246023207141093453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246023204117005194, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1698249600000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775004682573, onlineDateStr=2026-04-01, pubDate=1713974400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775004682573, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775004682573, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775004682573, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246023204117005194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2024', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='145', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775004681852, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775004747143, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246023478026027853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246023204117005194, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246023478026027854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246023204117005194, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=170, endPage=187, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246023207371780175, articleId=1246023207141093453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=Knowledge and Data-driven Exploration of Bounds on Mechanical Properties: A Review, columnId=1241837071892026304, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Bounds on the mechanical properties provide fundamental guidelines for finding materials or structures with extreme mechanical performance. However, the bounds on some important mechanical properties, such as Young's modulus and tensile strength, remain unknown, while the search for target extreme materials from infinite potential materials of element combinations across the periodic table is challenging. It has long been questioned: have we approached the bounds on these mechanical properties? Is there a material that is stiffer or harder than diamond? To determine the bounds on the mechanical properties and find materials or structures with extreme mechanical performance, the key is to understand and quantify the structure-property relationship. Over the past decades, many attempts and achievements have been made to model the structure-property relationship, such as empirical/semiempirical formulas, first-principles calculations, machine learning, but these approaches often suffer from limitations in terms of accuracy, efficiency, universality, or interpretability. With the accumulation of knowledge and data, knowledge and data-driven understanding and modeling of structure-property relationships have shown immense potential. Recent studies within the knowledge and data-driven framework have led to the development of powerful theories for structure-property relationships. Based on these structure-property relationships, material properties can be predicted from structures, and conversely, structures can be designed for target material properties. Consequently, the bounds on some important mechanical properties have been determined, and numerous materials or structures with mechanical properties close to the theoretical bounds have been designed and fabricated. Our work provides an overview of the recent progress in these explorations of bounds on mechanical properties. First, we present the advances in knowledge and data-driven approaches for understanding and modeling structure-property relationships. Then, we review the determined bounds on mechanical properties and discovered materials or structures with extreme mechanical performance based on the knowledge and data-driven approaches. Finally, we discuss the challenges, opportunities, and some future directions in this field.

, correspAuthors=Enlai Gao, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Enlai Gao), CN=ArticleExt(id=1246023210274238617, articleId=1246023207141093453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=知识与数据交互驱动的力学性能极限研究进展, columnId=1241837072126907338, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

探索物质力学性能极限是科学研究的前沿,发掘极限力学性能物质(材料或结构)可为国防军工等尖端领域发展提供物资基础. 然而,杨氏模量、抗拉强度等力学性能的理论极限未知,引发长期以来悬而未决的争议与迷茫,诸如是否存在比金刚石更刚、更硬的物质?人类是否已经接近材料力学性能的边界?化学元素相互组合可形成无穷物质,仅已知物质结构就多达数百万种且数目仍在快速增长,从中发掘出性能突破现有纪录的物质挑战巨大. 知识与数据交互驱动的研究范式源远流长、历久弥新,是发展和革新力学理论的宝典. 近年来,在新型知识与数据交互驱动下,研究人员发展了更高效能的物质性能预报理论,确定了若干力学性能的理论极限,设计制备出若干性能接近于理论极限的物质. 本文回顾梳理了相关领域的研究现状,探讨了相关领域的发展趋势及其面临的机遇与挑战.

, correspAuthors=高恩来, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
** E-mail:.
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Statistics of typical material databases

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据库材料总数力学性能已知的材料数量文献
剑桥结构数据库(Cambridge Structural Database,CSD)1,262,2210[10]
开放量子材料数据库(Open Quantum Materials Database,OQMD)1,022,6030[11]
晶体学开放数据库(Crystallography Open Database,COD)507,2260[12]
无机晶体结构数据库(Inorganic Crystal Structure Database,ICSD)281,6260[13]
材料项目数据库(Materials Project,MP)144,59514,072[14]
), ArticleFig(id=1246023212920844540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246023207141093453, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

典型材料数据库信息统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据库材料总数力学性能已知的材料数量文献
剑桥结构数据库(Cambridge Structural Database,CSD)1,262,2210[10]
开放量子材料数据库(Open Quantum Materials Database,OQMD)1,022,6030[11]
晶体学开放数据库(Crystallography Open Database,COD)507,2260[12]
无机晶体结构数据库(Inorganic Crystal Structure Database,ICSD)281,6260[13]
材料项目数据库(Materials Project,MP)144,59514,072[14]
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知识与数据交互驱动的力学性能极限研究进展
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高恩来 **
固体力学学报 | 综述 2024,45(2): 170-187
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固体力学学报 | 综述 2024, 45(2): 170-187
知识与数据交互驱动的力学性能极限研究进展
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高恩来**
作者信息
  • 武汉大学土木建筑工程学院工程力学系,武汉,430072

通讯作者:

** E-mail:.
Knowledge and Data-driven Exploration of Bounds on Mechanical Properties: A Review
Enlai Gao**
Affiliations
  • Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072
出版时间: 2024-04-25 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.002
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探索物质力学性能极限是科学研究的前沿,发掘极限力学性能物质(材料或结构)可为国防军工等尖端领域发展提供物资基础. 然而,杨氏模量、抗拉强度等力学性能的理论极限未知,引发长期以来悬而未决的争议与迷茫,诸如是否存在比金刚石更刚、更硬的物质?人类是否已经接近材料力学性能的边界?化学元素相互组合可形成无穷物质,仅已知物质结构就多达数百万种且数目仍在快速增长,从中发掘出性能突破现有纪录的物质挑战巨大. 知识与数据交互驱动的研究范式源远流长、历久弥新,是发展和革新力学理论的宝典. 近年来,在新型知识与数据交互驱动下,研究人员发展了更高效能的物质性能预报理论,确定了若干力学性能的理论极限,设计制备出若干性能接近于理论极限的物质. 本文回顾梳理了相关领域的研究现状,探讨了相关领域的发展趋势及其面临的机遇与挑战.

知识驱动  /  数据驱动  /  结构-性能关联  /  力学性能极限  /  极限性能物质

Bounds on the mechanical properties provide fundamental guidelines for finding materials or structures with extreme mechanical performance. However, the bounds on some important mechanical properties, such as Young's modulus and tensile strength, remain unknown, while the search for target extreme materials from infinite potential materials of element combinations across the periodic table is challenging. It has long been questioned: have we approached the bounds on these mechanical properties? Is there a material that is stiffer or harder than diamond? To determine the bounds on the mechanical properties and find materials or structures with extreme mechanical performance, the key is to understand and quantify the structure-property relationship. Over the past decades, many attempts and achievements have been made to model the structure-property relationship, such as empirical/semiempirical formulas, first-principles calculations, machine learning, but these approaches often suffer from limitations in terms of accuracy, efficiency, universality, or interpretability. With the accumulation of knowledge and data, knowledge and data-driven understanding and modeling of structure-property relationships have shown immense potential. Recent studies within the knowledge and data-driven framework have led to the development of powerful theories for structure-property relationships. Based on these structure-property relationships, material properties can be predicted from structures, and conversely, structures can be designed for target material properties. Consequently, the bounds on some important mechanical properties have been determined, and numerous materials or structures with mechanical properties close to the theoretical bounds have been designed and fabricated. Our work provides an overview of the recent progress in these explorations of bounds on mechanical properties. First, we present the advances in knowledge and data-driven approaches for understanding and modeling structure-property relationships. Then, we review the determined bounds on mechanical properties and discovered materials or structures with extreme mechanical performance based on the knowledge and data-driven approaches. Finally, we discuss the challenges, opportunities, and some future directions in this field.

knowledge-driven  /  data-driven  /  structure-property relationship  /  bounds on mechanical properties  /  extreme mechanics
高恩来. 知识与数据交互驱动的力学性能极限研究进展. 固体力学学报, 2024 , 45 (2) : 170 -187 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.002
Enlai Gao. Knowledge and Data-driven Exploration of Bounds on Mechanical Properties: A Review[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2024 , 45 (2) : 170 -187 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.002
杨氏模量、泊松比等力学性能度量提出数百年来,为衡量物质受力、变形等力学行为提供了基本工具[1,2]. 自然界物质间存在四种基本相互作用:强相互作用、弱相互作用、电磁相互作用、引力相互作用,基本相互作用的能量和空间尺度决定了物质力学性能的尺度. 例如,研究表明中子星的属性本质上依赖于夸克间的强相互作用,其外壳强度是钢铁的100亿倍[3,4]. 本文所探讨的物质是由原子组成的材料或结构,其组成原子的电子与电子、电子与原子核、原子核与原子核彼此之间以电磁力的形式相互作用. 考虑到电磁相互作用的能量和空间尺度限制,常规条件下物质的宏观刚度、强度等力学性能理应存在上限. 然而,长期以来杨氏模量等力学性能的理论极限未知,材料力学教科书中相关内容留下空白,引发长期以来悬而未决的争议与迷茫[5,6]. 诸如是否存在比金刚石更刚、更硬的物质?人类是否已经接近材料力学性能的边界?化学元素相互组合可形成无穷物质,而力学性能的理论极限犹如从无穷物质海洋中发现极限力学性能物质的灯塔. 为了指引极限性能物质的发现,从微观基本相互作用出发确定宏观力学性能的理论极限成为关键问题之一.
极限力学性能物质是先进固体材料与结构的代表,被广泛应用于机械加工、先进武器等工业领域以及高压物理等基础研究领域. 发掘新型极限力学性能物质不仅对拓展人类认知边界有重要科学意义,而且对提升国家工业制造水平有潜在应用价值.20世纪中叶,金刚石和立方氮化硼的人工合成大幅推动了相关工业应用及基础科学研究的进步. 在刘慈欣的科幻作品《三体》中[7],汪淼教授所研究的极限性能纳米材料“飞刃”可削铁如泥,将地球叛军巨轮“审判日”号切割成数十片薄片. 科幻小说里的脑洞给读者留下了十分深刻的印象,也反映了人类对终极材料的梦想. 当今,物质结构-性能关联的知识与数据交互增长,新型极限性能物质不断涌现,人类从未如此接近终极材料的梦想. 例如,笔者课题组近期设计出迄今比杨氏模量、比抗拉强度、比应变能密度最高的物质,相关性能接近于理论极限[8,9]. 随着超高力学性能物质不断涌现,物质组分结构逐渐接近物理化学极限,设计制备具有更高力学性能物质难度日益增加. 化学元素相互组合可形成无穷物质,仅已知的物质结构就多达数百万种且数目仍在快速增长. 相较于数据库中力学性能已知物质(含结构组分、力学性能信息),目前数据库中力学性能未知物质(仅含结构组分信息)数量更多、增长更快. 目前缺乏高效、准确、普适的物质性能预报理论或实验测定方法,通过已有方法(实验或第一原理计算)遍历获取数据库中所有物质力学性能代价巨大. 例如,材料项目(Materials Project,MP)数据库历时近十年由第一原理计算出弹性矩阵的物质仅有14,072种,不足五大数据库中物质总数的0.5%(表1).
综上所述,力学性能极限研究面临两个关键问题:(1)如何从微观基本相互作用出发确定宏观力学性能的理论极限?(2)如何从无穷物质组合中高效挖掘出力学性能接近理论极限的物质(简称“极限性能物质”)?宏观力学性能取决于微观结构,发展新型宏观力学性能预报理论是解决上述两个关键问题的共性需求. 当今,固体力学研究加速发展,知识与数据快速增长. 一方面,固体力学研究深入到原子、电子尺度,这为发展新型知识驱动材料设计理论提供了土壤. 另一方面,固体力学研究与人工智能、数据科学交叉,自动化、高通量方法的发展促使物质结构与性能数据爆炸式增长[15]. 新型知识与数据交互,有望产生更高层次的知识和数据驱动力学性能预报模型. 知识与数据交互驱动的研究范式源远流长、历久弥新,是发展和革新力学理论的宝典. 例如,17世纪牛顿基于大量实验数据总结归纳,提出了三大运动定律.20世纪初,实验观察到一些微观粒子的行为与牛顿运动定律不符,薛定谔等物理学家通过对大量实验数据(黑体辐射、光电效应等)的深入思考,以及对经典物理学概念的创新重构,逐步形成了量子力学理论知识. 在量子力学等底层知识驱动下,第一原理计算提供了根据物质结构预报其力学性能的普适、准确算法. 近年来,第一原理计算的物质结构-性能数据快速增长. 研究人员不仅可基于海量第一原理数据训练更高效的机器学习力学性能预报模型,而且可从海量数据中借助人工智能方法洞见物理规律,发展更高层次的知识驱动微观物理模型. 基于知识驱动微观物理模型,研究人员可大幅缩小极限性能物质的搜索区间,指引极限性能物质的精准设计[8,9,16,17]. 由此可见,知识和数据具有多层次、复杂性等特点,知识与数据交互驱动的范式可为力学性能极限研究提供路径.
本文针对杨氏模量、体积模量、泊松比等典型力学性能,回顾梳理了相关力学性能极限与极限力学性能物质的研究进展,探讨了相关研究领域的发展趋势及其面临的机遇与挑战. 同时,也剖析了若干知识与数据交互驱动研究的案例,希冀在机器学习等人工智能席卷科学研究的当下,激发读者对知识驱动、数据驱动以及知识与数据交互驱动研究范式的思考. 后续内容分为三个部分:(1)知识与数据驱动结构-性能关联方法研究进展;(2)典型力学性能极限研究进展;(3)总结与展望.
工欲善其事,必先利其器. 结构-性能关联是固体力学研究的核心问题之一,这是因为物质的宏观力学性能密切依赖于其微观结构,建立微观结构与宏观性能关联不仅可用于根据物质结构组分信息预测其力学性能,同时可为设计极限性能物质的结构组分提供准则. 数十年来,物质结构-性能关联方法研究取得了显著进展(图1). 过去人们常用试错实验或“炒菜式”方法制备、筛选高性能物质,造成了人力、物力与财力的巨大浪费. 为了增强高性能物质制备中的理论预见性,减少实验盲目性,研究人员逐渐积累数据、归纳实验规律、总结科学原理,提出了诸多经验/半经验公式,用于指引极限力学性能物质的设计制备. 目前对材料的研究深入到分子、原子、电子等物质微观尺度,结构-性能关联已成为力学、物理学、化学等多学科交叉研究领域. 随着计算量子力学方法的发展和计算机运算能力的提升,第一原理计算被广泛用于根据物质结构组分信息预测其力学性能. 近年来,随着物质数据库中结构-性能数据的快速增长,机器学习等数据驱动结构-性能关联方法逐渐凸显优势. 经验/半经验方法、第一原理计算、机器学习模型的本质都是围绕物质结构-性能关联开展分析与计算,其中经验/半经验方法、第一原理计算等属于知识驱动方法,机器学习等属于数据驱动方法. 知识嵌入可增强数据驱动方法效能,而数据驱动方法可加速新型知识发现. 为了融合两类方法优点,实现理论知识与数据的结合,知识与数据交互驱动方法成为当前研究热点. 下面将首先介绍知识驱动结构-性能关联方法研究进展,然后梳理数据驱动结构-性能关联方法研究进展,最后回顾知识与数据交互驱动结构-性能关联方法研究进展.
第一原理计算是由量子力学知识驱动的结构-性能关联方法. 随着计算量子力学方法的发展和计算机运算能力的提升,第一原理计算被广泛应用于根据材料结构组分预测其性能[20]. 例如,燕山大学田永君教授研究组基于第一原理计算预测了多种超硬材料,包括立方四氮化三碳(cubic-C3N4,维氏硬度HV~92 GPa)[21]和以碳为中心的正交碳结构(HV~95 GPa)[22]等,硬度可与金刚石媲美. 哈尔滨工业大学周玉教授研究组通过第一原理计算发现蓝丝黛尔石的杨氏模量(1325 GPa)比金刚石更高(1150 GPa)[23]. 2012年,结合自主开发的结构预测软件和第一原理计算,吉林大学马琰铭教授研究组预测了兼具高杨氏模量(Y~879 GPa)和高硬度(HV~77 GPa)的体心四方二氮化碳(bct-CN2[24]. 然而,底层量子力学知识驱动的第一原理计算对于大体系与高通量计算代价高昂. 例如,历时近十年,MP数据库基于第一原理计算出14,072种晶体的弹性常数信息,不足已知晶体结构数量的0.5%. 由此可见,通过第一原理计算遍历获取海量物质力学性能存在巨大挑战,这阻碍了极限力学性能物质的高效挖掘.
经验/半经验方法是研究人员在长期积累实验与计算数据、归纳物理规律和总结科学原理的基础上提出的结构-性能关联标度律、经验/半经验法则与公式、经验分子计算模拟等,下面以硬度和体积模量为例说明. Kaner等[25]总结了超硬物质(HV大于40 GPa)的设计制备经验:(1)由轻质元素组成的共价化合物(如立方氮化硼);(2)由轻质元素和具有高价电子密度的过渡金属元素组成的化合物(如二硼化铼、四硼化钨). 该经验法则为挖掘设计超硬物质缩小了搜索区间. 研究表明物质的硬度与体积模量密切相关,这为从体积模量出发搜索超硬物质提供了基础.1985年,美国加州大学的Cohen提出了预测金刚石型和闪锌矿型结构物质体积模量(B)的模型[26],并于1993年推广到以下形式[27]
其中Nc是平均配位数,d是键长,I是离子性经验参数.1996年,Sung等指出物质的高硬度主要归因于高原子配位数、高共价性的化学键和短而强的原子键合方式. 对于金刚石型结构物质,他们提出了计算体积模量的PDC模型[28]
其中P是物质组成原子的平均周期数,D是平均原子间距,C取决于两成键原子p轨道电子数之差. 2003年,燕山大学田永君团队将物质宏观硬度与微观电子结构关联起来. 他们假设硬度是单位面积上所有化学键对压头的抵抗力之和,提出了计算共价化合物维氏硬度的微观模型[29]
其中Ne是价电子密度,d是键长,fi是Phillips离子性. 2006年,捷克科学院物理所Šimůnek等假设硬度取决于材料单位体积内化学键强度,提出了计算离子和共价化合物维氏硬度的微观模型[30]
其中Ω是两成键原子的体积,dab是键长,nab是配位数,fe是离子性,eaeb是原子的参考势,由原子的价电子数和半径决定,式中的半经验参数由第一原理计算获取. 2008年,大连理工大学薛冬峰团队提出了新型电负性标度,并建立了物质努氏硬度(HK)的化学键电负性模型[31]
其中NvXabfi分别为化学键密度、化学键电负性和离子性. 此外,田永君团队将化学键强度定义为化学键抵抗拉伸破坏时的极限拉力,建立了共价、离子化合物理想抗拉强度与化学键强度关联的半经验模型,揭示了键长、有效成键电子数对材料理想抗拉强度的影响机制[32]. 上述经验/半经验方法提供了快速预报物质力学性能的手段,相比第一原理计算方法效率更高,在加速发现高性能物质方面取得了诸多成就. 然而,宏观力学度量与微观物理化学度量(电负性、离子性等)的关系依赖于数据拟合经验,缺乏清晰的数学与力学原理. 因此,此类经验/半经验方法通常仅适用于特定类型物质,缺乏普适性,且经验参数的选取需要极强专业知识. 对于海量共价性、离子性、金属性各异的物质,上述方法尚不能给出满意答案.
近年来,机器学习、数据挖掘等数据驱动技术在先进材料与结构研究方面逐渐凸显优势. 国内外多个研究团队在数据驱动本构建模、疲劳寿命预测、材料设计等领域取得了重要进展,进行了回顾与展望[16,33-50]. 南京航空航天大学郭万林教授团队发展了机器学习模型,用于对具有体心立方相和面心立方相的高熵合金进行高效搜索[51]. 结合高通量计算,郭万林教授与张助华教授研究团队还从金属氢化物中搜索到110种具有独特性质的二维纳米材料[52]. 上海大学江进武教授团队基于卷积神经网络模型,揭示了孔穴分布与石墨烯热导率之间的关联,提出了调控多孔石墨烯结构热导率的方法[53]. 浙江大学周昊飞研究员与刘嘉斌教授团队,基于机器学习方法建立了铜合金化学成分、老化时间与其性能(硬度和电导率)的关联模型,并通过实验验证了机器学习模型预测的结果[54]. 亚利桑那州立大学姜汉卿教授团队共同发展了一套数据驱动方法,通过离散噪声数据直接获得了经典物理及力学问题的变分律[55].
在物质科学研究领域,数据库的蓬勃发展为挖掘物质结构组分与力学性能之间的内禀关系,加速新型极限力学性能物质的发现与应用提供了机遇[16,49,56]. 数据库中的物质结构组分、力学性能数据通常由实验或理论计算获取. 实验是一种直接获取数据的方式,但物质制备、结构表征与性能测试周期长、难度大,通过实验获取大量数据的成本很高. 相较于实验,理论计算具有高效快捷等优点,基于第一原理计算物质结构与性能为大规模数据库的构建提供了强有力的工具. 例如,开放量子材料数据库(Open Quantum Materials Database,OQMD)已经收录了1,022,603组经过第一原理计算的物质结构组分和能量数据. 此外,较大的数据库还包括晶体学开放数据库(Crystallography Open Database,COD)和无机晶体结构数据库(Inorganic Crystal Structure Database,ICSD),迄今为止它们分别包含507,226种和281,626种物质的结构组分数据(表1). 基于大量物质结构与性能数据,国内外科研团队开展了相关数据驱动研究. 2019年,清华大学倪军教授团队发展了物质结构组分-体积模量/剪切模量的深度神经网络模型[56]. 2021年,美国休斯敦大学Brgoch团队发展了物质化学组分-维氏硬度的集成机器学习模型[49]. 2021年,笔者课题组通过对MP数据库中上万种弹性矩阵已由第一原理计算获取的物质进行了挖掘,发现了2种已知杨氏模量最高的块体晶体(OsN2Y~1383 GPa;CN2Y~1555 GPa)[16]. 进一步,基于对上万种物质结构组分与最大杨氏模量数据的全局敏感性与相关性分析,确定了与物质最大杨氏模量密切关联的6个结构组分特征参量. 上述数据驱动方法提供了快速预报物质力学性能的手段,在加速发现新材料方面也取得了一定成效. 然而,基于数据且仅基于数据的机器学习等数据驱动方法存在数据依赖严重、物理意义不明确、外延性预测存疑等问题,这阻碍了相关方法的可靠应用.
知识驱动方法和数据驱动方法各具优势和局限. 如1.1和1.2小节所述,现有的知识或数据驱动结构-性能关联方法难以兼顾力学性能预报的精度、效率与普适性:第一原理计算对于大体系与高通量计算代价高昂;经验/半经验方法仅适用于特定类型的物质和力学性能,缺乏普适性,且复杂多样经验参数的选取需要极强专业知识;目前物质结构-性能关联的数据驱动模型尚处于起步阶段,面临结构组分变量过多、维度过高、模型物理意义不明确等问题[40,57,58]. 一方面,这会增加模型复杂度与计算量,易于导致维数灾难;另一方面,通常已知的超高力学性能物质结构-性能数据极其稀少,因而模型在超高性能区间训练不足,导致模型外延性预测结果存疑[57,58]. 这是由于基于数据且仅基于数据的模型没有充分嵌入人们已经掌握的理论知识,存在本质缺陷,难以在数据科学自身范畴内改进. 因此,当前该研究领域的一个重要趋势是融合这两类方法的优点,发展知识与数据交互驱动结构-性能关联方法,实现理论知识与数据的有机结合,加速先进材料与结构的理解设计[46,47].
知识与数据交互驱动方法的核心在于将已知的科学知识与新兴的数据科学技术结合起来,主要包括知识嵌入和知识发现两个方面[46,47]. 知识嵌入是将守恒律、变分律等基本物理化学理论和经验/半经验公式等作为先验知识嵌入到数据驱动模型,发展理论知识约束或引导的数据驱动模型,如物理信息神经网络模型、迁移机器学习模型,用于分析处理海量物质结构-性能数据. 知识嵌入不仅可提升数据驱动模型的可解释性和外延性预测能力,还可降低模型训练对数据的依赖性,实现小样本学习等目标. 知识发现是通过数据科学技术从海量数据中提取新型规律、机制等知识,进一步归纳总结新型理论. 这类新型知识可为先进材料与结构发掘设计提供可靠依据,也可为物质结构-性能关联研究带来新突破. 综上所述,知识嵌入可增强数据驱动模型效能,数据驱动可加速新型知识发现,知识与数据交互驱动结构-性能关联方法有望成为物质科学研究的强有力工具.
杨氏模量是两个世纪前英国物理学家Thomas Young提出的衡量固体抵抗弹性变形能力的力学度量,其定义是单轴加载时应力(σ)与应变(ε)的比值(Y=σ/ε). 对于各向异性材料,杨氏模量与加载方向密切相关. 自古至今,人类始终在不断追求更高力学性能的物质以满足生产生活需求(图2(a)). 史学家根据人类制造工具所用的材料将早期人类历史划分为石器时代、青铜时代和铁器时代. 石器时代,人类使用石头(燧石,Y~80 GPa[59])等工具进行狩猎;青铜时代,人类铸造的青铜器具(青铜,Y~113 GPa[60])对提高社会生产力起了划时代的作用;铁器时代,冶铁技术(铁器,Y~185 GPa[61])的发展大幅提高了农耕效率. 近现代以来,新发现的超高杨氏模量物质多为晶体(图2(a)). 得益于短而刚的化学键,金刚石的杨氏模量高达1150 GPa,长期以来被公认为最高杨氏模量物质[62-64].1955年,研究人员成功合成金刚石(Y~1150 GPa)[65].1957年,研究人员成功合成立方氮化硼(Y~850 GPa)[66].1966年,Darling通过实验研究了元素周期表第五周期和第六周期金属的基本力学性能,发现锇(Os,Y~560 GPa)和铱(Ir,Y~538 GPa)是其中杨氏模量最高的两种物质[67].1989年,加州大学Liu和Cohen通过理论计算预测了碳和氮形成的共价晶体β-C3N4具有超高力学性能[68],掀起了对碳氮化合物等晶体的研究热潮. 随后,Iijima和Ichihashi及Bethune等各自在实验中发现了单壁碳纳米管[69-71],Ruoff研究组通过实验表征其杨氏模量为320-1470 GPa(平均1002 GPa)[72]. 2008年Lee等通过纳米压痕测试测量出单层石墨烯的抗拉强度为130 GPa,面内杨氏模量约为1000 GPa(厚度取0.34 nm),与莱斯大学Yakobson研究组的前期理论计算一致[73,74]. 2009年,上海交通大学孙弘教授与内华达大学陈长风教授等通过第一原理计算预测蓝丝黛尔石具有超高力学性能[75],随后哈尔滨工业大学周玉教授等通过第一原理计算发现其杨氏模量(1325 GPa)比金刚石更高(1208 GPa)[23].
当前固体力学研究深入到原子、电子尺度并与人工智能、数据科学交叉,新型物质结构-性能关联知识与数据快速增长,知识与数据交互驱动为探究物质杨氏模量极限带来新机遇. 2021年,笔者课题组对MP数据库中13,122种晶体(弹性矩阵已由第一原理计算获取)开展数据驱动研究,发现了2种新型超高模量晶体(CN2和OsN2),其最大杨氏模量(分别为1555 GPa和1383 GPa,图2(b))大于金刚石(1150 GPa). 进一步,对上万种晶体开展数据驱动机理分析,从上百个结构组分描述符中确定了与晶体最大杨氏模量密切相关的6个关键结构组分特征参量,并开发了用于筛选超高杨氏模量晶体(大于1000 GPa)的机器学习模型[16]. 基于上述数据驱动研究,笔者课题组对极限杨氏模量物质的结构组分特征形成了新认知,建立了知识驱动的极致杨氏模量微观物理模型:化学键具有极致刚度、取向度与密度(图3(a)),理论推导出任意元素组成物质极致杨氏模量(Y)的表达式:
其中ħmeaBNeVa分别为约化普朗克常数,电子质量(常数),玻尔半径(常数),原子价电子数和原子体积. 结合物质密度(ρ=Amp/Va,其中Amp分别为相对原子质量与质子质量),进一步推导出极致比杨氏模量(Yρ)的表达式:
公式6和7仅依赖于Ne/VaNe/A,其他参数均为物理常数. 遍历前期物理化学家确定的元素周期表数据,分别将Ne/VaNe/A的极值代入公式,确定了杨氏模量与比杨氏模量的理论上限分别为3074 GPa和1036 GPa·g-1·cm3图3(a)[17]. 需要指出,上述公式还可用于估计任意化学组分物质的杨氏模量与比杨氏模量上限. 杨氏模量的理论极限为相关性能(声速、抗拉强度等)极限的估算提供了重要依据. 声速与比杨氏模量存在关系:V=[Yρ(1-ν)/(1+ν)(1-2ν)]1/2,其中ν为泊松比. 假定泊松比取典型数值0.3,那么声速上限可估算为37 km·s-1,这与近期Trachenko等人确定的声速上限(36 km·s-1)基本一致[76]. Frenkel模型表明理想固体的抗拉强度约为杨氏模量的1/10[77],进一步研究表明理想固体的抗拉强度通常为杨氏模量的1/8-1/15[78,79]. 结合杨氏模量的理论上限以及杨氏模量和抗拉强度关系,抗拉强度与比抗拉强度的上限可分别估算为384 GPa和130 GPa·g-1·cm3.
在上述知识与数据驱动模型指引下,极限杨氏模量物质的结构组分搜索区间大幅缩小. 具体而言,若要满足化学键具有极致刚度和取向度的条件,那么可选的结构应满足化学键呈线性分布,可选的组分只有硼、碳、氮这类半径小、电负性大、可形成短而刚化学键的轻质元素. 在上述结构组分条件约束下,笔者课题组枚举出143种由线性原子链组成的晶体(简称“线性晶体”). 经第一原理计算验证,发现线性C2N晶体比杨氏模量和比抗拉强度高达1032 GPa·g-1·cm3和108 GPa·g-1·cm3图3b-c),接近于比杨氏模量和比抗拉强度的理论极限(1036 GPa·g-1·cm3和130 GPa·g-1·cm3). 为了避免诸如横截面定义等争议,在研究低维物质结构时使用了比杨氏模量、比抗拉强度等力学度量. 为了获取具有极限性能的块体材料,研究人员还提出了限域组装线性晶体的概念设计[80],其中限域线性碳链的杨氏模量高达2973 GPa,接近于杨氏模量的理论极限(3074 GPa)[17]. 杨氏模量、抗拉强度的理论上限与材料中化学键取向分布的维度密切相关,上述极限杨氏模量、极限抗拉强度是极端各向异性线性晶体沿特定方向的力学性能.
体积模量(B)是描述材料在均匀压缩或膨胀时抵抗体积变形能力的物理量. 它不仅用于衡量物质的不可压缩性,而且与硬度、韧性等其他力学性能密切相关[81]. 金刚石是过去长期公认的最高体积模量物质,被誉为工业牙齿,在精密加工等国家工业领域具有重要应用价值. 研究人员长期以来致力于寻找媲美、甚至超越金刚石的极不可压缩、超硬物质[42,68,82-84]. 极不可压缩物质的界定目前尚无明确标准,诸多文献把体积模量大于350 GPa或400 GPa的物质称为极不可压缩物质[85-87]. 本文将体积模量大于400 GPa、可与金刚石(B~430 GPa)媲美的物质称为极不可压缩物质.
体积模量的预报是高通量筛选极不可压缩、超硬物质的关键. 目前研究人员已经开发了若干预测体积模量的方法,包括经验/半经验公式[26,27,88-90]、第一原理计算[68,82,91]、机器学习模型[16,42,56]等. 基于这些方法,过去数十年来发现了若干体积模量可与金刚石媲美的极不可压缩物质,如C3N4(425-496 GPa)[82],c-BN(404 GPa)[92],ReC(422-440 GPa)[93]和蓝丝黛尔石(437 GPa)[23,94]. 然而,现有的方法难以兼顾体积模量预报的精度、效率与普适性(详见本文第1部分分析). 为此,靳蕊华等提出了新型微观力学度量,并基于力学原理推导出高效、准确、简洁、普适的体积模量预报公式,指引发掘出数十种极限体积模量物质,大幅扩充了极不可压缩物质家族[95]. 具体而言,靳蕊华等首先理论定义了用于衡量原子抵抗体积变形能力的新型力学度量——原子刚度(S=d2E/dε2|ε=0,其中Eε分别为原子能量及其体积应变),并标定了化学元素周期表中每种元素的原子刚度(图4(a)). 研究发现每种元素的原子刚度值对该元素所处的局域化学环境(应变、同素异形体等)不敏感,接近常数,这为便捷利用原子刚度预测体积模量提供了有利条件. 进一步,基于宏微观应变能密度互等,理论推导出用于体积模量预测的简洁、普适公式:,其中xiSiV分别为物质中元素i的原子分数、原子刚度和物质的平均原子体积. 数千种材料数据验证表明,相比过去的经验/半经验公式、第一原理计算、机器学习方法,该公式展现出显著的高效、准确、简洁、普适等一体化优势. 在该理论公式指引下,对现有数据库中百万种力学性能未知的晶体开展了体积模量高通量预测,从中筛选出超高体积模量晶体,并经第一原理计算验证,发现了47种刚度媲美金刚石的极不可压缩物质(体积模量大于400 GPa,图4(b)). 作为对比,美国材料基因组计划数据平台Materials Project历时近十年使用第一原理计算只计算出一万多种晶体的弹性信息,其中刚度媲美金刚石的晶体不足10种. 基于上述理论公式和化学元素周期表数据,可估计任意化学组分物质的体积模量上限,并绘制极不可压缩物质的元素组合藏宝图(图4(c)),提出极不可压缩物质设计准则,为未来逆向设计刚度媲美金刚石的新型物质指明方向. 为确定体积模量的理论上限,研究人员遍历元素周期表数据,将结构组分的极致数据代入公式,估算出体积模量极限约为500 GPa. 俄罗斯物理学家Brazhkin教授曾预测不可能获得体积模量超过金刚石20%(430×1.2≈500 GPa)的物质[6],与上述研究的理论估计一致. 进一步,上述理论验证表明诸多文献报道的体积模量异常高(显著超过上述理论公式预测范围或显著超过500 GPa)的物质结果存疑[96-98]. 单就体积模量而言,常规条件下其性能纪录已经接近理论极限,进一步突破、提升的空间有限.
不同于杨氏模量、体积模量等力学度量,泊松比是无量纲力学度量. 长期以来,中外学者在经典弹性力学框架下基于宏观弹性常数矩阵正定约束对各类物质泊松比理论极限开展了大量研究,先后确定了不同对称性物质的泊松比极限[99-104]. 例如,发现各向同性材料的泊松比极限为(-1,+1/2),各向异性材料的泊松比极限为(-∞,+∞). 然而,除了宏观弹性常数矩阵正定约束,是否还存在其他微观物理约束?这些约束是否会进一步限制泊松比的取值范围?针对上述问题,笔者课题组建立了物质宏观弹性常数与微观结构力常数(化学键、角刚度等)关联的模型,开展了泊松比极限研究[105-108]. 基于弹性理论确定了七大晶系面内泊松比的理论极限,发现所有材料最大泊松比与最小泊松比均满足内禀关系:νmaxνmin<1(图5(a)-(b)[105];发现泊松比的理论极限不仅受宏观弹性常数矩阵正定约束,从化学键稳定性角度考虑也受微观力常数约束:以二维六方晶体和三维类金刚石晶体为例,过去的研究只考虑材料对称性与宏观弹性常数矩阵正定约束,泊松比取值范围分别为(-1,+1)和(-∞,+∞),而考虑到微观化学键稳定性约束,泊松比的取值范围被进一步限制为(-1/3,+1)[106]和(-1,+4/5)[107]. 相关泊松比行为的微观机制来源于化学键和角变形模式的竞争(图(5c)-(d)). 此外,还以六方晶系面内泊松比为例,探索了有限应变下泊松比的理论极限,揭示了有限应变对泊松比极限的影响机理[108].
为了获取泊松比接近于理论极限的物质结构,笔者课题组开展了数据驱动发掘与力学设计工作. 在数据驱动发掘方面,从文献和数据库中采集了大量实验测量与第一原理计算的弹性常数数据. 基于弹性常数数据计算每种物质的最大与最小泊松比,发现均分布在理论极限区间以内(图5(b));同时发现若干泊松比接近理论极限的物质结构,有力支持了对泊松比理论极限的预测[105]. 例如,六方晶系α-石墨炔的面内最大泊松比为0.95,接近相关晶系泊松比的理论上限(+1);InP的最小泊松比为-0.86,接近相关晶系泊松比的理论下限(-1). 在力学设计方面,笔者课题组设计了由键与角组成的结构模型(图5(c)-(d)),理论与模拟均表明通过调节键刚度和角刚度的比值,可使结构泊松比接近理论极限:当键刚度远大于角刚度时,结构泊松比接近理论上限;当键刚度远小于角刚度时,结构泊松比接近理论下限[106-108].
知识与数据交互驱动的研究范式为力学性能极限研究提供了强有力的工具,本文主要回顾梳理了知识与数据交互驱动的力学性能极限研究进展. 首先强调了探索物质力学性能极限在指引先进材料与结构开发方面的重要性. 然后介绍了第一原理计算、经验/半经验公式、机器学习模型等知识或数据驱动结构-性能关联方法,分析了现有力学性能预报方法在精度、效率与普适性方面的优势与局限性,指出当前研究的重要趋势是将理论知识与数据相结合,发展知识与数据交互驱动的结构-性能关联方法,加速先进材料与结构的理解设计. 随后讨论了知识与数据交互驱动的杨氏模量、抗拉强度、体积模量、泊松比等典型力学性能极限研究进展. 在知识和数据驱动下,研究人员确定了若干力学性能的理论极限,设计制备出若干力学性能接近理论极限的物质. 研究表明部分力学性能已经趋于理论极限,尚有部分力学性能纪录与理论极限存在一定差距,相关领域仍有一定创新研究空间.
虽然该研究领域已取得可喜进展,但知识与数据交互驱动的力学性能极限研究仍面临多方面挑战. 首先是数据的质量与可靠性问题. 数据是数据驱动研究的基础,在该领域,研究人员需要处理不同来源、格式和质量的物质结构-性能数据,不准确或不完整的数据会导致错误的模型预测和结论. 因此,如何获取高质量的数据集是一大挑战;其次是模型的效能问题. 现有模型在处理复杂物质或复杂力学性能时存在精度、效率或适用性的限制. 为此,研究人员需要整合人工智能等新兴技术与传统的物理、化学、力学等理论,发展更高效能的物质结构-性能关联模型. 然而,当前通用知识库、数据库建设尚不完善,知识与数据的交互缺乏通用方法,且交互创新的深度和广度不够,导致研究人员对知识驱动方法或数据驱动方法的过度依赖与偏好. 因此,知识驱动与数据驱动进一步交叉融合势在必行,发展通用知识与数据交互驱动研究方法任重道远. 此外,在机器学习等人工智能席卷科学研究的潮流下,如何理性选择合适的方法工具解决特定问题成为一大挑战,相信本文回顾的研究案例可为读者提供一定启示.
未来研究的一个重要方面是拓展力学性能极限研究的深度与广度,包括加深对杨氏模量、体积模量、泊松比等力学性能的研究,拓展对硬度、韧性等更多力学性能极限及其竞争关系的研究. 目前研究人员相继确定了杨氏模量、体积模量等单一力学性能的理论极限,设计制备出若干极限力学性能物质. 然而,硬度、韧性等复杂力学性能理论极限及其竞争关系尚不清晰,设计制备满足高性能、多功能、经济性、稳定性等复杂目标的物质仍旧挑战巨大. 未来研究将更加注重采用数据科学技术分析物质结构-性能数据,从原子、电子等微观尺度理解设计极限性能物质. 因此,相关研究需要综合运用力学、物理学、化学、计算机科学等多学科前沿知识,跨学科的融合将是相关研究的关键.
未来研究的另一个重要方面是将理论研究成果转化为实际应用,实验制备目标物质是其中关键一环[109]. 极限性能物质通常是亚稳态材料或结构,目前主要的制备方法包括高温高压合成、化学气相沉积和物理气相沉积等技术. 高温高压合成是一种传统且使用广泛的方法,其在人造金刚石和立方氮化硼制备方面取得了巨大成功. 然而,高温高压合成过程能耗较高,对环境控制要求高. 化学气相沉积通过在气相环境中进行化学反应,可在基底材料表面生长均匀的薄膜. 化学气相沉积技术的优势在于其制备的薄膜质量高,缺点是生长速率较慢. 物理气相沉积技术则通过物理过程在基底材料上沉积薄膜. 这种方法主要用于制备涂层,如耐磨涂层、耐高温涂层等. 这些实验制备技术在物质的合成与应用中扮演着重要的角色,但仍存在盲目试错等局限. 为了增强制备的理论预见性并提升效率,目前该领域的一个重要趋势是发展物质制备难易与路径的理论预测方法和高通量自动化实验方法[110-112],如人工智能驱动材料合成分析与机器人实验相结合的全自动实验制备技术. 借助于更高效能的实验制备技术,未来有望实现更多目标物质的精准合成与实际应用.
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(12172261)
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2024年第45卷第2期
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2024.002
  • 接收时间:2023-10-26
  • 首发时间:2026-04-01
  • 出版时间:2024-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-26
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(12172261)
国家自然科学基金青年项目(11902225)
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    武汉大学土木建筑工程学院工程力学系,武汉,430072

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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