Article(id=1246023207128510540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246023204117005194, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.044, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1692201600000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775004682570, onlineDateStr=2026-04-01, pubDate=1713974400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775004682570, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775004682570, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775004682570, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246023204117005194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2024', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='145', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775004681852, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775004747143, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246023478026027853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246023204117005194, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246023478026027854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246023204117005194, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=225, endPage=237, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246023207812182096, articleId=1246023207128510540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=Research on Thermal Shock Strength of Coating-substrate Composite Structure Considering Non-Fourier Microscale Effect, columnId=1244229834482757770, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The microscale effects of non-Fourier heat transfer are often ignored in studies concerning thermal shocks. This paper presents a one-dimensional physical model representing the composite structure of a flat plate coating and substrate. Model I considers the hyperbolic heat transfer of the coating and the parabolic heat transfer of the substrate. Additionally, appropriate boundary conditions are determined based on the heat transfer behavior at the interface. On this basis, a thermoelastic mechanics model of the coating and substrate is formulated. The model is discretized using the implicit difference method to acquire the numerical solution for the temperature field. Subsequently, the stress field is determined, and specific examples are provided. At the same time, mathematical model II of parabolic heat transfer for both the coating and substrate is established for comparative study. It is found that model I demonstrates delayed change, localized distribution, and fluctuation of thermal stress within the coating when taking into account the microscale effect of non-Fourier heat transfer, assuming identical initial conditions and thermal perturbations. In model I, the thermal stress at any position does not start from zero. Conversely, model II shows no fluctuation, and the thermal stress at any position starts to change from zero. After the generation of thermal stress of model I, it reaches the peak first, and the peak value is larger than that of model II. In the substrate, the thermal stress of model I is larger than that of model II, and the gradient of change is higher. At the interface, model I exhibits a “reflection effect”, where the stress value and the stress drop are larger than those of model II. The comparison shows that the thermal shock to model I is more complicated and intense. This study provides a useful reference for ensuring the reliability of coatings under extreme heat transfer environments.

, correspAuthors=Guangying Xu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Gaowei Cui, Songjie Yu, Guangying Xu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1246023217211617732, articleId=1246023207128510540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=考虑非傅里叶微尺度效应涂层基体复合结构热冲击强度研究, columnId=1241831201896469478, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对在涂层热冲击研究中忽略非傅里叶传热微尺度效应的问题,本文引入一维平板涂层基体复合结构物理模型,建立涂层双曲线型传热、基体抛物线型传热的数学模型Ⅰ,并根据交界面处的传热行为建立合理边界条件. 在此基础上,构建了涂层、基体的热弹性力学模型. 采用隐式差分法对模型离散化处理,得到温度场的数值解,进而求得应力场,并给出了具体算例. 同时,建立涂层和基体均为抛物线型传热的数学模型Ⅱ作为对比研究. 结果表明:当初始条件和热扰动均相同,并考虑非傅里叶传热的微尺度效应时,在涂层内,模型Ⅰ热应力表现出变化的延迟性、分布的局域性以及波动性,任意位置热应力都不是从0开始变化,而模型Ⅱ不存在波动性,任意位置热应力从0开始变化. 模型Ⅰ热应力产生后,率先达峰且峰值大于模型Ⅱ. 在基体内,模型Ⅰ热应力大于模型Ⅱ,且变化梯度较大. 在交界面处,模型Ⅰ产生“反射效应”,此处应力值以及应力骤降值均大于模型Ⅱ. 对比表明,模型Ⅰ受到的热冲击更加复杂剧烈. 该研究为极端热传导环境下确保涂层可靠性提供了有益参考.

, correspAuthors=许光映, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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language=CN, label=图6, caption=模型Ⅰ、Ⅱ不同时间无量纲热应力对比图(b), figureFileSmall=PnKsUz+AQaByI92EbT8WGQ==, figureFileBig=fWmgZcOIr0DmfMKuRS+UxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246023220172796496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246023207128510540, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Material parameter table of coating and substrate

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材料热导率k(w/m·K)热扩散率a(mm2/s)杨氏模量E(GPa)热膨胀系数α(×10-6/K)泊松比μ
Al2O330-4010-15300-4007.5-90.2-0.25
灰铸铁30-6010-15100-17010-120.21-0.29
), ArticleFig(id=1246023220256682578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246023207128510540, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

涂层、基体材料参数表

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材料热导率k(w/m·K)热扩散率a(mm2/s)杨氏模量E(GPa)热膨胀系数α(×10-6/K)泊松比μ
Al2O330-4010-15300-4007.5-90.2-0.25
灰铸铁30-6010-15100-17010-120.21-0.29
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考虑非傅里叶微尺度效应涂层基体复合结构热冲击强度研究
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崔高伟 , 于松洁 , 许光映 **
固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024,45(2): 225-237
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固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 45(2): 225-237
考虑非傅里叶微尺度效应涂层基体复合结构热冲击强度研究
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崔高伟, 于松洁, 许光映**
作者信息
  • 浙江海洋大学船舶与海运学院,舟山,316022

通讯作者:

** E-mail:.
Research on Thermal Shock Strength of Coating-substrate Composite Structure Considering Non-Fourier Microscale Effect
Gaowei Cui, Songjie Yu, Guangying Xu**
Affiliations
  • School of Naval Architecture and Marine Affair, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022
出版时间: 2024-04-25 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.044
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针对在涂层热冲击研究中忽略非傅里叶传热微尺度效应的问题,本文引入一维平板涂层基体复合结构物理模型,建立涂层双曲线型传热、基体抛物线型传热的数学模型Ⅰ,并根据交界面处的传热行为建立合理边界条件. 在此基础上,构建了涂层、基体的热弹性力学模型. 采用隐式差分法对模型离散化处理,得到温度场的数值解,进而求得应力场,并给出了具体算例. 同时,建立涂层和基体均为抛物线型传热的数学模型Ⅱ作为对比研究. 结果表明:当初始条件和热扰动均相同,并考虑非傅里叶传热的微尺度效应时,在涂层内,模型Ⅰ热应力表现出变化的延迟性、分布的局域性以及波动性,任意位置热应力都不是从0开始变化,而模型Ⅱ不存在波动性,任意位置热应力从0开始变化. 模型Ⅰ热应力产生后,率先达峰且峰值大于模型Ⅱ. 在基体内,模型Ⅰ热应力大于模型Ⅱ,且变化梯度较大. 在交界面处,模型Ⅰ产生“反射效应”,此处应力值以及应力骤降值均大于模型Ⅱ. 对比表明,模型Ⅰ受到的热冲击更加复杂剧烈. 该研究为极端热传导环境下确保涂层可靠性提供了有益参考.

涂层基体复合结构  /  非傅里叶热传导  /  温度场  /  热应力

The microscale effects of non-Fourier heat transfer are often ignored in studies concerning thermal shocks. This paper presents a one-dimensional physical model representing the composite structure of a flat plate coating and substrate. Model I considers the hyperbolic heat transfer of the coating and the parabolic heat transfer of the substrate. Additionally, appropriate boundary conditions are determined based on the heat transfer behavior at the interface. On this basis, a thermoelastic mechanics model of the coating and substrate is formulated. The model is discretized using the implicit difference method to acquire the numerical solution for the temperature field. Subsequently, the stress field is determined, and specific examples are provided. At the same time, mathematical model II of parabolic heat transfer for both the coating and substrate is established for comparative study. It is found that model I demonstrates delayed change, localized distribution, and fluctuation of thermal stress within the coating when taking into account the microscale effect of non-Fourier heat transfer, assuming identical initial conditions and thermal perturbations. In model I, the thermal stress at any position does not start from zero. Conversely, model II shows no fluctuation, and the thermal stress at any position starts to change from zero. After the generation of thermal stress of model I, it reaches the peak first, and the peak value is larger than that of model II. In the substrate, the thermal stress of model I is larger than that of model II, and the gradient of change is higher. At the interface, model I exhibits a “reflection effect”, where the stress value and the stress drop are larger than those of model II. The comparison shows that the thermal shock to model I is more complicated and intense. This study provides a useful reference for ensuring the reliability of coatings under extreme heat transfer environments.

coating-substrate composite structure  /  non-Fourier heat transfer  /  temperature fields  /  thermal stress
崔高伟, 于松洁, 许光映. 考虑非傅里叶微尺度效应涂层基体复合结构热冲击强度研究. 固体力学学报, 2024 , 45 (2) : 225 -237 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.044
Gaowei Cui, Songjie Yu, Guangying Xu. Research on Thermal Shock Strength of Coating-substrate Composite Structure Considering Non-Fourier Microscale Effect[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2024 , 45 (2) : 225 -237 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.044
当物体被急剧加热,使其内部在极短时间内产生巨大温度梯度和强烈温度变化时,该物体内部会产生强烈热冲击. 在动力机械领域,热冲击非常普遍,例如:燃气轮机[1,2]、船舶柴油机[3,4]等.
燃气轮机透平前燃气温度的高低代表了燃气轮机的技术水平. 目前,先进的重型燃气轮机在启动时,其透平前燃气温度瞬时变化可达1600 ℃,未来将会更高[1]. 船舶柴油机逐渐向着高强化、轻量化的方向发展,单位时间内放热量大幅增加. 燃油喷入气缸后被点燃,缸内温度急剧上升,温度瞬时变化可达1500 ℃[3].
如此恶劣的热环境远超高温合金材料的温度极限,构建涂层系统是解决热冲击问题的重要技术. 例如,在金属表面沉积具有良好隔热效果的陶瓷涂层[5],其主要利用了陶瓷涂层材料高熔点和低热导率的特点,将动力机械的高温部件与极端热环境隔绝开来,从而降低工作部件的基体温度,使其免受氧化、腐蚀或者磨损[6]. 在研究涂层热冲击问题时,为方便计算和分析,常将其简化为涂层基体复合结构模型[7].
事实上,从理论角度出发研究涂层基体复合结构传热问题,对后续涂层的发展和制造具有指导意义. 基于傅里叶传热理论研究涂层基体复合结构热强度的文献非常丰富. 刘志远等[8]利用流固耦合的方法,模拟了三维涡轮叶片涂层和基体的温度场,进而计算了热应力,预测了涂层的隔热效率和剥落位置. 刘阳[3]以船舶非道路高压共轨柴油机为研究对象,结合标定工况对活塞进行了测试,建立了不同涂层厚度的有限元仿真模型,总结了涂层对活塞基体温度场、热应力场及热变形分布的影响,一定程度上提升了活塞性能.
上述文献是基于傅里叶传热理论研究的,但是傅里叶定律只在下述区域成立[9]
其中,t为宏观物理时间;τ为热载子平均松弛时间;L为特征物理尺寸;Λ为热载子平均自由程;T为温度;K为开尔文. 该条件表明,傅里叶传热理论建立在宏观尺度上,描述的宏观特性建立在微观粒子的平均特性基础上,对微尺度条件信息不作深入探析[10]. 另外,宏观物理时间远大于热载子平均松弛时间,特征物理尺寸远大于热载子平均自由程. 但是,对涂层热冲击的研究更关注的是极短时间和极小尺寸.
当宏观物理时间和热载子平均松弛时间、特征物理尺寸和热载子平均自由程数量级差别不大时,傅里叶传热理论不再适用,此情况属于非傅里叶传热. 由于材料和结构的差异,非傅里叶传热的模型有很多. Cattaneo[11]和Vernotte[12]提出了非经典传热定律,其表达形式基于能量平衡的双曲型偏微分方程. Tzou等提出了单相延迟双曲型传热模型[13]和双相延迟模型[14,15]. Bai和Lavine[16]提出了修正双曲型传热方程等等. 目前,应用较多模拟非傅里叶传热效应的是双曲型传热模型.
许多研究表明,非傅里叶传热研究的是微观尺度,其存在微尺度效应,只在极短时间和极小尺寸内出现[17-21]. Kumar和Vradis[17]利用Boltzmaan方程对层厚在热载子平均自由程量级上的薄膜进行了求解,发现膜边界的电子散射是决定热量传递的主要机制. Vedavarz等[18]对一定加热条件下可能引起非傅里叶传热效应的弛豫时间和特征长度进行了定量化. Bai和Lavine[19]利用修正后的双曲线型传热方程研究固体内热量传播,发现对于层厚是热载子平均自由程量级的平板,跃变的边界条件对传热问题的求解影响很大. Guo等[20]基于非傅里叶传热C-V模型,构建出一族指数函数来模拟涂层表面加热过程,研究了半无限大陶瓷材料在表面受到热冲击后的热弹性场,划定了非傅里叶传热的时间尺度和空间尺度. 余宁[21]根据双曲线型传热方程的解析解,提出了非傅里叶传热效应的应用判据. 当热作用时间小于10倍的材料弛豫时间时,非傅里叶效应非常明显. 事实上,非傅里叶传热的微尺度效应与热载子平均松弛时间和热载子平均自由程相关. 不同的材料或结构,热载子平均松弛时间和热载子平均自由程不同. 对于常见的金属材料,非傅里叶效应发生在表层,数量级一般为10-8 m. 对于一些有机材料来说,非傅里叶效应发生的最大距离数量级可达10-3 m. 碳材料在不同晶体结构下微尺度效应存在显著差异. 例如,石墨材料由于内部松散堆叠的层状结构,具有较长的松弛时间. 相反,金刚石材料由于其紧密结构和强大的化学键,限制了热载子的平均自由程,导致相对较短的松弛时间.
目前,基于非傅里叶传热理论研究涂层基体复合结构的文献有很多[22-27]. Akwaboa[22]等对涡轮叶片的涂层和基体均采用非傅里叶双曲线型传热方程,预测了叶片涂层结构的瞬态温度分布,其认为涂层和基体均会产生非傅里叶效应,这与非傅里叶传热的微尺度效应相矛盾. 文献[23-26]中建立的传热数学模型均存在同样的问题. 张士元[27]考虑了非傅里叶传热的微尺度效应,将非傅里叶传热和傅里叶传热相结合,利用有限元得到了涂层基体系统的温度场和应力场,但是其忽略了涂层和基体的交界面,未给出模型的边界条件.
现有对涂层基体复合结构的研究多数集中在单一的非傅里叶效应上[22-26],未考虑到其只在极短时间和极小尺寸出现. 虽然也出现过非傅里叶传热和傅里叶传热相结合的模型[27],但是处理时选取了有限元分析的半经验法,并且忽略了涂层和基体的交界面,其结果具有一定的粗糙性. 因此,本人考虑了非傅里叶传热的微尺度效应,基于涂层基体复合结构,建立涂层双曲线型传热和基体傅里叶传热的模型,并对涂层、基体和交界面建立传热边界条件,运用隐式差分法处理公式,求解出模型温度场的数值解,进而求得应力场. 另外,设置涂层和基体均为傅里叶传热的经典模型为对照,明确差异,形成新的研究结论,为判断热冲击强度提供一定的依据.
为了探讨非傅里叶微尺度效应涂层基体复合结构的热冲击强度,我们创建了两种传热模型进行对比研究. 模型Ⅰ涂层为双曲线型传热,基体为傅里叶传热. 模型Ⅱ涂层基体均为傅里叶传热. 首先需要说明的是,不考虑变形耦合对温度场的影响. 其次,热扰动发生在模型的左边界,且施加的扰动温度已知,所以选取第一类边界条件下的导热过程为例. 另外,当涂层极薄时,其本身的厚度相对于其它尺寸非常小,在这种情况下我们认为传热只沿着厚度的方向进行,而且基体的厚度远大于涂层,可以认为传热过程与基体的形状无关,因此对于涂层问题可以当作一维问题分析处理.
图1,涂层厚度设为d,基体厚度设为ldl,此处取为:l=30d. 模型初始温度记为0,某一时刻模型左边界突然受到温度为Tw的瞬时热扰动,此时记为初始时刻t=0,内部温度仍保持初始状态,用Taxt)、Tbxt)表示模型涂层和基体任意时间、任意位置的瞬态温度函数. 针对模型Ⅰ、Ⅱ,根据傅里叶传热和非傅里叶传热理论,温度场分别满足以下偏微分方程.
模型Ⅰ热传导微分方程:
模型Ⅱ热传导微分方程,
其中,τh为弛豫时间;k1a1为涂层的热导率和热扩散系数,k2a2为基体的热导率和热扩散系数,二者的热导率和热扩散系数均与温度无关,并且对于涂层和基体是均匀的,上下表面均绝热,内部没有能量产生.
初始条件均为,
选取恰当的无量纲化处理模型Ⅰ和模型Ⅱ各部分的传热方程,方便计算. 取特征长度,特征时间τh,令.
经无量纲化处理,省去公式中*,模型Ⅰ公式可变为:
模型Ⅱ公式可变为,
因为物体沿x方向是均匀的,所以垂直于厚度方向的截面各部分温度相等,即可以把垂直于厚度方向的截面看成是一个点. 沿厚度方向,将涂层部分划分为0→s,将基体部分划分为sn,涂层和基体的交界处为第s个点,m=s-1,详见图2.
对无量纲化之后的公式进行差分处理,差分的形式是多种多样的,本文采用完全隐式差分. 完全隐式差分格式最大的优点在于,它对于任意的值都是稳定的. 这种稳定是绝对的,不受边界条件以及步长Δt、Δx的影响.
对于模型Ⅰ的涂层部分,经差分可得:
对于模型Ⅰ的基体部分,经差分可得:
对于模型Ⅰ涂层基体的交界面,因为其式中存在二阶混合偏导数,故是本文比较难处理的一个问题,也是需要着重分析的地方. 并且,在交界面附近,当x=s-时,此时的温度为s界面的左边界温度Ta,当x=s+时,此时的温度为s界面的右边界温度Tb,故不能够像常规情况下那样将其当作是同一温度进行差分.
经分析,对于此问题应该这样处理,先对位置进行向前差分:,则二阶混合偏导数可以在此基础上再进行一次对时间的差分:. 又知:,且在同一时间、同一位置温度是一致的,故:. 整理可得:
对于模型Ⅱ各部分温度方程的差分,其过程与模型Ⅰ一致,且相比之下较为简单,故这里不再赘述,直接给出差分后的结果.
涂层部分:
基体部分:
交界面:
令:. 特别要说明的是,为表达清晰,省略区分涂层温度和基体温度的下标ab,此处T1T2T3TmTsTn的数字下标代表的是位置信息. 模型Ⅰ涂层部分差分后的公式可表示为如下线性代数方程组:
x=s时,此处是涂层和基体的交界面,根据差分公式可表示为如下线性代数方程:
模型Ⅰ基体部分差分后的公式可表示为如下线性代数方程组:
将以上结果合并得到模型Ⅰ最终的温度矩阵,具体如下. 根据此矩阵,可以求出在初始条件下,热扰动作用之后,涂层基体复合结构任意时间、任意位置的温度.
对于模型Ⅱ,其温度矩阵的获得方法与模型Ⅰ一致,同理可得:
物体在受到外力作用时会产生变形,除了常见的外力影响,温度的变化同样能引起物体的变形,称之为热变形. 需注意的是,温度的变化不一定会产生热应力,只有因温度变化而引起的热变形受到一定约束时,才会产生热应力.
对于本文中研究的模型,在热初始条件和边界条件下,xt是唯一的自变量,介质在x方向上不受约束,在yz方向上完全受约束. 对于此情况下的热应力有以下关系,
由式(12)可得,
联立式(13)、(14)可得:
对于涂层和基体,根据式(15)可得:
其中,σyy为热应力;E1为涂层弹性模量;E2为基体弹性模量;μ1为涂层泊松比;μ2为基体泊松比;α1为涂层膨胀系数;α2为基体膨胀系数;Taxt)为涂层温度场;Tbxt)为基体温度场.
,则方程(16)和(17)的无量纲形式为:
以氧化铝涂层和灰铸铁基体复合结构为例,材料具体参数如表1所示. 通过章节1,我们得到了模型Ⅰ、Ⅱ温度场的数值解,结合MATLAB计算出温度矩阵的值,代入方程(18)、(19)可以计算出模型Ⅰ、Ⅱ的应力场.
图3是模型Ⅰ、Ⅱ涂层内不同位置无量纲热应力分布图;图4是模型Ⅰ、Ⅱ交界面处及基体内不同位置无量纲热应力对比图.
t=0+时,热扰动瞬间作用在模型Ⅰ、Ⅱ的左边界. 热扰动在传热介质中的传播速度就是由它在介质内部所形成的热波的传播速度,这说明了温度的变化代表着热量的改变,也反映着应力的变化. 图3中模型Ⅱ曲线显示,无论在涂层何位置,边界上的温度和应力变化都是同步的,也就是说当时间t=0时,边界x=0处温度发生瞬时变化后,模型内部不同位置的温度也开始上升,应力也随之产生,传递过程是同时进行的. 图3中模型Ⅰ曲线显示,其内部各点应力并非像模型Ⅱ那样同时发生变化. 究其原因是在非傅里叶效应下,考虑到热量传播具有波的性质,热波的速度为有限值,传递需要时间,温度场和应力场的建立在时间上滞后于边界上热扰动的改变,所以模型Ⅰ应力变化不连续,曲线不是从原点开始的. 伴随着热波传递,模型Ⅰ涂层不同位置的应力陆续突变并逐渐增大.
通过对比可以看出,无论涂层还是基体,模型Ⅰ、Ⅱ应力均存在差异. 由于非傅里叶效应的影响,在涂层内部,当模型Ⅰ的应力突变后,在较短时间内其应力值小于模型Ⅱ. 但是,模型Ⅰ应力曲线的斜率、应力峰值均大于模型Ⅱ,且达峰时间更短. 这说明,模型Ⅰ应力变化梯度较大. 随着所取位置远离涂层表面,二者应力曲线的差异逐渐减小. 此现象表明,对于较大的位移间隔,非傅里叶效应会逐渐减弱直至消失,验证了非傅里叶效应的“薄层性”. 非傅里叶效应消失以后,由图4看出,在交界面处和基体内部,模型Ⅰ应力均大于模型Ⅱ. 对于x值较大的应力曲线,应力值较小,为了显示曲线,需将图像纵轴刻度调整到较小的值. 至于更远的x点,应力值更加微小,在图中很难体现出来,本文把它看为0.
图5图6是不同时间模型Ⅰ、Ⅱ无量纲热应力对比图,二者的区别在于热波是否均越过了交界面. 由图5知,在涂层内部,与模型Ⅱ相比,模型Ⅰ应力分布的范围更小. 这是因为傅里叶传热过程中隐含了热波速度为无限大的条件,其不存在迟滞效应. 除此之外,在靠近边界x=0处,模型Ⅱ应力曲线比模型Ⅰ要陡峭一些,也就是说,通过边界x=0向模型内传递的热量在考虑到热量传播速度时要少一些. 随着所取时间推移,热波传递区域扩大,模型Ⅰ、Ⅱ应力曲线的差异逐渐减小. 这说明,对于较大的时间间隔,非傅里叶效应会逐渐减弱直至消失,此后,模型Ⅰ、Ⅱ具有相似的结果,这验证了非傅里叶效应的“瞬时性”.
图6知,当时间t=10时,模型Ⅰ、Ⅱ的热波皆穿越了整个涂层. 在交界面左右两侧,模型Ⅰ曲线斜率发生了较大变化. 这是因为非傅里叶效应消失后,传热方式发生了改变,产生了热波的“反射效应”,显示出波的性质. 此外,在交界面处,由于材料物性发生了改变,模型Ⅰ、Ⅱ应力曲线均出现骤降. 对比应力值和骤降值,模型Ⅰ大于模型Ⅱ. 骤降值不仅受到反射效应的影响,结合公式(18)、(19)可知,还由材料的各项参数所决定.
本文探究了涂层基体复合结构模型在受到瞬态热扰动后应力场的变化情况. 模型Ⅰ涂层设置为双曲线型传热,基体为傅里叶传热;模型Ⅱ涂层基体均设置为傅里叶传热. 运用不受步长限制的隐式差分法处理公式,得到温度场的数值解,进而求得应力场. 与文献[22-26]对比,考虑到了非傅里叶传热的微尺度效应;对比张士元[27],对涂层、基体以及交界面建立了合理的传热边界条件,进一步对极端热扰动条件下涂层基体复合结构的传热行为进行了分析.
通过模型Ⅰ、Ⅱ结果对比,验证了非傅里叶传热“瞬时性”和“薄层性”的特点,即非傅里叶传热的微尺度效应,并且发现了二者应力变化趋势存在差异. 在傅里叶传热条件下,研究的是宏观尺度内的传热行为,其隐含了热波速度为无限大的条件,热扰动和应力变化是同步的. 但是,非傅里叶传热研究的是微观尺度,其存在弛豫时间. 在涂层内,当模型Ⅰ产生应力后,在较短时间内应力值小于模型Ⅱ,但是模型Ⅰ应力变化快,应力率先达峰且峰值大于模型Ⅱ. 在交界面处和基体内,模型Ⅰ应力均大于模型Ⅱ.
此外,在涂层内,模型Ⅰ产生应力的区域小于模型Ⅱ. 当热波均越过涂层后,由于传热方式发生改变,产生了热波的“反射效应”,显示出了波的性质. 在交界面处,由于材料物性发生改变,模型Ⅰ、Ⅱ均存在应力的骤降. 对比应力值和骤降值,模型Ⅰ大于模型Ⅱ.
总体来说,这些现象表明,模型Ⅰ受到的热冲击更加复杂剧烈,严重影响了涂层在恶劣热环境下性能的稳定性,常见表现形式是涂层出现热失配,使得涂层表面的材料产生崩落,极大地影响了材料的热防护性能. 本文研究成果为极端热传导环境下的涂层防护问题提供了有益参考.
  • 舟山市科技基金项目(2017C41002; 2016C41009)
参考文献 引证文献
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2024年第45卷第2期
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.044
  • 接收时间:2023-08-17
  • 首发时间:2026-04-01
  • 出版时间:2024-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-17
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舟山市科技基金项目(2017C41002; 2016C41009)
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    浙江海洋大学船舶与海运学院,舟山,316022

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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