Article(id=1246023206134460484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246023204117005194, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.046, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1693324800000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775004682334, onlineDateStr=2026-04-01, pubDate=1713974400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775004682334, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775004682334, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775004682334, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246023204117005194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2024', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='145', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775004681852, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775004747143, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246023478026027853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246023204117005194, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246023478026027854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246023204117005194, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=266, endPage=278, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246023206432256070, articleId=1246023206134460484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=Analysis of Plastic Zone at the Ⅰ/Ⅱ Composite Lip-shaped Crack Tip, columnId=1244229834482757770, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this study, the angle-preserving transformation method is employed to establish a propagation model for I/II composite lip-shaped cracks under tensile loading conditions. Based on Irwin's small-scale yielding equivalent hypothesis, a plastic propagation zone model is formulated for Ⅰ-Ⅱ composite lip-shaped cracks under tensile loading. This model provides expressions for the stress intensity factors (SIFs) of mode I and mode II at the tip of lip-shaped cracks within the plastic zone. Additionally, the stress distribution along the extension line of the lip-shaped crack tip is characterized. A tensile simulation model is developed, and the theoretical solution for stress distribution at the lip-shaped crack tip is compared with the elastoplastic and linear elastic simulation results. It is found that, based on Irwin's small-scale yielding equivalent hypothesis, the modified dimensions of lip-shaped cracks lead to increased crack sizes and greater equivalent SIFs. Geometric alterations in lip-shaped crack parameters also influence the plastic zone, with larger semi-lengths resulting in larger plastic zones under equivalent width-to-length ratios. Conversely, greater width-to-length ratios lead to smaller plastic zones under equivalent semi-lengths. Moreover, an increase in the inclination angle of the lip-shaped crack corresponds to a proportional increase in the plastic zone size. The plastic correction theory at the lip-shaped crack tip, founded on the basis of Irwin's small-scale yielding equivalent hypothesis, aligns well with plastic finite element simulations. As the inclination angle of the lip-shaped crack rises, stress levels at the crack tip diminish. On the one hand, this phenomenon arises from the transition from mode I crack extension to Ⅰ-Ⅱ composite crack extension, coupled with stress yielding at the concave region of the lip-shaped crack for larger inclination angles. On the other hand, this stress yielding serves to mitigate stress concentration at the crack tip, ultimately resulting in reduced stress levels at the crack tip.

, correspAuthors=Xuelan Hu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jianliang Chen, Hong Zhang, Xuelan Hu, Xiangping Li, Yunbing Tang, Xiaohu Xie), CN=ArticleExt(id=1246023216104321421, articleId=1246023206134460484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型唇形裂纹尖端塑性区分析, columnId=1241831201896469478, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文采用保角变换方法,建立了拉伸载荷下Ⅰ/Ⅱ复合型唇形裂纹的扩展模型,基于Irwin小屈服等效假设,建立了拉伸载荷下Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型唇形裂纹尖端塑性扩展区模型,得到了唇形裂纹尖端塑性区Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型应力强度因子的表达式、基于该模型,进一步得到了唇形裂纹尖端延长线上的应力分布,并建立拉伸仿真模型,将唇形裂纹尖端应力分布理论解与弹塑性仿真解以及线弹性仿真解进行对比,研究结果表明:基于Irwin小屈服等效假设修正后的唇形裂纹尺寸会变大,唇形裂纹等效应力强度因子变大;唇形裂纹的形状参数的改变会对塑性区产生影响,相同宽长比情况下,半长越大,塑性区尺寸越大,相同半长情况下,宽长比越大,塑性区尺寸越小,且伴随唇形裂纹倾斜角越大,塑性区尺寸也会相应增加;基于Irwin小屈服等效假设的唇形裂纹尖端塑性修正理论与塑性有限元仿真具有较好的一致性,伴随唇形裂纹倾斜角增加,裂纹尖端的应力水平降低,一方面,这是由于裂纹扩展形式由Ⅰ型向Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型的转变造成的影响,另一方面,对于大倾斜角情况下,唇形裂纹腹部出现应力屈服现象,对唇形裂纹裂纹尖端的应力集中产生分担的影响,造成裂纹尖端应力水平的降低.

, correspAuthors=胡雪兰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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figureFileBig=yuQ4cF4u+RM7ir1xkZEXpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246023221305258628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, articleId=1246023206134460484, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Material parameter

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材料属性弹性模量E(GPa)泊松比ν屈服强度σs(MPa)
理想弹塑性101.20.34800
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材料参数表

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材料属性弹性模量E(GPa)泊松比ν屈服强度σs(MPa)
理想弹塑性101.20.34800
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Theoretical and elastic-plastic simulation solutions under the length-to-thickness ratio of 0.4

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唇形裂纹倾斜角γ(°)应力分量理论解应力分量弹塑性仿真解误差(%)
00.583340.5006614.17
150.591010.535799.34
300.596170.568844.58
450.613640.591163.66
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长度比为0.4情况下应力分量理论解与弹塑性仿真解

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唇形裂纹倾斜角γ(°)应力分量理论解应力分量弹塑性仿真解误差(%)
00.583340.5006614.17
150.591010.535799.34
300.596170.568844.58
450.613640.591163.66
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Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型唇形裂纹尖端塑性区分析
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陈建良 1 , 张鸿 1 , 胡雪兰 1, ** , 李湘萍 1 , 唐云冰 2 , 谢小虎 2
固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024,45(2): 266-278
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固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 45(2): 266-278
Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型唇形裂纹尖端塑性区分析
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陈建良1, 张鸿1, 胡雪兰1, ** , 李湘萍1, 唐云冰2, 谢小虎2
作者信息
  • 1中国民航大学中欧航空工程师学院,天津,300300
  • 2常州环能涡轮动力股份有限公司,常州,213002

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Analysis of Plastic Zone at the Ⅰ/Ⅱ Composite Lip-shaped Crack Tip
Jianliang Chen1, Hong Zhang1, Xuelan Hu1, ** , Xiangping Li1, Yunbing Tang2, Xiaohu Xie2
Affiliations
  • 1Sino-European Institute of Aviation Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin, 300300
  • 2Changzhou E & E Turbo-Power Co., Ltd., Changzhou, 213002
出版时间: 2024-04-25 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.046
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本文采用保角变换方法,建立了拉伸载荷下Ⅰ/Ⅱ复合型唇形裂纹的扩展模型,基于Irwin小屈服等效假设,建立了拉伸载荷下Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型唇形裂纹尖端塑性扩展区模型,得到了唇形裂纹尖端塑性区Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型应力强度因子的表达式、基于该模型,进一步得到了唇形裂纹尖端延长线上的应力分布,并建立拉伸仿真模型,将唇形裂纹尖端应力分布理论解与弹塑性仿真解以及线弹性仿真解进行对比,研究结果表明:基于Irwin小屈服等效假设修正后的唇形裂纹尺寸会变大,唇形裂纹等效应力强度因子变大;唇形裂纹的形状参数的改变会对塑性区产生影响,相同宽长比情况下,半长越大,塑性区尺寸越大,相同半长情况下,宽长比越大,塑性区尺寸越小,且伴随唇形裂纹倾斜角越大,塑性区尺寸也会相应增加;基于Irwin小屈服等效假设的唇形裂纹尖端塑性修正理论与塑性有限元仿真具有较好的一致性,伴随唇形裂纹倾斜角增加,裂纹尖端的应力水平降低,一方面,这是由于裂纹扩展形式由Ⅰ型向Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型的转变造成的影响,另一方面,对于大倾斜角情况下,唇形裂纹腹部出现应力屈服现象,对唇形裂纹裂纹尖端的应力集中产生分担的影响,造成裂纹尖端应力水平的降低.

唇形裂纹  /  复变函数  /  保角映射  /  Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹  /  裂纹尖端塑性区

In this study, the angle-preserving transformation method is employed to establish a propagation model for I/II composite lip-shaped cracks under tensile loading conditions. Based on Irwin's small-scale yielding equivalent hypothesis, a plastic propagation zone model is formulated for Ⅰ-Ⅱ composite lip-shaped cracks under tensile loading. This model provides expressions for the stress intensity factors (SIFs) of mode I and mode II at the tip of lip-shaped cracks within the plastic zone. Additionally, the stress distribution along the extension line of the lip-shaped crack tip is characterized. A tensile simulation model is developed, and the theoretical solution for stress distribution at the lip-shaped crack tip is compared with the elastoplastic and linear elastic simulation results. It is found that, based on Irwin's small-scale yielding equivalent hypothesis, the modified dimensions of lip-shaped cracks lead to increased crack sizes and greater equivalent SIFs. Geometric alterations in lip-shaped crack parameters also influence the plastic zone, with larger semi-lengths resulting in larger plastic zones under equivalent width-to-length ratios. Conversely, greater width-to-length ratios lead to smaller plastic zones under equivalent semi-lengths. Moreover, an increase in the inclination angle of the lip-shaped crack corresponds to a proportional increase in the plastic zone size. The plastic correction theory at the lip-shaped crack tip, founded on the basis of Irwin's small-scale yielding equivalent hypothesis, aligns well with plastic finite element simulations. As the inclination angle of the lip-shaped crack rises, stress levels at the crack tip diminish. On the one hand, this phenomenon arises from the transition from mode I crack extension to Ⅰ-Ⅱ composite crack extension, coupled with stress yielding at the concave region of the lip-shaped crack for larger inclination angles. On the other hand, this stress yielding serves to mitigate stress concentration at the crack tip, ultimately resulting in reduced stress levels at the crack tip.

lip crack  /  complex function  /  conformal mapping  /  Ⅰ-Ⅱ composite crack  /  crack tip plastic zone
陈建良, 张鸿, 胡雪兰, 李湘萍, 唐云冰, 谢小虎. Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型唇形裂纹尖端塑性区分析. 固体力学学报, 2024 , 45 (2) : 266 -278 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.046
Jianliang Chen, Hong Zhang, Xuelan Hu, Xiangping Li, Yunbing Tang, Xiaohu Xie. Analysis of Plastic Zone at the Ⅰ/Ⅱ Composite Lip-shaped Crack Tip[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2024 , 45 (2) : 266 -278 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.046
对于大多数金属材料来说,裂纹在扩展过程中裂纹尖端存在塑性变形区,裂纹尖端塑性区的存在对裂纹的萌生、扩展起到决定作用. Irwin[1]提出了应力强度方法,用应力强度因子来表示裂纹失稳扩展的条件,即应力强度因子大小达到临界应力强度因子,裂纹开始扩展. 继Irwin之后,Dugdale[2]通过假设裂纹扩展的塑性变形集中在裂纹前端的窄条中,建立了窄条屈服模型. Rice和Drucker[3]证明了理想弹塑性材料在平面应力状态下,其裂纹尖端附近屈服区为条状,为Dugdale的窄条屈服模型提供理论支撑. Kang和Beom[4]通过Irwin和Dugdale的模型方法,预测了复合材料在I型加载和小范围屈服条件下的裂纹塑性区尺寸. Torabi[5]通过修正后的Irwin模型,结合Tresca和Von-Mises屈服准则,确定了Ⅰ型裂纹在平面应力载荷情况下的塑性区大小. 2021年,Torabi[6]研究了在平面应力条件下,Ⅰ-Ⅱ混合型裂纹的裂纹塑性区大小问题. Sousa[7]认为经典的Irwin塑性区假设仅仅只依靠有效应力强度因子,其精度易受到应力-屈服强度比的影响,为了更好的估计塑性区大小,通过T应力对裂纹尖端塑性区进行修正性估计. Fakir[8]在经典Irwin模型的基础上,提出了一种对Irwin模型的修正方法,从而求解出塑性区的大小,并通过Von-Mises屈服准则和Tresca屈服准则结合有限元方法对公式进行了验证. 国内也有很多学者对于该问题进行了研究,刘元镛[9]基于铝合金材料研究了平面应力条件下,裂纹的稳定扩展和动态塑性的低速裂纹问题,发现三轴应力只与试件的几何形状和加载方式有关. 李亚[10]针对理想弹塑性材料,通过裂纹线场分析方法,解决了有限宽裂纹板Dugdale模型虚拟裂纹在特定边界条件下应力强度因子的解析求解,得出了有限宽裂纹板Dugdale模型塑性区尺寸的解析表达式. Yang[11]基于小范围屈服条件下的Dugdale模型,提出了一种用于求解含裂纹的理想弹塑性半空间在接触载荷作用下的次表面应力分布和塑性区问题的半解析解. 发现材料的裂纹尖端塑性区大小受到初始裂纹长度和深度、材料屈服强度和载荷加载条件的影响.
上述学者关于裂纹尖端塑性区的研究主要以直线型裂纹和椭圆型裂纹为主,但在实际工程问题中,真实裂纹的上下两个表面之间存在距离,裂纹的形状通常表现为具有曲边多角形的几何结构[12]. 唇形裂纹是其中比较典型的一种裂纹,不仅同时具备直线型裂纹和椭圆形裂纹的诸多特点,而且更贴合实际[12]. Muskhelishvil[13]使用复变函数方法将平面弹性问题转化为求解解析函数的边值问题. Xie[14]研究了唇形裂纹尖端混合位错的裂纹特性. Wang[15]通过保角变换方法,求解出各向同性材料中反平面剪应力对裂纹尖端无错位区的影响. Li等[16]基于最大能量释放率准则建立了唇形裂纹的损伤准则,并对陶瓷基复合材料横向拉伸损伤演化进行了预测.
目前关于唇形裂纹的主要研究集中在弹性问题上,对裂纹尖端塑性区的研究较少. 本工作采用理论计算结合数值仿真方法,基于Irwin小屈服等效假设,推导出唇形裂纹尖端塑性区尺寸公式以及唇形裂纹尖端延长线上应力分量表达式,并通过仿真计算研究了Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型唇形裂纹尖端塑性区的形状和大小及裂纹尖端应力分布问题,研究成果可为特殊裂纹构型Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹尖端塑性分析提供理论参考.
假设无限大平面内存在一唇形裂纹,如图1所示,以唇形裂纹中心为原点建立整体坐标系(Oxy),唇形裂纹的长轴与坐标系x轴的夹角为裂纹倾斜角γ,规定逆时针为正. 唇形裂纹受到无穷远处沿y轴方向的拉伸载荷σ作用. 坐标系(O′x′y′)是以唇形裂纹中心为原点,长轴为x′轴,短轴为y′轴建立的新坐标系. 为便于分析,假设该平面为复平面,定义唇形裂纹半长为a,半宽为h,宽长比为β=h/a.
由于直接求解唇形裂纹的应力应变场较为复杂,通常采用复变函数和保角映射的方法,将位于z=x+iy复平面的复杂区域映射为ζ=ξ+iη复平面上的简单区域进行求解[13].
通过断裂力学理论,在z=x+iy平面内,可以通过两复势函数ϕz)和ψz)表示应力函数U,并通过求解两复势函数可以得到唇形裂纹的应力场. 应力函数U与复势函数ϕz)和ψz)的关系为[13]
在复平面z中,唇形裂纹边界上的应力边界条件的复表示为. 其中,f为面力TxTy沿唇形裂纹边界的闭环积分.
由于直接求解唇形裂纹的复势函数ϕz)和ψz)过于复杂,因此常规方法[12]为引入保角映射wζ),求解复势函数ϕz)和ψz)变成求解ζ平面上的ϕζ)和ψζ),采用的保角映射如下式所示[17]
其中,F=/i2,ρ=1/(1-m),.
下面在(ξη)平面对复势函数进行求解,在无穷远处主应力边界条件下,ϕζ)和ψζ)在ξ平面具有如下形式[13]
其中,anbn均为复常数,,并记.
将式(2)代入式(3)中,并取共轭,可以得到如下两个方程,
取单位圆周上的任意一点δ,将ζ=δ代入式(4)中,根据柯西积分定理,沿单位圆进行积分,可得:
再根据柯西积分公式进行化简,最终可得:
其中,H1H2为两个与ζ相关的函数,其表达式为:
唇形裂纹在图1所示偏轴拉伸载荷作用下的表现形式为Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹. 此时,Ⅰ型应力强度因子K和Ⅱ型应力强度因子K均存在. 在z=x+iy平面,唇形裂纹长轴尖端x=a处由边缘位错产生的应力强度因子可以定义为[14]
将式(2)代入式(8)中,即可得到ζ=ξ+iη平面上在裂纹尖端点ζ1处的复合型应力强度因子:
其中,ζ1为裂纹尖端点.
将式(1)和式(6)代入式(9),分别取实部和虚部,求解得到Ⅰ型应力强度因子K和Ⅱ型应力强度因子K的表达式:
在研究Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹扩展时,通常采用混合比例函数MP来表征不同裂纹倾斜角γ下Ⅰ型裂纹倾斜角和Ⅱ型裂纹各自对Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹的贡献比. MP的定义式如下式所示[18]
MP的值域为[-1,1],当唇形裂纹仅为Ⅰ型裂纹时,MP取值为1;当唇形裂纹仅为Ⅱ型裂纹时,MP取值为0. MP取值越接近1,则KK的比值越大,说明Ⅰ型裂纹的占比越大;而MP取值越接近0,KK的比值越小,说明Ⅱ型裂纹的占比越大.
当裂纹尖端有效应力超过其强度极限时,裂纹尖端会在一定范围内进入塑性变形阶段,由Mises屈服准则,根据文献[19],裂纹尖端的应力场可由Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型裂纹尖端应力场分别叠加得到:
其中:,应力强度因子KK均为前文推导得到的唇形裂纹应力强度因子.
在平面应变条件下,将式(10)、式(11)以及式(13)代入Mises屈服准则中可以求解出唇形裂纹尖端塑性区长度的表达式:
其中,
其中,γ表示倾斜角,ν表示材料泊松比,σs为屈服强度.
由Von-Mises屈服准则求解得到的唇形裂纹塑性区是基于线弹性理论,且并未考虑塑性区对裂纹扩展的影响. 因此,需要对模型进行修正,下面通过Irwin小屈服假设,对唇形裂纹尖端塑性区进行求解.
根据复势函数断裂力学[13]可知,应力复势函数存在以下关系:
将式(15)代入Von-Mises屈服准则可以得到唇形裂纹尖端塑性区的特征尺寸判定函数ΘΘ是仅与z有关的函数:
图2所示,基于Irwin小屈服等效假设[20],唇形裂纹的应力延裂纹主轴方向单调递减,因此在唇形裂纹主轴延长线上有且存在一个长度R使得:
其中,R即为修正后的唇形裂纹尖端塑性区长度.
因此,唇形裂纹的半长a变为等效半长a′=a+R,唇形裂纹的宽长比β变为等效宽长比β′=h/a′. 在塑性区的影响下,唇形裂纹的等效半长a′相较唇形裂纹半长a增加,等效宽长比β′相较唇形裂纹宽长比β下降,从而对唇形裂纹尖端的应力应变场产生直接影响,而改变后的应力应变场会影响唇形裂纹尖端塑性区的特征尺寸判断函数Θ,进一步影响等效半长a′和等效宽长比β′. 因此在计算唇形裂纹塑性区尺寸R时,应经过多次迭代运算,使唇形裂纹尖端等效半长a′和等效宽长比β′趋于稳定值.
通过对唇形裂纹进行塑性区修正,唇形裂纹的等效半长a′增加,等效宽长比β′下降,相对应的偏轴拉伸载荷下的Ⅰ型应力强度因子K和Ⅱ型应力强度因子K也会变化,其表达形式为:
其中,为等效Ⅰ型应力强度因子,为等效Ⅱ型应力强度因子,m′为与等效宽长比β′相关参数,.
对于无限大板的中心裂纹问题,裂纹延长线上的应力分量σ22表达式如下[21]
通过将修正后的唇形裂纹尖端塑性区尺寸R代入式(20),即可求解出唇形裂纹裂纹延长线上的应力分布情况.
图3为不同裂纹倾斜角γ下,唇形裂纹尖端应力强度因子KK的值. 可以看出,Ⅰ型应力强度因子K和Ⅱ型应力强度因子K在图中呈现周期为π的正弦变化. 图中倾斜角γ0所表示的点为Ⅰ型应力强度因子K=0,Ⅱ型应力强度因子K≠0的情况,此时裂纹为纯Ⅱ型裂纹. 当倾斜角γ∈[0°,γ0)时,此时唇形裂纹为Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹. 本文研究Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型裂纹同时存在的情况,且不考虑应力强度因子为负值的情况.
图4给出了倾斜角γ分别为0°、15°、30°和45°情况下的唇形裂纹尖端应力强度因子KK和考虑塑性修正后的等效应力强度因子的值. 由图4可知,对不同倾斜角γ来说,基于线弹性理论计算得到的唇形裂纹尖端应力强度因子KK均要小于塑性修正后的等效应力强度因子. 这是由于经过对唇形裂纹进行塑性修正后,唇形裂纹等效半长a′增加,等效宽长比β′下降,裂纹的尺寸变大,从而裂纹尖端的等效应力强度因子变大.
在实际拉伸过程中,材料泊松比会发生变化,图5根据式(14)给出了在平面应变状态下,泊松比ν对于唇形裂纹尖端塑性区形状和大小的影响,通过对比泊松比ν从0.1至0.5的唇形裂纹尖端塑性区形状和大小. 由式(12)在同一裂纹混合比例函数Mp的情况下,泊松比ν的变化并不会改变平面应变塑性区的对称性,且唇形裂纹尖端塑性区的面积伴随着泊松比的增加逐渐减小.
图6给出了不同半长a情况下,唇形裂纹宽长比β与塑性区尺寸R的关系. 可以看出,对于不同的半长a来说,唇形裂纹宽长比β与塑性区长度R的关系呈现伴随着宽长比β的增加塑性区长度R减小,并在宽长比β大于0.5后塑性区长度R趋于稳定. 对于宽长比β为0.2-0.4的唇形裂纹,其塑性区长度R变化更加敏感,此时的唇形裂纹在裂纹尖端更加尖锐,在拉伸过程中,更容易出现应力集中,而对于宽长比β为0.4-0.8的唇形裂纹来说,其裂纹构型更接近椭圆形裂纹,裂纹尖端的应力集中对于形状变化不敏感,塑性区尺寸更趋于稳定. 对比不同半长曲线,发现其变化趋势基本相同,半长a越大,塑性区长度R越大,说明半长a并不会影响塑性区长度R伴随宽长比β的变化趋势,只是会影响塑性区长度R的大小.
图7给出了唇形裂纹塑性区长度R伴随裂纹倾斜角γ的变化,发现唇形裂纹塑性区长度R伴随裂纹倾斜角γ的增加而增加,说明唇形裂纹扩展从Ⅰ型向Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型转变的过程中,其塑性发生变化,塑性区长度R变大.
为了验证基于Irwin小屈服等效假设后的唇形裂纹延长线上的应力分布结果,使用有限元软件Abaqus建立唇形裂纹仿真模型,如图8所示,唇形裂纹尺寸参数为半长a=5 mm,宽长比β=0.6,通过结构化网格应用于整个有限元模型,并对裂纹尖端网格进行细化,网格单元最小尺寸为0.01 mm. 将材料设置为理想弹塑性,材料属性如表1所示. 对上边界附近的加载孔施加位移约束,并在模型底部施加完全约束.
为方便结果说明,通过对裂纹延长线上的应力分量σ22进行无量纲处理得到无量纲化参数σ22/σs用来表示裂纹延长线上应力分布,r/a记为裂纹尖端塑性区长度与唇形裂纹半长比值,用来表示裂纹延长线. 同时为方便结果统一,后续理论计算和仿真建模所采用唇形裂纹形状参数选取半长a=5 mm,宽长比β=0.6,建立基于Irwin小区服等效假设的唇形裂纹理论模型和理想弹塑性仿真模型.
为直观表现基于Irwin小屈服等效假设后的唇形裂纹延长线上的应力分布结果与弹塑性仿真以及线弹性仿真结果,图9给出了0°裂纹倾斜角下裂纹延长线上应力分量σ22/σs的理论解、弹塑性仿真解以及线弹性仿真解的结果对比. 黑色实线表示基于Irwin小屈服等效假设后的唇形裂纹延长线上的应力分布理论计算结果,红色双点划线和蓝色点划线则分别表示唇形裂纹延长线上应力分量σ22/σs的弹塑性仿真解和线弹性仿真解.
图9所示,在裂纹尖端,唇形裂纹的应力分量σ22/σs理论计算结果和弹塑性仿真结果要小于线弹性仿真结果,这是由于塑性区的存在,裂纹尖端的应力集中出现下降. 在裂纹尖端塑性区长度与唇形裂纹半长比值r/a=0.1时,理论计算结果与弹塑性仿真结果更为接近,在塑性区外一定的范围内,即裂纹尖端塑性区长度与唇形裂纹半长比值r/a≥0.3时,由于奇异应力起主导作用,三条曲线下降趋势趋于相同,这表明塑性区仅对裂纹尖端较小范围内的应力分布产生影响. 同时在裂纹尖端塑性区长度与唇形裂纹半长比值r/a≥0.3时,理论计算结果要大于弹塑性仿真结果以及线弹性仿真结果,这是由于基于Irwin小屈服等效假设计算的唇形裂纹等效半长a′相较于唇形裂纹原半长增加a,相对应的其应力场发生变化,唇形裂纹延长线上的应力分布结果较大.
为了研究唇形裂纹倾斜角与唇形裂纹尖端应力分布的关系,图10(a)和图10(b)分别给出了不同倾斜角γ下唇形裂纹延长线上的应力分量σ22/σs的理论解和弹塑性仿真解,结果发现,对于不同倾斜角γ来说,理论解与弹塑性仿真解总体变化趋势保持一致,裂纹延长线上的应力分量σ22/σs沿裂纹延长线出现下降趋势,且伴随着裂纹倾斜角γ的增加,其下降速率明显变小,其中0°倾斜角的裂纹延长线上的应力分量σ22/σs下降最快,45°下降最慢,这说明对于Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型唇形裂纹,伴随着裂纹由Ⅰ型向Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型的转变,唇形裂纹尖端的应力集中会增加,相对应的,塑性区长度R会增加.
在唇形裂纹尖端,裂纹尖端应力分量σ22/σs的弹塑性仿真解要略大于理论解,这是由于在理论计算过程中,我们假设在唇形裂纹塑性区内之存在着垂直于裂纹方向的应力,不存在其他应力,并以垂直于唇形裂纹延长线上的内力表示裂纹尖端塑性区内应力场,而在有限元计算中,Abaqus考虑了奇异应力展开的第二项T应力等影响,导致垂直于裂纹方向的应力受到影响,出现大于理论计算的情况.
结合图9,发现裂纹尖端塑性区长度与唇形裂纹半长比值r/a为0.4时,应力分量σ22/σs的理论解与弹塑性有限元仿真解变化趋势趋于相同,此时理论计算结果与弹塑性仿真结果具有较高的一致性.
为研究Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型唇形裂纹延长线上的应力分布理论解与弹塑性仿真解的关系,基于图10表2给出了裂纹尖端塑性区长度与唇形裂纹半长比值r/a为0.4情况下倾斜角为0°、15°、30°、45°唇形裂纹延长线上的应力分量σ22/σs的理论计算结果与弹塑性仿真结果对比,可以发现,对于不同倾斜角γ的裂纹延长线上的应力分量σ22/σs,伴随着裂纹倾斜角γ的增加,理论解与弹塑性仿真解的误差逐渐减小.
出现这种误差的原因是由于,对于应力分量理论解来说,其本质上是通过Irwin小屈服等效假设,求解出唇形裂纹的等效半长a′和等效宽长比β′,实际计算过程中,这种塑性修正假设使唇形裂纹的等效半长a′相对于原半长a增加,相对应的,在裂纹延长线上的同一位置上对应的应力更大,因此,在选取同一裂纹尖端塑性区长度与唇形裂纹半长比值r/a的情况下,通过Irwin小屈服等效假设计算的唇形裂纹延长上的应力分量理论解会大于裂纹延长线上应力分量弹塑性仿真解.
对于误差较大的倾斜角为0°的情况,其原因是Irwin小屈服等效假设在倾斜角为0°时计算出的塑性区尺寸偏大,导致唇形裂纹的等效半长a′相较于原半长a增加较多,计算得到的裂纹延长线上应力场偏大,这种误差在倾斜角γ增加的情况下逐渐降低,伴随着倾斜角γ的增加,Irwin小屈服等效假设对于塑性区尺寸R的估计与弹塑性仿真解对于塑性区尺寸R的估计更为接近.
为进一步直观展现不同倾斜角γ情况下唇形裂纹的尖端应力分布情况,图11给出了通过商用有限元软件Abaqus建立的倾斜角角度为0°、15°、30°以及45°的唇形裂纹弹塑性仿真模型的Mises应力云图,通过对云图进行分析并结合图5结果,发现对于小倾斜角角度裂纹,其应力集中主要发生在裂纹尖端,形状与式(14)计算基本相同,裂纹尖端应力集中呈现对称性,说明仿真与理论结果变化趋势具有一致性. 对于大倾斜角角度裂纹,如45°弹塑性仿真结果,其应力集中现象不仅发生在唇形裂纹尖端,同样在唇形裂纹的腹部出现,且唇形裂纹腹部的应力集中程度与裂纹尖端应力集中的程度大致相同.
通过观察图11的各倾斜角情况下唇形裂纹的应力云图,发现在图11(d)中,唇形裂纹的应力集中不仅发生在唇形裂纹尖端,同时在唇形裂纹腹部出现了应力集中,为此,图12给出了45°唇形裂纹塑性仿真的屈服云图,可以看出,在45°倾斜角情况下,塑性区不仅出现在唇形裂纹尖端,同时在唇形裂纹的腹部出现了较为明显的塑性屈服现象,结合图11仿真结果,可以看出对于大倾斜角裂纹,如45°,唇形裂纹的腹部会出现较为明显的应力集中,且腹部裂纹的应力集中对裂纹尖端应力集中造成了一定程度的稀释作用,而对于小倾斜角角度来讲,例如0°、15°倾斜角情况下,唇形裂纹腹部并不会出现应力集中.
为进一步研究唇形裂纹腹部应力集中对唇形裂纹尖端应力集中的影响,基于图10(b)图13给出了各倾斜角γ下的裂纹尖端应力分布σ22/σs的弹塑性仿真解,结果发现,伴随着倾斜角γ的增加,其裂纹尖端的应力分布σ22/σs伴随着倾斜角角度γ的增加而下降,其下降速率伴随着倾斜角角度γ的增加变大,结合唇形裂纹弹塑性仿真结果图11图12,伴随着唇形裂纹倾斜角的增加,唇形裂纹扩展由Ⅰ型向Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹扩展转变,且对于大角度来说,其腹部出现屈服现象,说明,一方面,伴随着倾斜角γ增加,唇形裂纹扩展由Ⅰ型转变为Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型,其裂纹尖端应力水平下降,另一方面,在大倾斜角情况下,唇形裂纹腹部出现应力集中,唇形裂纹腹部的应力集中会对裂纹尖端的应力集中起到稀释的作用,导致伴随着唇形裂纹倾斜角的增加,其裂纹尖端应力水平降低.
本文基于Irwin小屈服等效假设,求解出唇形裂纹特征尺寸,进一步求解出唇形裂纹塑性区尺寸,得到了唇形裂纹裂纹延长线上应力分量的理论解,并建立塑性仿真模型,得到了Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型唇形裂纹延长线上应力分量的仿真解,通过对比理论解和仿真解,得到以下结论:
(1)唇形裂纹的裂纹倾斜角对于应力强度因子会造成影响,Ⅰ型应力强度因子K和Ⅱ型应力强度因子K在图中都呈现周期为π的正弦变化,基于Irwin小屈服等效假设修正后的唇形裂纹等效半长变大,等效宽长比减小,相对应的唇形裂纹等效应力强度因子变大.
(2)泊松比的变化并不会改变唇形裂纹尖端塑性区的对称性,但是伴随着泊松比的增加,唇形裂纹尖端塑性区大小减小,且塑性区边界曲线越来越收敛,最终趋于泊松比为0.5的曲线.
(3)唇形裂纹在由Ⅰ型裂纹扩展向Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹扩展的过程中,伴随着裂纹倾斜角的增加,裂纹塑性区长度会增加;唇形裂纹形状尺寸的改变同样会对塑性区长度产生影响,相同的宽长比情况下,半长越大,塑性区长度越大;相同半长情况下,宽长比越大,塑性区长度越小.
(4)通过对比理论解、弹塑性仿真解以及线弹性仿真解关于唇形裂纹延长线上的应力分量,发现塑性区的存在会对裂纹延长线上的应力分布造成影响,基于Irwin小屈服等效假设修正后的唇形裂纹由于等效半长增加,裂纹延长线上的应力水平要略大于弹塑性仿真模型结果,并且由于T应力影响,在裂纹尖端,弹塑性仿真计算应力分量要大于理论计算应力分量.
(5)唇形裂纹尖端应力分量与屈服应力的比值会伴随着裂纹倾斜角的增加而降低,这一方面是由于裂纹扩展形式由Ⅰ型向Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型的转变,另一方面则是伴随着裂纹倾斜角的增加,在唇形裂纹腹部出现屈服现象,其分担了裂纹尖端的应力集中,导致唇形裂纹裂纹尖端应力水平降低.
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2024年第45卷第2期
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.046
  • 接收时间:2023-08-30
  • 首发时间:2026-04-01
  • 出版时间:2024-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-30
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中央高校基本科研业务费专项(3122019180)
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    1中国民航大学中欧航空工程师学院,天津,300300
    2常州环能涡轮动力股份有限公司,常州,213002

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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