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Article(id=1246023205283021715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246023204117005194, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.050, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1694620800000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775004682130, onlineDateStr=2026-04-01, pubDate=1713974400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775004682130, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775004682130, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775004682130, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246023204117005194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, year='2024', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='145', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775004681852, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775004747143, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246023478026027853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246023204117005194, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246023478026027854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, issueId=1246023204117005194, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=201, endPage=212, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246023205488542613, articleId=1246023205283021715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=EN, title=The Study on Mechanical Behavior and Energy Absorption Characteristics of Minimal Surface Structures Based on MJF, columnId=1244229834482757770, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, columnName=Research Paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The minimal surface structure is a continuous and smooth porous structure. It has the advantages of low density, high intensity, and excellent energy absorption capability. This paper has studied the mechanical properties and energy absorption characteristics of the minimal surface prepared by additive manufacturing process using nylon PA12. First, using the parametric modelling method, three kinds of minimal surface porous structures (G-surface, P-surface, and D-surface) with the same volume fraction of 20% are designed. The corresponding minimal surface structures are manufactured with Multi Jet Fusion (MJF) additive manufacturing technology. The mechanical response and energy absorption characteristics of different minimal surface structures are then analyzed by combining quasi-static compression tests and numerical simulations. For the mechanical response, it is found that the three kinds of minimal surface structures show better load-bearing capacities compared with the traditional BCC lattice structure. In detail, the nominal stresses of the three minimal surface structures (G-surface, P-surface, and D-surface) are 4.0 MPa, 2.1 MPa, and 4.75 MPa, respectively. The nominal stress value of the BCC lattice structure under the same volume is 2.0 MPa. It is clear that all values of the three minimal surface structures are significantly higher than that of the BCC lattice structure. For the study of energy absorption, the energy absorption per unit volume is used as one of key parameter to evaluate the energy absorption characteristic of the porous structure. The results indicate that the values of the energy absorption per unit volume for the three minimal surface structures (G-surface, P-surface, and D-surface) are all higher than that of the BCC lattice structure. The energy absorption per unit volume for the three minimal surface structures can approximately reach 7, 4, and 8 times that of the BCC lattice structure. In conclusion, the minimal surface structure can show excellent characteristics of mechanical property and energy absorption and has extensive application prospects in the fields of aerospace, automotive industry, and machinery.

, correspAuthors=Junling Hou, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jianghai Xiao, Junling Hou, Qun Li), CN=ArticleExt(id=1246023208651046919, articleId=1246023205283021715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241755870837649424, language=CN, title=基于MJF的极小曲面结构力学行为及吸能特性研究, columnId=1241831201896469478, journalTitle=固体力学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

极小曲面结构是一种表面连续光滑的曲面多孔结构，具有低密度、高强度以及优良的减震吸能等特性，在航空航天、汽车工业、机械装备等领域的结构轻量化设计方面，具有广泛的应用前景. 本文采用多射流熔融（MultiJet Fusion，MJF）增材制造技术，结合参数化建模方法，以尼龙PA12为原料制备了体积分数同为20%的3种极小曲面多孔结构（G曲面、P曲面、D曲面）. 利用准静态压缩试验和数值模拟，分析了不同极小曲面结构的力学响应和吸能特性. 研究发现：在力学响应方面，3种极小曲面的平台名义应力分别为4.0 MPa、2.1 MPa和4.75 MPa，明显高于相同体积分数下BCC点阵结构的平台名义应力（2.0 MPa），具有更好的承载能力；在吸能方面，G曲面、P曲面和D曲面的单位体积吸能量近似可达BCC点阵结构的7倍、4倍、8倍. 综上所述，与传统BCC点阵结构相比，MJF增材制造工艺制备的极小曲面结构能够更好的分散压力，减少应力集中，表现出优异的力学性能和吸能特性，具有非常好的应用前景.

, correspAuthors=侯俊玲, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
** E-mail：.
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Trigonometric expressions of minimal surfaces

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极小曲面类型三角函数形式
G曲面φ（G）=sin（X）cos（Y）+sin（Y）cos（Z）+sin（Z）cos（X）-C=0
P曲面φ（P）=cos（X）+cos（Y）+cos（Z）-C=0
D曲面φ（D）=cos（X）cos（Y）cos（Z）-sin（X）sin（Y）sin（Z）-C=0
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极小曲面的三角函数表达式

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极小曲面类型三角函数形式
G曲面φ（G）=sin（X）cos（Y）+sin（Y）cos（Z）+sin（Z）cos（X）-C=0
P曲面φ（P）=cos（X）+cos（Y）+cos（Z）-C=0
D曲面φ（D）=cos（X）cos（Y）cos（Z）-sin（X）sin（Y）sin（Z）-C=0
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Control parameters of different porous structures with 20% volume fraction

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多孔结构BCC点阵G曲面P曲面D曲面
连杆直径d壁厚h壁厚h壁厚h
关键参数2.68 mm1.045 mm1.365 mm0.965 mm
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体积分数为20%时不同多孔结构的控制参数

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多孔结构BCC点阵G曲面P曲面D曲面
连杆直径d壁厚h壁厚h壁厚h
关键参数2.68 mm1.045 mm1.365 mm0.965 mm
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The equipment parameters of CMT4304 electronic universal testing machine

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设备规格、型号CMT4304系列
设备名称微机控制电子万能试验机
最大试验力30 kN
试验机准确度等级0.5
数据采样频率50 Hz—1600 Hz，频率可调；
试验力测量范围0.4%—100%FS（最大负荷）
试验力示值相对误差示值的±0.5%以内
位移分辨力0.025 μm
最大变形测量范围（可选配件）10-800 mm；
最大变形示值相对误差示值的±0.5%以内
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CMT4304电子万能试验机设备参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备规格、型号CMT4304系列
设备名称微机控制电子万能试验机
最大试验力30 kN
试验机准确度等级0.5
数据采样频率50 Hz—1600 Hz，频率可调；
试验力测量范围0.4%—100%FS（最大负荷）
试验力示值相对误差示值的±0.5%以内
位移分辨力0.025 μm
最大变形测量范围（可选配件）10-800 mm；
最大变形示值相对误差示值的±0.5%以内
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Specimen tensile data

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参数宽度w（mm）厚度H（mm）最大力F（N）拉伸强度σ（MPa）弹性模量E（MPa）断裂拉伸应变ε（%）
值10.064.251953.445.69912.616.8
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试件拉伸数据

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参数宽度w（mm）厚度H（mm）最大力F（N）拉伸强度σ（MPa）弹性模量E（MPa）断裂拉伸应变ε（%）
值10.064.251953.445.69912.616.8
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基于MJF的极小曲面结构力学行为及吸能特性研究
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肖江海 , 侯俊玲 ** , 李群
固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024,45(2): 201-212
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固体力学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 45(2): 201-212
基于MJF的极小曲面结构力学行为及吸能特性研究
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肖江海, 侯俊玲** , 李群
作者信息
  • 复杂服役环境重大装备结构强度与寿命全国重点实验室，西安交通大学航天航空学院，西安，710049

通讯作者:

The Study on Mechanical Behavior and Energy Absorption Characteristics of Minimal Surface Structures Based on MJF
Jianghai Xiao, Junling Hou** , Qun Li
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049
出版时间: 2024-04-25 doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.050
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摘要
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极小曲面结构是一种表面连续光滑的曲面多孔结构，具有低密度、高强度以及优良的减震吸能等特性，在航空航天、汽车工业、机械装备等领域的结构轻量化设计方面，具有广泛的应用前景. 本文采用多射流熔融（MultiJet Fusion，MJF）增材制造技术，结合参数化建模方法，以尼龙PA12为原料制备了体积分数同为20%的3种极小曲面多孔结构（G曲面、P曲面、D曲面）. 利用准静态压缩试验和数值模拟，分析了不同极小曲面结构的力学响应和吸能特性. 研究发现：在力学响应方面，3种极小曲面的平台名义应力分别为4.0 MPa、2.1 MPa和4.75 MPa，明显高于相同体积分数下BCC点阵结构的平台名义应力（2.0 MPa），具有更好的承载能力；在吸能方面，G曲面、P曲面和D曲面的单位体积吸能量近似可达BCC点阵结构的7倍、4倍、8倍. 综上所述，与传统BCC点阵结构相比，MJF增材制造工艺制备的极小曲面结构能够更好的分散压力，减少应力集中，表现出优异的力学性能和吸能特性，具有非常好的应用前景.

极小曲面  /  多孔结构  /  增材制造  /  力学性能  /  吸能特性

The minimal surface structure is a continuous and smooth porous structure. It has the advantages of low density, high intensity, and excellent energy absorption capability. This paper has studied the mechanical properties and energy absorption characteristics of the minimal surface prepared by additive manufacturing process using nylon PA12. First, using the parametric modelling method, three kinds of minimal surface porous structures (G-surface, P-surface, and D-surface) with the same volume fraction of 20% are designed. The corresponding minimal surface structures are manufactured with Multi Jet Fusion (MJF) additive manufacturing technology. The mechanical response and energy absorption characteristics of different minimal surface structures are then analyzed by combining quasi-static compression tests and numerical simulations. For the mechanical response, it is found that the three kinds of minimal surface structures show better load-bearing capacities compared with the traditional BCC lattice structure. In detail, the nominal stresses of the three minimal surface structures (G-surface, P-surface, and D-surface) are 4.0 MPa, 2.1 MPa, and 4.75 MPa, respectively. The nominal stress value of the BCC lattice structure under the same volume is 2.0 MPa. It is clear that all values of the three minimal surface structures are significantly higher than that of the BCC lattice structure. For the study of energy absorption, the energy absorption per unit volume is used as one of key parameter to evaluate the energy absorption characteristic of the porous structure. The results indicate that the values of the energy absorption per unit volume for the three minimal surface structures (G-surface, P-surface, and D-surface) are all higher than that of the BCC lattice structure. The energy absorption per unit volume for the three minimal surface structures can approximately reach 7, 4, and 8 times that of the BCC lattice structure. In conclusion, the minimal surface structure can show excellent characteristics of mechanical property and energy absorption and has extensive application prospects in the fields of aerospace, automotive industry, and machinery.

minimal surface  /  porous structure  /  additive manufacturing  /  mechanical property  /  energy absorption characteristic
肖江海, 侯俊玲, 李群. 基于MJF的极小曲面结构力学行为及吸能特性研究. 固体力学学报, 2024 , 45 (2) : 201 -212 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.050
Jianghai Xiao, Junling Hou, Qun Li. The Study on Mechanical Behavior and Energy Absorption Characteristics of Minimal Surface Structures Based on MJF[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2024 , 45 (2) : 201 -212 . DOI: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.050
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0　引言
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轻量化设计是指在一定的边界条件下，如满足寿命和可靠性的要求下，努力降低结构自身重量的设计理念[1]. 汽车行业最早提出轻量化的概念，主要目标是在保证汽车结构寿命和可靠性的前提下，降低汽车质量、提高汽车制动性，从而实现节能减排，降低能耗的要求. 尤其是在新能源汽车领域，汽车自身重量越轻，在相同的电池容量下，续航里程就越长. 随着资源的日益短缺和人类节能减排的意识不断提高，轻量化设计的理念已经由汽车行业发展到各行各业[2-7]. 例如：在航空航天设计方面，运载火箭末级每减重1 kg，便可以多携带1 kg的科研仪器设备；在战斗机、装甲车等军事装备方面的轻量化减重设计，不仅可以提高装备的续航能力，更能有效提升其机动性和灵巧性，提高作战性能. 因此，开展结构轻量化设计的研究具有非常重要的科学意义和工程应用价值.
采用多孔结构是实现结构轻量化设计的重要方法之一. 常见的有序多孔结构有蜂窝结构[8,9]，点阵结构[10,11]等. 其中，蜂窝结构最早是被用在航空结构的轻量化上，但其结构和性能具有显著的各向异性[12]，结构参数的变化对蜂窝多孔结构的力学性能有很大影响，而且实际工况中结构往往处于多个方向的复合载荷下，任何一个方向的承载能力不足都会影响整个结构的性能. 点阵结构被认为是继蜂窝结构之后最有前景的轻量化多孔结构之一. 汪飞雪等[13]研究了不同径长比和杆件夹角的四棱锥型BCC点阵结构，发现结构的抗压强度和弹性模量随着径长比的增大而增大. 姚龙飞等[14]通过优化BCC点阵结构杆的直径和长度，提高了点阵结构的弹性模量和屈服强度. 点阵结构现在也被用于医疗领域[15]，作为可植入结构植入人体，其多孔结构非常适合人体组织生长. 尽管目前有关蜂窝结构、点阵结构等多孔结构的设计、制备和力学性能等方面的研究工作取得了一定的进展，但是随着装备复杂程度的提高以及对多孔结构性能要求的提升，研究人员仍在不断探索结构更加复杂，性能更加优越的轻量化多孔结构.
近年来，一种表面连续光滑、造型特殊的曲面结构，获得了研究人员的广泛关注，成为近些年轻量化多孔结构的研究热点[16]. 这种曲面在一定边界条件下表面积最小，因此被称为极小曲面. 极小曲面问题是微分几何领域中一个重要的问题[17]，最早由Lagrange开始研究，后来比利时物理学家Plateau在这个问题上做出了巨大的贡献[18]，他发现极小曲面问题在物理上类似于肥皂泡现象，并进行了大量的实验研究. 极小曲面具有结构稳定、比表面积大、孔隙连续贯通等多种优良的物理和化学特性，在吸声降噪，传热散热，减震吸能等方面具有广泛的应用前景. 杨喆等[19]研究了极小曲面的换热性能；Jaemin等[20]对比了三周期极小曲面P曲面与传统的棱柱、圆柱点阵的力学性能，发现P曲面结构应力分布更加均匀，应力集中少，在体积分数相同条件下具有更好的承载能力；曾寿金等[21]基于SLM工艺设计制备了极小曲面多孔股骨柄模型，结果表明，P曲面结构能够有效提高股骨柄的稳定性，减少应力遮挡效应.
受限于传统的铸造以及机械加工制造技术，早期针对极小曲面的研究大多数停留在极小曲面的建模方法[22]，美术建筑艺术设计[23]等方面，随着增材制造技术的快速发展[24]，为复杂几何拓扑结构的设计制造提供了可能，对极小曲面的研究也进入了新的阶段. 增材制造技术，因其生产速度快，又被称为快速成型（RP）技术，其原理是根据零件的三维模型，通过计算机程序精准控制，由点成线，由线成面的方式，逐步增加材料，进而形成零件的数字制造技术. 增材制造的工艺方法根据其使用的原材料不同，加工方式不同，又分为不同的工艺. 多射流熔融（MultiJet Fusion）简称MJF工艺，是近年来发展较为迅速的一种工艺. 该工艺关键核心部件是铺粉模块和热喷头模块. MJF工艺因其生产效率高，零件成型精度好，不需要添加支撑即可打印复杂镂空零件，生产成本较低等等优势，在增材制造市场上占据了较高的市场份额.
本文采用参数化建模方法，探究不同关键设计参数与结构体积分数之间的规律，并建立了一系列体积分数相同的3种极小曲面多孔结构，采用多射流熔融（MultiJet Fusion）增材制造技术，尼龙PA12为原料进行生产制备，并对其进行了准静态压缩试验和数值仿真模拟，分析不同结构的准静态压缩下的能量吸收和承载能力. 本研究可为极小曲面结构的工程应用提供设计参考.
1　多孔结构的设计
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为对比分析不同极小曲面多孔结构的力学性能，本文设计了3种体积分数同为20%的极小曲面结构：G曲面、P曲面和D曲面，此外，设计了一种相同体积分数的传统BCC点阵结构作为对照. 极小曲面的数学建模方法有许多，其中，极小曲面的隐式三角函数表达式如下：
式中，Ak为幅度因子；r为位置矢量；hk为倒数空间的第k个格矢量；δk为周期的波长；pk为相位；C为阈值. 本研究选取的三种极小曲面多孔结构（G曲面、P曲面和D曲面）的三角函数表达形式如表1所示. 建模软件采用Grasshopper参数化建模软件，该软件能够有效地将逻辑运算与模型创建相结合，可以通过调整设计参数直接改变模型的尺寸、形状、数量，是一款快捷的参数化建模工具[25]，具有可编程、可视化、逻辑清晰、动态展示等优点.
由于多孔结构的单元壁厚，单元尺寸和单元数量等因素都会影响结构的体积分数和力学性能，有研究指出[26]，极小曲面多孔结构随着单元阵列数目的增加，其力学性能会出现变化；但是，当单元阵列数量达到2×2×2的八胞结构以上，其力学性能将趋于稳定. 因此，本研究设计的极小曲面多孔结构为2×2×2八胞结构. 本文为了探究单元壁厚对多孔结构体积分数和力学性能的影响，将模型都设计为30 mm×30 mm×30 mm的八胞结构. 通过软件编程保证单元的尺寸和数量相同，通过改变极小曲面多孔结构的壁厚，BCC点阵结构的连杆直径，来探究单元壁厚对多孔结构的体积分数的影响. 最终，通过调节BCC点阵结构的连杆直径d以及G、P和D三种极小曲面多孔结构的壁厚h，获得了四种体积分数同为20%的多孔结构. 表2中给出了体积分数相同时，BCC点阵结构和3种不同极小曲面多孔结构的关键控制参数值.
2　实验研究
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2.1　材料和制备
目前，常用的3D打印材料大致分为三大类：高分子聚合物材料、金属及其合金材料、陶瓷和复合材料等. 聚酰胺（PA）材料属于高分子聚合物材料之一，通常被称为尼龙，是一种具有优良的力学性能、耐冲击性、其耐热性、抗老化性等等的工程塑料，是目前应用最广泛的3D打印材料之一[27]，本次研究选择聚酰胺（PA12）为原材料进行制备.
实验采用的设备为惠普HP-4200，打印层厚设置为0.05 mm，为了确保打印的温度，湿度，材料颗粒等条件相同，所有结构均使用Magic切片软件，进行排版切片，由同一个打印机同时上机制作. 惠普HP-4200设备制造工艺流程大致如下：数据处理，模型通过切片软件处理好后，输入打印机；设备铺粉模块通过上下往复移动，在打印平台上铺设一层厚度为0.05 mm的材料粉末；设备热喷头模块通过左右往复移动在铺好的材料粉末上，根据软件切片的分层图案，高速精准的喷射熔融剂、细化剂两种辅助试剂；两侧的热源加热融化打印区域的材料和辅助化学试剂，喷有熔融剂和细化剂的材料部分会固化成型；整个过程会往复进行，直至打印程序完成. 冷却后处理，回收多余的粉末，即可得到最终打印模型.
2.2　实验方案
实验选用三思-CMT4304型微机控制电子拉力试验机，对试件进行准静态压缩实验，设备参数如表3所示. 实验采用等速压缩的方式对试件进行加载，对试件进行压缩时其上下压盘可视为刚性体，变形度为0. 实验时上压盘以一定的速度匀速向下运动，保持下压盘不动，对试件进行压缩，记录实验过程中的载荷、位移、时间等数据. 实验参数设置为：压缩速度为1 mm/min，采样频率为50 Hz，压缩应变统一设置为10%. 如图2是P曲面准静态压缩试验图.
3　数值模拟
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为验证实验结果的可靠性，采用Abaqus软件进行准静态压缩实验的对应数值分析. 因压缩涉及到塑性阶段，需要获得材料塑性阶段的真实应力-应变曲线. 按照GB/T1040.2-2006《塑料拉伸性能的测定》制备拉伸实验试件，试件标距50 mm、宽20 mm、厚4 mm. 在进行实验前，先对试件进行尺寸测量，记录试件的宽度和厚度，实验过程中采集相应的力-位移曲线数据，各项数据如表4所示. 图4中给出了聚酰胺（PA12）材料的真实应力-真实应变曲线.
由于极小曲面的结构较为复杂，当采用不同的网格划分尺寸时，得到的网格数量不同. 因此，在划分网格时首先对网格无关性进行验证. 当网格尺寸为0.7 mm时，网格数量为69132个；当网格尺寸为0.6 mm时，网格数量为108297个；当网格尺寸为0.5 mm时，网格数量为188542个；当网格尺寸为0.4 mm时，网格数量为315731个；对网格进行收敛性分析，如图5所示，当网格划分尺寸为0.5 mm以下时，网格数量急剧增大，且对仿真结果的精度影响较小，误差小于3%，故本次模型采用网格尺寸为0.5 mm进行网格划分. 网格类型采用线性四面体单元（C3D4），网格划分结果如图5所示.
根据测得的材料参数和模型网格划分结果，建立有限元仿真模型. 将设计好的多孔结构模型导入Abaqus软件中，添加上下两个刚体平面，模拟压头. 设置上下两个刚体面和模型接触，接触类型选择通用接触. 设置下刚性面限制6个方向的自由度，即为完全固定约束，完全固定，设置上刚性面沿Z轴方向以一定速度移动，模拟准静态压缩过程.
从有限元数值模拟结果中可以提取出MJF多孔结构准静态压缩过程中的载荷-位移曲线，为了得到对应的名义应力-应变曲线，用上刚性面反力F除以多孔结构的初始横截面积A0，可得多孔结构名义应力σnom；用压缩位移量Δl除以多孔结构的初始高度l0，可得多孔结构名义应变εnom，如式（2）、式（3）所示.
4　结果与讨论
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4.1　力学性能
为详细分析4种不同多孔结构的力学性能，本节讨论了准静态压缩试验与数值模拟的对比分析结果. 由图8可知，对BCC点阵结构进行压缩试验时，当压缩应变达到10%，在BCC点阵结构的横梁交接处位置有明显的应力集中，Mises应力值达到40 MPa以上（如图8（b）的橙色、橘黄色和红色区域所示）. 此时，横梁处的Mises应力值很小（如图8（b）的蓝色区域所示），在结构承载中发挥作用较小. 随着压缩的进行，结构纵向支撑梁发生弯曲和变形，同时伴有明显的响声，结构出现断裂破坏. 对照图8（a）的压缩实验过程，可以看出仿真和实验的结果趋势一致. 类似地，图9中给出了表面连续光滑的极小曲面G曲面结构的压缩实验图、仿真结构图和Mises应力云图结果. 可以看出，极小曲面G曲面结构的应力集中位置分布于G曲面的孔洞处，相比BCC点阵结构，极小曲面G曲面结构的Mises应力值达到40 MPa以上的区域更多，应力分布较为均匀，这说明极小曲面G曲面结构相比BCC点阵结构可以更好的分散和传导压力，整体结构具有更好结构承载能力. 并且，在相同压缩应变（10%）下，极小曲面G曲面结构没有出现明显的断裂破坏.
图10中压缩应变达到10%时，极小曲面P曲面结构的压缩实验和仿真结果. 特别的，考虑到极小曲面P曲面是一种半封闭的包裹结构，图11中给出了从面A-A剖开后的内部Mises应力云图结果. 由图10和11可以看出，极小曲面P曲面结构的应力分布也较为均匀，相比BCC点阵结构表现出更好的结构承载力学性能. 与极小曲面G曲面结构的压缩实验相比，极小曲面P曲面结构在曲面孔洞部分有较明显的Mises应力集中，当压缩应变达到10%时，极小曲面P曲面结构在左上侧孔洞处发生了断裂破坏.
与极小曲面P曲面结构的半封闭不同，本研究的第三种极小曲面多孔结构-D曲面结构式一种开放式多孔结构. 图12中给出了极小曲面D曲面结构的压缩实验和Mises应力结果图. 对比图8、9、10和12可以发现，极小曲面D曲面结构相比BCC点阵结构和以上两种极小曲面多孔结构（G曲面和P曲面），其结构的应力分布更加均匀，整体结构承载能力更强. 对比压缩试验可以看出，当压缩应变达到10%时，极小曲面D曲面结构整体变形更大，且没有发生断裂破坏. 这说明，极小曲面D曲面结构还有进一步压缩及承载的潜力.
图13中给出了不同多孔结构的压缩试验与数值模拟获得的名义应力-应变曲线. 从图中可以看出，曲线大致都分为两个阶段，弹性压缩阶段和平台吸能阶段. 在弹性压缩阶段，多孔结构的名义应力与应变基本成正比；当应变达到一定程度，多孔结构开始进入平台吸能阶段，该阶段中压缩应变增加时，名义应力变化不大，维持在一个较为平缓的平台阶段，该阶段可以起到良好的吸能减震效果. 对于多孔结构来说，平台应力越高，代表整体结构的承载能力越好. 由图13可以看出，BCC点阵结构的平台应力为2.0 MPa，三种极小曲面结构（G曲面、P曲面和D曲面）的平台应力分别为4.0 MPa、2.1 MPa和4.75 MPa，均高于BCC点阵结构的平台应力. 其中，极小曲面D曲面的平台名义应力近似达到BCC点阵结构平台名义应力的两倍以上. 从图13中可以得到，BCC点阵结构和三种极小曲面结构（G曲面、P曲面和D曲面）的弹性模量分别为41.6 MPa、60 MPa、29.16 MPa和68.19 MPa. 对照图8-12中的压缩实验可以看出，当四种结构都承受10%的压缩应变时，弹性模量较小的BCC点阵结构和P曲面发生断裂破坏，而弹性模量较大的G曲面结构和D曲面结构仍未发生断裂，尚有进一步压缩的可能. 本研究中，极小曲面D曲面结构的弹性模量最大，平台应力最大，承载能力最好. 对比图13（a）-（d）可以看出，本研究的数值模拟结果与实验曲线吻合较好，验证了结果的可靠性.
4.2　吸能特性
结构的吸能特性的常用评价指标有平均压缩力，吸能效率，单位体积吸能量等. 其中平均压缩力代表了结构的承载能力，其大小和压缩位移共同决定了整个结构的能量吸收能力；吸能效率是指结构的吸能总量与峰值载荷Fmax的比值，表征了结构压缩从平台阶段向压实阶段的过渡点；单位体积吸能量是指结构的吸能总量与结构体积的比值，是比较实际结构的能量吸收能力的一个重要指标. 考虑到结构轻量化和高效吸能的需要，本文采用单位体积吸能量作为评价多孔材料吸能性能的关键指标[28]. 将多孔结构压缩至断裂，分析其吸能特性和承载能力. 结构吸收的能量即为结构的应变能. 其值越高，说明结构吸收的能量越多. 结构的单位体积吸能量可以通过下式得到：
式中，ε为压缩应变，σ（ε）为应变为ε的名义应力.
通过式（4）计算出四种多孔结构的单位体积吸能量，其中BCC点阵结构的单位体积吸能量为1.31×108 J/m3，G曲面的单位体积吸能量为9.53×108 J/m3，P曲面的单位体积吸能量为5.30×108 J/m3，D曲面的单位体积吸能量为1.14×109 J/m3，如图14所示. 可以看出，三种极小曲面多孔结构单位体积吸能量显著高于BCC点阵结构. 其中，D曲面的单位体积吸能量是BCC点阵结构单位体积吸能量的8倍左右，证明极小曲面的连续曲面结构可以更好的分散压力，具有更好的吸能特性和承载能力. G曲面的单位体积吸能量是BCC点阵结构单位体积吸能量的7倍左右，也是一种吸能特性良好的多孔结构. P曲面由于局部应力集中发生破坏，但其单位体积吸能量仍能达到BCC点阵结构单位体积吸能量的4倍左右. 结果表明：具有连续曲面的极小曲面多孔结构可以更好的分散压力，具有更好的吸能特性和承载能力.
5　结论
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本文结合压缩试验和数值模拟，研究了MJF工艺制造的PA12材料极小曲面结构的力学响应；并开展压溃实验，讨论了三种极小曲面多孔结构（P、D和G）的吸能能力，并与常见的BCC点阵结构进行了对比分析. 其主要的结论总结如下：
（1）通过多孔结构的压缩试验与数值模拟的应力应变曲线对比发现：在相同的体积分数条件下，极小曲面多孔结构在平台应力显著优于传统BCC点阵结构. 这是由于具有连续曲面的极小曲面多孔结构可以更好的分散压力，减少应力集中，具有更好的承载能力.
（2）从实验观察和仿真云图中可以看出，三种极小曲面多孔结构中承载能力最差的P曲面在局部发生了弯曲变形，但是此时P曲面多孔结构的大部分材料尚未达到材料的极限应力，其性能依然优于传统BCC点阵结构.
（3）对比不同多孔结构的单位体积吸能总量，可以看出极小曲面多孔结构单位体积吸能总量显著高于BCC点阵结构. 三种极小曲面多孔结构中吸能能力最好的是D曲面，其单位体积吸能量可达BCC点阵结构的8倍左右.
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金项目(12002256; 12172270)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费(xzy12023021)
  • 浙江省自然科学基金探索项目(LQ20A020010)
文献
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doi: 10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.050
  • 接收时间：2023-09-14
  • 首发时间：2026-04-01
  • 出版时间：2024-04-25
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  • 收稿日期：2023-09-14
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(12002256; 12172270)
中央高校基本科研业务费(xzy12023021)
浙江省自然科学基金探索项目(LQ20A020010)
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    复杂服役环境重大装备结构强度与寿命全国重点实验室，西安交通大学航天航空学院，西安，710049

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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